Forced Migration Review Issue 8 by Forced Migration Review

FORCED MIGRATIONreview 8

August 2000

published by

the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project

Accountability evaluations 路 ethics 路 beneficiary involvement capacity building 路 corporate responsibility plus features on India and Australia the next HCR 路 police training in Uganda debate, updates, conferences, publications and news

(GLWRUV 0DULRQ &RXOGUH\ 'U 7LP 0RUULV

6XEVFULSWLRQV $VVLVWDQW 6KDURQ (OOLV

)RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ 56& 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK +RXVH 6W *LOHV 2[IRUG 2; /$ 8. 7HO )D[ (PDLO IPU#THK R[ DF XN

Global IDP Project &KHPLQ 0RwVH 'XERXOH &+ *HQHYD 6ZLW]HUODQG 7HO )D[ (PDLO LGSVXUYH\#QUF FK

6XEVFULSWLRQ UDWHV ,QGLYLGXDOV Â&#x2026; 86 SHU DQQXP ,QVWLWXWLRQV Â&#x2026; 86 SHU DQQXP )5(( IRU UHVLGHQWV RI GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV VWXGHQWV XQZDJHG DQG UHIXJHHV ,'3V 6HH SDJH

from the fromeditors the editors T

rying to find a short title on which to hang the feature section of this issue was not easy. Respect, accountability, evaluation, ethics and responsibility are all themes interwoven in the articles. In the end we opted simply for â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Accountabilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. We hope you enjoy the varied range of articles under this heading.

Corinne Owen

)RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ SURYLGHV D IRUXP IRU WKH UHJXODU H[FKDQJH RI SUDFWLFDO H[SHULHQFH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG LGHDV EHWZHHQ UHVHDUFKHUV UHIXJHHV DQG LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHG SHRSOH DQG WKRVH ZKR ZRUN ZLWK WKHP ,W LV SXEOLVKHG WKUHH WLPHV D \HDU LQ (QJOLVK 6SDQLVK DQG $UDELF E\ WKH 5HIXJHH 6WXGLHV &HQWUH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 2[IRUG LQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK WKH *OREDO ,'3 3URMHFW 1RUZHJLDQ 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO 7KH 6SDQLVK WUDQVODWLRQ 5HYLVWD GH 0LJUDFLRQHV )RU]RVDV LV SURGXFHG E\ +(*2$ LQ %LOEDR 6SDLQ

This issue also includes mini features on India and the Guiding Principles, and asylum and the media in Australia, plus articles on training for police in Uganda, and appointing the next HCR. Issue 9 (December 2000) will focus on Gender and will be guest-edited by Judy El-Bushra from the British NGO, ACORD. For details of the aspects we plan to cover, please visit our website at www.fmreview.org. Issue 10 (April 2001) will include a feature section on UNHCR and the 50th anniversary of the 1951 Convention. If you would like to contribute, or if you have suggestions for aspects to cover or potential contributors, please contact the Editors as soon as possible (contact details opposite). Deadlines for contributions are listed at the bottom of this page (and on our website). We are pleased to welcome three new members to our Editorial Advisory Board: Professor B S Chimni (Department of International Law, Jawaharlal Nehru University), Erin Mooney (UN High Commission for Human Rights, Geneva, and Special Assistant to Francis Deng) and Bonaventure Rutinwa (Centre for the Study of Forced Migration, University of Dar es Salaam). The full list of members of our Editorial Advisory Board is given on page 43.

&RS\ULJKW DQG GLVFODLPHU 0DWHULDO IURP )RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ PD\ EH IUHHO\ UHSURGXFHG EXW SOHDVH DFNQRZ OHGJH WKH VRXUFH 3KRWRJUDSKV VKRXOG RQO\ EH UHSURGXFHG LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH DUWLFOHV LQ ZKLFK WKH\ DSSHDU DQG FUHGLWHG 0DWHULDO DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQWDLQHG LQ )RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ DUH WKH RSLQLRQV RI WKH DXWKRUV DQG GR QRW QHFHVVDULO\ UHIOHFW WKH YLHZV RI WKH (GLWRUV WKH 5HIXJHH 6WXGLHV &HQWUH RU WKH 1RUZHJLDQ 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO

)RUWKFRPLQJ IHDWXUHV 'HFHPEHU *HQGHU LVVXHV $SULO 81+&5DQG WKH WK $QQLYHUVDU\ RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQ

:HEVLWH )05 DUWLFOHV FDQ EH DFFHVVHG DW ZZZ IPUHYLHZ RUJ RU YLD WKH *OREDO ,'3 3URMHFW ZHEVLWH DW ZZZ QUF QR LGS KWP SULQWHG E\ 2;)$0 RQ HQYLURQPHQWDOO\

FORCED MIGRATIONreview Refugee Studies Centre with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project

48 pages of analysis, research findings and practical experience for those concerned with refugees and internally displaced people

If you find Forced Migration Review useful, spread the word to others. Forced Migration Review is free for individuals and institutions in the South, as well as for students and refugee/IDP associations. We have recently updated our promotional leaflet and would be happy to send you copies to circulate and/or display. We need more paid subscriptions to the magazine. If you have a connection with a university in the North we would be grateful if you could ask the university library to consider taking out a subscription.

We are soon to begin the Herculean task of transferring our mailing records to a new database. If there are any inaccuracies on your name/address label, please let us know. We would also like to have the email address of all our readers who have one so that we can contact you without having to pay postage. (Naturally, we will not pass your details on to anybody else.) published three times a year in English, Spanish and Arabic

Best wishes Marion Couldrey and Tim Morris Editors

IULHQGO\ SDSHU

,661

Writing for FMR? Here are our submission deadlines:

Issue

Articles by

Information items by

9 (Gender) 10 (UNHCR)

2 October 2000 1 February 2001

3 November 2000 1 March 2001

Cover Photo: Afghan refugees in Pakistan (UNHCR/R LeMoyne); Father Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Neil and local sheikhs discuss refugee issues in Sudan (Panos Pictures/Caroline Penn).

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

contents contents

Accountability

India and the Guiding Principles

Australia

Regular features

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Thinking outside the box: evaluation and humanitarian action by Jeff Crisp

Promise and practice: participatory evaluation of humanitarian assistance by Tania Kaiser

Research in conflict areas: ethics and accountability by Jonathan Goodhand

Reflections on research among Liberian refugees by Linda Kreitzer

Capacity building, accountability and humanitarianism in Sri Lanka by Jennifer Hyndman and Malathi de Alwis

Listening to the displaced: analysis, accountability and advocacy in action by Simon Harris

Globalization and accountability: the corporate sector in involuntary displacement and resettlement by Patricia Feeney

Internal displacement in India: causes, protection and dilemmas by Mahendra Lama

Rethinking the Guiding Principles: the case of the Kashmiri Pandits by K C Saha

IDPs: rights and status by Marc Vincent

Australia and asylum: no longer “land of the fair go”? by Tim Morris

The hard press of asylum by Sharon Pickering

Working with the media: notes for refugee advocates by Melissa Phillips

A refugee at my door: training for police in Uganda by Pamela Reynell

The next HCR must refocus on protection by Ed Schenkenberg van Mierop

Update · Debate · Refugee Studies Centre · Global IDP Project Conferences · Publications

38-47

Accountability

Thinking outside the box: evaluation and humanitarian action

by Jeff Crisp

In the conclusion to The Quality of Mercy, his classic 1984 analysis of the Cambodian refugee crisis, William Shawcross observed that “evaluations of humanitarian aid are not easy.”1

´2

QH SUREOHP µ KH FRQWLQXHG ´LV LQVWLWXWLRQDO +XPDQLW DULDQ DJHQFLHV GR QRW RIWHQ SXEOLVK GLVFXVVLRQV RI WKHLU ZRUN 7KH\ UHOHDVH OLVWV RI DQG VRPHWLPHV DFFRXQWV RI WKH DVVLVWDQFH WKH\ KDYH JLYHQ EXW UDUHO\ RIIHU UHDO DQDO\VLV« $V D UHVXOW PLVWDNHV DUH UHSHDWHG DJDLQ DQG DJDLQ IURP RQH GLVDVWHU WR DQRWKHU µ ´/LNH DOO JHQHUDOL]DWLRQV µ 6KDZFURVV DFNQRZO HGJHG µWKLV RQH KDV LWV H[FHSWLRQV µ ´%XW µ KH FRQFOXGHG ´LW DSSOLHV ERWK WR 81 RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG WR SULYDWH DJHQ FLHV ODUJH DQG VPDOO µ :ULWLQJ WZR \HDUV ODWHU LQ ,PSRVLQJ $LG KHU HTXDOO\ VHPLQDO DFFRXQW RI WKH 8JDQGDQ UHIXJHH VLWXDWLRQ LQ VRXWKHUQ 6XGDQ %DUEDUD +DUUHOO %RQG UHDFKHG D VLPLODU FRQFOXVLRQ ´,QVLGH WKH DJHQ FLHV µ VKH VWDWHG ´LW LV ZHOO NQRZQ WKDW WKH VDPH PLVWDNHV KDYH EHHQ UHSHDWHG RYHU DQG RYHU DJDLQ « ,W LV DVVXPHG WKDW WKH LPSDFW RI GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV ZLOO EH HYDOXDWHG EXW KXPDQLWDULDQ SUR JUDPPHV KDYH QHYHU EHHQ VXEMHFWHG WR WKH VDPH VFUXWLQ\« 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI HYDOXDWLQJ WKH LPSDFW RI UHOLHI SUR JUDPPHV LV QRW ZLGHO\ DSSUHFLDWHG µ

,QWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH WZR DXWKRUV ZHUH DOVR LQ EURDG DJUHHPHQW ZKHQ WKH\ FDPH WR H[SODLQ WKLV XQVDWLVIDFWRU\ VWDWH RI DIIDLUV $FFRUGLQJ WR 6KDZFURVV ´GHOLE HUDWH DQG FRQVFLRXV OHDUQLQJ IURP H[SHULHQFH LV QRW SDUW RI WKH QRQ SURILW ZHOIDUH WUDGLWLRQ« 7KH UHIUDLQ ¶ZH KDYH QR WLPH RU PRQH\ WR HYDOXDWH RXU HIIRUWV WKH QHHG LV WRR JUHDW· LV DOO WRR FRPPRQ DPRQJ DLG RIILFLDOV µ $QG LQ WKH ZRUGV RI +DUUHOO %RQG ´KXPDQLWDULDQ ZRUN« LV WKRXJKW WR EH VHOIOHVV PRWLYDWHG E\ FRPSDVVLRQ DQG E\ LWV YHU\ GHILQLWLRQ VXJJHVWV JRRG ZRUN µ ´$V UHOLHI LV D JLIW µ VKH FRQFOXGHG ´LW LV QRW H[SHFWHG WKDW DQ\RQH PRVW HVSHFLDOO\ WKH UHFLSLHQWV

VKRXOG H[DPLQH WKH TXDOLW\ RU TXDQWLW\ RI ZKDW LV JLYHQ µ 7KH SUHFHGLQJ TXRWDWLRQV IURP 7KH 4XDOLW\ RI 0HUF\ DQG ,PSRVLQJ $LG EHJ D QXPEHU RI LPSRUWDQW TXHVWLRQV %XW WKH FRQFOXVLRQ UHDFKHG E\ ERWK ERRNV WKDW KXPDQLWDULDQ RSHUDWLRQV ZHUH ODUJHO\ H[HPSW IURP VHULRXV HYDOXDWLRQ RU FULWLFDO DQDO\VLV UHSUHVHQWHG D YDOLG FULWLTXH RI WKH VLWXDWLRQ WKDW SUHYDLOHG LQ WKH V DQG V

A new scenario 0RYLQJ IRUZDUG VRPH \HDUV WR WKH SUHVHQW GD\ RQH HQFRXQWHUV D YHU\ GLI IHUHQW VFHQDULR )RU KXPDQLWDULDQ HYDOXDWLRQV KDYH QRZ EHFRPH ELJ EXVL QHVV LQ ERWK D ILJXUDWLYH DQG OLWHUDO VHQVH DWWUDFWLQJ XQSUHFHGHQWHG OHYHOV RI GRQRU IXQGLQJ DQG DJHQF\ FRPPLWPHQW DV ZHOO DV SXEOLF DQG SROLWLFDO LQWHUHVW :KLOH D GHWDLOHG DFFRXQW RI WKLV WUHQG OLHV EH\RQG WKH VFRSH RI WKH FXUUHQW DUWLFOH LW FDQ EH LOOXV WUDWHG E\ UHIHUHQFH WR IRXU SDUWLFXODU GHYHORSPHQWV WKDW KDYH WDNHQ SODFH RYHU WKH SDVW IHZ \HDUV

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·V UHVSRQVH WR WKH .RVRYR UHIXJHH FULVLV DQG D JOREDO UHYLHZ RI 'DQLVK KXPDQL WDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH FRPPLVVLRQHG E\ '$1,'$ WR JLYH MXVW D IHZ H[DPSOHV $ VHFRQG PDQLIHVWDWLRQ RI WKH QHZ LQWHU HVW LQ KXPDQLWDULDQ HYDOXDWLRQ FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKH EXUJHRQLQJ OLWHUDWXUH RQ WKH VXEMHFW 3ULRU WR WKH PLG V D JUHDW GHDO KDG EHHQ ZULWWHQ DERXW WKH HYDO XDWLRQ RI GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV EXW UHODWLYHO\ OLWWOH KDG EHHQ SXEOLVKHG RQ WKH TXHVWLRQ RI HYDOXDWLRQ LQ WKH KXPDQ LWDULDQ VHFWRU

humanitarian evaluations have now become big business

)LUVW DQG LQ VKDUS FRQWUDVW WR WKH VLWXD WLRQ LQ WKH V DQG V KXPDQ LWDULDQ RSHUDWLRQV DUH QRZ UHJXODUO\ VXEMHFWHG WR FULWLFDO DQDO\VLV DQG DVVHVV PHQW 6XFK UHYLHZV DUH LQFUHDVLQJO\ XQGHUWDNHQ E\ SURIHVVLRQDO WHDPV RI FRQVXOWDQWV IXQGHG E\ EXW LQGHSHQ GHQW RI WKH RSHUDWLRQDO DJHQFLHV DQG GRQRU VWDWHV ZKLFK KDYH FRPPLVVLRQHG WKH UHYLHZ ,W KDV DOVR EHFRPH FRPPRQ SUDFWLFH IRU HYDOXDWLRQ UHSRUWV WR EH

'XULQJ WKH SDVW WZR RU WKUHH \HDUV WKDW VLWXDWLRQ KDV FKDQJHG YHU\ UDSLGO\ ZLWK DW OHDVW VL[ PDMRU KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWRUV $XV$LG '$1,'$ (&+2 2(&' 6,'$ DQG 81+&5 DOO SURGXFLQJ WKHLU RZQ HYDOXDWLRQ SROLFLHV JXLGHOLQHV DQG PDQXDOV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH 5HOLHI DQG 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ 1HWZRUN RI WKH 2YHUVHDV 'HYHORSPHQW ,QVWLWXWH SXEOLVKHG D FRPSUHKHQVLYH ¶JRRG SUDFWLFH UHYLHZ· IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI KXPDQLWDULDQ

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Panos Pictures/Heldur Netocny

Accountability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Â·V HYDOXDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ ZDV HIIHFWLYHO\ VXEPHUJHG ZLWKLQ D ODUJHU XQLW ZKRVH SULQFLSDO WDVN ZDV WKDW RI Â¶LQVSHFWLRQÂ· DQ RYHUVLJKW PHFKDQLVP IRFXVLQJ SULPDULO\ RQ PDQDJHULDO HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG HIILFLHQF\ UDWKHU WKDQ SURJUDPPH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG LPSDFW 7KH HYDOXDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ ZDV VWDIIHG E\ D VLQJOH LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDII PHPEHU DQG KDG DFFHVV WR D YHU\ PRG HVW FRQVXOWDQF\ EXGJHW :KLOH WKH\ ZHUH KLJK LQ TXDOLW\ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ UHSRUWV SURGXFHG E\ WKH XQLW ZHUH UHJDUGHG DV Â¶UHVWULFWHGÂ· GRFXPHQWV DQG FRQVH TXHQWO\ KDG RQO\ D OLPLWHG DQG LQWHUQDO GLVWULEXWLRQ 'XULQJ WKH SDVW \HDU D QXPEHU RI VLJQLI LFDQW FKDQJHV KDYH EHHQ PDGH WR WKH HYDOXDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ LQ 81+&5 PDQ\ RI WKHP SURPSWHG E\ WKH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV RI DQ LQGHSHQGHQW UHYLHZ IXQGHG E\ WKH &DQDGLDQ JRYHUQPHQW 7KH HYDOXDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ KDV EHHQ VHSD UDWHG IURP LQVSHFWLRQ FRPELQHG ZLWK WKDW RI Â¶SROLF\ DQDO\VLVÂ· DQG JLYHQ DQ LQIOXHQWLDO SRVLWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH 'HSDUW PHQW RI 2SHUDWLRQV UHSRUWLQJ GLUHFWO\ WR WKH $VVLVWDQW +LJK &RPPLVVLRQHU IRU 5HIXJHHV (PSOR\LQJ WKUHH LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDII PHPEHUV WKH QHZ (YDOXDWLRQ DQG 3ROLF\ $QDO\VLV 8QLW (3$8 DOVR KDV D VXEVWDQWLDOO\ LQFUHDVHG FDSDFLW\ WR HQJDJH LQGHSHQGHQW FRQVXOWDQWV $W WKH VDPH WLPH 81+&5 KDV LQWURGXFHG D QHZ DQG PRUH SURJUHVVLYH HYDOXDWLRQ SROLF\ LQYROYLQJ WKH XQUHVWULFWHG GLVVHPLQDWLRQ RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQÂ·V HYDOXDWLRQ UHSRUWV DQG D QHZ FRPPLWPHQW WR VWDNHKROGHU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ SURFHVV

FORCED MIGRATION review 7

Albania: Swedish Red Cross delegate talking with refugees in the Danish Red Cross camp for Kosovo refugees near the coastal town of Lesze.

)RXUWK DQG ILQDOO\ WKH QHZ G\QDPLVP VXUURXQGLQJ WKH LVVXH RI HYDOXDWLRQ KDV EHHQ PDQLIHVWHG E\ WKH LQFUHDVHG OHYHO RI LQWHUDFWLRQ WDNLQJ SODFH EHWZHHQ WKH SHUVRQQHO RI GLIIHUHQW KXPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZKHWKHU WKH\ EH 81 DJHQ FLHV 1*2V GRQRU VWDWHV UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWHV RU SULYDWH FRQVXOWDQF\ FRPSD QLHV $V D UHVXOW RI VXFK LQWHUDFWLRQ D Â¶FXOWXUH RI HYDOXDWLRQÂ·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Â´WR LGHQWLI\ VKDUH DQG XSKROG EHVW SUDFWLFHV LQ UHODWLRQ WR PRQLWRULQJ UHSRUWLQJ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO V\V WHP IRU WKH SURYLVLRQ RI KXPDQLWDULDQ

DVVLVWDQFHÂµ DQG Â´WR PRYH WRZDUGV D FRPPRQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI Â¶DFFRXQW DELOLW\Â· LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO V\VWHP Âµ $V WKHVH VWDWHPHQWV VXJJHVW +DUUHOO %RQGÂ·V DVVHUWLRQ WKDW Â´WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI HYDOXDWLQJ WKH LPSDFW RI UHOLHI SURJUDPPHV LV QRW ZLGHO\ DSSUHFL DWHGÂµ LV QRZ FRQVLGHUDEO\ PRUH GLIILFXOW WR VXVWDLQ

The changing context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

Accountability 7KH QHHG IRU VXFK DQDO\VLV DQG DSSUDLVDO KDV EHHQ UHLQIRUFHG E\ WKH FKDQJLQJ DQG RIWHQ LQQRYDWLYH FKDUDFWHU RI KXPDQLWDUL DQ DFWLRQ GXULQJ WKH SDVW GHFDGH ,QGHHG PDQ\ RI WKH PRVW IDPLOLDU FRQFHSWV LQ WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ KXPDQLWDULDQ GLVFRXUVH Â¶VDIH KDYHQVÂ· Â¶WHPSRUDU\ SURWHFWLRQÂ· Â¶QHJRWLDWHG DFFHVVÂ· Â¶KXPDQLWDULDQ HYDFXD WLRQÂ· DQG Â¶SRVW FRQIOLFW UHFRQVWUXFWLRQÂ· IRU H[DPSOH ZHUH YLUWXDOO\ XQKHDUG RI MXVW WHQ \HDUV DJR $V WKH DXWKRU RI WKLV DUWLFOH ZURWH LQ Â´PDQ\ RI WKH LQL WLDWLYHV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ WDNHQ GXULQJ WKH SDVW ILYH \HDUV KDYH EHHQ H[SHULPHQ WDO LQ QDWXUH KDVWLO\ IRUPXODWHG WR PHHW XUJHQW DQG XQH[SHFWHG QHHGV ,QHYLWDEO\ VRPH KDYH SURYHG PRUH HIIHFWLYH DQG HTXLWDEOH WKDQ RWKHUV Âµ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Â¶JUHDWHU DFFRXQWDELOLW\Â· LQ WKH KXPDQLWDU LDQ VHFWRU KDYH IDOOHQ GLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\ RQ PXOWLODWHUDO DJHQFLHV VXFK DV 81+&5 7KLV LV SDUWO\ EHFDXVH RI WKH KLJK OHYHOV RI H[SHQGLWXUH DQG SHUFHLYHG LQHIILFLHQF\ RI WKHVH RUJDQL]DWLRQV %XW SHUKDSV PRUH IXQGDPHQWDOO\ LW LV EHFDXVH GRQRU VWDWHV LQFUHDVLQJO\ SUHIHU WR FKDQQHO WKHLU UHVRXUFHV WKURXJK QDWLRQDO 1*2V DQG ELODWHUDO LQVWLWXWLRQV $ VLJQLILFDQW FRQVHTXHQFH RI WKLV WUHQG LV WKDW WKH 81 DJHQFLHV DUH QRZ DW OHDVW DV LI QRW PRUH

WUDQVSDUHQW LQ WHUPV RI HYDOXDWLRQ WKDQ PDQ\ PDMRU 1*2V 7KXV YHU\ IHZ RI WKH PDMRU %ULWLVK UHOLHI DJHQFLHV PDNH HLWKHU LQWHUQDO RU H[WHUQDO HYDOXDWLRQV RI WKHLU

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Â¶EHQHILFLDULHVÂ· RI KXPDQLWDULDQ SURJUDPPHV KDYH ULJKWV ZKLFK PXVW EH UHVSHFWHG WKDW KXPDQL WDULDQ SHUVRQQHO VKRXOG ZRUN LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK DJUHHG SURIHVVLRQDO VWDQGDUGV DQG WKDW DLG RUJDQL]DWLRQV KDYH DQ REOLJDWLRQ WR SURYLGH VHUYLFHV RI D FHUWDLQ TXDOLW\ 7KH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ RI VXFK SULQFLSOHV ZKLFK DFW DV DQ LPSRU WDQW DQWLGRWH WR WKH NLQGV RI SDWHUQDOLVP DQG DPDWHXULVP ZLWQHVVHG E\ 6KDZFURVV DQG +DUUHOO %RQG KDV DOVR FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D PRUH Â¶HYDOXD WLRQ IULHQGO\Â· FXOWXUH LQ WKH KXPDQLWDULDQ VHFWRU

NHWSODFH DJHQFLHV ZKLFK RSHQ WKHP VHOYHV WR H[WHUQDO VFUXWLQ\ ZKLFK DFNQRZOHGJH WKH GLIILFXOWLHV WKH\ KDYH HQFRXQWHUHG DQG ZKLFK GHPRQVWUDWH DQ DELOLW\ WR OHDUQ IURP SDVW H[SHULHQFH PD\ KDYH D GLVWLQFW DGYDQWDJH RYHU WKHLU FRPSHWLWRUV

Current challenges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

agencies which open themselves to external scrutiny â&#x20AC;¦ may have a distinct advantage over their competitors

)LQDOO\ LI ZH DUH WR XQGHUVWDQG DQG H[SODLQ WKH HPHUJHQFH RI WKLV QHZ FXO WXUH WKHQ VRPH EURDGHU LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUHQGV PXVW EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW )LIWHHQ RU \HDUV DJR KXPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV PLJKW KDYH EHHQ SUHSDUHG WR ZLWKKROG GDPDJLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKHLU NH\ FRQVWLWXHQWV WR FRQFHDO WKHLU PLVWDNHV IURP SXEOLF YLHZ DQG WR PDLQ WDLQ D GLJQLILHG VLOHQFH LQ WKH IDFH RI PHGLD FULWLFLVP 7KH\ PLJKW DOVR KDYH EHHQ ZLOOLQJ WR GRZQSOD\ WKH QHHG IRU HYDOXDWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ VXFK H[HUFLVHV DV DQ LQFRQYHQLHQFH DW EHVW DQG DW ZRUVW D WKUHDW WR WKHLU SXEOLF LPDJH WKHLU FUHGL ELOLW\ DQG WKHLU IXQGUDLVLQJ SRWHQWLDO 7RGD\ KRZHYHU HYDOXDWLRQV DUH ZHO FRPHG RU DW OHDVW WROHUDWHG IRU SUHFLVHO\ WKH RSSRVLWH UHDVRQ ,Q WKH LQFUHDVLQJO\ FURZGHG KXPDQLWDULDQ PDU

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Â¶H[SHUWVÂ· D ODUJH SUR SRUWLRQ RI WKHP PDOH RULJLQDWLQJ IURP WKH (QJOLVK VSHDNLQJ ZRUOG DQG IURP QRUWKHUQ (XURSH %RWK VXEVWDQWLYHO\ DQG V\PEROLFDOO\ LW ZRXOG EH DGYDQWDJHRXV IRU WKLV PRQRSRO\ WR EH HURGHG $OPRVW DOO RI WKH UHOHYDQW JXLGHOLQHV DQG KDQGERRNV SURGXFHG LQ WKH SDVW IHZ \HDUV EHDU WLWOHV WKDW UHIHU WR WKH HYDOXD WLRQ RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH 6LJQLILFDQWO\ QRQH RI WKHP UHIHU WR SUR

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability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Â·V UHVSRQVH WR WKH .RVRYR UHIXJHH FULVLV VWDWHG WKDW WKH DJHQF\ PXVW GHYHORS D FDSDFLW\ WR Â¶WKLQN RXW VLGH WKH ER[Â· %\ WKLV WKH\ PHDQW WKDW 81+&5 VKRXOG EH DEOH WR UHWKLQN LWV RZQ DVVXPSWLRQV WR ORRN DW VLWXDWLRQV IURP IUHVK DQJOHV DQG WR TXHVWLRQ FRQ YHQWLRQDO ZLVGRPV Â¶7KLQNLQJ RXWVLGH WKH ER[Â· LV D ILIWK DQG ILQDO FKDOOHQJH IRU WKRVH RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR DUH HQJDJHG LQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLYLWLHV 6XFK UHYLHZV FDQ DOO WRR HDVLO\ EHFRPH WHFKQRFUDWLF DVVHVVPHQWV ZKLFK VLPSO\

DVN ZKHWKHU D SURMHFW RU SURJUDPPH LV PHHWLQJ LWV VWDWHG REMHFWLYHV LQ DQ HIIHF WLYH DQG HIILFLHQW PDQQHU 4XHVWLRQV RI D PRUH IXQGDPHQWDO QDWXUH ZKHWKHU WKRVH REMHFWLYHV DUH WKH ULJKW RQHV ZKHWKHU WKH\ FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH QHHGV DQG DVSLUDWLRQV RI WKH EHQHILFLDULHV DQG ZKHWKHU HQWLUHO\ GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFKHV WR WKH VLWXDWLRQ RU SUREOHP DW KDQG VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG DUH DOO WRR HDVLO\ QHJOHFW HG $QG E\ SURYLGLQJ HYDOXDWRUV ZLWK QDUURZ WHUPV RI UHIHUHQFH ZKLFK H[FOXGH VXFK LPSRUWDQW LVVXHV KXPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV KDYH WKH DELOLW\ WR GLVFRXU DJH VXFK TXHVWLRQV IURP EHLQJ SRVHG ,Q %DUEDUD +DUUHOO %RQG ODPHQWHG WKH IDFW WKDW WKHUH ZDV ÂµQR WUDGLWLRQ RI LQGHSHQGHQW FULWLFDO UHVHDUFK LQ WKH ILHOG RI UHIXJHH DVVLVWDQFH Âµ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Â¶KXPDQL WDULDQÂ· SURJUDPPHV ZHUH XVHG IRU SROLWLFDO VWUDWHJLF

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Â·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Â¶(QKDQFHPHQW RI WKH HYDOXDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ LQ 81+&5Â· ,QVSHFWLRQ DQG (YDOXDWLRQ 6HUYLFH 81+&5 1RYHPEHU 6HH Â¶81+&5 RSHQV XS LWV HYDOXDWLRQ UHSRUWV WR SXEOLF VFUXWLQ\ DQG LQYLWHV 1*2 SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ HYDOX DWLRQ PLVVLRQVÂ· 7DON %DFN YRO QR ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RXQFLO RI 9ROXQWDU\ $JHQFLHV *HQHYD 7KH 6WDWH RI WKH :RUOGÂ·V 5HIXJHHV ,Q 6HDUFK RI 6ROXWLRQV 81+&5 DQG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 2[IRUG S 6HH Â¶+XPDQLWDULDQ FRGHV RI FRQGXFWÂ· LQ 7KH 6WDWH RI WKH :RUOGÂ·V 5HIXJHHV $ +XPDQLWDULDQ $JHQGD 81+&5 DQG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 2[IRUG SS 6HH 3XEOLFDWLRQV VHFWLRQ RI WKLV )05 IRU LQIRUPD WLRQ RQ WKH 6SKHUH +DQGERRN ,PSRVLQJ $LG RS FLW S[L

Panos Pictures/Crispin Hughes

Southern Sudan. Choy north of Nimule. Norwegian Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Aid project in war zone

DQG HYHQ PLOLWDU\ SXUSRVHV GXULQJ WKH &ROG :DU HUD GLG GRQRU VWDWHV QRW KDYH DQ LQWHUHVW LQ OLPLWLQJ WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK WKRVH SURJUDPPHV ZHUH VXEMHFWHG WR V\VWHPDWLF DQDO\VLV DQG HYDOXDWLRQ"

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability

Promise and practice: participatory evaluation of humanitarian assistance by Tania Kaiser Donors, UN and other international organizations and NGOs are increasingly interested in using participatory and beneficiary-based methodologies in their evaluation processes.

