Material Reuse Guide

For more information, please contact Fletcher Priest: sustainability@fletcherpriest.com Joanna Wilson Sustainability Lead MA(Hons) MPhil ARB

Lorraine Chan Project Leader and Material Reuse Champion BArch MArch AACA

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Foreword

It has been encouraging and exciting to hear the conversations around circularity gaining momentum in the last few years.

Despite the growing ambition, however, we find there is often a lack of knowledge about how to break down material reuse into understandable, manageable and actionable steps.

We wrote this Guide to share our experience and provide a replicable process for those who want to reuse materials, but don’t know where to start. We hope that by setting out a straightforward framework that can be adapted to individual projects or different materials, we can demystify material reuse and integrate it into project planning and design.

Collaboration and communication are key. We recognise that this guide is only one part of a wider movement to develop our industry’s capacity to reuse materials. Building on the knowledge others have shared, and working with our collaborators has been essential to developing this guide. We hope that by sharing what we have learnt, we can help streamline this process for others, enabling all of us to more efficiently develop and implement reuse strategies.

Each project and each material will have its own challenges and opportunities, and we know there are people who will be able to add more than we could at the time. We encourage others to adapt, develop, explore and share new opportunities as the industry evolves. In time, we hope that valuing existing materials will become the new normal, and we will create better buildings for everyone as a result.

Joanna Wilson, Sustainability Lead Fletcher Priest Architects

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How to read this guide

Purpose This guide aims to help those in the building industry to identify, develop and implement strategies for material reuse.

Components: the Guide vs the Catalogue The Material Reuse Guide The Guide first summarises the key background theory that explains why we reuse materials and what the priorities are.

It then sets out a step by step process by which to structure the material reuse process for your project. This is useful to read and explain to the project team at the start of a project.

Refer back to throughout the design process and when preparing for the next stage of work .

The Material Reuse Catalogue The Catalogue is a supplementary document to help you work through the reuse analysis process for specific materials.

It is a starting point to build on, rather than a completed report. Materials in the catalogue should be updated and added to as knowledge and experience is gathered through projects.

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Guide Contents

Theory Waste and recovery Circularity principles Reuse options

Reuse processes Timeline Setting up for success Analyse Refine + Build

Material catalogue 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Skin Structure Service Space plan Stuff Site

5

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Theory Waste and recovery Circularity principles Reuse options

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Waste and Recovery A material problem

The Construction Industry's Waste Problem The UK construction industry creates almost 140 million tonnes of waste and half comes from building demolition and construction*. As an industry we can significantly reduce this by focusing our efforts on reusing and recovering this waste.

PROBLEM

XX

XX

140 million tonnes

Conventional Construction

Carbon Production

Construction Waste

global carbon emissions ~37% ofcame from new construction

the UK’s total annual waste ~62% ofis from material waste from the

materials production**

25% 19% 4% Steel

Cementitious

Wood/Paper

Source: * UKGBC ** UN Building Materials and the climate constructing a new future report 2023. *** UK Construction Industry Waste Report 2023.

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construction industry ***

3% Plastic + Aluminium

43% 50% Steel

Concrete, Bricks, Asphalt

7% Soil Dreading

90% 10% Landfill Re/downcycled to aggregates for re-use

Why Reuse?

Material Reuse minimises the ecological, social, and climate impacts of the extraction and disposal of construction materials. Instead of mining the earth for new materials, we need to find ways to repurposing existing ones.

Utilising the value of the existing The result is 'Urban Mining' or BAMB (buildings as material banks). This means circulating materials we already have in our built environment, not extracting new. Urban Mining, however, requires a deeper understanding of these material resources, and a deeper collaboration across consultants, contractors, and suppliers.

TARGET

Reduce the production of new materials by repurposing the existing materials

Material assessment methods to investigate potential future uses.

Material information is recorded to enable future reuse.

Need to reinvent disposal methods to reduce the amount of construction waste goes to landfill

Buildings can be a material source, rather than continuing the damaging extraction of new materials.

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Circularity principles A hierarchy of options

'Building as Material Banks, BAMB, assumes that a material's time 'locked up' in a building, is just one period of time in it's life-cycle'.

When these materials are no longer needed in the building, they are freed and could be ready for reuse.

Historically, cities were built in this way, however recently, cheap energy and production has meant that we became used to a linear 'take, make, waste' system.

(via adapta tio ose rp bish r u aintai

M

M

n)

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n

1

1 2 3

Input materials

Landfill, incineration, downcycling only where options 1 to 5 are impossible

Circularity principles to guide an approach to circular design (LETI, Circular Economy Primer).

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Re pu Re f

(via adapta tio ose rp bish r u aintai

Biogenic materials

Low priority

(Ellen MacArthur Foundation)

Future built environment

Upcycled / downcycled materials

New finite materials

Eliminate waste and pollution Circulate products and materials (at their highest value) Regenerate nature

n)

Reused materials

• • •

Current built environment

Re pu Re f

High priority

The circular economy is based on three principles, driven by design:

4 Deconstruct for reuse

2 3

4 5

5 Remanufacture, reprocess, recycle, compost Future built environment designed to avoid waste outputs

Materials can be seen as always being in a constant state of flux, their time “locked up” in buildings is just one chapter in their lifecycle.

