Dd1 revised by Fisher

EDEN VALLEY: VALLEY OF WATER

STRATEGY

FLOW

ABSORPTION

ABSORPTION STRATEGY

ABSORPTION

The startegy that is being placed into the landscape has been structured through analysis of the geology and the topography of the valley. Where each stage of the strategy happens has been placed depends on the land below it, such as the absorption part of the strategy, sits on top of millstone grit areas. Millstone grit is an aquifer and can hold water, therefore absorbs water. The scale of each stage depends on mirco changes in topography and geology, for instance, more elevated areas of millstone grit will absorb significantly less than those lower in the water table. Therefore this dictates how much absorption takes place in that millstone grit area.

LAMINAR

FILTRATION

FLOW

ABSORPTION ABSORPTION FLOW STRATEGYSTRATEGY

Absorption Area

LAMINAR

Flow Area

Laminear Area

Absorption Area

ELEVATION

Absorption Area

Elevation 500-300m

Elevation +600m & +300m ELEVATION

Elevation +600m & +300m

MillstoneELEVATION Grit AreaCarboniferous Limestone Area

Millstone Grit Area

Absorption Area

Elevation 300-100m

Absorption Area

Elevation +600mFlow & +300m Area

Flow Area

Millstone Grit Area

Elevation +600m & +300m Bee Sandstone Area

Millstone Grit Area Elevation 500-300m

Elevation 500-300m

GEOLOGY

Carboniferous Limestone Area

GEOLOGY

LAMINAR

FILTRATION

Filtration Area Elevation 100-0m

Millstone Grit Area

ELEVATION

LAMINAR FILTRATION FILTRATION

LAMINAR

Elevation +600m & +300m

ELEVATION

FLOW

GEOLOGY

Carboniferous Limestone Area

Flow Area Area Mudstone

Laminear Area

Flow Area

Laminear Area

Elevation 500-300m Elevation 300-100m

Elevation 300-100m

Elevation 500-300m

Carboniferous Limestone Area Bee Sandstone Area

Bee Sandstone Area

Carboniferous Limestone Area

Laminear Area Filtration Area

Filtration Area

Elevation 100-0m Elevation 300-100m

Elevation 100-0m

Mudstone Area

Filtration Area

Laminear Area

Filtration Area

Elevation 100-0m

Elevation 100-0m Mudstone Area Elevation 300-100m

Mudstone Area Bee Sandstone Area Bee Sandstone Area

Mudstone Area

W V E E S RE WE T A N E U A TH DROU EQ

TH LOS

MIC CL I M A T E

INC N LOO O C E F S OF BIODIVERSITY REA

Used mainly in Formed by Water filters Natural filter Erodes easily building and carving compressing sand through slowly Formed by a sea, layering Acidic water dissolves the stone Uses include cement ingredient, glass sediment with high alkaline and creates caves, tunnels and production and building material makeup reservoirs

BEEBEE & PENRITH & PENRITH SANDSTONE SANDSTONE

Formed by compressing sand

Water filters through slowly

ISSUES

CURRENT SOLUTIONS

Issues within the valley, revolve around water. Therefore the solution to the issues must also deal with water. The issues arise from anthropocentricâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s low capacity to adapt and change, however water is dynamic and varying. The biocentric world, works more fluidly and has a greater capacity to adapt, structures are less stable and permenant.

Natural filter

Erodes easily

Used mainly in building and carving

BEE & PENRITH SANDSTONE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Water filters through slowly

Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline makeup

N O NG IL N ONE IN E D O U EC N NCE O S N T R TIO NDE Y E EP URN OWNT IC D IC DIVERSITY FR NO BU A OMNOM I L G D I

FLOOD E S ING RI OMY D PLANE

C E H T A A NGE M I L C IN SEA LEVELS

GH I H

O N FL UTIO LL

ER E

C C N ING K S E C O O A VE US DEFEN E R O SION BSTR F HO OD A C

R RIST A F OU HOUSE PRICES

GHT

BEE & PENRITH SANDSTONE

R ECONO TE TS MARKET

FR MING INDUSTRY

BEE & PENRITH CARBONIFEROUS SANDSTONE LIMESTONE

Natural filter

Erodes easily

Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and reservoirs

Used mainly in building and carving

Uses include cement ingredient, glass production and building material

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE MILLSTONE GRIT

Formed by a sea, layering sediment with high alkaline makeup

Formed by a low fresh water, creating layers of sediment

Acidic water dissolves the stone and creates caves, tunnels and reservoirs Influences landform