KLV DUWLFOH LV EDVHG RQ DQDO\VLV RI UHFHQW HYDOXDWLRQ UHSRUWV DQG FRQVXOWDWLRQ ZLWK HYDOXDWRUV DQG DJHQF\ VWDII ,W LQGLFDWHV WKDW DOWKRXJK PDQ\ DJHQFLHV KDYH SUHSDUHG EHVW SUDF WLFH HYDOXDWLRQ JXLGHOLQHV WKHLU XVH KDV QRW \HW EHFRPH FRPPRQ SUDFWLFH 7KLV DUWLFOH LV LQWHQGHG WR FRQWULEXWH WR D ZLGHU REMHFWLYH RI JHQHUDWLQJ UHFRPPHQ GDWLRQV IRU WKH ILHOG WHVWLQJ RI UHOHYDQW DQG WUXO\ EHQHILFLDU\ EDVHG HYDOXDWLRQ PHWKRGRORJLHV

Rethinking evaluation objectives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

WR WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO PRGHV RI GHOLYHU\ RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH 2UJDQL]DWLRQV OLNH 81+&5 DUH DOPRVW QHFHVVDULO\ FHQ WUDOL]HG DQG EXUHDXFUDWLF D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH SROLWLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF IUDPHZRUN ZLWKLQ ZKLFK WKH\ DUH REOLJHG WR RSHUDWH DV ZHOO DV WKHLU RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FXOWXUH $OLVWDLU +DOODP KDV QRWHG WKDW KXPDQ LWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH UHPDLQV DQ HVVHQWLDOO\ Â¶WRS GRZQÂ· SURFHVV Â´+XPDQLWDULDQ DJHQ FLHV DUH RIWHQ SRRU DW FRQVXOWLQJ RU LQYROYLQJ PHPEHUV RI WKH DIIHFWHG SRSX ODWLRQ DQG EHQHILFLDULHV WKHUH FDQ EH FRQVLGHUDEOH GLVFUHSDQF\ EHWZHHQ WKH DJHQF\Â·V SHUFHSWLRQ RI LWV SHUIRUPDQFH DQG WKH SHUFHSWLRQV RI WKH DIIHFWHG SRS XODWLRQ DQG EHQHILFLDULHVÂµ 7KH REMHFWLYHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ HYDOXD WLRQV KDYH KLWKHUWR UHODWHG SUH GRPLQDQWO\ WR LQVWLWXWLRQDO SULRULWLHV 7KHUH KDV EHHQ QR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WKDW EHQHILFLDULHV PLJKW KDYH D UROH RWKHU WKDQ DV UHFLSLHQWV RI LPSURYHG DVVLVWDQFH RU WKDW WKHUH PLJKW EH YDOXH LQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ SURFHVV IRU EHQHILFLDU\ SRSXODWLRQV

The need for downward accountability â&#x20AC;¦ has only emerged in recent years

:KLOH PDQ\ RI WKH OHVVRQV IURP GHYHORS PHQW SURMHFWV DUH UHOHYDQW IRU KXPDQLW DULDQ DSSURDFKHV WR HYDOXDWLRQ WKHUH DUH FOHDUO\ SRLQWV RI GLYHUJHQFH 6RPH UHODWH

$FFRXQWDELOLW\ KDV XVXDOO\ EHHQ FRQ FHLYHG DV XSZDUGV WR GRQRUV WUXVWHHV DQG RWKHU QRUWKHUQ VWDNHKROGHUV 7KH QHHG IRU GRZQZDUG DFFRXQWDELOLW\ RU DFFRXQWDELOLW\ WR WKRVH UHFHLYLQJ DVVLV WDQFH KDV RQO\ HPHUJHG LQ UHFHQW \HDUV ,W LV QRW FOHDU WKLV LV DFKLHYDEOH XQOHVV PRUH DWWHQWLRQ LV SDLG WR EHQHILFLDU\ YLHZV DW HYHU\ VWDJH RI SURJUDPPH PDQ

DJHPHQW ,Q 81+&5Â·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Â´LI OHVVRQ OHDUQLQJ LV HPSKDVL]HG WKHQ LW RSHQV XS WKH SRVVLELOLW\ IRU WKH H[WHQVLYH XVH RI SDUWLFLSDWRU\ PHWKRGV ,I DFFRXQWDELOLW\ LV HPSKDVL]HG WKHQ LW LPSOLHV VWUXFWXULQJ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ VR WKDW LWV ILQGLQJV DUH LQGHSHQGHQW DQG UHVSHFWHGÂµ 6XFK D YLHZ HQFDSVXODWHV WKH ZLGHVSUHDG PLV WUXVW RI WKH UHVXOWV RI SDUWLFLSDWRU\ UHVHDUFK DQG UHIOHFWV WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW HYDOXDWLRQ VKRXOG OHDG WR WKH OHDUQ LQJ RI D VLQJOH WUXWK

From output to impact &RQYHQWLRQDO HYDOXDWLRQV KDYH WHQGHG WR HPSOR\ D WHFKQLFDO LGLRP ZKLFK UHOLHV RQ HVWDEOLVKLQJ WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK IL[HG REMHFWLYHV KDYH EHHQ DFKLHYHG E\ LPSOH PHQWHUV $ Â¶VFLHQWLILFÂ· DSSURDFK KDV EHHQ FRPPRQ ZLWK HYDOXDWLRQ WHDPV PDQGDW HG WR LQYHVWLJDWH RXWSXWV LQ WHUPV RI UHVRXUFHV FRQWUROOHG E\ WKH SURJUDPPH 4XDQWLWDWLYH PHWKRGV KDYH JHQHUDOO\ EHHQ HPSOR\HG WR GR WKLV DQG KDYH EHHQ SUHIHUUHG E\ GRQRUV DQG DJHQF\ GHVN VWDII RQ WKH JURXQGV RI WKHLU DVVXPHG UHOLDELOLW\ DQG YHULILDELOLW\ 7KLV DSSURDFK LPSOLHV WKH GHVLUDELOLW\ DQG SRVVLELOLW\ RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ Â¶IDFWVÂ· DQG DQ REMHFWLYH Â¶WUXWKÂ·

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability %RUURZLQJ IURP HYDOXDWLRQ FULWHULD XVHG LQ GHYHORSPHQW VWXGLHV D QHZ HPSKDVLV KDV EHHQ SODFHG LQ VRPH TXDUWHUV RQ WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI LPSDFW RI SURJUDPPHV 7KLV LPSOLHV D PXFK PRUH ZLGH UDQJLQJ DQG LQFOXVLYH IRFXV DQG PD\ UHSUHVHQW WKH EHVW IRUXP IRU PHWKRGRORJLFDO LQQR YDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WKH LQFUHDVHG SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI EHQHILFLDULHV DQG RWKHUV LQ HYDOXDWLRQ SURFHVVHV ,QYROYLQJ EHQHILFLDULHV LQ UHVHDUFK ZLOO HQWDLO DGGUHVVLQJ WKH IHDUV WKDW SUR JUDPPH VWDII PD\ KDYH DERXW HYDOXDWLRQV 7KHLU FRQFHUQV DERXW ZKDW HYDOXDWLRQ UHVXOWV PLJKW PHDQ IRU WKHLU ZRUN RU FDUHHUV PD\ PDNH WKHP UHOXF WDQW WR UHOLQTXLVK WKH FRQWURO WKH\ KDYH LQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ 5HFRJQL]LQJ WKH YDOLGLW\ RI VWDII IHDUV RI MXGJPHQWDO HYDOXDWLRQV RUJDQL]DWLRQV VXFK DV 06) +ROODQG DUH H[SOLFLWO\ DWWHPSWLQJ WR UH RULHQW HYDOXDWLRQ WR SODFH D JUHDWHU HPSKDVLV RQ OHDUQLQJ UDWKHU WKDQ LQWHUQDO DFFRXQWDELOLW\ ,W LV EHLQJ VXJJHVWHG WKDW ERWK ILHOG VWDII DQG HYDOXDWRUV VKRXOG EH REOLJHG WR WDNH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU WKHLU ZRUN DQG WKDW DFFRXQWDELOLW\ DQG WUDQVSDUHQF\ VKRXOG JR KDQG LQ KDQG :KDW WKH SXUSRVH RI DQ HYDOXDWLRQ LV XQGHUVWRRG WR EH KDV LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK EHQHILFLDULHV DUH

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

KRZ ZH FDQ LPSURYH RQ WKH TXHV WLRQV ZH DVN LQ WKH KLJKO\ FKDUJHG VHWWLQJ RI FRPSOH[ SROLWLFDO HPHU JHQFLHV 6LWWLQJ GRZQ IRU DV ORQJ DV LW WDNHV DQG NQRZLQJ ZKDW TXHV WLRQV WR DVN DQG KRZ PXVW UHPDLQ WKH SULQFLSDO VWUDWHJ\

Prescriptions for action: guidelines and manuals 7KH GRQRU DQG DJHQF\ JXLGHOLQHV DQG PDQXDOV FXUUHQWO\ DYDLODEOH RQ KRZ WR RUJDQL]H HYDOXDWLRQV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH H[SOLFLWO\ UHFRJQL]H WKH QHHG IRU PRUH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ HYDOXDWLRQ SURFHVVHV WKDQ KDYH H[LVWHG LQ WKH SDVW (TXDOO\ WKH &RGH RI &RQGXFW IRU WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HG &URVV DQG 5HG &UHVFHQW 0RYHPHQW DQG 1*2V LQ GLVDV WHU UHOLHI VWDWHV WKDW Â´ZD\V VKDOO EH IRXQG WR LQYROYH SURJUDPPH EHQHILFLD ULHV LQ WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI UHOLHI DLGÂµ 7KH FRPPLWPHQW WR LQFOXVLYH DQG SDUWLF LSDWRU\ DSSURDFKHV YLVLEOH LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQWDO ZRUOG VLQFH DW OHDVW WKH HDUO\ V LV UHIOHFWHG LQ 2(&' UHFRJQL WLRQ WKDW Â´LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK EHQHILFLDULHV FDQ EH RQH RI WKH ULFKHVW VRXUFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ HYDOXDWLRQV RI KXPDQLWDU LDQ DVVLVWDQFHÂµ ,Q Â¶,QWURGXFLQJ 81+&5Â·V (YDOXDWLRQ DQG 3ROLF\ $QDO\VLV 8QLWÂ· 81+&5 XQGHUWDNHV WKDW Â´(3$8 ZLOO PDNH SDUWLFXODU HIIRUWV WR ZRUN LQ

UNICEF/HQ99-0474/Giacomo Pirozzi

IDP camp, near Ruhengheri, Rwanda

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK LWV RSHUD WLRQDO SDUWQHUV DQG WR HQVXUH WKDW EHQHILFLDU\ YLHZV DUH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW LQ WKH DQDO\VLV DQG DVVHVV PHQW RI 81+&5 DFWLYLWLHV Âµ

Panos Pictures/Sean Sprague

Accountability DUH DFWXDOO\ EHLQJ HPSOR\HG LV JHQHUDOO\ DQHF GRWDO UDWKHU WKDQ WR EH IRXQG LQ DJHQF\ GRFX PHQWV :KHQ VRPH GHJUHH RI LQIRUPDO RSSRUWXQLVWLF FRQVXOWDWLRQ LV XVHG WKLV LV RQ WKH EDVLV RI SHUVRQDO LQWHUHVW DQG WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI WLPH WR FRQGXFW LQWHU YLHZV 7KLV PD\ ZHOO FRQWULEXWH WR WKH RYHUDOO HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG LQWHUHVW RI D VXEVHTXHQW UHSRUW EXW ZLWKRXW SURSHU GRFX PHQWDWLRQ WKH TXDOLWDWLYH PHWKRGV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ XVHG DUH OLDEOH WR EH FRQ GHPQHG DV Â¶XQVFLHQWLILFÂ· Â¶LPSUHVVLRQLVWLFÂ· RU Â¶VXE MHFWLYHÂ·

81'3 QRWHV WKDW Â´LQ D SDU WLFLSDWRU\ HYDOXDWLRQ WKH UROH DQG SXUSRVH RI WKH HYDOXDWLRQ FKDQJH GUDPDWL FDOO\ 6XFK DQ HYDOXDWLRQ SODFHV DV PXFK LI QRW PRUH

HPSKDVLV RQ WKH SURFHVV DV RQ WKH ILQDO RXWSXW LH WKH UHSRUW Â« WKH SURFHVV LV WKH SURGXFW WKH SXUSRVH RI HYDOXDWLRQ LV QRW RQO\ WR IXO ILOO D EXUHDXFUDWLF UHTXLUHPHQW EXW DOVR WR GHYHORS WKH FDSDFLW\ RI VWDNHKROGHUV WR DVVHVV WKHLU $ VWXG\ RI HYDOXDWLRQV VXS HQYLURQPHQW DQG WDNH Moises Leyton, field director Oxfam GB, talking to womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s group in La Paz, Bolivia SRUWHG E\ WKH 8. DFWLRQ Âµ 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ HYDOX $OO VWDNHKROGHUV VKRXOG EH DZDUH RI WKH 'HSDUWPHQW IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO DWLRQ JLYHV D YRLFH WR WKRVH ZKR KDYH 'HYHORSPHQW GHVFULEHG HIIRUWV E\ HYDOX ORVW WKHLU XVXDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FKDQQHOV NLQG RI HYDOXDWLRQ ZKLFK LV SODQQHG DWRUV WR LQWHUYLHZ PHPEHUV RI DIIHFWHG DQG HQFRXUDJHV FRPPXQLW\ PHPEHUV WR $ EHQHILFLDU\ EDVHG HYDOXDWLRQ PD\ QRW SRSXODWLRQV DV Â´LQDGHTXDWHÂµ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s the participatory message VLWXDWLRQ H[SHULHQFHG E\ YDULRXV VRFLDO DQG TXHVWLRQV RI DFFHVV DQG WLPLQJ 7KH getting through? DFWRUV ZLWKLQ LW 4XDOLWDWLYH DQG FRQFHLY VDPH MXGJPHQW FDQ EH PDGH RI UHFHQW DEO\ DOVR DQWKURSRORJLFDO UHVHDUFK :)3 HYDOXDWLRQ UHSRUWV $ UHYLHZ RI VRPH HYDOXDWLRQ UHSRUWV PHWKRGV DQG DQDO\VLV PD\ EH WKH PRVW LQ WKH $/1$3 GDWDEDVH IRXQG WKDW Â´RQO\ SURGXFWLYH VWUDWHJLHV $W WLPHV UHSRUWV PHQWLRQ EHQHILFLDU\ D IHZ RI WKHVH HYDOXDWLRQV FRPPHQW RQ YLHZV ZLWKRXW GHVFULELQJ KRZ WKH\ ZHUH LVVXHV RI FRQVXOWDWLRQ DQG IHZ DUH 7KHUH DUH DOVR SUDFWLFDO LVVXHV WR FRQVLGHU LGHQWLILHG DQG ZKR H[SUHVVHG WKHP WKHPVHOYHV SDUWLFLSDWRU\ Âµ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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability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Â·V SXEOLFD WLRQ RQ LPSDFW DVVHVVPHQW &KULV 5RFKH GLVFXVVHV WKH SDUWLFXODU PHWKRGRORJLFDO DQG HWKLFDO UHTXLUHPHQWV LQ HPHUJHQF\ VLWXDWLRQV +H QRWHV WKDW FRQVWUDLQWV LPSRVHG E\ SROLWLFV DQG VHFXULW\ URX WLQHO\ PHDQ WKDW NH\ JURXSV SDU WLFXODUO\ ZRPHQ ROGHU SHRSOH DQG FKLOGUHQ DUH QRW LQYROYHG LQ HLWKHU SURJUDPPH GHVLJQ RU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

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

donors remain preoccupied by upward accountability

:LWK VXFK VFDQW PHQWLRQ RI FDQYDVVLQJ DQG UHSUHVHQWLQJ EHQHILFLDU\ YLHZV LQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ OLWHUDWXUH OHDUQLQJ WKH YLHZV RI GLVDJJUHJDWHG EHQHILFLDU\ SRSXODWLRQV LV QHDUO\ LPSRVVLEOH 7KH UHDOLW\ WKDW HPHUJHQF\ DVVLVWDQFH SURJUDPPHV DUH FHUWDLQ QRW WR EH H[SHULHQFHG DQG SHU FHLYHG LGHQWLFDOO\ E\ GLIIHUHQW VHFWLRQV RI D EHQHILFLDU\ SRSXODWLRQ LV QRW DSSDU HQW LQ HYDOXDWLRQV

Constraints on participation 7KH H[SHULHQFH RI WKH WHDP ZKLFK FDU ULHG RXW WKH JURXQGEUHDNLQJ HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO UHVSRQVH WR WKH JHQRFLGH LQ 5ZDQGD LQGLFDWHV WKH FRP

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Conclusion

$ QXPEHU RI DJHQFLHV DUH NHHQ WR LPSURYH WKHLU SUDFWLFH DQG DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ D ULJKWV EDVHG DSSURDFK VRFLDO OHDUQLQJ DQG GHYHORSPHQW RI PHWKRGV IRU JUHDWHU EHQHILFLDU\ LQYROYH PHQW LQ HYDOXDWLRQ DQG RWKHU VWDJHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH SURJUDPPHV 7KH KXPDQLWDULDQ FRPPXQLW\Â·V JUHDWHU LQWHUHVW LQ VWDNHKROGHU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG GRZQZDUG DFFRXQWDELOLW\ LV PDQLIHVW LQ WKH QHZ HPSKDVLV RQ VWDQGDUGV LQ VXFK LQLWLDWLYHV DV WKH 5HG &URVV 1*2 &RGH RI &RQGXFW WKH 6SKHUH 3URMHFW WKH +XPDQLWDULDQ 2PEXGVPDQ SURMHFW DQG WKH $/1$3 QHWZRUN ,V LW URXWLQHO\ WKH FDVH WKDW DVVLVWDQFH SURYLGHUV WUXO\ ZDQW WR NQRZ ZKDW EHQH ILFLDULHV WKLQN DQG WKDW WKH\ DUH SUHSDUHG WR ZRUN WR RYHUFRPH FRQ VWUDLQWV WR KHDU WKHLU YRLFHV" 7KH DQVZHU ZLOO DOPRVW FHUWDLQO\ EH Â´\HVÂµ LI EHQHIL

FLDULHV HQGRUVH WKH ZRUN WKH\ DUH GRLQJ ,W PD\ QRW EH WKH FDVH LI EHQHILFLDULHV GLVDJUHH LQ SULQFLSOH ZLWK ZKDW WKH RUJD QL]DWLRQV DUH GRLQJ RU WKH ZD\ WKH\ DUH GRLQJ LW 2UJDQL]DWLRQV KDYH YHVWHG LQWHUHVWV DQG WKHLU RZQ DJHQGD GRQRU DSSURYDO RI SURJUDPPHV LQVWLWXWLRQDO FRQWURO DQG FRKHUHQFH WR SROLF\ ,W UHPDLQV WR EH VHHQ ZKHWKHU GRQRUV ILQG LW LQ WKHLU LQWHUHVWV WR HPSRZHU WKH ZRUOGÂ·V PRVW YXOQHUDEOH JURXSV 7DQLD .DLVHU LV FXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ DV D IUHHODQFH UHVHDUFK FRQVXOWDQW IRU 81+&5 (PDLO WDQBNDLVHU#\DKRR FR XN 7KLV DUWLFOH LV H[WUDFWHG IURP D ORQJHU SDSHU HQWLWOHG Â¶3DUWLFLSDWRU\ DQG EHQHILFLDU\ EDVHG DSSURDFKHV WR WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI KXPDQLWDULDQ SUR JUDPPHV Â· FRPPLVVLRQHG E\ 81+&5 DQG VRRQ WR EH DYDLODEOH IURP WKHLU (YDOXDWLRQ DQG 3ROLF\ $QDO\VLV 8QLW DW ZZZ XQKFU FK HYDOXDWH PDLQ KWP $OLVWDLU +DOODP (YDOXDWLQJ +XPDQLWDULDQ $VVLVWDQFH 3URJUDPPHV LQ &RPSOH[ (PHUJHQFLHV 551 *RRG 3UDFWLFH 5HYLHZ 2YHUVHDV 'HYHORSPHQW ,QVWLWXWH /RQGRQ S 2UJDQLVDWLRQ IRU (FRQRPLF &RRSHUDWLRQ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW 2(&' *XLGDQFH IRU (YDOXDWLQJ +XPDQLWDULDQ $VVLVWDQFH LQ &RPSOH[ (PHUJHQFLHV S -RQDWKDQ 3RWWLHU Â¶,Q UHWURVSHFW EHQHILFLDU\ VXUYH\V LQ 5ZDQGDQ UHIXJHH FDPSV UHIOHFWLRQV Â·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Â·V HPHUJHQF\ SUHSDUHGQHVV DQG UHVSRQVH 81+&5 (3$8 5HYLHZ RI 81+&5Â·V UHKDELOLWDWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH *UHDW /DNHV ,(6 (9$/ 81+&5 5RFKH & ,PSDFW $VVHVVPHQW IRU 'HYHORSPHQW $JHQFLHV /HDUQLQJ WR 9DOXH &KDQJH 2[IDP S $/1$3 5HFRUG RI 2FWREHU 0HHWLQJ 2', /RQGRQ ZZZ RQHZRUOG RUJ RGL DOQDS

6HH ZZZ DIUF RUJ SXEV FRGH ZZZ VSKHUHSURMHFW RUJ VHH DOVR 3XEOLFDWLRQV VHFWLRQ LQ WKLV )05 ZZZ RQHZRUOG RUJ RPEXGVPHQ ZZZ RQHZRUOG RUJ RGL DOQDS LQGH[ KWPO

Accountability

Research in conflict zones: ethics and accountability by Jonathan Goodhand This article focuses on the ethical challenges arising from research in areas of conflict.