The bigger the loop the more energy and value lost

Re-Introduction to natural cycles where possible

Turn materials into new products

COMPOST (BIO-BASED MATERIAL)

RECYCLE

ENERGY

Turn into new materials

Re-use products

REMANUFACTURE

REUSE

CIRCULAR CONSUMPTION

Extending material lifecycles

Primary Source

EXTRACTION

LINEAR CONSUMPTION

A Constructed Lifetime

NEW PRODUCT LIFE

WASTE

Circular economy aims to keep materials in use, prioritising the minimum reprocessing possible.

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Reuse options Keep the loop small

1. In-situ Prioritise retaining materials in-situ. This minimises cost and carbon associated with deconstruction and reconstruction.

Often materials can be refurbished, reconditioned, or upgraded to meet new performance or aesthetic requirements.

2. On-Site Retaining materials on-site enhances their value by utilising their narrative, reducing travel distances, and minimising processing. This approach, known as a closed-loop, emphasizes minimal processing and travel. The project should aim to reuse materials directly at the construction site by adapting to existing materials and structures in the development.

IM R P

YA R A

1. In-situ

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3. Client Ownership If on-site reuse is not feasible, keeping the materials within the same ownership (for example, reuse in another project owned by the same developer) increases the level of control over programme, cost and risk associated procuring reused materials, while directly reducing the embodied carbon of client’s other projects.

4. Recycling (3rd Party) When materials cannot be reused within the same site or ownership - sale or donation to a third party should be considered. Markets and marketplaces for reused materials are growing rapidly as projects look to decarbonise, however demand, travel distances and processing requirements vary considerably.

IM

2. On-Site

Donor projects are vital to developing economies of scale in reuse markets, giving designers a wider and more reliable choice of reused materials to design with.

CO² 3. Client Ownership

CO²+ 4. Recycling (3rd Party)

CO²+++ 5. Landfill

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Reuse processes Timeline Prepare Step 1. Setting up for success Analyse Overview Step 2. Investigate Step 3. Possibilities and Priorities Step 4. Who can do it?

Bring it together: record findings Bring it together: decide strategies Refine + Build Step 5. Getting things done Step 6. Logistics Step 7. Long term value

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Timeline What to do, when

An iterative design process The material reuse process is not linear. Investigation of the site and exploration of material opportunities informs initial strategies which may in-turn inform further material and site investigations.

Plan, and start early!

In order to do this, it is important to set ambitions from the beginning, and start early. This timeline sets out how this process should progress alongside RIBA stages.

This process is repeated using a degree of trial and error until a convincing reuse strategy is developed.

RIBA STAGE

PREPARE

STAGE 0

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

1. Setting up for success 2. Investigate 3. Material possibilities

ANALYSE

4. Who can do it?

REFINE + BUILD

Knowledge not implemented

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Consider project requirements Each project will have different existing conditions, design scope, and programme. Some material reuse processes will need to be started earlier and require more in-depth analysis than others. For example structural and facade reuse will likely need coordination earlier than interior finishes. Adapt this timeline according to the project and systems that are within the project scope.

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

STAGE 5

STAGE 6

STAGE 7

5. Getting stuff done 6. Logistics 7. Long-term value

Knowledge, experience & networks for next building project

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Prepare Step 1: Setting up for Success

Successful material reuse needs to be considered from the outset of a project. It requires early inclusion of design team and early engagement and collaboration with supply chains.

Form the project narrative Identify the ways that circular economy and material reuse could bring value to the project. Integrate into the project brief to ensure it remains a core component.

Assemble a talented team Appoint a team with the knowledge, experience and ambition to align with the project narrative and clearly communicate the project brief.

Define reuse ambition Identify specific goals and opportunities with the team and in the project brief. Review specific material strategies and design options against these.

Build the programme (+ costs) Incorporate testing, recovery and processing time. Early demolition contractor input will be crucial.

Set measurable targets It is important to develop a shared and specific set of metrics for the project, keeping these measurable targets front and centre of all design decisions throughout all material reuse steps. Ensure the entire design team understand the project ambition and the review and reporting requirements that go alongside these.

Collaborative problem solving The right team with the right attitude and the right experience at the right time will include design consultants, project management, client and construction / logistics / deconstruction advice.

This does not necessarily make projects longer or more complicated. A well thought-through project set-up and programme are key to an effective reuse strategy.

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Wid er Cir cu la rE co Proj ect sta ke ho ld

y m no

local authority

s er

donor projects

building owners

architects

existing tenants

project team

engineers

future tenants

deconstruction contractor

contractors

recipient project

other consultants suppliers

recycling depots

Key stakeholders in the material reuse process 19

Analyse Overview

The analysis process is inherently circular, each new piece of information will inform the next step and revisit the one before.

