Book of
spies & wars Digital Edition
GreatDigitalMags.com
The untold history of espionage
CoNTENTS 8
Origins of espionage
Key players
18 CIA: Working in the shadows 24 KGB: The sword and
shield revisited
30 MI6: For Queen and country 36 Spies of the world
secret wars 42 50 58 66 74
Hidden wars exposed
Dark secrets of the real French Resistance
84
Organised crime
10 secret missions of WWII Enigma The birth of the SAS
118
covert missions 92 102 106 110 114 118
Killing Hitler’s hangman Spy swap Cold War under the waves The wrath of Israel This movie will set you free The hunt for Osama bin Laden
Super spies 128 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 152
Mata Hari Sidney Reilly Sir Francis Walsingham Harold ‘Kim’ Philby Richard Sorge Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Fritz Duquesne 10 Celebrity spies
SpY gadgets through time
24
6
18
50
58 102
30
92
7
key players
working In the Shadows Covert and controversial, the Central Intelligence Agency actively engages in espionage activities to protect the interests of the United States
T
he Central Intelligence Agency, the primary organisation responsible for gathering intelligence on the activities of foreign countries on behalf of the United States government, was born out of a colossal intelligence failure. Ample warning signs had preceded the disastrous Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, devastating American military capabilities in the Pacific and plunging the nation into the Second World War. However, there had been no coordination in gathering and analysing that information and no credible, concerted decision-making process in acting upon it.
In the wake of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D Roosevelt created the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), forerunner of the modern Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in early 1942 as an organisation to coordinate intelligence operations, eliminate rivalries among civilian and military services such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Offices of Naval and Army Intelligence, and present a comprehensive picture of foreign relations opportunities and perils that lay before the United States. The Office of the Coordinator of Information, an earlier organisation conceived for such a purpose in July 1941, had proven a dismal
“Although the agency was relatively new – and the United States was virtually the last industrialised nation to formalise a foreign intelligence service – the contribution of the OSS to victory in World War II is notable” 18
failure. However, Roosevelt was determined not to allow the OSS to suffer a similar fate. To head the new agency, he chose General William ‘Wild Bill’ Donovan, a no-nonsense leader and decorated veteran of the First World War. Under Donovan, the OSS became active in covert operations during World War II, training operatives to conduct secret missions against the Axis enemy through sabotage, commando strikes, support of guerrilla organisations, and the gathering of actionable intelligence. By late 1944, more than 12,000 personnel were engaged in OSS activities. Although the agency was relatively new – and the United States was virtually the last industrialised nation to formalise a foreign intelligence service – the contribution the OSS made to the victory in World War II is notable.
Temporary blindness
In the aftermath of the war, the rush to return to a peacetime perspective on the world resulted in the dismantling of much of the governmental apparatus that had functioned during the conflict. A number of government
working in the shadows The sprawling headquarters complex of the CIA is located in Langley, Virginia, outside Washington, DC
“Donovan was no stranger to hazardous duty, particularly of a clandestine nature”
Father of the CIA William ‘Wild Bill’ Donovan, director of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), forerunner of the modern CIA, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for heroism during World War I. For the rest of his life, Donovan was no stranger to hazardous duty, particularly of a clandestine nature. Through his leadership, the spirit of the American intelligence community was formed. Between the world wars, Donovan worked as a US attorney and ran for public office. During the run-up to World War II, Donovan became a trusted advisor of President Franklin D Roosevelt, who named him coordinator of information in the summer of 1941, and after Pearl Harbor, director
of the OSS. Donovan established training schools and fictitious companies to serve as fronts for espionage activities and began recruiting. Among those who served in the OSS were famed chef Julia Child, psychologist Carl Jung, actor Sterling Hayden, film director John Ford, author Stephen Vincent Benet, and numerous members of prominent American families. OSS wartime activities provided vital intelligence and supported resistance operations in occupied countries while laying the foundation for the future CIA. After the war, Donovan served as US Ambassador to Thailand. He died in 1959 at the age of 76.