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Â·V UHFHQW IRFXV RQ HWKLFV DQG KXPDQLWDULDQLVP WKH HPHUJLQJ OLWHUDWXUH RQ ZDU ]RQH UHVHDUFK PDNHV VFDQW PHQ WLRQ RI HWKLFDO FKDOOHQJHV -XVW DV DLG DJHQFLHV DUH LQFUHDVLQJO\ LQYRNHG WR Â¶GR QR KDUPÂ· DQG GHYHORS DQ HWKLFDO FRQ VFLRXVQHVV VR FRQIOLFW ]RQH UHVHDUFKHUV VLPLODUO\ QHHG WR GHYHORS D UREXVW HWKL FDO IUDPHZRUN WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH\ GR QRW LQDGYHUWHQWO\ Â¶GR KDUPÂ· DQG WKDW WKH\ UHPDLQ RSHQ WR RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR Â¶GR VRPH JRRGÂ·

Nature of modern conflict 7KH ZDUV LQ $IJKDQLVWDQ /LEHULD DQG 6UL /DQND FRPELQH D QXPEHU RI IHDWXUHV FRPPRQ WR PDQ\ RI WRGD\Â·V FRQIOLFWV DQG LOOXVWUDWH PDQ\ RI WKH FKDOOHQJHV OLNHO\ WR EH IDFHG E\ FRQIOLFW ]RQH UHVHDUFKHUV $OWKRXJK $IJKDQLVWDQ DQG

6UL /DQND DUH Â¶KRW ZDUVÂ· DQG /LEHULD LV FRQVLGHUHG D Â¶SRVW FRQIOLFWÂ·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Â¶UHVHDUFK PDSÂ· 2QH FRXOG DUJXH WKDW DV D UHVXOW DFWLRQ KDV JRW DKHDG RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ

EHLQJ WKH SHULRGV RI JUHDWHVW LQWHQVLW\ ,Q 6UL /DQND YLROHQFH KDV WHQGHG WR EH FRQFHQWUDWHG LQ WKH QRUWK HDVW 5HVHDUFK LV SRVVLEOH ZLWK WKH ULJKW ORFDO NQRZO HGJH FRQWDFWV DQG DFFHVV WKURXJK ORFDO SDUWQHUV DQG D IOH[LEOH DSSURDFK WR DGDSWLQJ UHVHDUFK PHWKRGRORJLHV

Perverse outcomes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Â¶LQIRUPDWLRQ HFRQRP\Â· DQG VKRXOG UHDOL]H WKDW UHVHDUFK QHFHVVDULO\ LQYROYHV PDNLQJ SROLWLFDO DQG HWKLFDO FKRLFHV DERXW ZKLFK YRLFHV DUH KHDUG DQG ZKRVH NQRZOHGJH FRXQWV

Research is unlikely to be viewed by local actors as neutral or altruistic

,W LV SRVVLEOH WR FRQGXFW UHVHDUFK LQ VXFK HQYLURQPHQWV $UPHG ZLWK DQ XQGHU VWDQGLQJ RI WKH SDWWHUQV DQG G\QDPLFV RI FRQIOLFW UHVHDUFKHUV FDQ PDNH LQIRUPHG GHFLVLRQV DERXW ZKHQ ZKHUH DQG KRZ WR GR UHVHDUFK &RQIOLFWV DUH RIWHQ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ G\QDPLF DQG PXWDWLQJ SDWWHUQV RI YLROHQFH 7KHVH PD\ EH VSDWLDOO\ WHPSRUDOO\ RU VHDVRQDOO\ GHWHUPLQHG )RU H[DPSOH ILJKWLQJ LQ $IJKDQLVWDQ WHQGV WR IROORZ D VHDVRQDO SDWWHUQ ZLWK WKH VSULQJ DQG VXPPHU

+XPDQLWDULDQ DJHQ FLHV QHHG DQ HWKLFDO IUDPHZRUN WR PD[L PL]H WKHLU DELOLW\ WR PHHW KXPDQLWDULDQ QHHGV DQG PLQLPL]H WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU DLG PDQLSXODWLRQ 6RFLDO DQDO\VLV DLPLQJ WR HQKDQFH DJHQF\ UHVSRQVLYHQHVV WR FRQ IOLFW DIIHFWHG FRPPXQLWLHV QHHGV WR EH EDVHG RQ VLPLODU HWKLFDO SULQFLSOHV 5HVHDUFKHUV FRXOG OHDUQ IURP FXUUHQW GHYHORSPHQWV LQ WKH KXPDQLWDULDQ ILHOG ZKHUH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI HWKLFDO IUDPH ZRUNV FRGHV RI FRQGXFW DQG WKH UHIUDPLQJ RI DVVLVWDQFH ZLWKLQ D ULJKWV EDVHG DSSURDFK KDV RFFXUUHG LQ UHVSRQVH WR WKH QHZ FKDOOHQJHV SUH VHQWHG E\ FRQWHPSRUDU\ FRQIOLFWV &RQIOLFW ]RQH UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH PRUDO UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV IRU WKHLU LQWHUYHQWLRQV DQG PD\ LQDGYHUWHQWO\ GR KDUP E\ LQIULQJLQJ WKH VHFXULW\ SULYDF\ DQG ZHOO

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability EHLQJ RI WKH VXEMHFWV RI WKHLU UHVHDUFK (WKLFDOO\ LQIRUPHG GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ PXVW HQFRPSDVV WKH PRWLYHV DQG UHVSRQVLE LOLWLHV RI WKH UHVHDUFKHUV DV ZHOO DV WKH LQGLUHFW DQG GLUHFW LPSDFWV RI UHVHDUFK RQ SHRSOH LQ ZDU ]RQHV :H QHHG WR GHYHORS SRVLWLYH JXLGHOLQHV ZKLFK LQFOXGH Â¶GRÂ·VÂ· DV ZHOO DV Â¶GRQÂ·WVÂ· 7KH PRVW DSSURSULDWH GHFLVLRQV DUH OLNHO\ WR EH PDGH ZKHQ HWKLFDO LVVXHV DUH WKRXJKW DERXW SULRU WR VWDUWLQJ UHVHDUFK 5HVHDUFKHUV DUH PRVW OLNHO\ WR Â¶GR KDUPÂ· ZKHQ WKH\ GR QRW DQWLFLSDWH OLNHO\ HWKL FDO FKDOOHQJHV

Security risks 6DIHW\ LV D IXQGDPHQWDO LVVXH IRU ERWK FRPPXQLWLHV DQG UHVHDUFKHUV ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV WKH RQO\ SUDFWLFDO DQG VDIH ZD\ RI JDLQLQJ DFFHVV WR Â¶OLYHÂ· ZDU ]RQHV LV WKURXJK DLG DJHQFLHV ZKR DUH DOUHDG\ ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH JURXQG 7KLV PD\ FUHDWH LWV RZQ VHW RI FKDOOHQJHV

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

Confidentiality 7KH SROLWLFL]DWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ PHDQV WKDW FRPPXQLWLHV VHHNLQJ WR DYRLG ULVN RIWHQ DGDSW D VWUDWHJ\ RI VLOHQFH 0LOLWDUL]HG YLROHQFH LQFOXGLQJ GHPRQ VWUDWLRQ NLOOLQJV DQG HWKQLF FOHDQVLQJ DUH HPSOR\HG LQ RUGHU WR FRZ SRSXOD WLRQV DQG HQIRUFH D FXOWXUH RI VLOHQFH .HHSLQJ D ORZ SURILOH DQG Â¶PLQGLQJ RQHÂ·V RZQ EXVLQHVVÂ· PD\ EHFRPH DQ HVVHQWLDO VXUYLYDO VWUDWHJ\ 5HVHDUFKHUV QHHG WR EH DZDUH RI WKH Â¶LQIRUPDWLRQ HFRQRP\Â· DQG EH VHQVLWLYH WR WKH QHHGV DQG IHDUV RI

Jonathan Goodhand

5HIOHFWLRQ RQ KRZ \RX FRQGXFW UHVHDUFK WR ZKRP \RX WDON DQG ZKDW \RX WDON DERXW LV HVVHQWLDO WR DYRLG SXWWLQJ FRP PXQLWLHV DW ULVN 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ PHWKRGV ZKLFK LQYROYH ODUJH JDWKHULQJV RI SHRSOH UHSUHVHQW D KLJK ULVN VWUDWHJ\ LQ DUHDV VXEMHFW WR DHULDO ERPEDUGPHQW ,W LV QRW DOZD\V HDV\ WR VHSDUDWH RXW FRPEDWDQWV IURP WKH EURDGHU JURXS RU WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ WKH VSRQWDQHRXV YLHZV RI WKH

JDWKHULQJ DQG SURSDJDQGD &RPEDWDQWV PD\ XVH SXEOLF PHHWLQJV DV WKH DXWKRU H[SHULHQFHG LQ 6UL /DQND IRU WKHLU RZQ SURSDJDQGD SXUSRVHV 1HJRWLDWLQJ ZLWK WKH JDWHNHHSHUV WR D FRPPXQLW\ LV D KLJKO\ VHQVLWLYH SURFHVV DV LGHQWLI\LQJ FHUWDLQ LQGLYLGXDOV DV OHDGHUV PD\ HQGDQJHU WKHP ,QVXUJHQWV V\VWHPDWLFDO O\ WDUJHW DQG DWWHPSW WR UHPRYH ORFDO OHDGHUVKLS ZKLFK PD\ UHSUHVHQW D WKUHDW WR WKHLU SRZHU EDVH ,Q $IJKDQLVWDQ IRU LQVWDQFH GHDOLQJ H[FOXVLYHO\ ZLWK WKH Â¶ZKLWH EHDUGVÂ· LQ D YLOODJH PD\ XSVHW WKH SROLWLFDO HTXLOLEULXP EHWZHHQ WKHP DQG WKH ORFDO FRPPDQGHU $Q XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI ZKR ZLHOGV SRZHU DQG WKH ORFDO G\QDPLFV RI FRQIOLFW LV DQ HVVHQWLDO VWDUW LQJ SRLQW IRU LQIRUPHG VHFXULW\ GHFLVLRQV

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability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

Expectations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

Implicit messages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Â¶EDWWOHILHOG ELDVÂ·

Opening old wounds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

Practical responses to ethical challenges :KLOH EHDULQJ LQ PLQG WKDW XQLYHUVDO JXLGHOLQHV DUH OLNHO\ WR EH RI OLPLWHG YDOXH DV HWKLFDO GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ LV VR FRQWH[W VSHFLILF WKHUH DUH SUDFWLFDO SUH FHSWV IRU FRQIOLFW UHVHDUFKHUV D Â¶'R QR KDUPÂ· 1HJDWLYH LPSDFWV FDQ WR D JUHDW H[WHQW EH PLQLPL]HG LQ DGYDQFH E\ Â&#x2021; VHQVLWLYH VHOHFWLRQ RI PDWXUH UHVHDUFKHUV DZDUH RI HWKLFDO GLOHPDV Â&#x2021; JHWWLQJ WKH ULJKW EDODQFH RI LQVLGHU DQG RXWVLGHU UHVHDUFKHUV ZLWK UHOH YDQW ODQJXDJH VNLOOV DQG UHOLJLRXV DQG HWKQLF EDFNJURXQGV Â&#x2021; SUHGLFWLQJ OLNHO\ HWKLFDO LVVXHV Â&#x2021; DZDUHQHVV RI LPSOLFLW PHVVDJHV JLYHQ DV D UHVXOW RI VHOHFWLRQ RI UHVHDUFK DUHDV Â&#x2021; D GHWDLOHG DQDO\VLV RI KRZ WKH UHVHDUFK LV OLNHO\ WR EH DIIHFWHG E\ RU DIIHFW WKH ORFDO FRQIOLFW 'XULQJ WKH UHVHDUFK SHULRG UHVHDUFKHUV QHHG WR Â&#x2021;

Â&#x2021;

Â&#x2021; Â&#x2021;

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

Â&#x2021;

DSSUHFLDWH WKH YDOXH RI UHVWUDLQW WR NQRZ ZKHQ LW LV WLPH WR VWRS

$IWHU WKH UHVHDUFK LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR Â&#x2021; IHHG EDFN LQ VR IDU DV VHFXULW\ FRQ VLGHUDWLRQV DOORZ WKH UHVXOWV WR UHVHDUFK VXEMHFWV Â&#x2021; EXLOG OLQNV WR ORFDO SDUWQHUV DQG SODQ IROORZ XS DFWLYLWLHV VR WKH UHVHDUFK LV QRW SXUHO\ DQ H[WUDFWLYH H[HUFLVH E Â¶'R VRPH JRRGÂ· ,W LV YLWDO WR NHHS D VHQVH RI SURSRUWLRQ DERXW WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU UHVHDUFKHUV WR KDYH SRVLWLYH LPSDFWV EH\RQG WKH LPPH GLDWH REMHFWLYHV RI WKH UHVHDUFK LWVHOI $ VHQVH RI KXPLOLW\ LV D QHFHVVDU\ VWDUW LQJ SRLQW 5HVHDUFKHUVÂ· FDSDFLW\ WR Â¶GR JRRGÂ·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Â· QHXWUDOLW\ DUH OLNHO\ WR EH DIIHFWHG ZKLFK PD\ XOWLPDWHO\ SUH YHQW WKHP IURP JDLQLQJ DFFHVV WR FRQIOLFW DIIHFWHG DUHDV 5HVHDUFKHUV WKXV

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability QHHG WR EH FDUHIXO ZKHQ SXUVXLQJ PXOWL SOH REMHFWLYHV DQG EH DZDUH RI WKH WUDGH RIIV WKDW PLJKW HQVXH

Conclusion :DU ]RQH UHVHDUFKHUV VKRXOG EH DZDUH RI WKH GDQJHU RI Â¶FRQIOLFW IHWLVKÂ· WKH DXWRPDWLF DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW YLROHQFH LV WKH SUREOHP DQG WKH RQO\ OHQV WKURXJK ZKLFK WR ORRN DW SHRSOHÂ·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Â¶8QLYHUVDOÂ· DQG Â¶WHFKQLFDOÂ· JXLGHOLQHV ZLOO KDYH OLPLW HG YDOXH (WKLFDO GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ LV LQKHUHQWO\ KLJKO\ FRQWH[W VSHFLILF IRU LW DGGUHVVHV SURIRXQGO\ SROLWLFDO TXHV WLRQV DERXW SRZHU LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG DFFRXQWDELOLW\ -RQDWKDQ *RRGKDQG LV DQ $VVRFLDWH RI ,175$& ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2 7UDLQLQJ DQG 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH ZZZ LQWUDF RUJ +H LV FXUUHQWO\ FRRUGLQDWLQJ DQ ,175$& VWXG\ IRU '),' RQ VWUDWHJLF FRQIOLFW DVVHVVPHQW (PDLO #FRPSXVHUYH FRP = 0DUULDJH Â¶*HQHUDWLQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG /LVWHQLQJ WR 6LOHQFH (SLVWHPRORJLFDO &RQFHUQV LQ 5HVHDUFK LQ &RQIOLFWÂ· 'UDIW SDSHU IRU FRQIHUHQFH RQ 5HVHDUFKLQJ RQ +XPDQLWDULDQ $VVLVWDQFH LQ &RQIOLFW $UHDV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI <RUN 0D\ 1 /HDGHU Â¶7KH SROLWLFV RI SULQFLSOH WKH SULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ LQ SUDFWLFHÂ· +XPDQLWDULDQ 3ROLF\ *URXS 5HSRUW 2', /RQGRQ S 3 6HOOLFN Â¶7KH HWKLFV RI FRQGXFWLQJ UHVHDUFK ZLWK FKLOGUHQ LQ FRQIOLFW DIIHFWHG DUHDV LVVXHV IURP $IJKDQLVWDQ DQG 7DMLNLVWDQÂ· 'UDIW SDSHU IRU FRQIHU HQFH RQ 5HVHDUFKLQJ RQ +XPDQLWDULDQ $VVLVWDQFH LQ &RQIOLFW $UHDV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI <RUN 0D\ 6 5RXWOH\ Â¶3HDFH DQG 3HDFHDELOLW\Â· 06F GLVVHUWD WLRQ 2[IRUG %URRNHV 8QLYHUVLW\

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Reflections on research among Liberian refugees by Linda Kreitzer

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Â·V UROH LQ SODQQLQJ DQG LPSOHPHQWLQJ SURJUDPPHV RYHU D ORQJ SHULRG $ZDUH RI WKH YLWDO QHHG WR GHYHO RS UHODWLRQVKLSV RI WUXVW DPRQJ WKH SHRSOH WKDW RQH LV UHVHDUFKLQJ , REWDLQHG SHUPLVVLRQ WR OLYH LQ WKH FDPS IRU IRXU PRQWKV ,Q UHWURVSHFW , UHDOL]H WKDW D ORQJHU SHULRG ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ OHVV VWUHVVIXO DQG ZRXOG KDYH DOORZHG PH WR FRPSOHWH GDWD DQDO\VLV DQG JHW IHHGEDFN IURP HDFK LQWHUYLHZHH $V LW ZDV , ZRUNHG VHYHQ GD\V D ZHHN WR FRQFOXGH P\ LQWHUYLHZV DQG SURYLGH HDFK LQWHUYLH ZHH ZLWK D FRS\ RI WKHLU LQWHUYLHZ 2Q DUULYDO , ZDV IDFHG ZLWK WKUHH UHFXU UHQW TXHVWLRQV :KDW LV \RXU PLVVLRQ" +RZ ZLOO \RXU VWXG\ KHOS PH LQ D SUDFWL FDO ZD\" 'R \RX KDYH DQ\ PRQH\" , WULHG WR DQVZHU ZLWK KRQHVW\ DQG VLQFHULW\ 2QFH WKH UHIXJHHV NQHZ P\ UHDVRQ IRU EHLQJ LQ FDPS , VHQVHG D VKLIW WRZDUGV DFFHSWDQFH DQG UHFRJQLWLRQ RI P\ LQWHU HVW LQ OHDUQLQJ DERXW FDPS OLIH DQG WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ WKDW ZRPHQ PDGH WR WKH FDPS SURJUDPPHV , ZDV WKH VWXGHQW DQG WKH\ ZHUH WKH H[SHUWV , OLYHG LQ RQH VLPSOH URRP VLPLODU WR WKH URRPV RI WKH UHIXJHHV , IHWFKHG ZDWHU URGH ORFDO WUDQVSRUW DWH LQ FDPS DQG ERXJKW PRVW RI P\ IRRG VXSSOLHV LQ FDPS , VRFLDO L]HG ZLWK SHRSOH ZKLOH ZDONLQJ WKH VWUHHWV DQG XVXDOO\ KDG D GULQN ZLWK UHIXJHH IULHQGV DW WKH ORFDO GULQNLQJ VSRW ,Q HYHU\

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Â·V LVVXHV , KRSH WKDW GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH WKHVLV DQG UHODWHG DUWLFOHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH H[SHULHQFHV RI WKHVH ZRPHQ ZLOO OHDG WR JUHDWHU LQFOXVLRQ RI ZRPHQ LQ SODQQLQJ DQG LPSOHPHQWLQJ SURJUDPPHV LQ UHIXJHH FDPSV ,Q /LQGD .UHLW]HU FRPSOHWHG D 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOJDU\ 0DVWHUV WKHVLV RQ ZRPHQÂ·V H[SHULHQFHV LQ %XGX EXUDP FDPS &XUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ IRU WKH $PHULFDQ 5HG &URVV LQ $UPHQLD VKH LV VKRUWO\ WR EHJLQ D 3K ' LQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6RFLDO :RUN DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOJDU\ (PDLO OPNUHLW]#MSV QHW

Accountability

Capacity building, accountability and humanitarianism in Sri Lanka by Jennifer Hyndman and Malathi de Alwis This article argues that capacity building has been used uncritically by humanitarian staff in international NGOs and UN agencies throughout much of the 1990s. The authors contend that capacity building holds out both promise and problems in the context of humanitarian policy and practice.

WV SURPLVH OLHV LQ WKH YDULRXV FRQWUL EXWLRQV RI VNLOOHG VWDII ZRUNLQJ IRU ZHOO ILQDQFHG LQWHUQDWLRQDO RUJDQL]D WLRQV WR QDWLRQDO RU ORFDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZLWK FRPSDWLEOH PDQGDWHV VNLOOV DQG SURMHFWV +HUHLQ OLHV WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU DFFRXQWDELOLW\ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR VFDOHV RI RUJDQL]DWLRQV ,WV SUREOHPV DUH PRUH VXEWOH DQG OLH LQ WKH YHU\ FRQFHSW RI FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ DV VRPHWKLQJ LQYHQWHG E\ WKH :HVW RU 1RUWK WR Â¶KHOSÂ·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

Capacity building in war zones &DSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ LV D PHDQV RI HQJDJLQJ DQG VWUHQJWKHQLQJ ORFDO NQRZOHGJH DQG VNLOOV WR PDNH SHRSOHÂ·V OLYHOLKRRGV PRUH VHFXUH ,W LPSOLHV RXWVLGH LQWHUYHQWLRQ WR DXJPHQW RU UHVWRUH WKH ZHOO EHLQJ RI SHU VRQV DGYHUVHO\ DIIHFWHG E\ DQ\ QXPEHU RI IDFWRUV LQFOXGLQJ ZDU GLVSODFHPHQW HFRORJLFDO GLVDVWHU RU VWDWH VSRQVRUHG GLVSRVVHVVLRQ &DSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ EXLOGV RQ EXW GHSDUWV IURP Â¶GHYHORSPHQWÂ· LQ D

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Â¶FOHDUHGÂ· DUHDV VWDQG LQ FRQWUDVW WR WKH /77( FRQWUROOHG Â¶XQFOHDUHGÂ· WHUULWRU\ WKDW FRQWLQXDOO\ H[SDQGV DQG FRQWUDFWV GXH WR WKH YDJDULHV RI WKH ZDUÂ·V HYHU HYROYLQJ Â¶IURQW OLQHVÂ· Â¶QR PDQ ]RQHVÂ· DQG Â¶ERUGHU DUHDV Â· 7KHUH DUH GLVSODFHG SHRSOH RQ ERWK VLGHV RI WKHVH OLQHV HQFRPSDVVLQJ 7DPLO 6LQKDOHVH DQG 0XVOLP JURXSV WKRXJK WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH GLVSODFHG LQ 6UL /DQND DUH 7DPLO 'LVSODFHPHQW KDV EHFRPH D IDFW RI OLIH IRU PDQ\ KRXVH KROGV ,Q DORQH WKRXVDQGV RI QHZO\ GLVSODFHG SHUVRQV KDYH KDG WR UH VWDUW WKHLU OLYHV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH QRUWKHUQ UHJLRQ RI WKH :DQQL 7KH GHDWK

WROO IURP WKLV ZDU QRZ H[FHHGV 7R FRPSDUH WKH FRORQL]LQJ SRZHUV RI 6UL /DQND 3RUWXJXHVH 'XWFK DQG %ULWLVK RU HYHQ WKH PLVVLRQDULHV ZKR YLVLWHG WKH FRXQWU\ ZLWK WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQL WDULDQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKDW DUH FXUUHQWO\ ORFDWHG LQ 6UL /DQND LV WR ULVN RYHUVWDWLQJ WKH ODWWHUÂ·V LQIOXHQFH LQ D FRXQWU\ JRY HUQHG E\ DQ HOHFWHG JRYHUQPHQW EXW WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH DLPV DUH QRW GLVVLPLODU 7KH SURYLVLRQ RI VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV DQ RQJRLQJ REMHFWLYH RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2V VXFK DV &$5( &,'$ &DQDGLDQ 'HYHORSPHQW $JHQF\ )2587 06) +ROODQG DQG )UDQFH 2;)$0 6DYH WKH &KLOGUHQ 8. 86$ 1RUZD\ :86& :RUOG 8QLYHUVLW\ 6HUYLFHV RI &DQDGD

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

The complexities of humanitarianism $V D KXPDQLWDULDQ UHVSRQVH FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ DLPV WR DGGUHVV GHILFLHQFLHV ZLWKLQ GLVSODFHG SRSXODWLRQV RU DW OHDVW GLVUXSWLRQV WR WKHLU OLYHOLKRRGV WR ZKLFK RXWVLGH H[SHUWLVH H[SHULHQFH RU UHVRXUFHV FDQ EH DGGHG WR DPHOLRUDWH WKH VLWXDWLRQ 6XFK REMHFWLYHV PD\ EH ZHOO PHDQLQJ DQG SUDFWLFDO LQ SHDFHWLPH EXW WKH\ EHFRPH KLJKO\ SROLWLFL]HG LQ D ZDU ]RQH 'LVSODFHG SRSXODWLRQV RQ DOO

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

UNHCR/M Kobayashi

Accountability

UNHCR Open Relief Centre, Sri Lanka, children repeatedly displaced by the ongoing conflict

VLGHV RI WKH HWKQLF GLYLGH LQ 6UL /DQND IRU H[DPSOH PD\ EH Â¶WD[HGÂ·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j YLV PDQ\ RI WKH FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ SURMHFWV LQ

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

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Â¶VRFLDO PDSÂ· RI ZKR OLYHV ZKHUH ZLWK ZKRP DQG RZQV ZKDW 6XFK LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH KDQGV RI WKH /77( IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI PRQLWRULQJ WKH FXUUHQW PLOLWDU\ WUDLQLQJ DQG UHFUXLWPHQW FDPSDLJQ FRXOG EH GLV DVWURXV ,Q WKH KDQGV RI WKH DUPHG IRUFHV LW FRXOG DOVR EH GDQJHURXV SDUWLF

XODUO\ LQ WKH LQFUHDVLQJO\ KRVWLOH DQG VXV SLFLRXV FOLPDWH WKDW UHLJQV LQ WKH (DVWHUQ 3URYLQFH DIWHU WKH UHFHQW DVVDVVLQDWLRQ DWWHPSWV RQ WKH 6UL /DQNDQ 3UHVLGHQW DQG WKH 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU ZKHUH HYHU\ 7DPLO SHUVRQ LV SHUFHLYHG DV D SRWHQWLDO Â¶WHUURULVWÂ· ,Q RUGHU WR EH DFFRXQWDEOH WR WKH SHRSOH RQH DLPV WR DVVLVW WKH FRQFHSW DQG SUDF WLFH RI FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ PXVW EH OLQNHG WR WKH JHRSROLWLFV RI FRQIOLFW WKH FDWD O\VWV RI GLVSODFHPHQW DQG WKH XQHYHQ LPSDFW WKDW GLVORFDWLRQ KDV DFURVV GLIIHU HQFHV RI JHQGHU FODVV FDVWH DQG HWKQLF LGHQWLW\ 7KLV LV QRW WR VXJJHVW WKDW WKH VKDULQJ RI UHVRXUFHV SURSRUWLRQDWHO\ DPRQJ FRPSHWLQJ IDFWLRQV WR WKH FRQIOLFW LV VXIILFLHQW LH KHOS DOO VLGHV LQ RUGHU WR UHPDLQ QHXWUDO DQG DSROLWLFDO UDWKHU WKH SROLWLFDO FULVLV LQ 6UL /DQND FDQQRW EH VHSDUDWHG IURP WKH KXPDQLWDULDQ FULVLV LW JHQHUDWHV &RQVXOWDWLRQV ZLWK GLVSODFHG SHUVRQV WKURXJKRXW 6UL /DQND FROODWHG E\ 2;)$0 *% DQG 6DYH WKH &KLOGUHQ 8. LQWR WKH UHFHQWO\ UHOHDVHG /LVWHQLQJ WR WKH 'LVSODFHG UHSRUW UDLVH D VDOLHQW SRLQW SHRSOHÂ·V QHHGV FRQFHUQV DQG PDWHULDO ZHOO EHLQJ ZRXOG QRW EH DQ LVVXH LI WKH ZDU FRXOG EH VWRSSHG DQG SHRSOHÂ·V OLYHOL

Accountability KRRGV UHVWRUHG 7KH PRELOLW\ RI SHRSOH DQG JRRGV LV KLJKO\ UHVWULFWHG EHFDXVH RI WKH ZDU D SDWWHUQ ZKLFK GLVWRUWV PDUNHWV DQG SUHYHQWV DFFHVV IRU PDQ\ WR EHWWHU MREV DQG HGXFDWLRQDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV 3ROLWLFDO VROXWLRQV DUH FULWLFDO WR WKH VXF FHVV RI FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ LQ WHUPV RI WKH ORQJ WHUP VHFXULW\ RI SHRSOHÂ·V OLYHOL KRRGV

Alternative solutions and examples of effective practice ,W LV KRZHYHU PXFK HDVLHU WR GLDJQRVH WKH SUREOHPV ZLWK KXPDQLWDULDQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW DVVLVWDQFH LQ D FRQIOLFW VLW XDWLRQ WKDQ WR SURSRVH DOWHUQDWLYH VROXWLRQV DQG H[DPSOHV RI HIIHFWLYH SUDF WLFH LQ VXFK D FRQWH[W 5HJDUGOHVV RI SXUSRUWHG QHXWUDOLW\ RU DSROLWLFDO VWDWXV KXPDQLWDULDQ ZRUN LV DOZD\V IUDXJKW ZLWK SROLWLFV &DSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ LQ 6UL /DQND IRU H[DPSOH ZLOO DOZD\V EH FLU FXPVFULEHG E\ SHUFHLYHG VRFLR FXOWXUDO DOOLDQFHV RU VLPSO\ RQHÂ·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Â¶RWKHUÂ· VKRXOG EH VRXJKW VWUHQJWKHQHG DQG HQFRXUDJHG WR H[SDQG WKHLU ZRUN 2QH H[DPSOH LV WKH %XWWHUIO\ *DUGHQ SURMHFW LQ %DWWLFDORD LQ HDVWHUQ 6UL /DQND ZKHUH FKLOGUHQ RI YDULRXV HWKQLFLWLHV UHOLJLRQV DQG FXOWXUDO EDFNJURXQGV DUH JUDQWHG Â¶VFKRODUVKLSVÂ· WR VSHQG QLQH PRQWKV WRJHWKHU LQ DQ HGXFDWLRQDO DQG SOD\ VHWWLQJ 7KLV LV D WUDQVIRUPDWLYH DSSURDFK WR HGXFDWLRQ ZKLFK JUDSSOHV ZLWK WKH FXOWXUDO SROLWLFV RI WKDW UHJLRQ 3URPRWLQJ DWWLWXGHV RI DFFHSWDQFH DQG FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG IRUJLQJ IULHQGVKLSV DPRQJ WKHVH \RXWK FRQVWLWXWH D FRQFUHWH VWHS WRZDUGV FKDQJLQJ WKH DWWLWXGHV DQG SUHMXGLFHV WKDW IXHO HWKQLF QDWLRQDOLVPV