Step 1: is where the project team and ambition is set up where the opportunities have to be analysed to develop reuse strategies.

There are 3 key steps in the analysis process: Step 2: Investigate Step 3: Possibilities & Priorities Step 4: Who can do it?

These steps will inform one another, findings should be recorded and brought together into a set of initial strategies.

The Material Reuse Catalogue aims to guide the design team through each of these steps in detail on a material by material basis.

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PREPARE

Bring it together

ANALYSE 2. Investigate Output: Audit 3. Material possibilities Output: Sketching and banding

Output: Record of investigations

4. Who can do it?

Output: Supplier Matrix Output: Comparison Table

REFINE + BUILD

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Analyse Step 2: Investigate

Audit the Building Understanding the materials in a building is essential preparation for them to be reused.

Set the Criteria Aligning the information criteria with the agreed project targets before inspection allows for a focused approach.

Some values include: condition, quantity, homogeneity, historical significance, economic value, ease of dismantling, logistics and possible re-homing of reclaimed materials.

Location

Visual inspections first Visual inspections may be sufficient for some materials and can be started early, others may need intrusive investigations or disassembly. Often this is not possible in occupied buildings, so time should be allowed in the programme to pick up later if necessary.

Collaborate Live databases, such a airtable, are useful to pool and share information and ideas in an organised and digestible way. The more information that can be gathered, the better decisions can be made and the more time saved.

Start Early!

By planning in advance, material reuse surveys can be programmed to coincide with other inspections of the building.

INVESTIGATION TIPS Steps to investigation 1.

Site visit photography, notes and survey

2.

Material properties e.g. glass, brick etc catalogue all findings to be shared across the team

3.

Research e.g. Filtering out items worth saving based on initial assessment

4.

Identify materials that may need more in-depth assessment

Use the checklist below for the initial audit: Focus on 'good quality' material Record potential reusability & location Think about the potential work involved in reharvesting Note areas that may require specialists opinions

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To create accurate recovery scope

Material and condition

Reusable quantity

80%

insert name

90%

insert name

90%

insert name

Suggestion on reuse

Helps to determine a banding strategy Each condition should reflect an additional question. For example, can it be modified?

Is it easy to remove? Does it have many reuse oppportunities? The answer will help determine its overall band.

Example of findings recorded in Airtable 23

Analyse Step 3: Possibilities & Priorities

Identify key opportunities for material re-use Undertaking a detailed material audit can uncover a matrix of varying materials with a spectrum of qualities and quantities.

The number of materials in a project can be overwhelming if not sorted. To distil the findings, it is helpful to focus the attention on the top 10 materials based on project criteria, e.g. embodied carbon.

Use existing materials to drive design opportunities The process is iterative. Once the priority materials have been indentified, the proposed design should aim to absorb as many of those materials as possible. For the materials that are unable to be reused on site, other reuse options offsite should be explored.

Highlighting materials that are in high in carbon is also an opportunity to consider the whole life impact of any new materials.

The materials on the adjacent page are an example of identifying direct reuse opportunities at an early stage in the design development.

8 Exterior paving 11t C02e 3 Steel Structure 400t C02e

2 Services and Plant 600t C02e

1 Reinforced Concrete and Hollow Pot Structure 880t C02e

10 Sanitaryware

7 Plasterboard Partitions

6t C02e

50t C02e

9 Ceiling tiles

6 Masonry Partitions

24t C02e

90t C02e

5 Glazed Facade 150t C02e 4 Pre-cast Concrete Facade 280t C02e

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Materials identified from the Auditing

PRECAST CONCRETE

GLASS

Possible New Products

Precast concrete facade panels

Facade concrete

External paving

Flooring

External cladding

New glass panels

Insulation

BRICK

RED GRANITE

Masonry Partitions

New brick

As is Red granite New tiles

Project Example: The 10 materials containing the most embodied carbon are identified from the site audit alongside their potential design opportunities from reuse.

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Analyse Step 3: Possibilities & Priorities

Refine a logic for material sorting To categorise and prioritise materials for reuse, assessment criteria must be set. Banding is one of the methods that can used to used to organise material according to the criteria identified.

The diagram illustrates the decision making of each material by asking gateway questions.

The purpose of banding Specification banding is an analytical process to study the existing building condition and potential possibilities for all materials.

The quality metric example below illustrates possible descriptions and conditions for each band, showing a correlation with the level of intervention required for the materials. A higher number within the band indicates a greater degree of intervention necessary to reuse the materials.

The banding process therefore helps to identify the most suitable reuse strategy for each material type and quality.

Recycle

Re-purpose

Reuse

Reuse Suitability: Quality Metric 1.(a) • “As New” • Visible Finish Item • Satisfies performance criteria to use as is i.e. warranties, structural integrity etc.

• Standard Sizes?