William Donovan, through his work as head of the OSS, set the groundwork for today’s CIA
19
9843516548431654984351316546846513165468465198465898798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 8468435135484526479851368421368468435135415468411584526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 secret Wars 6325657785412854632565778541285136842479851368422121643165465189714598546325657785412530174882831164656 4454654253641257896556325145236544212536412578965525364125789655632514523654425364125789655632514523654 8432165484313468465131646846513546846468468484465112354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 9843516548431654984351316546846513165468465198465898798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 8432165484313468465131646846513546846468468484465112354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 4454654253641257896556325145236544212536412578965525364125789655632514523654425364125789655632514523654 9843516548431654984351316546846513165468465198465898798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 6325657785412854632565778541285136842479851368422121643165465189714598546325657785412530174882831164656 8468435135484526479851368421368468435135415468411584526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 8468435135484526479851368421368468435135415468411584526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 9843516548431654984351316546846513165468465198465898798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 8468435135484526479851368421368468435135415468411584526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 8432165484313468465131646846513546846468468484465112354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 9843516548431654984351316546846513165468465198465898798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 8468435135484526479851368421368468435135415468411584526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 4454654253641257896556325145236544212536412578965525364125789655632514523654425364125789655632514523654 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 8432165484313468465131646846513546846468468484465112354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 8468435135484526479851368421368468435135415468411584526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 9843516548431654984351316546846513165468465198465898798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 2 6325657785412854632565778541285136842479851368422121643165465189714598546325657785412530174882831164656 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 4684651356846513164684651354684684651354646846848412354654874513545467843216546846513516468465135468465 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 8432165484313468465131646846513546846468468484465112354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 9843516548431654984351316546846513165468465198465898798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 2 8432165484313468465131646846513546846468468484465112354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 468465135164684651354684651123546548746846513543216546846513568465131646846513546846846513546468468484 1 Discover how the men and women of Bletchley Park cracked the 8432165484313468465131646846513546846468468484465112354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 ‘unbreakable’ German Enigma and helped defeat Hitler’s Nazis 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 8468435135484526479851368421368468435135415468411584526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 4454654253641257896556325145236544212536412578965525364125789655632514523654425364125789655632514523654 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 t’s February 1942; the carnage of World to reach 16-year-old Naafi boy Tommy Brown, 84321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 12354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 War II shows no signs of stopping and the who has waited outside the boat, and hand him 84684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 84526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 balance of world power is precariously the machine and the books. It is the last act 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 2 poised. Night is about to fall on the Atlantic of Fasson and Grazier, for they go down with 63256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 21643165465189714598546325657785412530174882831164656 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 Ocean and as darkness comes the water U-559 as it sinks. They are both posthumously 46846513568465131646846513546846846513546468468484 12354654874513545467843216546846513516468465135468465 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 is inky-black and icy. In the depths of seas around awarded the George Cross. 84321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 12354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 the world, German U-boats cruise like predators This treasure – for that is what it was 9 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 stalking their prey. They lie in wait, patiently to the British codebreakers – made its way 577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 2 84321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 12354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 waiting their turn to pounce; brazenly, some even to Bletchley Park, a country house in rural 468465135164684651354684651123546548746846513543216546846513568465131646846513546846846513546468468484 1 84684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 encircle convoys, sailing invisibly around them. Buckinghamshire that 84526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 had been set up as 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 On this night, one U-boat fires off its torpedoes Intelligence Headquarters at the start of the 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 63256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 21643165465189714598546325657785412530174882831164656 and an American convoy ship is engulfed in bright war. Those based there knew they now had 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 flames that light up the sky. The crew on this a good chance to get 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 back into breaking the 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 convoy know they will perish in this icy sea and German naval codes, 12354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 code-named ‘Shark’, 84321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 that the vital supplies and provisions they are and affect the outcome of World War II. An 84321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 12354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 2 carrying across the Atlantic to Britain will also be eccentric young mathematician named Alan 84684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 84526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 lost. As screams and shouts finally give way to Turing would have a key role to play in breaking 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 an eerie silence, its neighbours can only watch the Nazi code. 84321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 12354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 helplessly, fearing their turn may soon come. The Born in 1912, Turing came to Bletchley 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 deadly wolf pack have claimed another victim. from