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

international NGOs might do well to revisit their personnel policies

)RU H[DPSOH RQH RI WKH PRVW LQWHUHVWLQJ DQG LQVSLUDWLRQDO ORFDO IHPLQLVW RUJDQL ]DWLRQV LQ WKH (DVWHUQ 3URYLQFH LV WKH 6XUL\D :RPHQÂ·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

2XU UHVHDUFK IRXQG WKDW WKH SROLWLFV RI WKH 6UL /DQNDQ FRQIOLFW ZHUH QRW DOZD\V ZHOO XQGHUVWRRG E\ WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDII LPSOHPHQWLQJ FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ SURMHFWV 2QH H[SODQDWLRQ IRU WKLV LV WKH VKRUW WHUP GXUDWLRQ RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDII FRQWUDFWV 'HYHORSLQJ DQ XQGHU VWDQGLQJ RI WKH FRPSOLFDWHG DQG HYHU FKDQJLQJ G\QDPLFV DQG LPSOLFDWLRQV RI WKLV \HDU ROG ZDU LQ 6UL /DQND LV D KXJH SURMHFW LQ LWVHOI DQG \HW KRZ FDQ VRPHRQH ZLWK D RQH \HDU HPSOR\PHQW FRQWUDFW EH H[SHFWHG WR XQGHUWDNH WKLV FKDOOHQJH HIIHFWLYHO\" ,QWHUQDWLRQDO VWDII UHO\ KHDYLO\ RQ QDWLRQDO HPSOR\HHV IRU DFFHVV WR LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW DQG XQGHU VWDQGLQJ RI 6UL /DQNDQ SROLWLFV 0RUH DFFRXQWDELOLW\ RQ WKH SDUW RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2V DQG 81 DJHQFLHV PLJKW EH JHQHUDWHG WKURXJK ORQJHU FRQ WUDFWV DQG FRPPLWPHQWV WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDII DQG WKH UHQHZDO RI VXFK FRQWUDFWV LQ D VLQJOH SODFH /LNHZLVH LQWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2V PLJKW GR ZHOO WR UHYLVLW WKHLU SHUVRQQHO SROLFLHV VR WKDW WKH SURPRWLRQ RI QDWLRQDOO\ EDVHG VWDII LV QRW DUWLILFLDOO\ OLPLWHG E\ D SURE OHPDWLF ORFDO LQWHUQDWLRQDO GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ VWDII LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2V DQG

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability HYHQ 81 DJHQFLHV (IIHFWLYHO\ D NLQG RI Â¶JODVV FHLOLQJÂ·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

Accountability 6HQLRU VWDII LPSOHPHQWLQJ FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ KDYH DVNHG Â´:KDW LV WKH YDOXH DGGHG WR ZRUN GRQH E\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2V LQ FRQMXQFWLRQV ZLWK ORFDO 1*2V"Âµ *HQXLQH HQJDJHPHQW EHWZHHQ ERWK SDU WLHV LQWHUQDWLRQDO DQG ORFDO PD\ EH PRUH FXPEHUVRPH WKDQ ZRUNLQJ LQGH SHQGHQWO\ EXW LW LV RQH RI WKH IHZ PHDVXUHV RI DFFRXQWDELOLW\ WR WKH SODFHV LQ ZKLFK FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ WDNHV SODFH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2V FDQ DVN DW OHDVW WZR TXHVWLRQV WR DVFHUWDLQ WKHLU DFFRXQWDELOL W\ LQ D EURDG VHQVH D 7R ZKDW H[WHQW GRHV WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2 LPSDUW VNLOOV DQG UHVRXUFHV WR LWV QDWLRQDO FRXQWHUSDUWV DQG FRQVXOW ZLWK WKHP WR UHQGHU LWVHOI UHGXQGDQW RYHU WLPH" ,V LW HYHQ SRVVLEOH IRU DQ LQWHUQD WLRQDO 1*2 WR EH UHGXQGDQW LQ D FRQIOLFW VLWXDWLRQ"

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Â¶WKH ULJKW WR D VD\Â· 7KXV WKH DFFRXQWDELOLW\ RI ERWK LQWHUQDWLRQDO DQG QDWLRQDO RUJD QL]DWLRQV SURYLGLQJ VXFK DVVLVWDQFH LV DQ HYHQ PRUH FULWLFDO LVVXH

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

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Â¶FDSDFLW\Â· -HQQLIHU +\QGPDQ LV DQ DVVLVWDQW SURIHVVRU RI JHRJUDSK\ DW 6LPRQ )UDVHU 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ &DQDGD 'U 0DODWKL GH $OZLV LV D VHQLRU UHVHDUFK IHOORZ DW WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &HQWUH IRU (WKQLF 6WXGLHV LQ &RORPER 6UL /DQND -HQQLIHU +\QGPDQÂ·V ERRN 0DQDJLQJ 'LVSODFHPHQW 5HIXJHHV DQG WKH 3ROLWLFV RI +XPDQLWDULDQLVP ZDV SXEOLVKHG LQ $SULO ,6%1 86 ,Q LW VKH FULWLTXHV 81+&5Â·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

Academic-practitioner working group on response to psychosocial needs of refugees and displaced persons +XPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH DJHQFLHV QRZ URXWLQHO\ LPSOHPHQW SURJUDPPHV H[SOLFLWO\ WDUJHWLQJ WKH Â¶SV\FKR VRFLDOÂ·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Â·V )XQG DQG 5DQGROSK 0DFRQ &ROOHJH WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HVFXH &RPPLWWHH DQG 06) +ROODQG ,Q DGGLWLRQ RQH FRUH JURXS PHHWLQJ HDFK \HDU ZLOO SURYLGH D ZLGHU Â¶:RUNLQJ *URXS )RUXPÂ·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

Accountability

Listening to the displaced: analysis, accountability and advocacy in action This article summarizes the objectives, methodology and outcomes of Oxfam GB and SCF UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Listening to the Displacedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; research series undertaken in the conflict-affected areas of northern Sri Lanka. It also highlights the lessons learned, probable future directions and wider application of the Listening concept.

Simon Harris

by Simon Harris

Focus group discussion in the Wanni region of northern Sri Lanka

DVVLVW %\ GUDZLQJ WRJHWKHU LVVXHV RI DQDO\VLV DFFRXQWDELOLW\ DQG DGYRFDF\ FRPPXQLW\ UHVHDUFK LQ DUHDV DIIHFWHG E\ ZDU FDQ KDYH D VLJQLILFDQW LPSDFW RQ LPSURYLQJ WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI KXPDQLW DULDQ SURJUDPPHV DV ZHOO DV GHYHORSLQJ ORFDO FDSDFLWLHV IRU FRQIOLFW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ

HRSOH OLYLQJ WKURXJK WKH F\FOLFDO GHSULYDWLRQV RI GLVSODFHPHQW LQ DQ HQYLURQPHQW RI FRPSOH[ DQG SUR WUDFWHG YLROHQW FRQIOLFW VHOGRP KDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ RI D PHDQLQJIXO VD\ LQ VKDS LQJ WKH GHFLVLRQV DQG IDFWRUV DIIHFWLQJ WKHLU OLYHV )XUWKHUPRUH ORFDO DQG LQWHU QDWLRQDO SURYLGHUV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW DVVLVWDQFH IUHTXHQWO\ IDLO WR WDNH DGHTXDWH DFFRXQW RI WKH FRQWH[W LQ ZKLFK WKHLU FRQVWLWXHQWV OLYH

Objectives

$OWKRXJK Â´PRVW HPHUJHQF\ VLWXDWLRQV DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WRS GRZQ VROXWLRQV WKDW GR QRW DOZD\V WDNH WKH RSLQLRQ RI WKH GLVSODFHG UHIXJHHV LQWR DFFRXQWÂµ DFWLRQ UHVHDUFK LQLWLDWLYHV RIIHU DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR KHOS DGGUHVV WKLV SURE OHP WKURXJK HVWDEOLVKLQJ D FRQVXOWDWLYH GLDORJXH EHWZHHQ WKH KXPDQLWDULDQ DJHQF\ DQG WKRVH SHRSOH LW VHHNV WR

Â&#x2021; 7R DVVHVV FKDQJHV LQ WKH FRQFHUQV QHHGV DQG FDSDFLWLHV RI SHRSOH DIIHFW HG E\ FRQIOLFW Â&#x2021; 7R HYDOXDWH KXPDQLWDULDQ DQG GHYHO RSPHQW LQSXWV IURP D FRQVWLWXHQF\ SHUVSHFWLYH Â&#x2021; 7R LGHQWLI\ LVVXHV RQ ZKLFK LQWHUQD WLRQDO 1*2V FRXOG SURYLGH LPSURYHG VXSSRUW WR WKHLU FRQVWLWXHQWV

7KUHH /LVWHQLQJ VXUYH\V ZHUH FRQGXFWHG EHWZHHQ DQG $OWKRXJK WKLV KDV EHHQ DQ HYROYLQJ SURFHVV LQ WHUPV RI VFRSH PHWKRGRORJ\ DQG VSHFLILF DUHDV RI LQTXLU\ WKH EDVLF REMHFWLYHV RI /LVWHQLQJ KDYH UHPDLQHG HVVHQWLDOO\ IRXU IROG IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH RSLQLRQV DQG SHUVSHFWLYHV RI WKRVH SHRSOH GLUHFWO\ DIIHFWHG E\ WKH FRQIOLFW

Â&#x2021; 7R HQDEOH WKH YRLFHV RI FRQIOLFW DIIHFWHG SHRSOH WR EH KHDUG E\ KXPDQLWDULDQ DJHQFLHV DQG NH\ SDUWLHV WR WKH FRQIOLFW

Methodology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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability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Â´D PHWKRGRORJ\ WKDW OHW WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV VHW WKH GLVFXVVLRQ DJHQGD DQG OHW WKHP SUL RULWLVH WKH LVVXHV DURXQG ZKLFK WKH\ ZRXOG OLNH WR VSHDNÂµ ,Q SHRSOH IURP GLVSODFHG FRPPXQLWLHV LQ WKH :DQQL DQG UHWXUQHHV WR -DIIQD SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH /LVWHQLQJ SURJUDPPH

Outcomes /LVWHQLQJ H[HUFLVHV KDYH UHVXOWHG LQ D JUHDWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ E\ KXPDQLWDULDQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW DJHQFLHV RI WKH SURE OHPV QHHGV DVSLUDWLRQV DQG FDSDFLWLHV RI SHRSOH DIIHFWHG E\ FRQIOLFW 7KLV LPSURYHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ KDV UHVXOWHG LQ D QXPEHU RI WDQJLEOH SROLF\ DQG SUDFWLFH FKDQJHV UDQJLQJ IURP D JHQGHU VHQVLWLYH UHYLVLRQ RI 1)5, IDPLO\ SDFN FRQWHQWV VXFK DV WKH LQFOXVLRQ RI PHQVWUXDO WRZ HOV WR 2[IDPÂ·V VWUDWHJLF VKLIW DZD\ IURP VKRUW WHUP KXPDQLWDULDQ UHOLHI WRZDUGV ORQJHU WHUP LQYHVWPHQW LQ HPHUJHQF\ SUHSDUHGQHVV FRPPXQLW\ VWUHQJWKHQLQJ VXVWDLQDEOH OLYHOLKRRGV DQG FRQIOLFW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ %\ HVWDEOLVKLQJ D WRRO IRU HOLFLWLQJ WKH FRPPXQLW\Â·V HYDOXDWLRQ RI SURJUDPPH LPSDFW /LVWHQLQJ KDV SDYHG WKH ZD\ IRU DJHQFLHV WR EHFRPH PRUH DFFRXQWDEOH WR WKHLU FRQVWLWXHQWV 7KH SURFHVV KDV DOVR VRPHZKDW VXUSULV LQJO\ HQDEOHG WKRVH QRUPDOO\ PXWHG E\ IHDU LQ DQ HQYLURQPHQW RI DXWKRULWDULDQ FRQWURO DQG YLROHQFH WR H[SUHVV WKHLU GHVLUH IRU SHDFH /LVWHQLQJ H[HUFLVHV KDYH FRQVLVWHQWO\ Â´GHPRQVWUDWHG WKH LPSRU WDQFH RI SHDFH IRU FRPPXQLWLHV OLYLQJ WKURXJK FRQIOLFW DQG WKH IDFW WKDW WKH\ WKRXJKW 1*2V KDG D UROH WR SOD\ LQ WKLV SURFHVVÂµ ,Q DQ HQYLURQPHQW ZKHUH WKH IUHHGRP RI LQGLYLGXDO RU FROOHFWLYH H[SUHVVLRQ PD\ EH VXSSUHVVHG RU ZKHUH WKH GLVORFDWLQJ H[SHULHQFH RI GLVSODFH PHQW KDV IUDJPHQWHG DQG GHVWUR\HG

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

WUDGLWLRQDO VRFLDO FRPPXQLW\ VWUXFWXUHV WKH SURFHVV RI /LVWHQLQJ PD\ SURYLGH D VWDUWLQJ SRLQW IRU FRPPXQLW\ VWUHQJWK HQLQJ SHDFH EXLOGLQJ DQG VHOI DGYRFDF\

Lessons learned $OWKRXJK WKH /LVWHQLQJ SURFHVV KDV IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH LQ 6UL /DQND SURYLGHG SHR SOH LQ DUHDV DIIHFWHG E\ FRQIOLFW ZLWK D SODWIRUP WKURXJK ZKLFK WKHLU YRLFHV FDQ EH KHDUG WKH SURFHVV UHPDLQV SULPDULO\ D KXPDQLWDULDQ DJHQF\Â·V SURGXFW 9RLFHV RI WKH GLVSODFHG WKDW DUH XQDEOH WR VWULNH D FKRUG ZLWK WKH VWUDWHJLF REMHFWLYHV RI WKHVH DJHQFLHV UXQ WKH ULVN RI IDOOLQJ RQ GHDI HDUV

Future directions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Â&#x2021;

6WUHQJWKHQ WKH FDSDFLW\ RI /LVWHQLQJÂ·V DGYRFDF\ SRWHQWLDO E\ HQVXULQJ WKDW DQ DGYRFDF\ VWUDWHJ\ ZLWK FOHDU PHDVXUDEOH REMHFWLYHV DJUHHG E\ WKH FRQVWLWXHQWV LV IXOO\ LQWHJUDWHG LQWR WKH UHVHDUFK SURFHVV IURP LWV LQFHSWLRQ

Â&#x2021;

(QVXUH WKDW WKH FRQFOXVLRQV DQG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV EDVHG RQ WKH FRO OHFWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DUH FKDQQHOOHG EDFN WKURXJK WKH FRQVWLWXHQWV IRU WKHLU YDOLGDWLRQ DQG UHYLVLRQ

Â&#x2021;

$YRLG XQUHDOLVWLF H[SHFWDWLRQV E\ HQVXULQJ WKDW WKH FRQVWLWXHQWV DUH FOHDU DERXW WKH PDQGDWH DQG UHVRXUFH OLPLWDWLRQV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW DJHQFLHV WR DFW XSRQ WKHLU QHHGV

Â&#x2021; /LVWHQLQJ LV VWLOO D ODUJHO\ H[WUDFWLYH H[HUFLVH WKDW QHHGV WR GHYHORS VWUDWH JLHV IRU IHHGLQJ EDFN LWV UHVXOWV WR WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV Â&#x2021; 7KHUH KDV EHHQ D IDLOXUH WR FDSLWDOL]H RQ VRPH LPSRUWDQW DGYRFDF\ RSSRU WXQLWLHV DULVLQJ IURP /LVWHQLQJ :KLOH WKH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ RI ILQGLQJV DQG UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IURP WKH PRVW UHFHQW VXUYH\ KLJKOLJKWHG WKH FRQ FHUQV RI GLVSODFHG SHRSOH RYHU LVVXHV RI SHDFH HPSOR\PHQW KHDOWK DQG HGXFDWLRQ WKHVH FRQFHUQV ZHUH QRW WUDQVODWHG LQWR DQ RUFKHVWUDWHG DQG VXVWDLQHG DGYRFDF\ VWUDWHJ\ DLPHG DW DIIHFWLQJ SROLF\ DQG SUDFWLFH FKDQJH E\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO 1*2V JRYHUQPHQW DQG WKH /77( Â&#x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Â¶2[IDP 6UL /DQND &RPSOH[ 3ROLWLFDO (PHUJHQF\ 5HVHDUFK 3URJUDPPH Â² $JHQF\ 5HSRUWÂ· -XO\

Accountability

Globalization and accountability: the corporate sector in involuntary displacement and resettlement by Patricia Feeney

KH 81 &RQIHUHQFH RQ 7UDGH DQG 'HYHORSPHQW HVWLPDWHV WKDW LQ WKH ZRUOGÂ·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Â² KDV FDOOHG IRU D Â¶*OREDO &RPSDFWÂ· IRU FRUSRUDWH DFFRXQWDELOLW\

Business as beneficiaries of overseas aid budgets 7KH SKHQRPHQDO JURZWK LQ IRUHLJQ GLUHFW LQYHVWPHQW )', LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV UHVXOWLQJ IURP OLEHUDOL]DWLRQ RI )', UXOHV DQG SULYDWL]DWLRQ RI VWDWH RZQHG HQWHUSULVHV KDV LQ SDUW EHHQ XVHG E\ 2(&' JRYHUQPHQWV WR MXVWLI\ WKH UHFHQW GUDPDWLF GHFOLQH LQ RIILFLDO DLG IORZV 7KH XQSUHFHGHQWHG OHYHOV RI SULYDWH IORZV KDYH VKDSHG WKH GRQRUVÂ·

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Â·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

Safeguards in resettlement 0RVW DLG JXLGHOLQHV VSHFLI\ WKDW EHIRUH D SURMHFW LQYROYLQJ LQYROXQWDU\ GLVSODFH PHQW FDQ EH DSSURYHG WKH KRVW FRXQWU\ JRYHUQPHQW RU SULYDWH EXVLQHVV VSRQVRU PXVW VXEPLW D SODQ WKDW FRQIRUPV WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO UHVHWWOHPHQW SROLFLHV 5HVHWWOHPHQW SROLFLHV DUH VXSSRVHG WR HQVXUH WKDW GLVSODFHPHQW LV NHSW WR D PLQLPXP WKDW WKRVH ZKR DUH GLVSODFHG KDYH D VKDUH LQ WKH SURMHFW EHQHILWV RU LQYHVWPHQW UHVRXUFHV WKDW WKH VWDQGDUG RI OLYLQJ RI WKH UHVHWWOHG FRPPXQLWLHV LPSURYHV RU DW OHDVW GRHV QRW GHWHULR

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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Accountability WR XQGHUWDNH VRFLDO DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO DVVHVVPHQWV WKDW EHVW DLG SUDFWLFH UHTXLUHV 2QH VXFK H[DPSOH LV ([[RQÂ·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

Need for more effective regulation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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

FRVWV ZLWK SULYDWH SURMHFWV DUH KLJKHU DQG SULYDWH VHFWRU SURMHFW SHUIRUPDQFH DOVR VXIIHUV IURP GHOD\V DQG LPSOHPHQ WDWLRQ SUREOHPV ,Q LWV $QQXDO 5HSRUW WKH :RUOG %DQN FRQFHGHG WKDW SHU FHQW RI LWV SULYDWH VHFWRU SRUW IROLR RI SURMHFWV LQ LQGXVWU\ ZDWHU DQG VDQLWDWLRQ ZHUH Â´SUREOHPDWLFÂµ 5HFHQWO\ FUHDWHG :RUOG %DQN LQVWUXPHQWV KDYH OHG WR FRQFHUQ WKDW VFDUFH FRQFHVVLRQDO IXQGV DUH EHLQJ WDNHQ DZD\ IURP SUR SRRU LQLWLDWLYHV WR WKH EHQHILW RI SULYDWH LQYHVWRUV IRU SURMHFWV ZLWK OLPLWHG RU LQ WKH ZRUVW FDVHV QHJDWLYH GHYHORSPHQW JDLQV :RUOG %DQN UHVRXUFHV FDQ QRZ EH XVHG WR SURYLGH JXDUDQWHHV WR SULYDWH VHFWRU LQYHVWRUV LQ SURMHFWV LQ ORZ LQFRPH FRXQWULHV ZKLFK DUH LQWHQGHG WR JHQHUDWH VXEVWDQWLDO IRUHLJQ H[FKDQJH UHYHQXHV :KHWKHU WKHVH SURMHFWV DUH KHOSLQJ WR HUDGLFDWH SRYHUW\ RU VLPSO\ WR LQFUHDVH WKH ZHDOWK RI SULYDWH LQGLYLGXDOV LV RIWHQ IDU IURP FOHDU ,W LV QRW HDV\ WR HQVXUH WKDW VXFK SULYDWH FRPPHUFLDO HQWHUSULVHV FRPSO\ ZLWK GHYHORSPHQW JXLGHOLQHV DQG SROLFLHV ,Q WKH FDVH RI WKH =DPELDQ FRSSHU PLQHV DOWKRXJK $QJOR $PHULFDQ VLJQHG XS WR :RUOG %DQN UHVHWWOHPHQW JXLGH OLQHV LW KDV GHIDXOWHG RQ LWV REOLJDWLRQV E\ QRW FRQGXFWLQJ DGHTXDWH KRXVHKROG VXUYH\V RIIHULQJ LQDGHTXDWH FRPSHQVD WLRQ DQG QRW GLVFORVLQJ GHWDLOV RI LWV 5HVHWWOHPHQW $FWLRQ 3ODQ WR WKRVH DIIHFW HG *LYHQ WKH XVH RI DGMXVWPHQW ORDQV DQG WHFKQLFDO DVVLVWDQFH WR VXSSRUW WKH SULYDWL]DWLRQ SURFHVV WKH :RUOG %DQN RXJKW IURP WKH RXWVHW WR KDYH FRQVLG HUHG WKH VLWXDWLRQ RI VHWWOHUV RQ PLQH ODQG )DLOXUH WR GR VR KDV UHVXOWHG LQ D ZDYH RI HYLFWLRQV LQ PLQLQJ DUHDV )RUPHU PLQHUV KDYH PHUHO\ EHHQ RIIHUHG Â¶UHSDWULDWLRQÂ· WR WKHLU RULJLQDO DUHDV LQ UHDOLW\ D RQH ZD\ MRXUQH\ WR SHQXU\ DQG GHVWLWXWLRQ $IWHU PDQ\ \HDUVÂ· DEVHQFH IHZ RI WKH UHWXUQLQJ PLQHUV KDYH DQ\ HQWLWOHPHQW WR FXVWRPDU\ ODQG

Trade subsidies: weak regulation and absence of agreed norms :KLOH WKHUH DUH VWLOO PDMRU GLIILFXOWLHV LQ HQVXULQJ WKDW WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU FRPSOLHV ZLWK UHVHWWOHPHQW JXLGHOLQHV LQ SURMHFWV IXQGHG RXW RI PXOWLODWHUDO RU ELODWHUDO DLG IXQGV WUDQVQDWLRQDO FRPSDQLHV EHQ HILWLQJ IURP WUDGH UHODWHG VXEVLGLHV DUH UHOXFWDQW HYHQ WR DFFHSW WKDW WKHLU RSHUD WLRQV VKRXOG EH FRQVWUDLQHG E\ RIILFLDO GHYHORSPHQW SROLFLHV

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Â·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Â· PRQH\ WR EDLO RXW FRPSDQLHV ZLWK QR FRPPLWPHQW WR VRXQG HQYLURQ PHQWDO SROLFLHV KXPDQ ULJKWV DQG UHVHWWOHPHQW VWDQGDUGV 7KH FXUUHQW FRQWURYHUV\ VXUURXQGLQJ WKH SURSRVHG FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH ,OLVX 'DP RQ WKH 7LJULV 5LYHU LQ VRXWKHDVWHUQ 7XUNH\ KDV EURXJKW FRQFHUQV DERXW WKH UROH RI (&$V LQWR WKH SXEOLF GRPDLQ 7KH FRQWUDFWRUV %DOIRXU %HDWW\ DUH VHHNLQJ Â&#x2026; PLOOLRQ RI H[SRUW FUHGLW JXDUDQWHHV IURP WKH (&*' GHVSLWH WKH DEVHQFH RI DQ\ JRYHUQPHQW VFUXWLQ\ RI WKH UHVHWWOH PHQW SODQV DQG GHVSLWH WKH IDFW WKH FRPSDQ\ LV FXUUHQWO\ EHLQJ LQYHVWLJDWHG IRU DOOHJHG EULEHU\ LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH /HVRWKR +LJKODQGV :DWHU 3URMHFW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO JXLGHOLQHV IRU UHVHWWOHPHQW DUH QRW EHLQJ REVHUYHG &RQVXOWDWLRQ ZLWK WKH ORFDO SRSXODWLRQ DQG FLYLF DXWKRULWLHV KDV EHHQ OLPLWHG RU QRQ H[LVWHQW