• High visibility

1.(b) • Almost “As New” • Satisfies performance criteria • Applicable to Aesthetic Standards • Standard Sizes?

• Applicable to Front of House

2.(a)

2.(b)

• Visible wear / tear like hairline cracks and holes • Partially satisfies performance • Refurbishable • Visual based on Aesthetic Standards of context • Standard Sizes?

• Low visibility

• Visible wear / tear and some damage • Partially satisfies performance • Refurbishable • Non-standard Sizes • Low visibility • Within Build-up (not visible)

3.(a)

3.(b)

• Damage / degradation • Doesn’t satisfy performance criteria • Refurbishment not practical • Standard composition • Can be recycled and reused

• Damage / degradation • Fails performance criteria • Non-Standard composition/ harder to break down/ Possible contaminants • Recycling and reuse or safe disposal

Tile

e.g. To be used as is YES

Can the materials be used

AS IS?

NO

GATEWAY QUESTION 1

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be reused?

GATEWAY QUESTION 2

Material banding example 26

Can it be

MODIFIED to

Set project specific quality metrics By defining a quality metric early on, the most appropriate reuse action can be determined, based on different environmental, practical and aesthetic requirements specific to the project.

For example, in a building with an industrial aesthetic, exposed steel beams and aged timber may be an appropriate aesthetic. But for a high end shopping mall, these items may need to be painted, polished or treated before they are deemed suitable.

Project specific criteria will vary, but could include: - Embodied Carbon - Fire - Aesthetic standard - Thermal Performance - Warranty - Structural - Cost - Programme Additional examples of quality metrics for different materials are provided in the Material Reuse Catalogue.

ESTIMATED %

Band 1-a & b

Tile

ESTIMATED %

Band 2-a & b

e.g. Trimmed to acceptable size YES Tile

NO

YES

Can it be

PROCESSED

e.g. Crushed into terrazzo

Band 3-a & b

ESTIMATED %

to be reused?

NO

GATEWAY QUESTION 3 Tile

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Analyse Step 4: Who can do it?

Think local to reduce carbon emissions!

Once the interventions are defined, it is important to find out who can execute them. Various materials may involve multiple steps in the supply chain, including processors, manufacturers, and fabricators.

Local 3rd Party Material Market Globechain: Reuse Marketplace.

Decisions can be based on: – Supplier experience, stability and location – Testing time and cost – Quantity of material required – Process requirements

Excess Materials Exchange: Digital platform for material exchange, resource material is part of the service.

Madaster: Helps to create material passport.

The Reclaim and Salvage: Reselling or bricks, flooring, roofing , antique building elements e.g. fire places etc.

Understanding and engaging with the material reuse supply chain is a time-consuming process. Experience of past material reuse projects can streamline this and provide a springboard for new ideas.

Environmate: Closed loop material market buys and resells building materials, plumbing, carpentry etc.

Following the material reuse process, this page provides a brief starting point of some relevant contacts to help initiate ideas, but there are many more out there. One supplier might also work with multiple products/materials so it’s best to speak to them to check even if it's not listed.

Best Reclaimation: Reclaimation yard located in Heathfield, East Sussex.

General Demolition: expert demolition and enabling works services across.

Collect and Recycle: paper and cardboard recycling collection companies, supplying waste packaging material back into manufacturing.

Surveyors with digital tools Circotrade: Trading platform for building materials. Services include material inventory/ material passport and marketplace.

Multivista: Surveyors using point cloud to convert point scans into usable Revit models.

Site identified

Sea Cadets: Donation platform for second hand items.

Reuse Network: Donation platform for second hand items.

Collecteco: Based in the UK, donation platform for furniture, equipment and fitout materials.

Armstrong ceiling: Donation platform for used ceiling tiles.

Logistics

EXPERTISE

Investigate Site audit and analysis. Time to gather all you can find out about the building, listing all the materials, quantity, quality and begin visual assessments to identify areas in need for specialist input.

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Extract materials from the audit list that are suitable for trading/ resell, usually materials in Band 1, and contact the 3rd party materials markets to identify options.

Identify possibilities and priorities

Sorting

Talk to specialists to understand how materials can be harvested and connect with the supply chain to understand how to realise the possibilities

Deconstruction Contractors

Think across sectors to help with small batches of testing and reuse

JF HUNT: Specialist Contractors in Construction, Demolition & Regeneration.

Smaller manufacturers

General Demolition: expert demolition and enabling works services across.

Szremley: Restoration and new-build specialist.

Lawmens: Demolition/waste/site logics and labour provided. Also provide sustainability service including waste report, pre-demolition audit,Circular economy statement.

May glass: Glass recycling specialist.

Recolight: Reuses and specialises in safely disposing luminaries.

Contact Local supply chains EMR: Metal recycling for salvage and recovery, construction, demolition and decommissioning.

SSAB: Provides recycled steel.

Cappagh: Recycles construction and demolition waste and making it into concrete aggregate.

Techcrete: Supply of precast concrete facades constructed offsite. Possibility of collaborating to make new panels with site materials.