Cambridge, aged 27, the day after Britain 8468435135484526479851368421368468435135415468411584526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 German forces 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 The Allies are virtually defenceless against them, declared war on Germany. His clothes were disuised their 9843516548431654984351316546846513165468465198465898798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 communications knowing only that these deadly ships will strike dishevelled, at best; others thought he often 63256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 21643165465189714598546325657785412530174882831164656 through the 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 again, but not where or when. dressed like a tramp. When excited over some Enigma machine 44546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 25364125789655632514523654425364125789655632514523654 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 As the year draws to a close a German problem or idea, he would stutter with his 84321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 12354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 U-boat, the U-559, is spotted off the coast eagerness to express his legion of ideas. He 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 of Palestine by HMS Petard and subsequently would often be seen riding his bicycle around 577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 2 84321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 12354654874513545467843216548431346846513164684651354 depth-charged. This time it is the U-boat the Bletchley countryside, wearing a gas mask 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 2 44546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 25364125789655632514523654425364125789655632514523654 crew who know that all is lost: their vessel is to avoid the pollen that set off his hay fever. In 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 sinking and they must abandon ship. Lieutenant his office, he would chain his coffee mug to the 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 63256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 21643165465189714598546325657785412530174882831164656 Anthony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and radiator so no one else would take it. With little 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 84684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 84526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 Tommy Brown swim out to it, even though the faith in banking and currency during wartime, 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 2 84684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 boat is rapidly sinking below the waves. Seeing he put his money into84526479851368421368468435135484526479851368421368468 silver bars which he 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 some lights remaining on inside the boat, then buried, intending 98798465165498432131684984351654843165498435131654684 to dig them up after 98435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 2 they are astounded to find a four-rotor Enigma the war – not realising that by the time he 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 machines and a book of current Enigma keys. had followed his own elaborate set of 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 In an act of bravery and ingenuity, they wrap instructions for finding them, a new 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 the machine, the keys and the bigram tables town called Milton Keynes was being 354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 8 in waterproof material, and rescue them for the built over the countryside. To the 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 Allies, not realising how vital their discovery will onlooker, Alan Turing totally 516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 9 prove to be. With supreme effort, they manage fitted the bill of a typical, 3548452647985136842136846843513548452647985136842136846843513548452647985136842136846843513541546841158 2536412578965563251452365442536412578965563251452365445465425364125789655632514523654421253641257896552 58 484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 1 3548452647985136842136846843513548452647985136842136846843513548452647985136842136846843513541546841158
How Britain’s codebreakers turned the tide in WWII
I
8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 6544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236 enigma 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 5463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 Enigma 6544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236 Resembling an expanded typewriter, the Germans 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 used this machine for 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 communication. It is a 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 portable machine that enciphers and deciphers 5463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646 messages using a keyboard, 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 6546846513568465131646846513546846846513546468468484123546548745135454678432165468465135164684651354684 rotors and electrical impulses 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 to generate millions of 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 possible letter combinations. 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 Typex machine 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 Standard British cipher 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 machine with special modifications so that it 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 operated like Enigma, with 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 6544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236 rotors, keyboard and a paper 216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 feed with a printer. It was 123546548745135454678432165468465135164684651354684651123546548746846513543216546846513568465131646846 used to turn encrypted text 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 back into German. 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 5463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646 Bombe 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 6546846513568465131646846513546846846513546468468484 123546548745135454678432165468465135164684651354684 Not a computer, but an electronic machine that could 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 check off, at speed, hundreds 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 of possible letter combinations 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 to reduce the potential number of that day’s possible 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 Enigma settings. 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 5463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646 Crib 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 An intelligent guess by looking for patterns in the coded 216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 text, usually found in common 123546548745135454678432165468465135164684651354684651123546548746846513543216546846513568465131646846 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 phrases or words used 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 by the German operators, or sometimes by spotting 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 their mistakes, such as a 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 repeated word lazy use of 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 their girlfriend’s name or a 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 rude word. 