Accountability

India and the Guiding Principles

Conclusions

Internal displacement in India: causes, protection and dilemmas

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Â¶GHYHORSPHQW VFUHHQÂ· WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH :RUOG %DQNÂ·V ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )LQDQFH &RPPLWWHHÂ·V SURMHFWV SURPRWH JURZWK WKDW LV Â¶SUR SRRUÂ· DQG VWULFWO\ FRQIRUPV WR DLG JXLGHOLQHV (XURSHDQ 1*2V KDYH VXJJHVWHG WKDW H[SRUW FUHGLWV DQG FRQ WUDFWV SDLG IRU RXW RI RYHUVHDV DLG EXGJHWV VKRXOG EH GHSHQGHQW RQ SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV SXEOLFO\ DGRSWLQJ WKH UHYLVHG 2(&' *XLGHOLQHV IRU 0XOWLQDWLRQDO &RUSRUDWLRQV 3DWULFLD )HHQH\ LV D UHVHDUFK DVVRFL DWH RI WKH 5HIXJHH 6WXGLHV &HQWUH DQG D 6HQLRU 3ROLF\ $GYLVRU IRU 2[IDP *% +HU FXUUHQW UHVHDUFK IRFXVHV RQ WKH VRFLDO LPSOLFDWLRQV RI WKH SULYDWL]DWLRQ RI =DPELDÂ·V VWDWH RZQHG FRSSHU PLQHV (PDLO SIHHQH\#R[IDP RUJ XN 6HH ZZZ XQJOREDOFRPSDFW FRP 6HH WKH SDJHV RI WKH 5HVHWWOHPHQW 7KHPDWLF 7HDP RQ WKH :RUOG %DQN ZHEVLWH ZZZ ZRUOGEDQN RUJ 6HH ZZZ LUQ RUJ SURJUDPV UHYLHZ VXEPLVVLRQV VKWPO )RU GHWDLOV VHH ZZZ ZRUOGEDQN RUJ SLFV SLG WG W[W 2[IDP *% 'UDIW 5HSRUW RQ 5HVHWWOHPHQW LQ WKH ,)& .RQNROD 0LQLQJ 3URMHFW =DPELD -XQH 5RELQ 3DOPHU 3DWULFLD )HHQH\ DQG 0LFKHOR +DQVXQJXOH Â¶/DQG 7HQXUH ,QVHFXULW\ RQ =DPELDÂ·V &RSSHUEHOWÂ· UHSRUW IRU 2[IDP *% LQ =DPELD 'HFHPEHU 7KH SDUWO\ SULYDWL]HG %ULWLVK &RPPRQZHDOWK 'HYHORSPHQW &RUSRUDWLRQ WKH 86 FUHGLW DJHQF\ WKH 2YHUVHDV 3ULYDWH ,QYHVWPHQW &RUSRUDWLRQ 23,& DQG WKH :RUOG %DQNÂ·V 0XOWLODWHUDO ,QYHVWPHQW *XDUDQWHH $JHQF\ 0,*$ DUH DOPRVW DORQH LQ WKHLU SXEOLF FRP PLWPHQW WR FRPSO\LQJ ZLWK VRPH EDVLF GHYHORSPHQW DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO VWDQGDUGV )RU IXUWKHU GHWDLOV YLVLW WKH ,OLVX 'DP &DPSDLJQ ZHEVLWH ZZZ LOLVX RUJ XN 6HH KWWS ZEOQ ZRUOGEDQN RUJ HVVG HVVG QVI I I HF HGHH HE IE HFFH I HG FD HG F EH "2SHQ'RFXPHQW

by Mahendra P Lama

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Â¶GHVWUXF WXUHG FRQIOLFWVÂ· RU Â¶ORZ LQWHQVLW\ ZDUVÂ· KDYH JHQHUDWHG GLVSODFHPHQW IRU D ORQJ WLPH ,Q ,QGLD WKHUH DUH IRXU EURDG FDWHJRULHV RI GLVSODFHPHQW , 3ROLWLFDO FDXVHV LQFOXGLQJ VHFHVVLRQ LVW PRYHPHQWV

L 6LQFH LQGHSHQGHQFH QRUWK HDVW ,QGLD KDV ZLWQHVVHG WZR PDMRU DUPHG FRQIOLFWV WKH 1DJD PRYHPHQW SULPDULO\ OHG E\ WKH 1DWLRQDO 6RFLDOLVW &RXQFLO RI 1DJDODQG DQG WKH $VVDP PRYHPHQW OHG E\ WKH $OO $VVDP 6WXGHQWV 8QLRQ DQG QRZ ODUJHO\ WDNHQ RYHU E\ WKH H[WUHPLVW 8QLWHG /LEHUDWLRQ )URQW RI $VVDP 7KH YLROHQFH DQG UHWDOLDWRU\ UHVSRQVHV IURP WKH JRY HUQPHQW DQG RWKHU IRUFHV RSSRVHG WR WKH VHFHVVLRQLVWV FRQWLQXH WR JHQHUDWH D VWHDG\ IORZ RI GLVSODFHG SHRSOH LL ,Q .DVKPLUÂ·V Â¶ZDUÂ·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Â¶&OHDQVLQJÂ· RI QRQ %RGR FRPPXQLWLHV E\ WKH %RGRV WKURXJK SOXQGHU DUVRQ PDV VDFUH DQG SHUVHFXWLRQ KDV IRUFHG D ODUJH QXPEHU RI QRQ %RGRV WR IOHH 7KH\ QRZ OLYH LQ FDPSV ,,, /RFDOL]HG YLROHQFH ,QWHUQDO GLVSODFHPHQW KDV DOVR DULVHQ IURP FDVWH GLVSXWHV DV LQ %LKDU DQG 8WWDU 3UDGHVK UHOLJLRXV IXQGDPHQWDOLVP

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

India and the Guiding Principles DV LQ XUEDQ ULRWV LQ %RPED\ &RLPEDWRUH %KDJDOSXU DQG $OLJDUK DQG DJJUHVVLYH GHQLDO RI UHVLGHQF\ DQG HPSOR\PHQW ULJKWV WR QRQ LQGLJHQRXV JURXSV E\ VXSSRUWHUV RI WKH Â¶VRQ RI WKH VRLO SROLF\Â·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

DQG ZLOG OLIH VDQFWXDULHV DQG QDWLRQDO SDUNV PLOOLRQ

Development projects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Â·V Â¶3URMHFW &RPSOHWLRQ 5HSRUWÂ· IRU WKH FRQWURYHUVLDO 6DUGDU 6DURYDU GDP RQ WKH 1DUPDGD OLNHO\ WR GLVSODFH PLOOLRQ SHRSOH KDV FDVW D VKDGRZ RYHU WKH SURMHFWÂ·V IXWXUH ,QGLDÂ·V XQLPSUHVVLYH WUDFN UHFRUG LQ RSHUDWLRQV DQG PDLQWHQDQFH VD\V WKH UHSRUW LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ ,QGLD KDV ERUURZHG 86 PLOOLRQ IURP WKH :RUOG %DQN WR EXLOG WKH GDP ,Q WKH %DQN FDQFHOOHG SODQV WR OHQG PRUH GXH WR WKH ,QGLDQ JRYHUQPHQWÂ·V IDLOXUH WR PHHW HYHQ VXFK EDVLF FRQGLWLRQV DV

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

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Â¶LQYROXQWDU\ UHVHWWOHPHQWÂ·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Â¶SXEOLF SXUSRVHÂ· WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI ZKLFK KDV QRW EHHQ PDGH SXEOLF 7KH JRYHUQPHQW KDV HYHQ VRXJKW WR WDNH DZD\ WKH ULJKW RI DSSHDO E\ WKRVH ZKRVH ODQG VWDQGV WR EH FRQILVFDWHG E\ PDNLQJ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW WKH RQO\ DSSHOODWH IRUXP *OREDOL]DWLRQ KDV EHHQ DQRWKHU WKUHDW WR LQGLJHQRXV FRPPXQLWLHV DV SULYDWH FRQ JORPHUDWHV LQFOXGLQJ IRUHLJQ PXOWL QDWLRQDOV HQFURDFK XSRQ UXUDO ODQGV KLWKHUWR WKH GRPDLQ RI WULEDO DQG RWKHU LQGLJHQRXV FRPPXQLWLHV WR EXLOG WKH JRYHUQPHQWÂ·V GHVLUHG LQGXVWULDO LQIUD VWUXFWXUH 7KH SURSRVHG DPHQGPHQWV WR WKH $FW LI FDUULHG RXW DUH OLNHO\ WR JHQHUDWH QHZ ZDYHV RI GLVSODFHPHQW DV WKH $FW ZLOO WKHQ PDNH LW HYHQ HDVLHU IRU SULYDWH LQWHUHVWV WR DFTXLUH ODQG

Natural disaster-induced displacement 7KHUH KDV EHHQ PDVVLYH DQG UHFXUUHQW GLVSODFHPHQW GXH WR IORRGV F\FORQHV DQG ODQGVOLGHV $ UHSRUW E\ WKH &HQWUH IRU 6FLHQFH DQG (QYLURQPHQW

VWDWHV WKDW ,QGLD LV WKH PRVW IORRG DIIHFWHG FRXQWU\ LQ WKH ZRUOG DIWHU %DQJODGHVK DQG WKDW RYHU PLOOLRQ

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Â¶1DWXUDOÂ· GLVDVWHU OHG GLVSODFHPHQW LV QHYHU UHFRUGHG DIWHU WKH LQLWLDO GRVH RI UHOLHI DQG UHKDELOLWDWLRQ DVVLVWDQFH 2QH RI WKH PRVW VHULRXV DVSHFWV RI WKH GLVSODFHPHQW EHORQJLQJ WR WKLV FDWHJRU\ KDV EHHQ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH GLVSODFHPHQW KDV EHHQ VLOHQW EXW DFXWH DQG IUHTXHQW

Institutional responses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

India and the Guiding Principles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Â·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

Future scenario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Â&#x2021; UHGXFH WKH OHYHO RI YLROHQFH DJDLQVW QRQ FRPEDWDQWV LUUHVSHFWLYH RI WKH QDWXUH RI WKH FRQIOLFW Â&#x2021; GHDO ZLWK SRWHQWLDO DQG RQJRLQJ HWKQLF FRQIOLFWV

Â&#x2021; PLQLPL]H QRQ HWKQLF FLYLO FRQIOLFWV Â&#x2021; DYRLG UHSUHVVLYH PHDVXUHV DQG HQVXUH WKDW PHDVXUHV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO DFWLRQ DUH SUHYHQWLYH UDWKHU WKDQ DPHOLRUDWLYH Â&#x2021; FRQVLGHU GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV LQ WKH ODUJHU SHUVSHFWLYH RI VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW DQG KXPDQ QHHGV Â&#x2021; HQVXUH UDSLG UHVHWWOHPHQW DQG UHKDELOL WDWLRQ RI GLVSODFHG SHRSOH Â&#x2021; LPSOHPHQW QDWLRQDO ODZV DQG SROLFLHV WR GHDO ZLWK WKH PXOWL GLPHQVLRQDO FKDUDFWHU RI ,'3 JURXSV 0DKHQGUD 3 /DPD LV $VVRFLDWH 3URIHVVRU DW WKH 6FKRRO RI ,QWHU QDWLRQDO 6WXGLHV -DZDKDUODO 1HKUX 8QLYHUVLW\ (PDLO ]LSF #GHO YVQO QHW LQ :RUOG 5HIXJHH 6XUYH\ :DVKLQJWRQ :DOWHU )HUQDQGHV 'LUHFWRU RI WKH 3URJUDPPH RI 7ULEDO 6WXGLHV RI WKH ,QGLDQ 6RFLDO ,QVWLWXWH +DPSWRQ - HG ,QWHUQDOO\ 'LVSODFHG 3HRSOH $ *OREDO 6XUYH\ (DUWKVFDQ 3XEOLFDWLRQV /WG /RQGRQ

$V TXRWHG E\ 5ROL $VWKDQD Â¶,QYROXQWDU\ 5HVHWWOHPHQW 6XUYH\ RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ([SHULHQFHÂ·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Âµ WDNHQ IURP Â¶7KH *UHDWHVW &RPPRQ *RRGÂ· 2XWORRN 0D\ S &HQWUH IRU 6FLHQFH DQG (QYLURQPHQW 6WDWH RI ,QGLDÂ·V (QYLURQPHQW $ &LWL]HQV 5HSRUW )ORRGV )ORRG 3ODLQV DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO 0\WKV 1HZ 'HOKL 6HH DOVR UHFHQW ,QWHU 3UHVV 6HUYLFH UHSRUW Â¶*HUPDQ JRYHUQPHQW UHSRUW EDFNV DQWL GDP DFWLYLVWVÂ· DW ZZZ RQHZRUOG RUJ LSV DXJ B B KWPO 81+&5 7KH 6WDWH RI WKH :RUOGÂ·V 5HIXJHHV $ +XPDQLWDULDQ $JHQGD 283 2[IRUG 1RYHPEHU

Rethinking the Guiding Principles: the case of the Kashmiri Pandits by K C Saha

KLV SDSHU FULWLFDOO\ H[DPLQHV WKH XQLYHUVDO DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI WKH *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV RQ ,QWHUQDO 'LVSODFHPHQW E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH GLVSODFHPHQW RI +LQGXV IURP WKH .DVKPLU YDOOH\ LQ WKH FRXUVH RI WKH ORZ LQWHQVLW\ DUPHG FRQIOLFW LQ WKH ,QGLDQ VWDWH RI -DPPX DQG .DVKPLU - .

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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

India and the Guiding Principles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

Return of the migrants

$W SUHVHQW WKH JRYHUQPHQW SURYLGHV PRQWKO\ DVVLVWDQFH RI 5V 86

SHU IDPLO\ $Q\ DWWHPSW WR IRUFH WKH GLV SODFHG WR UHWXUQ WR WKH YDOOH\ ZRXOG QRW RQO\ EH RSSRVHG E\ WKH 3DQGLWV EXW ZRXOG DOVR DWWUDFW LQWHUQDWLRQDO FULWLFLVP

The Guiding Principles and the Kashmiri Pandits 7KH *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV GHILQH ,'3V DV Â´SHUVRQV RU JURXS RI SHUVRQV ZKR KDYH EHHQ IRUFHG WR IOHH RU WR OHDYH WKHLU KRPHV RU SODFHV RI KDELWXDO UHVLGHQFH DV D UHVXOW RI RU LQ RUGHU WR DYRLG LQ SDU WLFXODU WKH HIIHFWV RI DUPHG FRQIOLFW VLWXDWLRQV RI JHQHUDOL]HG YLROHQFH YLROD WLRQV RI KXPDQ ULJKWV RU QDWXUDO RU KXPDQ PDGH GLVDVWHUV DQG ZKR KDYH QRW FURVVHG DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ UHFRJ QL]HG VWDWH ERUGHUÂµ 7KRXJK WKHUH LV D FORVH OLQN EHWZHHQ D UHIXJHH VLWXDWLRQ DQG DQ ,'3 VLWXDWLRQ WKH H[WHQVLRQ RI WKH UHIXJHH SURWHFWLRQ UHJLPH WR HQFRPSDVV ,'3V LV QRW DSSUR

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

USCR/Hiram A Ruiz

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

WLRQ RI 3DQGLW SURSHUW\ WR SURYLGH FRP SHQVDWLRQ IRU WKH KRXVHV GDPDJHG DQG KRXVHV EXUQW WR SURYLGH MREV DQG FDVK UHOLHI DQG WR UHVHUYH SDUOLDPHQWDU\ VHDWV IRU WKH 3DQGLWV 7KHLU IXUWKHU GHPDQG IRU D VHSDUDWH VWDWH WR EH FDUYHG RXW IURP WKH SUHVHQW VWDWH RI - . ZRXOG KDYH HQRU PRXV QDWLRQ ZLGH LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU RWKHU HWKQLF FRQIOLFWV LQ ,QGLD ,Q FXUUHQW FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKH JRYHUQPHQW KDV QR RSWLRQ H[FHSW WR PDLQWDLQ UHOLHI RSHUD WLRQV IRU D YHU\ ORQJ SHULRG RI WLPH

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

India and the Guiding Principles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Â´HYHU\ ,'3 KDV WKH ULJKW WR OLEHUW\ RI PRYHPHQW DQG IUHHGRP WR FKRRVH KLV RU KHU UHVL GHQFHÂ«Âµ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Â´,'3V KDYH WKH ULJKW D WR VHHN VDIHW\ LQ DQRWKHU SDUW RI WKH FRXQWU\ E WR OHDYH WKHLU FRXQWU\ F WR VHHN DV\OXP LQ DQRWKHU FRXQWU\ DQG G WKH ULJKW WR EH SURWHFWHG DJDLQVW IRUFLEOH UHWXUQ RU UHVHWWOHPHQW LQ DQ\ SODFH ZKHUH WKHLU OLIH VDIHW\ OLEHUW\ RU KHDOWK ZRXOG EH DW ULVNÂµ

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Â´DGHTXDWH VWDQGDUG RI OLYLQJÂµ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Â´LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQL]D WLRQV KDYH WKH ULJKW WR RIIHU WKHLU VHUYLFHV DQG DOO DXWKRULWLHV VKDOO JUDQW WR SHUVRQV HQJDJHG LQ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI VXFK DVVLVWDQFH XQLPSHGHG DFFHVV WR ,'3VÂµ QHHGV WR EH UHZRUGHG ,QVWHDG RI DVVHUWLQJ WKDW LQWHUQDWLRQDO RUJDQL]D WLRQV KDYH WKH ULJKW WR RIIHU DVVLVWDQFH LW VKRXOG EH VWDWHG WKDW WKH VWDWH PD\ VHHN VXFK DVVLVWDQFH IURP WKH LQWHUQD WLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV 3URYLVLRQ RI XQLPSHGHG DFFHVV WR SHUVRQV HQJDJHG LQ SURYLGLQJ DVVLVWDQFH VKRXOG EH OHIW WR WKH GLVFUHWLRQ RI VWDWHV 3ULQFLSOH UHODWHV WR UHVWLWXWLRQ RI SURSHUW\ 3D\PHQW RI FRPSHQVDWLRQ IRU ORVW DQG GHVWUR\HG SURSHUW\ LV D NH\ FRQ FHUQ RI DOO ,'3V ZKLFK 6WDWHV PXVW

DGGUHVV 7KH SULQFLSOH HQYLVDJHV WKDW FRPSHQVDWLRQ EH SDLG RQO\ DIWHU WKH UHWXUQ RI ,'3V +RZHYHU LQ VLWXDWLRQV VXFK DV WKRVH IDFHG E\ .DVKPLUL 3DQGLWV ZKHUH QR UHWXUQ KDV EHHQ SRVVLEOH IRU D GHFDGH QRQ SD\PHQW RI FRPSHQVDWLRQ OHDGV WR VHYHUH KDUGVKLS 3ULQFLSOH XUJHV Â´DOO DXWKRULWLHV >WR@ JUDQW XQLPSHGHG DFFHVV WR ,'3V WR DVVLVW LQ WKHLU UHWXUQ RU UHVHWWOHPHQW DQG UHLQWHJUDWLRQ Âµ 6WDWHV PD\ REMHFW WR SUR YLGLQJ XQLPSHGHG DFFHVV $ JRYHUQPHQW ZRXOG EH LQWHUHVWHG LQ LQYROYLQJ DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ LQ UHWXUQ UHVHWWOHPHQW DQG UHLQWHJUDWLRQ ZKHUH D UHDVRQDEOH VROXWLRQ KDV EHHQ IRXQG IRU WKH ,'3V 6WDWHV ZRXOG EH UHOXFWDQW KRZ HYHU WR SHUPLW LQYROYHPHQW RI VXFK RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQ SROLWLFDOO\ VHQVLWLWLYH VLWXDWLRQV

Conclusion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

. & 6DKD LV -RLQW 6HFUHWDU\ 'HSDUWPHQW RI 6XSSO\ *RYHUQPHQW RI ,QGLD (PDLO NFVDKD#HQJODQG FRP 7KH YLHZV H[SUHVVHG LQ WKLV DUWLFOH DUH WKH DXWKRUÂ·V SHUVRQDO YLHZV DQG VKRXOG QRW EH FRQVWUXHG DV WKH YLHZV RI WKH *RYHUQPHQW RI ,QGLD $ VXJJHVWLRQ WKDW WKH WKHQ JRYHUQRU RI - . SURPSW HG DQG DVVLVWHG WKH GHSDUWXUH RI WKH .DVKPLUL 3DQGLWV LV RIILFLDOO\ GHQLHG )RU WH[W RI 81 *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV RQ ,QWHUQDO 'LVSODFHPHQW VHH ,QWHUQDOO\ 'LVSODFHG 3HRSOH $ *OREDO 6XUYH\ 1RUZHJLDQ 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO S RU JR WR ZZZ UHOLHIZHE LQW RFKDBRO SXE LGSBJS LGS KWPO

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

India and the Guiding Principles

IDPs: rights and status UNHCR/M Kobayashi

by Marc Vincent The term ‘internally displaced persons’ has become prominent in the humanitarian community. Debate about terminology has been heightened by the recent assertion of the US Ambassador to the UN that the term ‘IDP’ is “odious terminology” and that the only distinctions between refugees and IDPs are bureaucratic and legal.1

KH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW UHIXJHHV DQG ,'3V DUH WKH VDPH LV FRPPRQ SODFH $W WKH KHLJKW RI WKH &KHFKQ\D FRQIOLFW WKH %%& UHSHDWHGO\ GHVFULEHG WKH &KHFKHQV IOHHLQJ *UR]Q\ WR ,QJXVKHWLD DV ¶UHIXJHHV·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

Need for precision :LWKLQ ,'3 FLUFOHV WKHUH LV VWLOO GLVDJUHH PHQW RQ ZKR LV DQG ZKR LV QRW DQ ,'3 . & 6DKD·V DUWLFOH FDVWV GRXEW RQ WKH SURVSHFW RI DFKLHYLQJ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQ VHQVXV RQ ZKR WKH\ DUH DQG KRZ WKH\ VKRXOG EH KHOSHG ODUJHO\ EHFDXVH RI SRVVLEOH REMHFWLRQV E\ VWDWHV :KLOH KLV FRQFOXVLRQ PD\ EH SHVVLPLVWLF KLV VXJ JHVWLRQ WKDW WKH *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV EH PDGH PRUH SUHFLVH GHVHUYHV H[DPLQDWLRQ %HWWHU XVH RI WHUPLQRORJ\ LV QRW WKH RQO\ UHDVRQ IRU JUHDWHU SUHFLVLRQ 7KH *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV KDYH LQ WKH VSDFH RI

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

D IHZ \HDUV DFTXLUHG D PRUDO DXWKRULW\ SHUKDSV EH\RQG WKH DVSLUDWLRQV RI LWV GUDIWHUV ,I WKH PRPHQWXP LV WR EH NHSW XS DQG LI WKH 3ULQFLSOHV DUH WR EH XVHG WR PRQLWRU WUHDWPHQW RI ,'3V WKHQ VWDWHV QRQ VWDWH DFWRUV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV PD\ HYHQWXDOO\ QHHG WR EH KHOG DFFRXQW DEOH WR D PRUH FRQFUHWH ¶GHILQLWLRQ· RI ,'3V 7KH UHIXJHH SURWHFWLRQ UHJLPH LQ WKLV UHJDUG FDQ EH LQVWUXFWLYH %H\RQG H[LVWLQJ H[DPSOHV ZKHUH UHIXJHH ODZ E\ DQDORJ\ KDV EHHQ LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR WKH 3ULQFLSOHV VXFK DV WKH LQWHUQDOO\ GLV SODFHG·V SURWHFWLRQ HTXLYDOHQW RI QRQ UHIRXOHPHQW H[DPLQLQJ VRPH DVSHFWV RI WKH UHIXJHH SURWHFWLRQ UHJLPH SURYLGHV LPSRUWDQW H[DPSOHV ZK\ OHJDO DQG EXUHDXFUDWLF GLVWLQFWLRQV DUH FULWLFDO $W WKH KHDUW RI WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ UHIXJHHV DQG ,'3V LV VWDWXV 7KH 3ULQFLSOHV GHVFULEH ,'3V DV WKRVH ´IRUFHG RU REOLJHG WR IOHH RU WR OHDYH WKHLU KRPHV RU SODFHV RI KDELWXDO UHVLGHQFH LQ SDUWLF XODU DV D UHVXOW RI RU LQ RUGHU WR DYRLG WKH HIIHFWV RI DUPHG FRQIOLFW VLWXDWLRQV RI JHQHUDOL]HG YLROHQFH YLRODWLRQV RI KXPDQ ULJKWV RU QDWXUDO RU KXPDQ PDGH GLVDVWHUV DQG ZKR KDYH QRW FURVVHG DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ UHFRJQL]HG 6WDWH ERUGHUµ 5HIXJHHV DUH ILUVW GHILQHG E\ WKH &RQYHQWLRQ UHODWLQJ WR WKH 6WDWXV RI 5HIXJHHV DV WKRVH ZKR DV D UHVXOW RI ´D ZHOO IRXQGHG IHDU RI EHLQJ SHUVHFXWHG IRU UHDVRQV RI UDFH UHOLJLRQ QDWLRQDOLW\ PHPEHUVKLS RI D SDUWLFXODU VRFLDO JURXS RU SROLWLFDO RSLQLRQ LV RXWVLGH WKH FRXQWU\

Return of IDPs in East Timor

RI KLV QDWLRQDOLW\ DQG LV XQDEOH RU RZLQJ WR VXFK IHDU LV XQZLOOLQJ WR DYDLO KLPVHOI RI WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI WKDW FRXQWU\ µ ,QGLYLGXDOV UHFRJQL]HG DV UHIXJHHV DUH HQWLWOHG WR FHUWDLQ IDYRXUDEOH WUHDWPHQW E\ FRXQWULHV WKDW DUH VLJQDWRU\ WR WKH &RQYHQWLRQ VXFK DV DFFHVV WR HGXFDWLRQ DQG WKH OHJDO V\VWHP DQG WKH ULJKW QRW WR EH H[SHOOHG DFURVV D ERUGHU WR D SODFH ZKHUH KLV KHU OLIH PD\ EH WKUHDWHQHG QRQ UHIRXOHPHQW

Definition and description (YHQ WKRXJK WKH WHDP RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHJDO H[SHUWV ZKR SUHSDUHG WKH 3ULQFLSOHV VWXGLRXVO\ DYRLGHG WKH XVH RI WKH WHUP ¶GHILQLWLRQ· WKHUH LV IUHTXHQW LOO LQIRUPHG PHQWLRQ RI WKH VR FDOOHG ¶,'3 GHILQLWLRQ· 0RUH DFFXUDWH LV :DOWHU .DOLQ·V UHFHQW DVVHUWLRQ WKDW ZKDW WKH 3ULQFLSOHV JLYH XV LV ´D GHVFULSWLYH LGHQWL ILFDWLRQ RI WKH FDWHJRU\ RI SHUVRQV ZKRVH QHHGV DUH WKH FRQFHUQ RI WKH *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHVµ 7KH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ D ¶GHILQLWLRQ· DQG D ¶GHVFULSWLRQ· DQG EHWZHHQ D UHIXJHH DQG DQ ,'3 DUH DQ H[DPSOH RI ZKHUH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ ODQJXDJH DUH FULWLFDO WR DQ\ IRUP RI SURWHFWLRQ 7KH UHTXLUH PHQWV WR EHFRPH D UHIXJHH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH &RQYHQWLRQ DUH SUHFLVH DQG OLPLWHG WKHUH KDV WR EH D ´ZHOO IRXQGHG IHDU RI SHUVHFXWLRQµ DQG WKLV IHDU PXVW

India and the Guiding Principles EH OLQNHG WR RQH RI WKH JURXQGV HQXPHU DWHG (YHQ WKH EURDGHU GHILQLWLRQ LQ WKH 2$8 &RQYHQWLRQ DWWHPSWV WR EH DV SUHFLVH DV SRVVLEOH 7KLV LV QRW WKH FDVH ZLWK WKH 3ULQFLSOHV ZKLFK GHOLEHUDWHO\ XVH WKH SKUDVH Â´LQ SDUWLFXODUÂµ VR DV WR LQFOXGH RWKHU SRVVLEOH UHDVRQV IRU GLV SODFHPHQW WKDW ZHUH QRW LQFOXGHG LQ WKH GHVFULSWLRQ ,W LQWHQWLRQDOO\ VWHHUV WRZDUG IOH[LELOLW\ UDWKHU WKDQ OHJDO SUHFLVLRQ :KLOH WKH LQWHUQD WLRQDO GHILQLWLRQ RI ZKR LV D UHIXJHH LV EDVHG RQ LQWHUQD WLRQDOO\ OHJDOO\ ELQGLQJ GRFXPHQWV WKH 3ULQFLSOHV WKRXJK EDVHG RQ H[LVWLQJ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ DUH QRW WKHPVHOYHV OHJDOO\ ELQGLQJ 7HOOLQJO\ ZKHUHDV ERWK WKH &RQYHQWLRQ DQG WKH 2$8 &RQYHQWLRQ GHILQH Â¶UHIXJHHÂ· LQ WKHLU ILUVW DUWLFOHV WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI Â¶LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHGÂ· LV QRW DFWXDOO\ LQ WKH 3ULQFLSOHV EXW LV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH ,QWURGXFWLRQ

WLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV DFFRXQWDEOH IRU WKHLU WUHDWPHQW RI LQGLYLGXDOV MXGJHG E\ WKH ZRUOG WR EH LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHG . & 6DKDÂ·V H[DPSOH RI WKH .DVKPLUL 3DQGLWV GHPRQVWUDWHV WKDW ZKLOH WKH .DVKPLUL 3DQGLWV OLNH WKRVH LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHG HOVHZKHUH GR QRW KDYH DQ\ PRUH ULJKWV WKDQ RWKHU FLWL]HQV WKHLU KRSHV RI GUDZLQJ JUHDWHU DWWHQWLRQ WR WKHLU SOLJKW ZRXOG EH FORVHU WR EHLQJ UHDOL]HG LI WKH\ FRXOG EH UHFRJQL]HG DV ,'3V

A precise definition can be vital to monitoring and accountability

5HIXJHH VWDWXV HQWLWOHV LQGLYLGXDOV WR FHUWDLQ ULJKWV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO SURWHF WLRQ $ UHIXJHH DV D IRUHLJQHU LQ DQRWKHU FRXQWU\ LV HQWLWOHG WR FHUWDLQ ULJKWV DV D VXEVWLWXWH IRU WKH SURWHFWLRQ V KH FDQQRW FODLP IURP KLV KHU RZQ FRXQWU\ %\ FRQ WUDVW DQ ,'3 PD\ QRW FODLP DQ\ DGGLWLRQDO ULJKWV WR WKRVH VKDUHG ZLWK KLV KHU FRP SDWULRWV 7KH FXUUHQW SXUSRVH RI LGHQWLI\ LQJ WKH LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHG LQ WKH 3ULQFLSOHV LV WKXV QRW WR SURYLGH OHJDO VWDWXV EXW UDWKHU WR UHFRJQLVH WKDW WKH\ DUH YXOQHUDEOH GXH WR WKH IDFW WKH\ KDYH EHHQ IRUFHG IURP WKHLU KRPHV RIWHQ E\ WKH YHU\ JRYHUQPHQW VXSSRVHG WR SUR WHFW WKHP DQG WKDW H[WUD HIIRUWV VKRXOG EH PDGH WR HQVXUH WKH\ DUH WUHDWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR DSSOLFDEOH KXPDQ ULJKWV ODZ DQG KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ ,Q OLJKW RI WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH GHILQLWLRQ XVHG IRU UHIXJHH DQG WKH GHVFULSWLRQ XVHG IRU ,'3V WKH FRPPRQ DFFXVDWLRQ WKDW DGYRFDWHV RI LQFUHDVHG SURWHFWLRQ IRU ,'3V DUH GHPDQGLQJ DQ H[WHQVLRQ RI WKH UHIXJHH SURWHFWLRQ UHJLPH LV VKRZQ WR EH JURXQGOHVV :KDW LQ IDFW WKH\ DUH VHHNLQJ LV D KLJKHU TXDOLW\ RI SURWHFWLRQ WKURXJK DQ LPSURYH PHQW LQ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI H[LVWLQJ KXPDQ ULJKWV ODZ DQG KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ 7KH *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV DUH EHJLQQLQJ WR DFTXLUH D VLJQLILFDQW OHYHO RI LQWHUQDWLRQ DO DXWKRULW\ 2QH UHDVRQ IRU WKLV LV WKDW ZKLOH WKH 3ULQFLSOHV GR QRW LPSO\ DGGL WLRQDO ULJKWV WKH\ GR SURYLGH D SRVVLEOH PHDQV IRU KROGLQJ VWDWHV DQG LQWHUQD

7KH FXUUHQW GHVFULSWLRQ RI LQWHUQDOO\ GLV SODFHG LV YHU\ IOH[LEOH DOPRVW DQ\RQH ZKR KDV LQYROXQ WDULO\ OHIW WKHLU KRPH FRXOG DUJXDEO\ EH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH GHVFULSWLRQ 2Q WKH RQH KDQG WKH ZLGHU WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH 3ULQFLSOHV WKH JUHDWHU WKH QXPEHU RI SHR SOH ZKR EHQHILW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG D Â¶IOH[LEOHÂ· GHVFULSWLRQ LV DQ $FKLOOHVÂ· KHHO ,W PDNHV PRQLWRULQJ PRUH GLIILFXOW EHFDXVH WKH GHVFULSWLRQ FDQQRW EH UHSHDW HGO\ DQG SUHGLFWDEO\ DSSOLHG LW FDQ DOVR PDNH SURWHFWLRQ PRUH GLIILFXOW EHFDXVH VWDWHV FDQQRW ULJRURXVO\ EH KHOG WR D GHVFULSWLRQ WKDW LV RSHQ WR LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ

Evolution of the Principles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Â¶GHVFULSWLRQÂ· $V UHFRJQL WLRQ RI WKH *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV OHDGV WR H[SHFWDWLRQV RI LPSURYHG SURWHFWLRQ GHFLGLQJ ZKR LV LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHG EHFRPHV D PDWWHU RI KRWO\ FRQWHVWHG GHEDWH DV . & 6DKDÂ·V FDVH VWXG\

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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Australia

Australia and asylum: no longer “land of the fair go”?

by Tim Morris

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´RQVKRUHµ UHIXJHHV 7KHVH FKDQJHV KDYH EURXJKW DERXW D PDUNHG VKLIW LQ WKH SURILOH RI DV\OXP VHHNHUV :KLOH WKH QHZ ZDYH RI DUULYDOV SUHVHQWV $XVWUDOLD ZLWK D FKDOOHQJH UHIXJHH DGYRFDWHV GLVSXWH WKH JRYHUQ

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

PHQW·V DVVHUWLRQ WKDW LW LV D PDMRU WKUHDW 7KH JRYHUQPHQW·V HIIRUWV WR SRUWUD\ LW DV VXFK WR WKH SXEOLF DUH JHQHUDWLQJ IHDU DQG IXHOOLQJ [HQRSKRELD 6R IDU WKH RQVKRUH JUDQWV KDYH QRW DIIHFWHG WKH SODFHV DQQXDOO\ DOOR FDWHG WR ´RIIVKRUHµ ´PDQGDWHµ UHIXJHHV UHIHUUHG E\ 81+&5 7KH $XVWUDOLDQ JRY HUQPHQW KDV WKUHDWHQHG KRZHYHU WR OLQN WKH RQVKRUH DQG RIIVKRUH UHIXJHH SUR JUDPPHV ,W LV OLNHO\ WKDW WKH VXEVWDQWLDO LQFUHDVH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI RQVKRUH JUDQWV ZLOO OHDG WR D UHGXFWLRQ LQ WKH QXPEHU RI YLVDV JUDQWHG WR UHIXJHHV ,Q DQ HIIRUW WR VWRS WKH DUULYDOV $XVWUDOLD KDV HQWHUHG LQWR DQ DJUHHPHQW ZLWK WKH ,QGRQHVLDQ *RYHUQPHQW WR LQWHUFHSW SHRSOH GHVWLQHG IRU $XVWUDOLD DQG WR KDYH 81+&5 FRQVLGHU FODLPV LQ ,QGRQHVLD $XVWUDOLD LV IXQGLQJ WKH SRVWV RI ,QGRQHVLDQ EDVHG 81+&5 SURWHFWLRQ RIILFHUV DQG LQWHUSUHWHUV 7KH DJHQF\·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

/HJLVODWLRQ $PHQGPHQW $FW ZKLFK HQVKULQHV WKH FRQFHSW RI ¶VDIH WKLUG FRXQWULHV·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´XQZDUUDQWHG UHTXHVWV·· IURP WKH 81 WR GHOD\ WKH GHSRUWDWLRQ RI XQVXFFHVV IXO DV\OXP VHHNHUV 7KH JRYHUQPHQW·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·V GHWHQWLRQ RI XQDXWKR UL]HG DUULYDOV VHH ZZZ KXPDQULJKWV JRY DX KXPDQBULJKWV DV\OXP VHDV DQG DOVR ZZZ ZVZV RUJ VHFWLRQV FDWHJRU\ QHZV DX LPPL VKWPO

Australia

The hard press of asylum by Sharon Pickering

V D FULPLQRORJLVW , DP LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKH ZD\V WKDW WKH SUHVV UHSUH VHQWV UHIXJHHV DQG DV\OXP VHHNHUV DV GHYLDQWV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ UHOD WLRQ WR WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKH QDWLRQ VWDWH DQG UDFH 7KLV DUWLFOH PRQLWRULQJ SUHVV FRYHUDJH RI UHIXJHH DQG DV\OXP LVVXHV LQ WZR SRSXODU $XVWUDOLDQ QHZVSDSHUV IURP -DQXDU\ WR 'HFHPEHU ORRNV DW KRZ WKH PHGLD KDV LQIOXHQFHG SXEOLF RSLQLRQ DQG DGGHG WR WKH SHUFHS WLRQ WKDW $XVWUDOLD KDV D UHIXJHH Â¶SUREOHPÂ· ,W VHHNV WR DOHUW WKRVH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK UHIXJHHV WR WKH SHUYDVLYHQHVV RI WKH PHGLDÂ·V LQKHUHQWO\ FULPLQDO UHSUHVHQWD WLRQV RI UHIXJHHV DQG DV\OXP VHHNHUV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV ZKLFK SRWHQWLDOO\ KDP SHU DGYRFDF\ ZRUN LQ WKH SXEOLF GRPDLQ )URP WKH ODQJXDJH HPSOR\HG E\ WKH PHGLD RQH ZRXOG QRW UHDOL]H WKDW $XVWUDOLDÂ·V UHIXJHH SURJUDPPH LV VPDOO E\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV >VHH S @ 5HDGHUV RI WKHVH SDSHUV DUH UHJXODUO\ ZDUQHG WKDW $XVWUDOLD LV WR EH Â´DZDVKÂµ Â´VZDPSHGÂµ Â´ZHDWKHULQJ WKH LQIOX[Âµ RI Â´ZDYHVÂµ ÂÓDWHVW ZDYHVÂµ Â´PRUH ZDYHVÂµ Â´WLGHVÂµ ÂÍORRGVÂµ Â´PLJUDWRU\ IORRGÂµ Â´PDVV H[RGXVÂµ RI Â´DOLHQVÂµ Â´TXHXH MXPSHUVÂµ Â´LOOHJDO LPPLJUDQWVÂµ Â´SHRSOH VPXJJOHUVÂµ ÂÉRDW SHRSOHÂµ Â´MXPER SHRSOHÂµ Â´MHW ORDGV RI LOOHJDOVÂµ Â´LOOHJDO IRUHLJQHUVÂµ ÂÉRJXVÂµ DQG Â´SKRQH\Âµ DSSOLFDQWV DQG Â´KXQJU\ $VLDQVÂµ XSRQ Â´RXU VKRUHVÂµ Â´LVRODWHG FRDVWOLQHVÂµ DQG Â´GHVHUWHG EHDFKHVÂµ WKDW PDNH XS WKH Â´SURPLVHG ODQGÂµ WKH ÂÓDQG RI KRSHÂµ WKH ÂÓXFN\ FRXQWU\Âµ Â´KHDYHQÂµ Â´WKH JRRG OLIHÂµ Â´GUHDP GHVWLQDWLRQÂµ DQG WKH\ FRQ WLQXH WR Â´VOLS WKURXJKÂµ Â´VQHDN LQÂµ Â´LQYDGHÂµ ZLWK ÂÍDOVH SDSHUVÂµ RU Â´QR SDSHUVÂµ Â´H[RWLF GLVHDVHVÂµ Â´VLFNQHVVHVÂµ DV SDUW RI Â´JDQJVÂµ Â´FULPLQDO JDQJVÂµ Â´WULDGVÂµ Â´RUJDQL]HG FULPHÂµ DQG Â´$VLDQ FULPHÂµ ,Q UHVSRQVH Â´ZHÂµ VKRXOG KDYH Â´FORVHG GRRUVÂµ RQO\ VRPHWLPHV KDYLQJ Â´RSHQ GRRUVÂµ ZH VKRXOG UHVSRQG Â´QDWLRQDOO\Âµ ZLWK WKH Â´QDY\ DQG DUPHG VHUYLFHV DW WKH UHDG\Âµ Â´ZHÂµ VKRXOG Â´VHQG PHVVDJHVÂµ Â´GHWHUÂµ ÂÓRFN XSÂµ DQG Â´GHWDLQÂµ DQG Â´ZHÂµ VKRXOG QRW EH Â´H[SORLWHGÂµ Â´SOD\HG IRU D IRROÂµ RU VHHQ DV Â´JXOOLEOHÂµ :KHQ ZULWLQJ DERXW DV\OXP VHHNHUV DQG UHIXJHHV WKH SUHVV RIWHQ HOLGHV WKH YRFDEXODU\ RI ZDU ZLWK WKDW RI FULPH

5HIXJHHV DUH Â´PDVVLQJ LQ ,QGRQHVLDÂµ IRU D Â´VXVWDLQHG DVVDXOW RQ $XVWUDOLDÂ·V VKRUHVÂµ ,GHQWLWLHV DQG LQGLYLGXDOLWLHV DUH LUUHOHYDQW LQ WLPH RI ZDU 7KHUH DUH RQO\ WZR VLGHV Â² Â´RXUVÂµ DQG Â´WKHLUVÂµ 0HWDSK RUV RI ZDU MXVWLI\ WKH QHHG WR UHSHO ZKDWHYHU LV KRVWLOH RU WKUHDWHQLQJ Â´,PPLJUDWLRQ FRQWUROVÂµ EHFRPH PDWWHUV RI Â´QDWLRQDO VHFXULW\Âµ D Â´QDWLRQDO HPHU JHQF\Âµ UHTXLUHV ÂÍXOO GHSOR\PHQWÂµ RI WKH DUPHG IRUFHV RQ D Â´SULPH GHIHQFH PLVVLRQÂµ WR Â´GHWHFW LQFXUVLRQVÂµ 5HSUHVHQWLQJ DV\OXP VHHNHUV ZKR DUULYH LQ $XVWUDOLD ZLWKRXW SULRU UHIXJHH GHWHU PLQDWLRQ DV ÂÉRJXVÂµ DQG Â´SKRQH\Âµ LPSOLFLWO\ OHJLWLPL]HV SROLFLHV WKDW PRYH EH\RQG SROLFLQJ DQG LQWR GHWHQWLRQ DQG GHWHUUHQFH IRU WKH Â´VDNH RI WKH QDWLRQÂµ 7KH QHHG IRU ÂÉOXQW ZDUQLQJVÂµ WR GHWHU Â´TXHXH MXPSHUVÂµ KDV YHU\ OLWWOH WR GR ZLWK VHQGLQJ PHVVDJHV WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLWLHV DQG HYHU\WKLQJ WR GR ZLWK VHQGLQJ PHVVDJHV WR GRPHVWLF FRPPXQL WLHV DQG MXVWLI\LQJ H[SDQVLRQLVW SHQDO SROLFLHV $ UHVSLWH GXULQJ ZKLFK DOWHUQDWLYH SHUFHSWLRQV HPHUJHG FDPH GXULQJ WKH .RVRYR DQG (DVW 7LPRU FULVHV 7KH LQYLR ODELOLW\ RI WKH QDWLRQ VWDWH ZDV VLGHOLQHG DV WKH UKHWRULF FKDQJHG ZLWK DOWHUHG SROLWLFDO LPSHUDWLYHV 5HIXJHHV DQG DV\OXP VHHNHUV ZHUH UHSUHVHQWHG DV Â´DFFHSWDEOHÂµ DQG Â´ZRUWK\Âµ DV WKH PHGLD GHSOR\HG WKH ODQJXDJH RI KXPDQLWDULDQLVP DQG MXVWLFH .RVRYDQ UHIXJHHV EHFDPH WKH VXEMHFW RI QDWLRQZLGH MRVWOLQJ DV JRYHUQPHQWV RI HDFK VWDWH YLHG WR Â´ZHOFRPHÂµ DQG Â´KRXVHÂµ WKHP 7KRVH VWDWH JRYHUQPHQWV WKDW Â´PLVVHG RXWÂµ RQ WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR JUDQW Â´VDIH KDYHQÂµ WR WKH UHIXJHHV

UHSHDWHGO\ H[SUHVVHG Â´GLVDSSRLQWPHQWÂµ 5HDGHUV ZHUH WROG WKDW Â´ZDU ZHDU\ .RVRYR UHIXJHHVÂµ Â´JUDWHIXO IRU VDQFWXDU\Âµ ZRXOG Â´HQULFK $XVWUDOLDÂ·V FXOWXUDO DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO FDSLWDO DQG PDNH H[FHOOHQW FLWL]HQVÂµ 7KHVH UHIXJHHV ZHUH FRQVLG HUHG GHFHQW DQG GHVHUYLQJ Â´([FHOOHQW FLWL]HQVÂµ QHYHU FDPH RQ ÂÚDJ WDJÂµ ERDWV IURP ,QGRQHVLD +RZHYHU DQ\ GHYLDWLRQ IURP WKH LPDJH RI WKH SDVVLYH JUDWHIXO LQYLWHG UHIXJHH ZDV VRRQ PHW ZLWK D VZLIW UHWXUQ WR GHYDOXLQJ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI UHIXJHHV DV XQJUDWHIXO DJJUHVVLYH GHPDQGLQJ GUDLQLQJ DQG GLIIHUHQW 7KXV .RVRYDQV ZKR UHIXVHG WR HQWHU DQ LQDGHTXDWHO\ KHDWHG DUP\ EDUUDFNV ZHUH Â´GLVJUXQWOHGÂµ DQG Â´XQUHDVRQDEOHÂµ DQG Â´WKXPELQJ WKHLU QRVHVÂµ DW ÂÍUXVWUDWHG RIILFLDOVÂµ 0HGLD ODQJXDJH LPSOLFLWO\ KDUNV EDFN WR WKH SHULRG ZKHQ Â´SRSXODWH RU SHULVKÂµ DQG WKH :KLWH $XVWUDOLD 3ROLF\ H[SOLFLWO\ H[SUHVVHG UDFLVW IHDUV RI D Â´WKUHDWÂµ IURP $VLD DQG WKH QHHG IRU UDFLDOO\ H[FOXVLYH SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK $W WLPHV WKH UDFLDO DVVXPSWLRQV XQGHUO\LQJ PHGLD GHSLFWLRQ RI Â´LOOHJDOÂµ DV\OXP VHHNLQJ DUH PDGH H[SOLFLW $ UDFLDOO\ GHURJDWRU\ VWDWHPHQW IURP WKH 'HSXW\ 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU WKDW WKH PHVVDJH WKDW $XVWUDOLD ZDV GHWHUPLQHG WR SURWHFW LWV VKRUHV KDG WR ÂÚLSSOH XS

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Australia WKH EDPERR JUDSHYLQHÂµ ZHQW XQFKDO OHQJHG 7KH PHGLD WDLQW HWKQLF JURXSV ZLWK LPSXWDWLRQV RI FULPLQDOLW\ E\ DOOH JDWLRQV WKDW WKH\ DUH KHOSLQJ WR IXQG LOOHJDO DUULYDOV RU WKDW HWKQLF Â´FULPH V\Q GLFDWHVÂµ DUH SURILWLQJ IURP WUDIILFNLQJ 7KH XVH RI ORDGHG WHUPV VXFK DV Â´LQWH JUDWLRQÂµ Â´QDWLRQDO LQWHUHVWÂµ DQG Â´VRFLDO KDUPRQ\Âµ FDQ EH UHDG DV HXSKHPLVPV IRU UDFH 3UHVV FRYHUDJH KDV IRFXVHG RQ WKH GHYLDQW SUREOHP WKDW DV\OXP VHHNHUV DQG UHIXJHHV UHSUHVHQW WR WKH UREXVW $XVWUDOLDQ QDWLRQ DQG WKH QHHG IRU D VWURQJ VWDWH WR NHHS RXW DQG FRQWURO WKH PHQDFH :LWK IHZ H[FHSWLRQV UHSRUWV RQ DV\OXP VHHNHUV DQG UHIXJHHV KDYH QRW EHHQ LQWHUHVWHG LQ OLVWHQLQJ WR WKH YRLFHV RI DV\OXP VHHNHUV QRU RI KRPH FRXQWU\ FRQGLWLRQV RU FRQGLWLRQV RI IOLJKW :KHQ DOWHUQDWLYH YLHZV DUH RIIHUHG WKH\ DUH XVXDOO\ SUHVHQWHG DV Â´KXPDQ LQWHUHVWÂµ VWRULHV UDWKHU WKDQ Â´KDUGÂµ QHZV 6RPH MRXUQDOLVWV KDYH UDLVHG SURWHVWV DJDLQVW WKH SUHYDLOLQJ PHGLD VWHUHRW\S LQJ EXW LQ JHQHUDO WKH\ KDYH EHHQ LJQRUHG E\ WKH ZDYHV RI SUHVV FRYHUDJH SUHRFFXSLHG ZLWK Â´QRUPDOLW\Âµ Â´FRPPRQ VHQVHÂµ DQG WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKH QDWLRQ VWDWH DQG UDFH 0LVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI DV\OXP VHHNHUV DQG UHIXJHHV KDYH JRQH XQDFNQRZOHGJHG DQG XQFKDOOHQJHG 6XFK FRYHUDJH KDV PHDQW WKDW Â¶UXOH EUHDNHUVÂ·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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Working with the media: notes for refugee advocates by Melissa Phillips

(

DUOLHU WKLV \HDU , UHFHLYHG D SKRQH FDOO IURP D MRXUQDOLVW ZDQWLQJ WR GR D VWRU\ DERXW LPPLJUDWLRQ GHWHQWLRQ , H[SODLQHG LQ GHWDLO WKH LVVXHV IRU DV\OXP VHHNHUV SODFHG LQ FHQ WUHV LQ UHPRWH SDUWV RI $XVWUDOLD WKH SUREOHPV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH SULYDWL]D WLRQ RI GHWHQWLRQ FHQWUHV DQG WKH OHQJWK RI WLPH PDQ\ SHRSOH KDG EHHQ GHWDLQHG $IWHU DERXW PLQXWHV VKH WROG PH VKH QHHGHG Â´D QHZ DQJOH RQ WKH VWRU\Âµ )HHOLQJ WKDW , KDG SUHVHQWHG HQRXJK Â¶DQJOHVÂ· , ZDV IUXVWUDWHG E\ KHU UHDFWLRQ WR DQ LVVXH ZKLFK IRU UHIXJHH DGYRFDWHV ZDV VR LPSRUWDQW :K\ ZDVQÂ·W WKH VWRU\ LWVHOI HQRXJK" 7KH MRXUQDOLVW REYLRXVO\ GLVDSSRLQWHG HQGHG RXU FRQYHUVDWLRQ DQG VDLG VKH ZRXOG WKLQN PRUH DERXW ZKDW , KDG VDLG 1R VWRU\ ZDV SURGXFHG

5HFHQWO\ DV WKH DUWLFOH E\ 6KDURQ 3LFNHULQJ PDNHV FOHDU WKHUH KDYH EHHQ PDQ\ VWRULHV RI Â¶LOOHJDO LPPLJUDQWVÂ· FRP LQJ WR $XVWUDOLD LQ Â¶ERDWORDGVÂ· $FFRXQWV RI DV\OXP VHHNHUV UHOHDVHG IURP GHWHQ WLRQ FHQWUHV DQG WKHQ SURFHVVHG IRU VRFLDO VHFXULW\ SD\PHQWV KDYH SURYHQ LUUHVLVWLEOH IRU FXUUHQW DIIDLUV SURGXFHUV HDJHU WR DLU D VWRU\ DERXW Â¶LOOHJDOVÂ· WR UDLVH WKH LUH RI YLHZHUV 7KHVH VWRULHV RSHUDWH E\ ZRUNLQJ RQ SUH FRQFHLYHG DQG RIWHQ UDFLVW P\WKV DERXW SHRSOH VHHNLQJ WR HQWHU Â¶RXUÂ· FRXQWU\ :KLOH WKH 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO RI $XVWUDOLD 5&2$ FRQWLQXHV WR FKDOOHQJH WKHVH GRPLQDQW P\WKV WKURXJK PHGLD UHOHDVHV HQVXULQJ RXU SRVLWLRQ DSSHDUV DORQJVLGH WKH JRYHUQPHQWÂ·V LQ SUHVV UHSRUWV DQG WKURXJK RXU ZHEVLWH ZH RIWHQ IDFH WKH SUREOHP RI KDYLQJ WR EH UHDFWLYH UDWKHU WKDQ SURDFWLYH ,W LV HDVLHU IRU KDUG SUHVVHG MRXUQDOLVWV WR SDUDSKUDVH UKHWRULF LQ JRYHUQPHQW SUHVV UHOHDVHV WKDQ JR RXW ORRNLQJ IRU WKH Â¶RWKHU VWRU\Â· 6HW RXW EHORZ DUH VRPH RI WKH LVVXHV IDFHG E\ 5&2$ DQG RWKHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV

ZRUNLQJ ZLWK DQG IRU UHIXJHHV DQG DV\ OXP VHHNHUV ZKHQ ZH WU\ WR QHJRWLDWH WKH ZRUOG RI WKH SRSXODU SUHVV DQG FKDO OHQJH QHJDWLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI RXU FOLHQWV

Does it have to be â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;usâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; versus â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;themâ&#x20AC;&#x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

We donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t publicize what we do; we just do it. 0DQ\ VRFLDO ZRUNHUV DQG FDVH PDQDJHUV ZRUN IRU RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKDW DUH VR EXV\ UHVSRQGLQJ WR LVVXHV WKDW WKH\ GR QRW KDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VWRS DWWHQGLQJ WR FOLHQWV DQG VWDUW SXEOLFL]LQJ WKHLU ZRUN ,W FDQ WKXV EH GLIILFXOW IRU 5&2$ WR ILQG VWRULHV WR KLJKOLJKW :KHUHDV ZKHQ D FRPSDQ\ PDNHV DQ LPSRUWDQW VDOH LW PLJKW SXW RXW D SUHVV UHOHDVH D ORFDO 0LJUDQW 5HVRXUFH &HQWUH GRHV QRW VHH D Â¶VXFFHVVÂ· ZLWK D FOLHQW DV DQ RSSRU WXQLW\ WR UDLVH DZDUHQHVV DERXW WKHLU ZRUN 5HODWHG WR WKLV ODFN RI 35 VNLOOV LV D IXUWKHU SUREOHP