Clayworks: Mixes demo waste into their clay render product.

Saint Goban: One of UK largest glass recycling and manufacturer

CollectandRecycle: paper and cardboard recycling collection companies, supplying waste packaging material back into manufacturing.

Kbriq: Creates new bricks from recycled brick rubble.

La Pietra Compattata: Produces new stone tiles from crushed stone from site.

Clayworks: Mixes demo waste into their clay render product.

RMF: Recycling and reusing raised access floor.

Tarkett: Flooring take-back scheme, collects carpet, linoleum, vinyl etc. and makes 100% recycled flooring.

CONSTRUCTION

Who can do it Sorting

Timeline following the key players in material reuse 29

Analyse Bring it together: record findings

Recording what you find Use an excel table to help track the material reuse possibilities.

Future use The information that is recorded can be useful further into the project to create material passports for existing elements during technical design (see Step 7).

The excel should include minimum information as below: A. Building layer B. Quantity C. Potential embodied carbon saving D. Sizes and other relevant description E. Reuse possibility/suggestion F. Reuse recommendation

A. Building layer

1

A

E. Reuse possibility /suggestion

C. Potential embodied carbon saving B

B. Quantity C

D

E

F

Volume Potential Volu m e in in P ot en t i a l existing Embodied ex i s t i n g E m b od i ed Description D e s c r ipt io n building bu i ldi n g audit au di t Carbon Car bon savings sav i n g s

Material M at e r ial

G

Reuse Re use Potential P o t e n t ial

H

Harvesting H ar v e s t in g Location Lo c at io n

I

Product Pr o duc t

2 3

* Will need confirmation on crushed amount (kg/tonnes)

4 5 6

Superstructure

Concrete Concrete Panels Panels

7 Pre-cast Concrete Cladding

Pre-cast Concrete Façade

Stage 3: 2570 panels (approx) 4,000m2

60t C02e

Carefully removed and cut cut 800 W x 2000 L x 100 D to standard sizes.

Around the cores, 100mm thick precast concrete cladding panels the Pod Pod 160 panels used in the are used. Fixings for the panels Cladding are top hung from concrete 230 panels for the Pod Pod beams.

Floor

55 OBS 55 OBS and and 65 65 OBS OBS façade façade

Blockwork Blockwork

8 9 Sandblasted Sandblasted tiles tiles

D. Sizes and other relevant description

10

Example ofGranite howcladding and what initial material data from analysis can beTBCrecordedTBC Granite 11

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Granite cladding

fletcher priest architects

Granite

TBC

TBC

Carefully removed and cut cut to standard sizes. Potential Potential to be used for internal internal Red granite (450 W x 450 L x 50D) finishes. Primarily Primarily used used as as tiles. Off cuts can be made made into terrazzo or or reconstituted stone. stone.

Terrazzo Terrazzo

Lower Lower levels levels

JJ

F. Reuse recommendation

KK

LL

Potential Po t e nt ial Suppliers Supplie r s Supplier Supplie r Contact Co nt ac t details de t ails

M M

Recommendation R ec om m en d a t i on

Recommended Recommended to to take take forward forward

Yes Yes

Potential Product Potential Product No Potential

TBC TBC No

Szerelemy Szerelemy

Lignacite Lignacite

Email: Email: Peter.Wilby@szerelmey.com

Phone: Phone: 01842 810678 Website: Website: https://lignacite.co.uk/ Contact: Contact: 07702 153 697 (Colin) Email: Email: brandonsales@lignacite.co.uk

Ethical Ethical Stone Stone

Email: Email: Peter.Wilby@szerelmey.com Peter.Wilby@szerelmey.com

Simon Simon Goude Goude 07932 07932 103575 103575

EPD E PD rating r at in g

O O

Location Lo c at io n

Yes Yes

369 369Kennington Kennington Lane, Lane,Va Va uxhall, uxhall,London, London,SE11 SE115Q 5Q YY

TBC TBC

Norfolk Norfolk House, House,High High Street, Street,Brandon, Brandon,Suffolk Suffolk IP27 IP270AX 0AX;;Meadgate Meadgate Works, Works,Sedge Sedge Green, Green, Nazeing, Nazeing,Essex Essex EN9 EN92PD 2PD UK UK -- Factory Factory is isin in Harlow.

Harlow.AAnew newfactory factory is is to to be be open open in in Brandon.