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 Cillis 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 5463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646 Procedural errors by German 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 6544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236 Enigma operators, where they used recognisable message 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 settings instead of random, 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 or had failed to alter the rotor 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 6784321654843134684651316468465135468464684684844651123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513 wheel position before sending their text. 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 6544546542536412578965563251452365442125364125789655 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 Menu 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 5463256577854128546325657785412851368424798513684221 216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646 A set of diagrams based on 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 that day’s ‘cribs’, to feed into the Bombes to help reduce 216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657 3684684351354845264798513684213684684351354154684115 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684 the length of time needed 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563 8498435165484316549843513165468465131654684651984658 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546 to confirm that day’s Enigma 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 settings. 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 Wrens 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 Members of the Women’s 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563 Royal Naval Service. 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 Colossus 216431654651897145985463256577854125301748828311646565412233655552156546465485463256577854128546325657 The world’s first semi845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 programmable computer. A 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 practical, digital processing machine, it used 1,500 valves 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 and could do mathematical 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 calculations in hours that had 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 taken weeks by hand. 987984651654984321316849843516548431654984351316546846519879846516549843213168498435165484316549843513 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513 253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544253641257896556325145236544546542536412578965563 59 123546548745135454678432165484313468465131646846513546846511235465487451354546784321654843134684651316 845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513684213684684351354845264798513
Glossary
secret Wars This propaganda poster from England encouraged support for the Résistance, saying it “helps throttle the Boche”
Dark secrets real french resistance oF the
Under the oppression of Nazi occupation and the Vichy state, the fight for France was taken up by Frenchmen, women and foreigners alike
H
itler humiliated France. Defeat in just six weeks and the establishment of the Vichy puppet state brought the country to its knees and its military reputation to ruin. As the Nazi war machine took its blitzkrieg to the rest of Europe, the French found their society taken over by German soldiers. The sheer ferocity and resounding success of the attack had shocked the French people, and before any thoughts of striking back were even comprehended, civilians had to adjust to the new regime. With the army forcibly reduced to a mere 100,000 men and Marshall Pétain’s Vichy government gradually becoming more unconvincing, pockets of opposition began to appear in many parts of occupied France. Known in popular memory as La Résistance Française, the well-known story tells of the
inspirational leadership by exiled general Charles de Gaulle, who roused French men and women with regular motivational broadcasts from across the Channel. The Gaullist movement assisted the Allies in liberating France, and since then, the image of a Frenchman with machine gun in one hand and cigarette in the other has come to personify the resistance movement in France. Filmmakers were everywhere in the capital on the day of liberation, documenting what was seen by the international audience as La Résistance’s finest hour. However, historical revision has challenged this view, and this idea of the Résistance has become known in some quarters as the ‘Gaullist myth’. Contrary to popular belief, there were many different factions involved in La Résistance, each comprising different religions and cultures. They also came from all across Right: A French resistance partisan armed with a Sten gun, one of the Résistance’s preferred weapons
“We lived in the shadows as soldiers of the night, but our lives were not dark and martial… There were arrests, torture, and death for so many of our friends and comrades, and tragedy awaited all of us just around the corner. But we did not live in or with tragedy. We were exhilarated by the challenge and rightness of our cause. It was in many ways the worst of times and in just as many ways the best of times, and the best is what we remember today” – Jean-Pierre Levy, leader of the Franc-Tireur 75
COVERT MISSIONS
spy swap The first prisoner exchange between the USA and the USSR set the template for the spy swaps of the Cold War
B
erlin in February can be bitingly cold. On this Saturday morning, the men standing at either end of Glienicke Bridge huddled themselves into their coats, waiting. The breath of the men mingled with the smoke from a quick cigarette. At 8:20am, two groups of men on either side of the river started walking towards the centre of the bridge. The bridge spanned the River Havel. One end grounded in East Germany, although the checkpoint was under Soviet control; the other end was in West Berlin, an enclave within the totalitarian German Democratic Republic. The centre of the bridge marked the passing between two very different worlds. Now, on this cold Saturday morning, the two groups of men came to a stop just short of each other. From each group a single man stepped forward and met, shaking hands over the invisible dividing line. The man who had come from the American sector of West Berlin was a lawyer named James Britt Donovan. The man he shook hands with was Ivan Schischkin, head of KGB counter intelligence.
The Berlin Wall as seen from the Western side, and showing the ‘Death Zone’ where anyone entering from the Eastern side was liable to be shot