Australia If I had wanted to work with the media I would not have done social work. 3XW VLPSO\ PDQ\ RI WKH SHRSOH ZKR ZRUN ZLWK UHIXJHHV DQG DV\OXP VHHNHUV DUH VRFLDO DQG FRPPXQLW\ ZRUNHUV :H GR QRW KDYH PHGLD WUDLQLQJ )RU XV WKH PHGLD OLNH WKH ZRUOG RI SROLF\ DQG JRY HUQPHQW LV XQNQRZQ WHUULWRU\ ZH KDYH WR OHDUQ WR QHJRWLDWH 2XU VNLOOV DUH QRW LQ WKH PHGLD DQG ZH ZRUN ZLWK RXU FOLHQWV QRW MRXUQDOLVWV 5HFRJQL]LQJ WKLV JDS DQG WDNLQJ D SURDFWLYH DSSURDFK VRPH 0LJUDQW 5HVRXUFH &HQWUHV KDYH VWDUWHG WR RUJDQL]H PHGLD VNLOOV FRXUVHV IRU ZRUNHUV WR OHDUQ KRZ WR FRSH ZKHQ WKHLU FRPPXQLW\ VXGGHQO\ EHFRPHV D Â¶KRW WRSLFÂ· IRU WKH PHGLD :RUNHUV KDYH OHDUQW WKDW HQVXULQJ SRVLWLYH SUHVV LV YLWDO IRU KRZ WKHLU FOLHQWV DUH UHFHLYHG E\ WKH KRVW FRPPXQLW\ ,W PLJKW EH WKDW PHGLD VNLOOV WUDLQLQJ QHHGV WR EHFRPH SDUW RI SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW IRU FRPPXQLW\ ZRUNHUV DW WKH Â¶FRDO IDFHÂ· .H\ DJHQFLHV QHHG WR FRQWLQXH WR HGX FDWH WKHLU PHPEHUV DERXW WKH UROH RI WKH PHGLD DQG HQFRXUDJH ZRUNHUV WR H[SDQG WKHLU NQRZOHGJH DQG KRQH WKHLU PHGLD VNLOOV

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

Exile Images ([LOH ,PDJHV LV D VSHFLDOLVW SKRWR DJHQF\ HVWDEOLVKHG E\ %ULWLVK SKRWR MRXUQDOLVW +RZDUG 'DYLHV ZKRVH SKRWRV RIWHQ DSSHDU LQ )RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ DQG ZKR ZURWH D SLHFH HQWLWOHG Â¶'LJQLW\Â· IRU RXU Â¶,VVXHV RI WKH QHZ PLOOHQQLXPÂ· IHDWXUH LQ LVVXH ([LOH ,PDJHV KROGV PRUH WKDQ E Z SULQWV DQG FRORXU WUDQV SDUHQFLHV GRFXPHQWLQJ WKH OLYHV RI UHIXJHHV DQG GLVSODFHG SHRSOHV DQG WKH FLYLO ZDUV DQG RSSUHVVLRQ ZKLFK FDXVH SHRSOH WR IOHH WKHLU KRPHODQGV

How can we represent our clients and not label them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Â·V $XVWUDOLDQ RI WKH <HDU 6LU *XVWDY 1RVVDO DOVR FDPH WR $XVWUDOLD DV D UHIXJHH DQG ZH KDYH EHHQ JUDQWHG SHU PLVVLRQ WR UDLVH DZDUHQHVV DERXW WKLV LQ WDONV WKDW ZH SUHVHQW 6R SURIRXQG LV WKH LQIOXHQFH RI WKH PDVV PHGLD RQ SHRSOHÂ·V OLYHV DQG WKH ZD\V

:HEVLWH ZZZ H[LOHLPDJHV FR XN (PDLO SLFV#H[LOHLPDJHV FR XN 7HO )D[

Visit the FMR website ZZZ IPUHYLHZ RUJ WR DFFHVV Â&#x2021; FXUUHQW LVVXH Â&#x2021; EDFN LVVXHV Â&#x2021; GHWDLOV RQ IRUWKFRPLQJ LVVXHV DQG KRZ WR FRQWULEXWH Â&#x2021; FXUUHQW DQG EDFN LVVXHV RI $UDELF HGLWLRQ Â&#x2021; 6SDQLVK HGLWLRQ Â&#x2021; EHVW VHW RI UHIXJHH ,'3 OLQNV RQ WKH QHW Â&#x2021; QHZV HYHQWV UHVRXUFHV Â&#x2021; 'LG \RX NQRZ" VHOHFWLRQ RI SURYRNLQJ DQG SHUWLQHQW IDFWV

6XEVFULEH GLUHFWO\ YLD WKH ZHEVLWH

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

A refugee at my door: training for police in Uganda by Pamela Reynell

JDQGD FXUUHQWO\ KRVWV RYHU UHIXJHHV 5HFHQW FRQIOLFWV LQ QHLJKERXULQJ 'HPRFUDWLF 5HSXEOLF RI &RQJR 5ZDQGD DQG %XUXQGL DV ZHOO DV WKH ORQJ VWDQGLQJ FLYLO ZDU LQ VRXWKHUQ 6XGDQ FRQWLQXH WR JHQHUDWH D VWHDG\ IORZ RI GLVSODFHG SHRSOH ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV WKH ILUVW SRLQW RI FRQWDFW EHWZHHQ DQ DV\OXP VHHNHU DQG WKH 8JDQGDQ JRY HUQPHQW LV D SROLFH RIILFHU 8QGHU 8JDQGDQ ODZ DQ DV\OXP VHHNHU PXVW UHJLVWHU ZLWK DQ Â¶HQWU\ SRLQW RIILFLDOÂ· LQ WKH PDMRULW\ RI FDVHV HLWKHU D SROLFH RU LPPLJUDWLRQ RIILFHU ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV DV\ OXP VHHNHUV HQWHU 8JDQGD ZLWK QR GRFXPHQWV RU ZLWK IDOVH LGHQWLW\ GRFX PHQWV RIWHQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ XQQHFHVVDU\ FRQYLFWLRQV FXVWRGLDO VHQWHQFHV DQG XOWLPDWHO\ GHSRUWDWLRQ

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Â·V )DFXOW\ RI /DZ

The training course 7KH 5HIXJHH /DZ 3URMHFWÂ·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ardstikker

Police officers are often the first point of contact for asylum seekers; frequently, however, they receive little or no training in refugee issues. In various countries in East Africa, organizations are attempting to address this problem.

$ WKUHH \HDU VRFLR OHJDO UHVHDUFK SURJUDPPH IRFXVLQJ RQ KXPDQ ULJKWV DQG UHIXJHHV ILUVW LGHQWLILHG WKH QHHG WR RIIHU WKH 8JDQGDQ 3ROLFH )RUFH VSHFLDOLVW WUDLQLQJ LQ WKH ILHOG RI UHIXJHH ODZ 7KLV UHVHDUFK SURJUDPPH EDVHG DW WKH 0DNHUHUH ,QVWLWXWH RI 6RFLDO 5HVHDUFK LQ .DPSDOD FRQGXFWHG D VXUYH\ RI SROLFH RIILFHUV WR DVFHUWDLQ WKHLU OHYHO RI NQRZOHGJH DQG XQGHU VWDQGLQJ RI WKH FRPSOH[ LVVXHV LQYROYHG %DVHG Sudanese refugees at transit centre, Uganda

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

LQ GHDOLQJ ZLWK UHIXJHHV DQG GHYHORSHG D VHULHV RI UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV FRQVROLGDWHG LQWR D SDSHU HQWLWOHG Â¶$ UHIXJHH DW P\ GRRU YHWWLQJ DQG FDWHJRUL]LQJ SURFH GXUHVÂ·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Â¶$ UHIXJHH DW P\ GRRU YHWWLQJ DQG FDWHJRUL]LQJ SURFHGXUHVÂ· LGHQWLILHG WKH NH\ GLIILFXOWLHV IDFHG E\ DV\OXP VHHNHUV DQG WKH DXWKRULWLHV DW HQWU\ SRLQWV SURYLGLQJ D XVHIXO LQVLJKW LQWR ZKDW LV UHTXLUHG WR LPSURYH WKH IOX LGLW\ RI SURFHGXUH DQG D IXUWKHU EDVLV IRU GLDORJXH EHWZHHQ WKH 5HIXJHH /DZ 3URMHFW DQG WKH *RYHUQPHQW RI 8JDQGD

Recommendations and the way forward $VLGH IURP REYLRXV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV WR GLUHFWO\ RYHUFRPH WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG GLIILFXOWLHV LGHQWLILHG LQ WKH UHSRUW LH JUHDWHU DFFHVV WR IXQGLQJ DQG UHVRXUFHV D QXPEHU RI RWKHU UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV ZHUH SXW IRUZDUG 7KHVH LQFOXGHG WKH WUDLQLQJ RU VHQVLWL]DWLRQ QRW RQO\ RI SROLFH RIILFHUV DQG RWKHU JRYHUQPHQW

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Â¶UHIXJHH PDQ DJHPHQW WHDPÂ· WR FRQVLVW RI VHQLRU SROLFH LPPLJUDWLRQ GLVWULFW LQWHUQDO VHFXULW\ PLOLWDU\ LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG 1*2 VWDII WR EH FKDLUHG E\ WKH 5HVLGHQW 'LVWULFW &RPPLVVLRQHU ZDV SURSRVHG 7R WKLV HQG LW ZDV UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW DOO LQWHUHVWHG SDUWLHV EH HQFRXUDJHG WR DWWHQG ZRUNVKRSV RQ UHIXJHH ODZ DQG ULJKWV SUHIHUDEO\ WR EH KHOG LQ WKH UHIXJHH KRVWLQJ GLVWULFWV -XGJLQJ IURP WKH SDUWLFLSDQWVÂ· IHHGEDFN LW DSSHDUV WKDW PXFK FDQ EH GRQH WR LQWHJUDWH WKH GLIIHUHQW JRYHUQPHQW ERG LHV LQYROYHG ZLWK UHIXJHHV DW GLVWULFW OHYHO $W SUHVHQW WKHUH VHHPV WR EH RQO\ PLQLPDO LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ SROLFH

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Â·V UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV ZKRVH MRE LW LV WR ZRUN ZLWK WKHP 3DPHOD 5H\QHOO LV 'LUHFWRU RI WKH 5HIXJHH /DZ 3URMHFW )DFXOW\ RI /DZ 0DNHUHUH 8QLYHUVLW\ 32 %R[ .DPSDOD 8JDQGD 7R REWDLQ D IXOO UHSRUW RI WKH WUDLQLQJ FRXUVH ZLWK WLPHWDEOH SDUWLFLSDQWVÂ· UHSRUW DQG H[DP TXHVWLRQV HPDLO UOS#LQIR FRP FR XJ

Refugee Consortium Kenya 7

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Â·V /DZ\HUV ),'$ EXW QR WUDLQLQJ DV \HW RQ UHIXJHH ODZ *LYHQ WKH VXFFHVV WKDW ),'$ KDV KDG ZLWK LWV SURJUDPPH IRU WKH SROLFH 5&. LV H[SORULQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI UXQQLQJ D MRLQW SURJUDPPH RQ UHIXJHH DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ IRU WKH SROLFH IRFXVLQJ RQ KXPDQ ULJKWV ODZ DQG WKH LQWHUQD WLRQDO LQVWUXPHQWV WKDW JRYHUQ UHIXJHH SURWHFWLRQ 7KH FRXUVH LV LQWHQGHG IRU LQFOXVLRQ LQ WKH SROLFH FROOHJH FXUULFXOXP WR LPSURYH JUDGXDWLQJ SROLFH RIILFHUVÂ· NQRZOHGJH DQG DZDUHQHVV RI UHIXJHH VLWXDWLRQV DQG WKH LVVXHV IDFLQJ WKHP )XWXUH SODQV LQFOXGH WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI D UHIXJHH GHVN LQ SROLFH VWDWLRQV LQ NH\ FRPPXQL WLHV ZLWK KLJK UHIXJHH SRSXODWLRQV LQ RUGHU D WR HQVXUH WKDW UHIXJHH LVVXHV DQG FRQFHUQV UHFHLYH GXH DWWHQWLRQ DQG E WR FUHDWH PRUH UHIXJHH IULHQGO\ SROLFH VWDWLRQV E\ $EL *LWDUL ([HFXWLYH 'LUHFWRU RI WKH 5HIXJHH &RQVRUWLXP .HQ\D &RQWDFW 5&. 32 %R[ /DYLQJWRQ 1DLUREL .HQ\D 7HO ID[ (PDLO JLWDULDEL#LFRQQHFW FR NH

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

The next HCR must refocus on protection by Ed Schenkenberg van Mierop

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Â·V PLJUDWLRQ IORZV 7KHUH LV D FXUUHQW WHQGHQF\ WR EOXU WKH SULQFLSOHV RI UHIXJHH SURWHFWLRQ ZLWK GHEDWHV DERXW PLJUDWLRQ SROLF\ 7KH QH[W +&5 PXVW QRW VK\ DZD\ IURP UHLWHUDWLQJ WKH SRLQW UHFHQWO\ PDGH E\ 81+&5Â·V 'LUHFWRU RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3URWHFWLRQ WKDW Â´DV\OXP LV D SURWHFWLRQ WRRO QRW D PLJUDWLRQ WRROÂµ 7KH QHZ 81+&5 KHDG PXVW SXVK JRYHUQPHQWV WR UHDIILUP WKH FHQWUDOLW\ RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQ LQ UHIXJHH SURWHFWLRQ 6 KH VKRXOG WDNH WKH OHDG WR HQVXUH WKDW UHIXJHH SURWHF WLRQ LV QRW VXEVXPHG E\ WKH PLJUDWLRQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV RI JRYHUQPHQWV $QRWKHU PDMRU WDVN IDFLQJ WKH QH[W +&5 ZLOO EH WR UHVWRUH WKH DJHQF\Â·V LPDJH DQG WR UHDVVHUW LWV PDQGDWHG UROH WR SURWHFW UHIXJHHV 'XULQJ WKH V 81+&5 WHQGHG WR IRFXV RQ ODUJH VFDOH UHOLHI RSHUDWLRQV UDWKHU WKDQ SURWHFWLRQ 81+&5Â·V Â¶LQ FRXQWU\ RSHUDWLRQVÂ· LQ WKH IRUPHU <XJRVODYLD ZHUH XQSUHFHGHQWHG WKH UHOLHI SURYLGHG ZDV HQRUPRXV EXW 81+&5 ZDV XQDEOH WR SURYLGH SURWHF WLRQ ,Q HDVWHUQ =DLUH 81+&5 KDV DUJXHG WKDW WKH VHSDUDWLRQ RI UHIXJHHV DQG

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Â¶JHQRFLGDLUHVÂ·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Â¶ELWLQJ WKH KDQG WKDW IHHGVÂ· ,Q RWKHU SDUWV RI WKH ZRUOG LW KDV DOVR IHOW WKH SUHVVXUHV RI JRYHUQPHQWV WLUHG RI KRVWLQJ UHIXJHHV ZLWKLQ WKHLU ERUGHUV 81+&5 KDV WRR RIWHQ EHFRPH DQ DFFRP SOLFH LQ YLRODWLQJ WKH &RQYHQWLRQ 2Q VHYHUDO RFFDVLRQV LW KDV DVVLVWHG JRYHUQ PHQWV WR FDUU\ RXW IRUFHG UHWXUQ RSHUDWLRQV ,Q RUGHU WR PDLQWDLQ D SUHV HQFH ZLWK UHIXJHHV DIWHU WKHLU UHWXUQ 81+&5 KDV UHVSRQGHG WR VWDWH SUHV VXUHV E\ GHILQLQJ QHZ FDWHJRULHV VXFK DV Â¶LPSRVHG UHWXUQÂ· RU Â¶UHWXUQ XQGHU OHVV WKDQ RSWLPDO FLUFXPVWDQFHVÂ· 7KH SURWHFWLRQ RI UHIXJHHV KRZHYHU LQKHUHQWO\ LPSOLHV WDNLQJ VLGHV ZLWK UHIXJHHV QRW ZLWK JRYHUQPHQWV 7DNLQJ SRVLWLRQV FRQWUDU\ WR WKRVH RI JRYHUQ PHQWV VKRXOG QRW EH SHUFHLYHG DV EHLQJ

GLDPHWULFDOO\ RSSRVHG WR PDLQWDLQLQJ DFFHVV WR UHIXJHHV

7KH WDVNV DKHDG ZLOO UHTXLUH VWURQJ DQG SULQFLSOHG OHDGHUVKLS RQ WKH SDUW RI WKH QH[W +&5 :KHQ WKH DJHQF\Â·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

update update Loss of life in eastern Congo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Â² D WUDJLF FRQVHTXHQFH RI D KHDOWK FDUH V\VWHP GHVWUR\HG E\ ZDU SHU FHQW RI WKRVH ZKR KDYH GLHG DUH XQGHU WKH DJH RI ILYH %DQGLWU\ UDSH PDVVDFUH DQG IRUFLEOH GLVSODFHPHQW KDYH FKDUDFWHUL]HG WKH EDFN DQG IRUWK PRYHPHQWV RI DUPLHV DFURVV WKH UHJLRQ 7KHUH DUH QRZ WKUHH UHODWHG FLUFOHV RI FRQIOLFW WKH FLYLO ZDU EHWZHHQ .DELOD DQG KLV HQHPLHV DQ HWK QLF ZDU DJDLQVW 7XWVLV DQG WKH FRQIOLFW EHWZHHQ 5ZDQGD 8JDQGD DQG %XUXQGL RQ WKH VLGH RI WKH UHEHOV DQG =LPEDEZH $QJROD DQG 1DPLELD EDFNLQJ .DELOD

7KH IXOO ,5& UHSRUW LV DW ZZZ LQWUHVFRP RUJ PRUWDOL W\ FIP /DWHVW QHZV IURP WKH &RQJR ZDU LV DW ZZZ RQHZRUOG QHW GLVSDWFKHV FRQJR LQGH[ KWPO

Humanitarian Accountability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

)XUWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ LV DYDLODEOH DW ZZZ RQHZRUOG RUJ RPEXGVPDQ RU IURP 'HERUDK 'RDQH 3URMHFW 0DQDJHU +$3 F R %ULWLVK 5HG &URVV *URVYHQRU &UHVFHQW /RQGRQ 6: ; (- 8. 7HO (PDLO GGRDQH#UHGFURVV RUJ XN

Crisis in Eritrea 7KH UHFHQW IODUH XS LQ WKH WZR \HDU ROG (WKLRSLDQ (ULWUHDQ ERUGHU ZDU KDV FRP ELQHG ZLWK WKH GURXJKW DIIOLFWLQJ WKH +RUQ WR FUHDWH DQ XQSUHFHGHQWHG

KXPDQLWDULDQ FULVLV (ULWUHDQ DXWKRULWLHV UHSRUW WKDW SHRSOH KDOI WKH FRXQWU\Â·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

)RU ODWHVW LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKLV OLWWOH UHSRUWHG KXPDQLWDU LDQ FULVLV YLVLW ZZZ DIULFDQHZV RUJ HDVW HULWUHD DQG ZZZ YLVDIULF FRP QHZV KWP

Asylum seekers in the media $V WKH 8. JRYHUQPHQWÂ·V QHZ SROLF\ RI GLVSHUVLQJ UHIXJHHV DFURVV %ULWDLQ FRPHV LQWR HIIHFW SUHVV FRYHUDJH RI DV\OXP VHHNHUV KDV EHFRPH LQFUHDVLQJO\ QHJDWLYH ,Q UHVSRQVH WKH 8. $XGLW &RPPLVVLRQ KDV FDOOHG RQ QDWLRQDO DQG ORFDO JRYHUQ PHQW KRXVLQJ DVVRFLDWLRQV KHDOWK DXWKRULWLHV UHIXJHH DVVRFLDWLRQV UDFH HTXDOLW\ FRXQFLOV DQG RWKHU ERGLHV WR ZRUN WRJHWKHU WR GHYHORS VWUDWHJLHV WR FRXQWHU LQDFFXUDWH DQG UDFLVW GHSLFWLRQ

UNIYA/Jesuit Refugee Service

$OO VHWV RI FRPEDWDQWV KDYH GLVUHJDUGHG WKH UXOHV RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ &LYLOLDQV DUH EHLQJ LQGLVFULPLQDWHO\ WDUJHWWHG E\ DOO VLGHV WR WKH FRQIOLFW SHU FHQW RI WKRVH ZKR KDYH GLHG YLROHQWO\ DUH ZRPHQ DQG FKLOGUHQ 7KH 81 HVWL PDWHV WKDW PLOOLRQ SHRSOH RQH WKLUG RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ DUH Â´LQ FULWLFDO QHHG RI IRRGÂµ DQG PLOOLRQ SHRSOH DUH GLV SODFHG $LG DJHQFLHV FRPSODLQ WKDW WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\ KDV RYHUORRNHG WKH KXPDQLWDULDQ LPSDFW RI FRQIOLFW RQ D ODUJH HPHUJHQF\ DIIHFWHG SRSXODWLRQ

,Q FRQWUDVW WR WKH ODUJH DPRXQW RI DLG WKDW ZDV SURYLGHG WR 5ZDQGD DQG WR UHIXJHH FDPSV RI 5ZDQGDQV DQG %XUXQ GLDQV KDUGO\ DQ\ DLG KDV EHHQ SURYLGHG WR &RQJROHVH FLYLOLDQV FDXJKW XS LQ WKH FRQIOLFW

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

updateupdate RI DV\OXP VHHNHUV LQ WKH ORFDO DQG QDWLRQDO PHGLD 7KH 3UHVV:LVH 7UXVWÂ·V 5HIXJHHV $V\OXP 6HHNHUV DQG 0DVV 0HGLD 3URMHFW 5$0

ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG LQ WR SOD\ VXFK D UROH ,W ZRUNV ZLWK DJHQFLHV WR LPSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI FRYHUDJH LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH FRPPXQLW\ UHODWLRQV UDFLDO KDU PRQ\ LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG VRFLDO LQFOXVLRQ %DFNHG E\ GR]HQV RI UHIXJHH UHODWHG RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKURXJKRXW (XURSH DQG VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH -RVHSK 5RZQWUHH &KDULWDEOH 7UXVW 5$0 ZRUNV FORVHO\ ZLWK RWKHU PHGLD RUJDQL]DWLRQV 5$0 LV RIIHULQJ PHGLD EULHILQJV WUDLQLQJ SDFN DJHV Â¶PHHW WKH HGLWRUVÂ· VHPLQDUV UHVHDUFK DQG DGYLFH )RU PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ YLVLW WKH 3UHVV:LVH ZHEVLWH DW KWWS ZZZ SUHVVZLVH RUJ XN (PDLO UDP#SUHVVZLVH RUJ XN

Britain in dock over Diego Garcia %HWZHHQ DQG %ULWDLQ IRUFLEO\ UHPRYHG WKH HQWLUH SRSXODWLRQ RI WKH &KDJRV DUFKLSHODJR LQ WKH ,QGLDQ 2FHDQ WR PDNH ZD\ IRU WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI D 86 PLOLWDU\ EDVH RQ 'LHJR *DUFLD WKH ODUJHVW DWROO LQ WKH JURXS 7KH ,ORLV LQKDELWDQWV GHVFULEHG DW WKH WLPH E\ D %ULWLVK GLSORPDW DV Â´VRPH IHZ 7DU]DQV RU 0DQ )ULGD\V ZKRVH RULJLQV DUH REVFXUHÂµ ZHUH UHVHWWOHG LQ 0DXULWLXV DQG LQ WKH 6H\FKHOOHV WKHQ %ULWLVK FRORQLHV 7KH &KDJRV DUFKLSHODJR QRPL QDOO\ SDUW RI WKH %ULWLVK ,QGLDQ 2FHDQ 7HUULWRU\ LV XQGHU 86 PLOLWDU\ FRQWURO %ULWLVK Â¶DGPLQLVWUDWRUVÂ·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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

debate debate

In this section, readers respond to the feature on land and property issues in Forced Migration Review issue 7. Housing and property issues: recent developments by Bret Thiele )05 GLVFXVVHG KRXVLQJ DQG SURSHUW\ LVVXHV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI UHIXJHH DQG ,'3 UHWXUQ 6LQFH WKHQ WKH 81 &RPPLVVLRQ RQ +XPDQ 5LJKWV PHW IRU LWV WK VHV VLRQ DW ZKLFK LW DGRSWHG WKUHH UHVROXWLRQV LPSDFWLQJ XSRQ KRXVLQJ DQG SURSHUW\ LVVXHV 7KH &RPPLVVLRQÂ·V UHVROXWLRQ FRQFHUQLQJ ,'3V 81 'RF ( &1 5(6

UHTXHVWV WKDW WKH 81 6HFUHWDU\ *HQHUDO GLVVHPLQDWH 6XE &RPPLVVLRQ RQ WKH 3URPRWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ RI +XPDQ 5LJKWV UHVROXWLRQ HQWLWOHG Â·+RXVLQJ DQG SURSHUW\ UHVWLWXWLRQ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH UHWXUQ RI UHIXJHHV DQG LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHG SHUVRQVÂ·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Â·V HTXDO RZQHU VKLS RI DFFHVV WR DQG FRQWURO RYHU ODQG DQG WKH HTXDO ULJKW WR RZQ SURSHUW\ DQG WR DGHTXDWH KRXVLQJ 81 'RF ( &1 5(6 UHFRJQL]HG WKDW ZRPHQ RIWHQ IDFH GLVFULPLQDWLRQ LQ WKHVH PDW WHUV 7KH UHVROXWLRQ DIILUPHG WKDW GLVFULPLQDWLRQ LQ ODZ DJDLQVW ZRPHQ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKHVH LVVXHVFRQVWLWXWHV D YLRODWLRQ RI ZRPHQÂ·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

debatedebatedebatedebate 39

debatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebate DGHTXDWH KRXVLQJ ZLOO IDFLOLWDWH WKLV SURFHVV $V 6FRWW /HFNLH SRLQWV RXW LQ )05 KRXVLQJ DQG SURSHUW\ UHVWLWXWLRQ KDV HPHUJHG DV RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRU WDQW FRPSRQHQWV RI SRVW FRQIOLFW UHFRQFLOLDWLRQ DQG UHKDELOLWDWLRQ 7KLV FRPSRQHQW FDQ QR ORQJHU EH LJQRUHG %UHW 7KLHOH LV D /HJDO &RQVXOWDQW ZLWK &2+5( DV ZHOO DV DQ DVVLVWDQW WR RQH RI WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH 6XE &RPPLVVLRQ (PDLO EUHWBWKLHOH#\DKRR FRP

Compensation to IDPs in Colombia by Sean Loughna and Robert Muggah ,Q KLV DUWLFOH RQ Â¶$UDEOH ODQG DQG LQWHU QDO GLVSODFHPHQW LQ &RORPELDÂ·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Â·V OHJDF\ RI SDVW IDLO XUHV DQG FRQWURYHUVLDO UHVSRQVHV WR WKH

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Â·V FUL VLV +RZHYHU 3HWWHUVVRQ GLVFXVVHV GLVSODFHPHQW DQG ODQG DSSURSULDWLRQ SHUSHWUDWHG E\ SDUDPLOLWDU\ IRUFHV ZLWK

RXW PHQWLRQLQJ WKRVH FDUULHG RXW GLUHFW O\ RU LQGLUHFWO\ DV UHVXOW RI WKH JXHUULOODV WKH DUP\ QDUFR WUDIILFNHUV DQG JRYHUQPHQW SROLFLHV :KLOH WKH SDUD PLOLWDULHV DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU PRUH GLVSODFHPHQW LQ &RORPELD WKDQ DQ\ RWKHU DFWRU WKH WZR PDLQ JXHUULOOD JURXSV WKH )$5& DQG WKH (/1 DOVR WDUJHW FLYLOLDQV IRU GLVSODFHPHQW +DYLQJ KDQGHG RYHU FRQWURO RI D ODUJH Â¶GHPLOLWD UL]HG ]RQHÂ· LQ WKH VRXWK RI WKH FRXQWU\ WR WKH )$5& LQ -DQXDU\ WKH JRYHUQ PHQW LV FXUUHQWO\ SUHSDULQJ WR SXOO LWV WURRSV RXW RI D VHFRQG VPDOOHU ]RQH WR HQDEOH WKH (/1 WR KROG D Â¶QDWLRQDO SHDFH FRQYHQWLRQÂ·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