Brandon.

colin.marshall@lignacite.co.uk

Szerelemy Szerelemy

NN

Yes Yes

369 369Kennington Kennington Lane, Lane,Va Va uxhall, uxhall,London, London,SE11 SE115Q 5Q YY

Yes Yes

Calum Calum Gray Gray Quiligotti Quiligotti Off Off Rake Rake Lane Lane Clifton Clifton Junction, Junction, Manchester, Manchester, M27 M278LJ 8LJ

PP

Amount Amo unt of of Material M at e r ial

QQ

Cost/unit Co s t / u n it

RR

Notes No t e s

new) new)

block. block.

dimensions dimensions&&crushing crushingcapacity. capacity.We Wecan canarrange arrangefor forfurther furthertesting testing to tobe becarried carriedout outby byaathird thirdparty partyififrequired, required,at atadditional additionalcost. cost.

cemfree cemfreebinder binder

20kg 20kg(to (to make make2-3 2-3 tiles) tiles)

porphyry porphyrythat thatisiscrushed crushedinto intoaastone stonepowder powderand andcold coldpressed pressedwith with cement cementbinding bindinginto intonew newbricks bricks Website: Website: https://lapietracompattata.it/en/ https://lapietracompattata.it/en/

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Analyse Bring it together: decide strategies

Bring the analysis together After analysing results from the material investigation, prioritising key materials, and identifying possibly reuse strategies based on project criteria, it is time to draw together all of this analysis to identify the strategies to take forward into the next phase of design.

Make decisions collaboratively Ensuring this process is a collaborative effort with the input from the whole design team helps to ensure the strategies chosen are robust and will be carried through.

ITEM

Reuse recommendation can sometimes only be determined after demolition.

You can still list items that are predicted to be reuseable.

Concrete + Hollow Pot Services + Plant 1

(a) Steel (b) Steel elements

Key Possible impact level Easy/net benefit Slight disadvantage /challenge Significant disadvantage /challenge

2

Pre-cast Cladding

3

Glass

4

Aluminium

5

Bricks

6

(a) Red Granite “as is” (b) Red Granite “down-cycled”

7

Exterior Paving

8

Sanitary-ware

9

Soft Strip

Example of material comparison table

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FEASIBILITY OF RECOVERY Just because it’s technicality possible doesn’t mean it should be done. Once application scope and possibilities have been discussed - project specific and practical criteria should be set.

Project specific criteria can be added to assess the value of the ‘reuse‘ after application scope has been identified.

The table is only an example, criteria like warranties, fire rating or design intent can also need added.

Origin Project

Recipient Other Client projects

3rd party

Evaluation Other Blockwork?

Piling mat?

Assumed recovery %

Cost (£)

Programme (time)

70%

Recycle plants

TBD 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 70% 90% Additional projects specific criteria for assessment

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Refine + Build Step 5 : Getting things done

Produce clear documentation Drawings and sketches can help to clearly communicate to designers and contractors on site what materials are being collected, where they are in the building, and how they should be extracted.

Programme This whole process will take time, but does not have to delay the project if properly planned. Delays can be avoided if the process is started early and the benefits to the project are widely understood.

Material inventories Building on the site investigation and reuse analysis, an inventory of materials and their associated reuse requirements can be created.

This is a accompanied by structural sketches indicating locations of the structural elements with any IDs referenced in the inventory.

The inventory is used to: – measure material quantities and establish the type of elements available for reuse – help select reclamation markets to target (based on aggregated inventory data) – feed into the BIM model of the existing building and material passports for individual elements – guide demo contractor The drawings on the right page indicate how recovery scope can be incorporated into deconstruction tender documents.

COMMUNICATION IS KEY Directly discussing these documents during the tender process and with site teams ensures reuse intentions and implications are clear.

Key Steel elements

Exterior paving

Pre-cast panels

Sanitary items

Glass

Soft Strip

Aluminium

Bricks

Red Granite

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NOTES

Fletcher Priest Architects is a Limited Liability Partnership registered in England and Wales (OC336568) at the below address. ≡ this drawing is to be read in conjunction with the design risk assesment prepared by fpa. ≡ this drawing is to be read in conjunction with other drawings and specification produced by fpa and other members of the design team. ≡ all dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise stated. ≡ do not scale this drawing. ≡ any discrepancies in dimensions are to be reported to the architect. ≡ all information subject to detail site survey.