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With Donovan and Schischkin having met, the other men joined them. But then they waited. Two more groups of men appeared at each end of the Glienicke. Again, there were three men in each group – but only one who mattered. Standing in the American sector was Rudolf Abel, captured Soviet master spy. Facing him on the Soviet side was Francis Gary Powers, an American and the pilot of a U-2 spy plane that had been shot down over Soviet air space on 1 May 1960. Two nuclear arsenals and two conflicting world views faced each other during the 45 years of the Cold War. The Glienicke Bridge was the only place they came into direct contact. As Rudolf Abel and Gary Powers began to walk towards the centre of the bridge – the place where the Soviet Union and the USA touched – the waiting, watching snipers kept them tight in their sights. Something like this had never been attempted before: the nuclear superpowers were about to exchange two top-level prisoners. Arriving in the no-man’s land at the centre of the bridge, the two prisoners had to be identified. One of the KGB men accompanying Powers identified Rudolf Abel. A CIA man, after a slightly farcical exchange during which Powers forgot the name of his high-school football coach, confirmed that this was the real Gary Powers (the nervous Powers finally managed to remember the name of his dog). They were good to go. Abel and Powers walked past each other, crossing the line that divided them and divided the world, rejoining their own sides. But then, they stopped. The two groups stood on the bridge, waiting for word from Checkpoint Charlie. One more man, an American student named Frederic Pryor who had been unwittingly caught up in the politics of the Cold War, was due to be exchanged also. James Donovan, the American lawyer who had negotiated the exchange, was not willing to move until he’d had word that Pryor
William August Fisher, aka Rudolf Abel, stands for his mugshot after being arrested by the FBI
was safe. Schischkin, his man safe, wanted to be off the bridge but Donovan kept him waiting with jokes and small talk. Time dragged. On either side, eyes watched through telescopic sights and fingers rested on triggers. At last, at 8:50am, word came through. Frederic Pryor had been released. The two groups of men, taking Abel and Powers with them, got into the waiting cars and drove away into the cold February morning. Sitting in the car taking him to the Soviet Union, the man the Americans knew as Rudolf Abel must have wondered what sort of reception awaited him. It had been many years since he had left the Motherland. But, for Abel, it was a Motherland in spirit only for he had been born, on 11 July 1903, in Newcastle. The Soviet master spy was British and his real name was William August Fisher. But his father, Heinrich Fisher, was a fervent communist and comrade of Lenin who had fled Russia after his release from three years imprisonment. The Fisher family – Heinrich, wife Lyubov, and sons William and Henry – settled in Newcastle where Heinrich got work at
SPY SWAP
, it was as The U-2 spy plane. Powered by a single engine to fly in a much glider as jet, and difficult to fly. Pilots had um and narrow band, just 12 knots, between their maxim their stalling speeds.
Gary Powers wearing the pressure suit that kept U-2 pilots alive in a plane that was liable to sudden depressurisation at 70,000 feet
Spy in the Sky How the unfortunate decision to authorise an overfly delivered a u-2 spyplane right into the enemy’s hands and escalated the cold war Before spy satellites it was the job of high-altitude aeroplanes to overfly enemy territory and bring back photographs. None flew higher than the U-2. At its operational height of 70,000 feet (21,000 metres), the U-2 flew above Soviet detection and Soviet air defences. Or at least it did when it began operational flights in 1956. However, by 1960 Soviet radar and missile systems had improved – the Russians had, after all, started the Space Race by launching Sputnik on 4 October 1957. But Soviet achievements fuelled American paranoia about a Russian advantage
in ICBMs. In the face of these fears, President Eisenhower authorised a final U-2 overflight two weeks before his summit with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. On 1 May 1960, Gary Powers took off from a base in Peshawar, Pakistan. Soviet radar picked up the flight. Fighter jets were scrambled with orders to bring the U-2 down by any means necessary, including ramming, but they were unable to intercept. It was a missile that brought the plane down, exploding close enough to break the tail from the U-2. The plane went into an uncontrolled dive that
The wreckage of the downed U-2 spyplane. Much of the plane survived the crash, allowing the Soviets to piece together much information about its mission
tore its wings off. What was left started spinning. Powers was sucked out by the slipstream but was held to the plane by his oxygen tube. He tried to pull himself back to activate the self-destruct mechanism but the tube broke and Powers spun free. Opening his parachute, Powers watched his plane crash into the Russian countryside. The plane was not the only thing to crash. The downing of the U-2 and the capture of Powers wrecked the superpower summit between Eisenhower and Khrushchev. The Cold War was heating up.
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SUPER SPIES
TOP 10
celebrity spies
Discover the secret identities of famous faces who used their privileged status to serve their country
A
nonymity is often considered an essential aspect of espionage, so the association of famous names with the clandestine world of cloakand-dagger spies might seem a little odd. However, many famous names associated with literature, entertainment and sports have been linked to espionage and military intelligence throughout history. In some cases, spying taught them the skills that made them famous; for others, being famous actually made them the perfect spies. Spying has a long history. Chinese general Sun Tzu wrote in The Art of War: “Enlightened rulers and good generals who are able to obtain intelligent agents as spies are certain for great achievements.” Purloined letters, official eavesdropping and keeping your enemies under surveillance have been recorded among ancient cultures as varied as the Aztecs, the
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Romans and the Mongols. During the Middle Ages, when the Vatican was more powerful than many individual governments, the Popes had a massive network of spies. Its most famous form was that of the Inquisition. However, during the first crusade in 1095, Pope Urban II employed special agents to infiltrate prisons to free captured crusaders and sabotage mosques and military defences. During the Renaissance, the court of Queen Elizabeth I was a hotbed of scheming spies. Sir Francis Walsingham became the Queen’s spymaster, constantly keeping her one step ahead of her adversaries, foiling assassination attempts and undermining Catholic subversives abroad. However, espionage in the modern sense of dedicated state ministries of professional spies didn’t really appear until the 20th century, with the emergence of bodies like the British Secret Service
in 1909 and the Office of Strategic Services in 1942, which would later become the Central Intelligence Agency. Appropriately enough, this same era saw celebrity culture explode with mass communications, such as the radio and cinema, allowing anybody to achieve their fifteen minutes of fame and become known the world over. This rundown of the best celebrity spies in history does favour contemporary famous faces, if only because World War II was such a vast theatre of war for both the regular military and the intelligence service that so many agents were recruited. However, there are some big names from the more distant past that may also have been spies. For some of these celebrities, spying taught them the skills that made them famous; for others, their very fame made them the perfect spies.