PLOLWDU\ DLG WR WKH &RORPELDQ JRYHUQ PHQW RIILFLDOO\ WR FUXVK GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ 7KH DUHDV ZKLFK WKH 86 SURSRVHV WR WDU JHW KRZHYHU DUH RQO\ WKRVH FRQWUROOHG E\ WKH JXHUULOODV DQG QRW WKH SDUDPLOL WDULHV GHVSLWH WKH '($Â·V RZQ DGPLVVLRQ RI WKH SDUDPLOLWDULHVÂ·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

debatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebate 40

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/rsc New director appointed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

Harold Koh to give Harrell-Bond Lecture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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

5HIXJHH 6WXGLHV &HQWUH 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK +RXVH 6W *LOHV 2[IRUG 2; /$ 8. 7HO )D[ (PDLO UVF#THK R[ DF XN

Alternative Futures: developing an agenda for legal research on asylum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Â&#x2021; 7KH URRWV DQG FDXVHV RI IRUFHG PLJUDWLRQ Â&#x2021; 7KH &RQYHQWLRQ RQ WKH 6WDWXV RI 5HIXJHHV DQG WKH 3URWRFRO Â&#x2021; 5HFRQFLOLQJ WKH VHFXULW\ RI LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK WKH VHFXULW\ RI VWDWHV Â&#x2021; 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ UHIXJHH DQG LPPLJUDWLRQ PRYHPHQWV Â&#x2021; +XPDQLWDULDQ ODZ KXPDQ ULJKWV ODZ DQG WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI UHIXJHHV Â&#x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

International Summer School in Forced Migration 7KH WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6XPPHU 6FKRRO KHOG DW :DGKDP &ROOHJH 2[IRUG ZDV WKH 5HIXJHH 6WXGLHV &HQWUHÂ·V ODUJHVW 6XPPHU 6FKRRO WR GDWH DWWHQGHG E\ SDUWLFLSDQWV IURP FRXQWULHV $IWHU GLVFXVVLRQ RI ZKDW LV PHDQW E\ WKH WHUP Â¶IRUFHG PLJUDWLRQÂ·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Â¶OHVVRQV OHDUQHGÂ· PRGXOH WKH DLP ZDV WR UHIOHFW RQ WKH 6XPPHU 6FKRRO LQ WKH OLJKW RI SURIHVVLRQDO H[SHULHQFH DQG IXWXUH FKDOOHQJHV DW ZRUN DQG WR IRUPDOLVH 6XPPHU 6FKRRO OHDUQLQJ DQG LWV SRVVLEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ WR SUDFWLFH 1H[W \HDUÂ·V 6XPPHU 6FKRRO ZLOO EH KHOG LQ 2[IRUG IURP -XO\ &RVW Â&#x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

Complex accountability

FFRXQWDELOLW\ LQ KXPDQLWDULDQ UHVSRQVHV WR GLVSODFHPHQW GHPDQGV WKDW UHOLHI DFWLYLWLHV UHIOHFW WKH JHQXLQH QHHGV DQG SULRULWLHV RI WKH GLVSODFHG +XPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQL]D WLRQV VKRXOG PDNH WKHPVHOYHV PRUH DFFRXQWDEOH WR WKH GLVSODFHG WKURXJK PHFKDQLVPV WR H[SUHVV WKHLU QHHGV DQG E\ EHLQJ WUDQVSDUHQW DERXW WKH RUJDQL]D WLRQÂ·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

Difficult decisions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

by Andreas Danevad VLWXDWLRQ UHDFKHV D FHUWDLQ WKUHVKROG +RZHYHU ZRUNLQJ LQ HPHUJHQF\ VLWXD WLRQV LQYROYHV GDLO\ EDODQFLQJ RI GLIIHULQJ LQWHUHVWV 7KH GHFLVLRQ E\ VHYHUDO 1*2V WR ZLWKGUDZ IURP VRXWKHUQ 6XGDQ LQ 0DUFK GHPRQVWUDWHG KRZ KXPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV RIWHQ KDYH WR ZHLJK WKH QHHGV RI WKH GLVSODFHG DJDLQVW IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOHV VXFK DV LPSDUWLDOLW\ DQG XQUHVWULFWHG DFFHVV

The role of governments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

When rebels rule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Â² ZHOO NQRZQ IURP WKH FDPSV LQ HDVWHUQ =DLUH LQ WKH PLG V Â² RI ZKHWKHU WR FRQWLQXH DVVLVWLQJ WKH GLVSODFHG HYHQ LI VXFK DVVLVWDQFH VXS SRUWV WKH DUPHG JURXS RU WR ZLWKGUDZ ,Q RWKHU FDVHV VXFK DV ZLWKLQ UHEHO KHOG DUHDV LQ 6LHUUD /HRQH RU (DVWHUQ '5& WKH GLVSODFHG PD\ QRW KDYH DQ\ DIILOLDWLRQ ZLWK WKH DUPHG JURXSV EXW WKH VHFXULW\ VLWXDWLRQ IUXVWUDWHV DWWHPSWV WR HVWDEOLVK

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

A relative concept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

)RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ

Editorial Advisory Board $OWKRXJK WKH ($% PHPEHUVÂˇ LQVWLWXWLRQDO DIILOLDWLRQV DUH OLVWHG EHORZ WKH\ VHUYH LQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO FDSDFLW\ DQG GR QRW QHFHVVDULO\ UHSUHVHQW WKHLU LQVWLWXWLRQV

-RQ %HQQHWW Oxford Development Consultants

% 6 &KLPLQL

Professor, School of International Studies, Department of International Law, Jawaharlal Nehru University

0DXULFH +HUVRQ Oxfam International Humanitarian Operations Coordinator

(ULQ 0RRQH\

Special Assistant, Representative of the UN Secretary-General on IDPs; Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

(LJLO 2OVHQ Head of Latin America Section, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oslo

%RQDYHQWXUH 5XWLQZD

Lecturer, Centre for the Study of Forced Migration, Faculty of Law, University of Dar es Salaam

The Directorate The Global IDP Project is a project of the Norwegian Refugee Council and is administered through its Geneva office.

-LOO 5XWWHU National Education Adviser, The Refugee Council (London)

/\QGDOO 6DFKV Public Information Officer, UNHCR, Branch Office, Great Britain and Ireland

Staff Project Coordinator: Marc Vincent Information Officers: Christophe Beau, Andreas Danevad, Bjorn Pettersson, Frederick Kok, Greta Zeender. Donor Relations: Tone Faret

'DQ 6H\PRXU Head of Djakovica/Gjakova Field Office, OSCE Mission, Kosovo

'DYLG 7XUWRQ Director, Refugee Studies Centre

0DUF 9LQFHQW Coordinator, Global IDP Project, Norwegian Refugee Council, Geneva

Major Donors Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada; DFID; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland; Norwegian Church Aid; Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs; Swedish International Development Agency; UNDP. Website Visit our database on internal displacement and get more information about the Global IDP Project on www.idpproject.org Contact us If you have any questions or comments, please contact us at: Global IDP Project Chemin MoĂŻse-Duboule 59 CH 1209 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 788 8085 Fax: + 41 22 788 8086 Email: idpsurvey@nrc.ch

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

/DXUHQFH :KLWHKHDG Official Fellow in Politics, Nuffield College, University of Oxford

)RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ LV IXQGHG PDLQO\ E\ JUDQWV IURP LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG DJHQFLHV LQYROYHG LQ GHYHORSPHQW DQG KXPDQLWDULDQ ZRUN :H ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH IROORZLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV IRU WKHLU FRPPLW PHQW WR )RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ LQ

8 FORCED MIGRATIONreview

August 2000

published by

the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project

$867&$5( 'DQLVK 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ /XWKHUDQ :RUOG )HGHUDWLRQ 1RUZHJLDQ 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO 2[IDP *% 6&) 8. 7KH )RUG )RXQGDWLRQ &DLUR 2IILFH

Accountability evaluations Âˇ ethics Âˇ beneficiary involvement capacity building Âˇ corporate responsibility plus features on India and Australia the next HCR Âˇ police training in Uganda debate, updates, conferences, publications and news

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

DQ\ FORVH FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH GLVSODFHG EH\RQG VSRUDGLF GHOLYHU\ RI HPHUJHQF\ LWHPV

conferences conferences Forthcoming Migration and Foreign Policy: a key nexus of domestic and international affairs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

Asylum as a Human Right 1RYHPEHU )UDQNIXUW DP 0DLQ *HUPDQ\ 7KLV LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH LV RUJD QL]HG E\ WKH (XURSHDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI /DZ\HUV IRU 'HPRFUDF\ DQG :RUOG +XPDQ 5LJKWV ($/'+ DQG ZLOO LQFOXGH VHVVLRQV RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH ODZ UHODWLQJ WR UHIXJHHV DQG WKH JUDQWLQJ RI UHIXJHH VWDWXV LQ (QJODQG )UDQFH *HUPDQ\ ,WDO\ DQG 6SDLQ (XURSHDQ 8QLILFDWLRQ DQG WKH ULJKW RI DV\OXP

KXPDQ ULJKWV DQG WKH ULJKWV RI UHIXJHHV LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO DQG (XURSHDQ ODZ DQG WKHLU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LQ QDWLRQDO ODZ SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW QRQ VWDWH SHUVHFXWLRQ DQG SHUVHFXWLRQ GXH WR VH[ 7KH FRQIHU HQFH ZLOO FRQFOXGH ZLWK D URXQG WDEOH GLVFXVVLRQ RQ :KDW IXWXUH IRU UHIXJHHV" ,V (XURSH D VDQFWXDU\ IRU UHIXJHHV" 6LPXOWDQRXV WUDQVODWLRQ (QJOLVK )UHQFK *HUPDQ )HH '0 &RQWDFW 7KRPDV 6FKPLGW ($/'+ 5RVV 6WU ' VVHOGRUI *HUPDQ\ 7HO 0RELOH )D[ (PDLO LQIR#HMGP GH )XOO GHWDLOV RQ ZHEVLWH ZZZ HMGP GH

Judges’ Round Table on Refugee Law 1RYHPEHU $GGLV $EDED 7KLV PHHWLQJ LV EHLQJ RUJDQL]HG E\ 81+&5 2$8 DV D IROORZ XS WR WKH ([SHUWV 0HHWLQJ KHOG LQ &RQDNU\ *XLQHD LQ 0DUFK ZKLFK OHG WR WKH DGRSWLRQ RI D &RPSUHKHQVLYH ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 3ODQ 7KH SXUSRVH RI WKH 1RYHPEHU PHHWLQJ LV IRU MXGJHV LQ WKH UHJLRQ (DVW DQG +RUQ RI $IULFD DQG WKH *UHDW /DNHV UHJLRQ

DQG RWKHU MXGJHV ZKR ZLOO EH LQYLWHG DV UHVRXUFH SHUVRQV WR VWXG\ WKH PDQQHU LQ ZKLFK WKH MXGLFLDO DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLYH V\VWHPV IXQFWLRQ LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH ULJKWV RI UHIXJHHV DQG UHFRPPHQG ZD\V DQG PHDQV E\ ZKLFK WKH WUHDWPHQW RI UHIXJHHV FDQ EH HQKDQFHG LQ WKLV UHJDUG &RQWDFW *HRUJH &KDSRQGD DW &+$321 '$#XQKFU FK

Recent PRDU: Research in Conflict Areas ,Q 0D\ WKH 3RVW :DU 5HFRQVWUXF WLRQ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW 8QLW 35'8 RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI <RUN KHOG D WKUHH GD\ FRQ IHUHQFH RQ UHVHDUFK LQ FRQIOLFW DIIHFWHG DUHDV 'LVFXVVLRQ IRFXVHG RQ HSLVWHPR ORJLFDO DQG HWKLFDO FRQFHUQV IRU FRQGXF WLQJ UHVHDUFK UHIOH[LYLW\ WR ORFDO FLUFXP VWDQFHV VHFXULW\ DQG DSSURSULDWH UHVHDUFK PHWKRGV DQG GDWD JDWKHULQJ WHFKQLTXHV 2SHQLQJ WKH FRQIHUHQFH 6XOWDQ %DUDNDW KLJKOLJKWHG LVVXHV RI RZQHUVKLS RI UHVHDUFK ORFDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH

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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

Subscribe!

VLJKW RI WKH VRFLDO VXUYLYDO QHWZRUNV GHYHORSHG E\ FKLOGUHQ $UQH 6WUDQG UHIOHFWHG RQ WKH LPSDFW RI WHQVLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH 7DOLEDQ DQG KXPDQ LWDULDQ DJHQFLHV LQ $IJKDQLVWDQ (WKLFDO GLOHPPDV DURVH ZKHQ LQWHUSUHWHUV XQHDUWKHG LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW ZDV ´EHVW OHIW XQWRXFKHGµ 1LQD %LUNHODQG WDONHG RI KRZ FRQVWDQW VHFXULW\ FKDOOHQJHV GXU LQJ ILHOG UHVHDUFK LQ $QJROD OHG WR FKDQJHV LQ ILHOG PHWKRGRORJ\ DQG LQDELO LW\ WR FROOHFW SODQQHG GHWDLOHG QDUUDWLYHV 'DYLG :DOOHU GHVFULEHG KRZ $&25'·V SHDFH DQG UHFRQFLOLDWLRQ UHVHDUFK LQ QRUWKHUQ 8JDQGD IDFHG HWKLFDO SUDFWLFDO DQG PHWKRGRORJLFDO GLOHPPDV DV WKH VHFXULW\ VLWXDWLRQ IOXFWXDWHG %\ WDNLQJ UHVHDUFK ILQGLQJV WR FRPPXQLWLHV DQG HQDEOLQJ SXEOLF GLVFXVVLRQ D ZLGHU SROLW LFDO VSDFH IRU UHFRQFLOLDWLRQ ZDV FUHDWHG $OSDVODQ g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· GDWD JDWKHULQJ PHWKRGV WR HQVXUH UHVHDUFK LV UHOHYDQW DQG WDQJLEOH DQG WR HVWDEOLVK D QHWZRUN RI FURVV GLVFLSOLQDU\ UHVHDUFKHUV FRP PLWWHG WR GLVVHPLQDWLRQ 6HH WKH 35'8 ZHEVLWH DW ZZZ \RUN DF XN GHSWV DUFK SUGX &RQIHUHQFH FRRUGL QDWHG E\ $OSDVODQ g]HUGHP (PDLO DR #\RUN DF XN

Useful calendars of forthcoming conferences ZZZ LFYD FK >FOLFN RQ &DOHQGDU@ ZZZ XQKFKU FK KWPO PHHWLQJ KWP ZZZ DOHUWQHW RUJ GLDU\ FKURQRORJLFDO OLVWLQJ ZZZ LVQ HWK] FK FRQIHUHQFHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6HFXULW\ 1HWZRUN LQFOXGHV VHDUFK IRUP WKDW DOORZV \RX WR VHDUFK RQ SDUWLFXODU WKHPHV

ZZZ KUL FD FDOHQGDU +XPDQ 5LJKWV ,QWHUQHW DOORZV YLHZLQJ RI HYHQWV E\ PRQWK \HDU ZZZ HUFRPHU RUJ ZZZYO PHHWLQJV KWPO :RUOG :LGH :HE 9LUWXDO /LEUDU\ 0LJUDWLRQ DQG (WKQLF 5HODWLRQV

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

to Forced Migration Review published in English, Spanish and Arabic Please complete and return the form below or subscribe via our website at www.fmreview.org I/we would like to subscribe for: SOHDVH WLFN WKH DSSURSULDWH ER[

❏

,QGLYLGXDO UDWH

86 ¼

❏

,QVWLWXWLRQDO UDWH

86 ¼

❏

0XOWLSOH UDWH IRU XS WR FRSLHV 86 ¼

❏

)UHH (QJOLVK ■ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWU\ ■ VWXGHQW XQZDJHG ■ UHIXJHH ,'3 ■ H[FKDQJH RI SXEOLFDWLRQV

6XEVFULSWLRQV UXQ IRU RQH FDOHQGDU \HDU 6SDQLVK DQG $UDELF WUDQVODWLRQV )5(( RI FKDUJH

)RU PRUH WKDQ FRSLHV DGG ¼ SHU DGGLWLRQDO FRS\ 3OHDVH DWWDFK GHWDLOV

❏

)UHH WUDQVODWLRQ

■ 6SDQLVK HGLWLRQ ■ $UDELF HGLWLRQ

Contact details: 1DPH -RE 7LWOH 'HSDUWPHQW 2UJDQL]DWLRQ $GGUHVV &LW\ 3RVWDO &RGH &RXQWU\ 7HO )D[ (PDLO :HEVLWH

Methods of payment ❏

&KHTXH RU EDQN GUDIW LQ VWHUOLQJ ¼ RU 86 GUDZQ RQ 8. RU 86 EDQN RU (XURFKHTXH VWHUOLQJ RQO\ SD\DEOH WR ¶8QLYHUVLW\ RI 2[IRUG 56&·

❏

&UHGLW &DUG 3D\PHQW ❏ 9,6$

❏

0DVWHUFDUG

❏

(XURFDUG

❏

$FFHVV

&DUG QXPEHU ([SLU\ GDWH 6LJQDWXUH &DUGKROGHU QDPH DGGUHVV

LI GLIIHUHQW IURP RSSRVLWH

❏

%DQN WUDQVIHU VWHUOLQJ RQO\ WR %DUFOD\V %DQN 32 %R[ 2[IRUG 2; +6 8. $FFRXQW QDPH 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ &KHVW 1XPEHU $FFRXQW $FFRXQW QR %DQN VRUW FRGH 3OHDVH TXRWH UHIHUHQFH 56& 09* 1

3OHDVH UHWXUQ IRUP WR )05 6XEVFULSWLRQV 56& 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK +RXVH 6W *LOHV 2[IRUG 2; /$ 8. )D[

publications

publications 46

Emptying the Hills: Regroupment in Burundi Human Rights Watch. July 2000. 38pp. Available at www.hrw.org/reports/2000/ burundi2/ Hard copy: $5.00 (plus postage). 7KH JRYHUQPHQW RI %XUXQGL KDV EHHQ VORZ WR LPSOHPHQW LWV SURPLVH WR FORVH LWV VTXDOLG UHJURXSHPHQW FDPSV E\ -XO\ 7KLV UHSRUW IRFXVHV RQ WKH SROLF\ DQG SUDFWLFH RI UHJURXSPHQW RI WKH SRS XODWLRQ DURXQG %XMXPEXUD OLIH LQ WKH FDPSV DQG PLOLWDU\ DEXVHV LW DOVR LQFOXGHV D VHULHV RI UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV WR WKH YDULRXV SOD\HUV LQYROYHG &RQWDFW +XPDQ 5LJKWV :DWFK )LIWK $YHQXH WK )ORRU 1HZ <RUN 1< 86$ 7HO )D[ (PDLO +5:SUHVV#KUZ RUJ :HEVLWH IRU RUGHULQJ VWRUH \DKRR FRP KUZSXEV LQGH[ KWPO

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

On the Margin: Refugees, Migrants and Minorities

Listening to the Displaced: Action Research in the Conflict Zones of Sri Lanka

edited by Chowdhury R Abrar. Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit. June 2000. 222pp. US$12.00/Tk150.00.

by Kerry Demusz. Oxfam Working Papers. June 2000. 68pp. ISBN 0 85598 437 6. Â£12.95/US$18.95.

7KLV SXEOLFDWLRQ FRQWDLQV D VHOHFWLRQ RI DUWLFOHV SUHVHQWHG DW D FRQIHUHQFH RQ 5HIXJHHV 0LJUDQWV DQG 6WDWHOHVV 3HUVRQV 'HFHPEHU 'KDND &RQWDFW 50058 5RRP $UWV %XLOGLQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 'KDND 'KDND %DQJODGHVK 7HO )D[ (PDLO UPPUX#EDQJOD QHW

7KH /LVWHQLQJ WR WKH 'LVSODFHG UHVHDUFK SURMHFW DWWHPSWV WR HQDEOH QDWLRQDO DXWKRULWLHV DQG WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO

Nashra Al-Hijra Al-Qasriya and Revista sobre Migraciones Forzosas )RUFHG 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ LV DOVR SULQWHG LQ 6SDQLVK DQG $UDELF $OO VXEVFULSWLRQV WR WKH $UDELF DQG 6SDQLVK HGLWLRQV DUH IUHH RI FKDUJH ,I \RX ZRXOG OLNH WR UHFHLYH RQH RU WKH RWKHU RU LI \RX NQRZ RI RWKHUV ZKR ZRXOG OLNH WR UHFHLYH FRSLHV SOHDVH VHQG XV WKH UHOH YDQW FRQWDFW GHWDLOV (PDLO WKH (GLWRUV DW IPU#THK R[ DF XN RU ZULWH WR XV DW )05 5HIXJHH 6WXGLHV &HQWUH 4(+ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 2[IRUG 6W *LOHV 2[IRUG 2; /$ 8.

Operational Security Management in Violent Environments by Koenraad Van Brabant. Good Practice Review 8. Humanitarian Practice Network. ODI. June 2000. 354pp. ISBN 0 85003 457 4. Â£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

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

$OVR MXVW SXEOLVKHG :RUOG 9LVLRQ 6HFXULW\ 0DQXDO D SRFNHW VL]HG PDQXDO IRU VDIHW\ DZDUHQHVV IRU DLG ZRUNHUV 86 &RQWDFW :RUOG 9LVLRQ 3XEOLFDWLRQV : &KHVWQXW $YH 0RQURYLD &$ 86$ 7HO )D[ :HEVLWH ZZZ PDUFSXEOLFDWLRQV FRP (PDLO 0$5&SXEV#ZYL RUJ

Valuing Evaluations: a practical approach to designing an evaluation that works for you Bernard van Leer Foundation. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development. March 2000. ISBN 90 6195 055 4. Free (charges may be made for multiple copies).

World Refugee Survey 2000 US Committee for Refugees. 2000. 328pp. ISBN 0 936548 07 X. US$19.00.

7KLV UHSRUW KLJKOLJKWV WKH VLWXDWLRQ LQ $QJROD &RORPELD .RVRYR 6LHUUD /HRQH DQG 6UL /DQND DQG SLQSRLQWV WKH JDSV EHWZHHQ JRYHUQPHQWVÂ· OHJDO REOLJDWLRQV WR SURWHFW GLVSODFHG FKLOGUHQ DQG WKH UHDOLW\ RI GLVSODFHG FKLOGUHQÂ·V OLYHV ,W LQFOXGHV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV WR LPSURYH LQWHUQDWLRQDO HIIRUWV WR SURWHFW DQG DVVLVW GLVSODFHG FKLOGUHQ $ IUHH SDJH VXPPDU\ LV DOVR DYDLODEOH &RQWDFW 3XEOLFDWLRQV 6DOHV 6DYH WKH &KLOGUHQ *URYH /DQH /RQGRQ 6( 5' 8. 7HO )D[ (PDLO SXEOLFD WLRQV#VFIXN RUJ XN :HEVLWH ZZZ VDYHWKHFKLOGUHQ RUJ XN

The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response

5HJXODU IHDWXUHV RI WKLV DQQXDO SXEOLFD WLRQ DUH LWV WDEOHV DQG JUDSKV PDS RI VRXUFHV RI WKH ZRUOGÂ·V UHIXJHHV DQG ,'3V LWV FRXQWU\ UHSRUWV DQG GLUHFWRU\ $OVR LQFOXGHG WKLV \HDU DUH DUWLFOHV RQ 7KH \HDU LQ UHYLHZ E\ 5RJHU :LQWHU 81+&5 DQG LQWHUQDO GLVSODFHPHQW *X\ *RRGZLQ *LOO +XPDQLWDULDQ HYDFXDWLRQ IURP .RVRYR %LOO )UHOLFN %DWWHUHG ZRPHQ DQG WKH FULWHULD IRU UHIXJHH VWD WXV 0DUN YRQ 6WHUQEHUJ (URVLRQ RI UHIXJHH ULJKWV LQ (DVW $IULFD %LQDLIHU 1RZURMHH 7KH ZD\ IRUZDUG WR DV\OXP KDUPRQL]DWLRQ LQ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ 6WHYHQ (GPLQVWHU :DU LQ &KHFKQ\D $O\VRQ 6SULQJHU +RZ RSHQ ZLOO &DQDGDÂ·V GRRU EH" -XGLWK .XPLQ &RQWDFW 3XEOLFDWLRQV 86&5 0DVVDFKXVHWWV $YH 1: 6XLWH :DVKLQJWRQ '& 86$ 7HO )D[ (PDLO XVFU#LUVD XVFU RUJ :HEVLWH ZZZ UHIXJHHV RUJ $OVR UHFHQWO\ SXEOLVKHG $SULO E\ 86&5 1R :D\ ,Q 1R :D\ 2XW ,QWHUQDO 'LVSODFHPHQW LQ %XUPD DQG 5HYHUVDO RI )RUWXQH <XJRVODYLDÂ·V 5HIXJHH &ULVLV VLQFH WKH (WKQLF $OEDQLDQ 5HWXUQ WR .RVRYR &RQWDFW GHWDLOV DV DERYH

FORCED MIGRATION review 8

7KLV SXEOLFDWLRQ ORRNV DW LGHQWLI\LQJ EDUULHUV WR HYDOXDWLRQ ZKDW LV HYDOXD WLRQ ZK\ HYDOXDWH VHWWLQJ WKH DLP IRU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ IRFXVLQJ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ ILQGLQJ DQVZHUV JHQHUDWLQJ LQGLFDWRUV Â² ZKDW DUH \RX ORRNLQJ IRU DQG KRZ ZLOO \RX NQRZ ZKHQ \RX KDYH IRXQG LW DQG FDUU\LQJ RXW DQ HYDOXDWLRQ &RQWDFW %HUQDUG YDQ /HHU )RXQGDWLRQ 32 %R[ (+ 7KH +DJXH 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV 7HO )D[ (PDLO UHJLVWU\#EYOHHUI QO :HEVLWH ZZZ EHUQDUGYDQOHHU RUJ

War Brought Us Here: Protecting Children Displaced Within Their Own Countries by Conflict by Andrew Mawson, Rebecca Dodd & John Hilary. Save the Children UK. 2000. 144pp. ISBN 1 84187 025 0. Â£12.95.

The Sphere Project. January 2000. 330pp. ISBN (English edition) 0 85598 445 7. Â£10.95. Bulk order rates available. Also available in Spanish, French and Russian.

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

5HVSHFW DQG DFFRXQWDELOLW\ 7UXH GLDORJXH ZLOO IXUWKHU WKH FDXVH RI UHVSHFW DQG DFFRXQWDELOLW\ LQ WKH UHIXJHH UHJLPH 7UXH SDUWQHUVKLS PHDQV Â« EHLQJ ZLOOLQJ WR UHFHLYH DV ZHOO DV WR JLYH WR OLVWHQ WR UHIXJHHV DV ZHOO DV WR WDON WR UHIXJHHV WR EH TXHVWLRQHG E\ UHIXJHHV DV ZHOO DV WR DVN TXHVWLRQV DQG ILQDOO\ WR XVH DOO UHVRXUFHV IRU WKH UHIXJHHV WR HQDEOH WKHP WR IDFH WKHLU SDVW OLYH WKHLU SUHVHQW DQG KRSH IRU D EHWWHU IXWXUH )U -RKQ $JEHUDJED Liberian refugee children, Gueckedou region, Guinea UNHCR/L Jackson

)U $JEHUDJED LV D &DWKROLF SULHVW ZRUNLQJ ZLWK UHIXJHHV LQ *XHFNHGRX *XLQHD