1

1

1

16043

16042

16040

1 16043

1

1

16042

16040

1

16032

UKPN Basement / BOH

Basement / BOH

Retail

Dashwood House

St Botolph's Church Hall

Dashwood House

Retail

BOH

Loading Bay

P04 Planning Submission P03 Planning Draft P02 Planning Draft P01 Planning Draft

AO AO AO AO

CR CR CR CR

25.04.23 13.04.23 29.03.23 17.03.23

REV

BY

CHK

DATE

DESCRIPTION

PLANNING

1

16032

1

1

IM211 16031

Old Broad Street

Bath House Basement

Retail

Basement / BOH

Basement / BOH

N

CLIENT

16031

LS Old Broad Street Limited

Office

PROJECT

55 Old Broad Street

1

16033

1

1

16041

16041

1

Office

Office

1

16033

1

PACKAGE NAME

16 Planning

16041

16041

DRAWING NAME

Existing Basement 1 Plan

Retail

Retail

Retail

DRAWING NUMBER / REVISION

1813-FPA-XX-B1-DR-A-16002

FPA INTERNAL JOB NUMBER

1813

SCALE @ A1

REVISION

NOTES 1 : 200 @A1

1

Basement 01

1

1

16043

16040

16042

1

1

16043

16042

0

2

5

10

1

1

16043

16042

20 m

16030

St Botolph's Church Hall

Dashwood House

Office

Wormwood Street

1

Ground Floor

16030

1

P04

Fletcher Priest Architects is a Limited Liability Partnership registered in England and Wales (OC336568) at the below address. ≡ this drawing is to be read in conjunction with the design risk assesment prepared by fpa. ≡ this drawing is to be read in conjunction with other drawings and specification produced by fpa and other members of the design 1 are in 1 1 team. ≡ all dimensions 16040 16043 millimeters unless otherwise16042 stated. ≡ do not scale this drawing. ≡ any discrepancies in dimensions are to be reported to the architect. ≡ all information subject to detail site survey.

0

2

5

10

0

2

5

10

Dashwood House

Office

1

1

AO AO AO AO

CR CR CR CR

25.04.23 13.04.23 29.03.23 17.03.23

REV

BY

CHK

DATE

DESCRIPTION

PLANNING

1

1

1

16040

16032

Old Broad Street

16040

P04 Planning Submission P03 Planning Draft P02 Planning Draft P01 Planning Draft

1

IM211 16031

N

CLIENT

IM211 16031

16032

LS Old Broad Street Limited PROJECT

55 Old Broad Street

1

16033

1

16033

Office 1

1

16041

PACKAGE NAME

1

16041

1

16 Planning

16041

Office

16041

DRAWING NAME

Existing Level 01 Plan DRAWING NUMBER / REVISION

1813-FPA-XX-01-DR-A-16004

FPA INTERNAL JOB NUMBER

1813

SCALE @ A1

REVISION

1 : 200 @A1 1

P04

Wormwood Street 1

Level 01 16030

1

1

1

16043

16042

16040

Level 03 16030

0

2

5

10

20 m

1

1

1

16043

16042

16040

Example of Recovery Scope Plans highlighting materials to be harvested 35

Refine + Build Step 6: Logistics

Site logistics The close collaboration of the disassembly and design teams ensures site logistics and testing requirements associated with reused materials are accommodated into the programme.

Minimising waste The handling of materials on site is crucial to minimising wastage and maximising recovery. How materials are safely deconstructed and stored needs to be carefully considered.

It is also highly valuable to have a champion on site during construction who can oversee the deconstruction and coordinate any material collections.

N

ew

M

at er

ia

ls

tion nta e em pl m

Re -i

Coordination champion(s) Champions are incredibly valuable when trying to coordinate the material reuse process, but you may need different individuals at different times depending on the project and programme. During design and deconstruction, access to parts of the building, testing, transportation, processing, manufacturing, and delivery, will need to be organised - a champion within the project team can help this run smoothly.

Continuing reuse The design team should ensure that recovered and new materials are designed and handled to enable reuse.

Designing according to the principle of ‘shearing layers’ where building systems of lifespans can be repaired or replaced independently, is key. Considering and recording assembly and disassembly information will enable this future deconstruction.

ife + d L cycling n 2 wn Do

ife of L d En

Removal of Hazardous Materials

36

fletcher priest architects

Re-implementation

Other Sites

recycle faclilties and wider material store

Long-term Storage / Third Party Recycle materials from other material stores

LOOP 2

De Ex mol tr iti ac on tio + n

en

t

Wider Transport Logistics

ss

m

ri a Mate

ia Mater

l

e Ass

en

t

LOOP 1

Minimise Wider Transport Logistics

ss

lA

e ss

m

Deconstruction Temporary In-situ Store

The logistical challenges of material reuse will be different depending on whether materials are kept within a site or project, or handed to a 3rd party.

37

Refine + Build Step 7: Long term value

Build for future reuse With all the analysis that it takes to reuse existing materials, it is important how those materials can also be reused in future. The information that is gathered as part of the investigation and analysis process can be extremely helpful in speeding up this process if it is stored in an accessible and legible manner for future stakeholders to understand.

The role of material passport Materials passports is a method to consolidate the history, specification and evaluation of the salvaged materials. With the use of modern day algorithms and BIM software, clients will now have a detailed schedule of materials across their portfolio.

Materials from different projects can be shared and connected through a database, making material exchange more user friendly and quantifiable.

Broad Deliverables

MATERIALS SOURCING

from elsewhere A Usable Materials Stock (in digital - not physical)

Client Portfolio

MATERIALS DATABASE

from site

Project

AUDIT OF EXISTING

XX

Excel sheet

BAMB application Existing Survey/ A Digital Twin (working)

38

fletcher priest architects

Add value to building components Information from the material passport can be accessible via QR code. The table creates a detailed inventory, providing information for maintenance, repair, replacement and reuse opportunities, onsite or offsite.

This information helps organise and connect reuse opportunities across the industry - facilitating a futures market and increasing material and asset value.