top 10 celebrity spies
010
Moe Berg
American, 1902-1972
Known as “the brainiest guy in baseball,” American catcher and coach Moe Berg proved himself even smarter than sports fans may have realised during World War II. Working for the precursor to the CIA, Berg met with Balkan resistance fighters, recruited physicists to the Manhattan Project and deduced the Nazis were years away from creating a nuclear bomb. In the Twenties, Berg played for the Boston Red Sox and Brooklyn Dodgers. Unlike many of his teammates, he was an educated Princeton graduate and spoke six languages, including fluent German, Japanese and Italian. Over three years during the offseason, he also earned a law degree from Columbia University in 1928. Physically fit and extraordinarily intelligent, Berg was a perfect spy, so in 1943 was recruited to the Office of Strategic Services as a paramilitary officer. An early mission included parachuting into Other profession: Baseball catcher and coach Yugoslavia to meet with Partisan leader Berg was an MLB player from 1923 to Marshal Tito himself and evaluate whether the 1939. However, despite his intelligence US should supply him with aid. and accomplishments as a spy, Berg was Later that year, Berg attracted the attention considered a mediocre player, usually of General Leslie Groves, the head of the used as a backup catcher. Manhattan Project, which was looking to Worked for: OSS develop and build an atomic bomb. Berg was The precursor to the CIA, Berg had sent to Italy to use his language skills and many daring missions for the Office of charm to recruit physicists for the US. Strategic Services from 1943 to 1945. In his final mission for the OSS in Prior to 1943, Berg worked for Nelson Rockefeller’s OIAA in South America. December 1944, Berg was sent to Switzerland. The Nobel Prize-winning German Greatest success: Project AZUSA physicist Werner Heisenberg was there giving After interviewing several physicists a lecture. If the scientist gave any indication across Europe in 1943, Berg correctly that the Nazis were nuclear ready, Berg was judged that the Nazis were not close to producing a nuclear bomb and chose not instructed to shoot him – in the middle of to assassinate Heisenberg. the lecture hall if necessary. Berg correctly ascertained that Nazis were at least a decade away from producing a nuke and spared Heisenberg’s life. After WWII he was hired by the CIA in 1952 to use his contacts to gather information on the Soviets but his greatest spying work was behind him.
Moe’s missions l Tokyo Reconnaissance Touring Japan as part of a US All-Star team, Berg sneaks onto the rooftop of one of Tokyo’s highest buildings and films the harbour with a 16mm film camera. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he screens his movie to military officials. This helps plan the Doolittle Raid, an aerial assault on the Japanese capital. 29 November 1934
1943
1943
l Talks with Tito l Project Larson He parachutes into Yugoslavia He interviews top Italian physicists to evaluate which is the to see if they know anything about strongest resistance group a German nuclear-bomb program. fighting against the Nazis. Berg is told to find out which Meeting with faction leaders, German and Italian physicists are Berg determines the US should alive, where they are located, what provide aid to Tito’s Partisan they are working on, and if there as they have the strongest and are any large industrial complexes best-supported group. being built. August 1943 Late 1943
1944
1944
l Licence to kill l Rocketeer If he thinks the Germans are nuclear recruitment capable, Berg has instructions to Berg, who speaks many assassinate brilliant physicist Werner languages, travels across Heisenberg while in Zurich, Switzerland, Europe interviewing giving a lecture. Berg attends the talk and physicists in different manages to meet the scientist afterward. countries to successfully He correctly ascertains the Germans are convince several not ready to produce an atomic bomb and scientists to work in the lets Heisenberg’s live. United States. December 1944 May 1944
© Corbis; Thinkstock
1934
Moe Berg’s baseball card is now on display in the CIA headquarters
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