DIGITAL TWIN AND BIM A Digital Twin is a virtual model that accurately reflects a physical object, system, or process. With increasing use of BIM, the process of developing and maintaining a digital twin becomes more efficient and accessible

MATERIAL PASSPORT

For more information on material passports please refer to Watermans Material Passports Framework.

39

Understanding EPDs

What is an EPD? Environmental Product Declarations describe the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle and are based on findings from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study. To help compare the sustainability of products, EPDs simplify complex manufacturing and production processes from LCAs into shorter table of numbers.

EPDs tell you more than carbon...

But Carbon isn’t a bad place to start if you’re new to understanding the information. When evaluating material reuse choices and implications, always consider whether your choice has wider ecological and environmental impacts such as water use and habitat loss.

Base on European standard (EN 15804+A2), the EPD has been an established and verified information measurement since 1998. It is fast becoming a global standard as it focuses on quality and consistency of measurement verified by a third-party assessor.

Look out for: – The validity period – Which lifecycle stages (right) are included in the assessment – A table of impacts (GWP or Global warming potential will tell you the embodied carbon)

EPDs should comply with ISO 14025, but they can also be self-declared. Before relying on self declared EPDs consider if there is a good reason why the product may not be certified.

Numbers These are usually written exponentially to allow big and small numbers to appear alongside each other. If you don’t know how to translate them, get some help from the internet!

Life cycle stages EPDs can be understood in stages and lists the GWP value (Global Warming Potential) for each stage.

If in doubt, as a colleague, supplier, or sustainability consultant to explain.

Cradle-to-gate (A1-A3): Covers extraction of raw materials to manufacturing.

Gate-to-completion (A4-A5): Covers transport and construction.

Cradle-to-grave (B1-B5): Covers the entire lifecycle, from extraction to disposal.

Cradle-to-cradle (C1-C4): Includes recycling at the end of life, listing the CO2 emissions from product disposal.

Beyond life (D): Lists potential benefits from possible reuse, recovering or recycling.

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fletcher priest architects

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

C3

C4

D

Transport

Waste processing

Disposal

Potential To: Reuse / Recovery / Recycling

GRAVE

Construction + installation processes SITE

B7 operational water use

C2

Deconstruction demolition

Transport

Refurbishment

Manufacturing GATE

B6 operation energy use

C1

END OF LIFE

Transport

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

50%

4%

1%

20%

23%

2%

A1 - A3

A4

A5

B1-B5

B6

B6

Material upfront embodied carbon

Benefits and load beyond the system boundary

END OF LIFE

Replacement

A5

Repair

A4

Maintenance

A3

USE

Use

A2

BEYOND LIFE CYCLE

PRACTICAL COMPLETION

A1

Raw material supply

PRODUCE

CRADLE

MODULE

STAGE

LIFE CYCLE INFORMATION

Approximate distribution of A1 - C4 emissions. Adapted from LETI, ultra-low energy residential model.

The catalogue will focus on this stage, showing the environmental impact of manufacturing this product.

www.paroc.com/en/article/how-to-read-epd 41

Useful sources of more information Below is a selection of organisations, reports and books to go to for more information on different topics.

These titles have also informed the development of reuse theory and process described in this guide. There are many more useful documents not listed here, but this is a good starting point.

General Circular Economy Content Ellen MacArthur Foundation Material Reuse References Institution of Structural Engineers, Circular Economy and Reuse: guidance for designers (very useful for structural materials) Key Circular Economy Summaries LETI, Circular Economy Primer ACAN, Circular Economy Design Guide Summary Urban Mining and Buildings as Material Banks ReLondon BAMB More Information on Circular Economy UKGBC, System enablers for a circular economy ACAN, Circular Economy Design Guide UKGBC, Circular Economy Metrics for Buildings Reuse Case Studies and Inspiration Duncan Baker-Brown, The Reuse Atlas Lendager Group For more information on Material Passports Watermans, Material Passports Framework Lancaster Uni and Orms, Material Passports Policy Paper How to read EPDs Institution of Structural Engineers, How to read an EPD: basics for the structural engineer

For more information, please contact Fletcher Priest: sustainability@fletcherpriest.com Joanna Wilson Sustainability Lead MA(Hons) MPhil ARB

Lorraine Chan Project Leader and Material Reuse Champion BArch MArch AACA

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fletcher priest architects

Book Production Team Joanna Wilson Lorraine Chan FPA Team Ayshah Begum Benjamin Koslowski Caterina Izzo Chris Radley Gabriella Badeira Jaxon Kelly Myungin Lee Rotem Lewinsohn Shafia Motaleb Stephanie Kukulka Yue Jiang Zi Kang Lim Every effort has been made to trace the authors of copyright. We would be happy to rectify any errors or omissions in further editions. Unless otherwise stated, all images are copyright of Fletcher Priest Architects. © 2025 Fletcher Priest Architects LLP All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any other information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission of both the copyright owner and Fletcher Priest Architects.

Fletcher Priest Architects is a limited liability partnership.

www.fletcherpriest.com