Uses include cement ingredient, glass production and building material

Water can be retained and transferred; Aquifer

Used for buidling, mill grind stone and rock climbing

OUTCOMES

MILLSTONE GRIT

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE MILLSTONE GRIT

Formed by a sea, layering sediment witha high alkaline Formed by low fresh makeup water, creating layers of sediment

Acidic water dissolves the stone Uses include cement ingredient, glass and creates caves, tunnels and production and building material Influences Water can be retained Used for buidling, mill grind reservoirs landform and transferred; Aquifer stone and rock climbing

MUDSTONE MILLSTONE GRIT Formed by a low fresh Formed by a low water, creating layers sea, creating layers of sediment of sediment

Influences Contains particles landform of oil

Water can be retained Used for buidling, mill grind Water sits on Used to create Repels water; and transferred; Aquifer stone and rock climbing top of it creating clay bricks Aqutard lakes and rivers

MUDSTONE Formed by a low sea, creating layers of sediment

Contains particles of oil

Repels water; Aqutard

Water sits on top of it creating lakes and rivers

Used to create clay bricks

H2O

Absorption This stage is about retaining and holding water nearer the source. This is through introducing a new ecology that works with the geology and topography of the area. By retaining water at the source it will mean less water in the system lower down the valley. HO 2

1 3

Flow This stage is about slowing the momentum of run off down. 2 By slowing the run off, flash floods will have less of an impact on the system. Through slower releases of water, the impact of erosion is lessened. This also collects the water and therefore reduces the effects of abstraction.

RIVER EDEN

2 H2O

RIVER EDEN

2RIVER EDEN

RIVER EDEN

4 RIVER EDEN

Filtration The final stage is about an existing problem in RIVER EDEN the valley but also needed after stages 1-3. Once the water has travelled through the system, it will RIVERrequire EDEN cleaning of pollutants, such as fertilisers. This processes occurs before the water enters the main body of water, the Eden river.

RIVER EDEN

4 RIVER EDEN

H2O

Laminar This stage is about spreading the water, 4 3 increasing the surface area which will improve water soaking away. Through moving water around and at varying levels it will allow a great range of anthropocentric activities.

RIVER EDEN

H2O

1 2

H2O

RIVER EDEN

4 RIVER EDEN

ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

R. EDEN

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

LAKE DISTRICT

PENNINES

ABSORPTION

LAKE DISTRICT

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

A general section of the geological makeup of the valley and an approximate topographic profile. The geological bands of various rocks tend to be aligned with the river Eden, with some exceptions such as Millstone Grit does not follow the river all the way up the valley. The stone is dappled in the high elevated areas, with the boundary being the river catchment area.

MILLSTONE GRIT

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE

BEE SANDSTONE

MUDSTONE

PENRTIH SANDSTONE

MILLSTONE GRIT

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE

BEE SANDSTONE

MUDSTONE

ORDOVICIAN

PENRTIH SANDSTONE

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE

ORDOVICIAN

Where each stage of the strategy sits in relation to topography and geology of the valley.

Each stage of the system is geared towards helping the anthropocentric gain a greater capacity to adapt to unpredicable events. The processes being put in place are largely about water manipulation, this creates anthropocentric oppertunities, such as recreational activities or agricultural produce.

Views

Block Drains

Honey

Beef Farming

Recreation

Biomass

Habitat

Buffer

Energy Resource

Recreation

Spa

Habitat

Livestock

Crops

Watercress & Shrimp

Fish

Mussels

Control of Water

Sewage

Agri. Waste

Biomass

Thatch

Urban Waste

Control of Water

ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

FLOW

LAMINAR

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

FLOW

Stone creates distinctive landform Each idea has structures that need to be put in place in order for them to operate, such as pathways and shelter. This is a breakdown of key components of each idea.

Exposure Access

Shelter

Access for tourists to appreciate the views towards Carlisle and beyond.

The area is very exposed to the elements, shelter would make the experience more enjoyable.

Exposure

Exposure of rock or small cave network will provide habitat for a rare existing species.

Access

A building to house information and equipment for the activities.

Existing Farms

Access to the pasture land will need to be provided for feeding.

Farms will be able to farm the new ecology. Few species can thrive in these conditions; Belted Galaways Highland Cow can stay on the land all year.

Access to the recreational areas.

Carlisle

Surface

Factory

Access is needed to transport hives to site and harvest.

A processing house for bottling and distribution. Temp. and in low valley.

Beef farming on peat bog Honey Block drainage ditches

Beer and whiskey flavourings Heather (Calluna vulagris)

Water Control

Heather Bales

Production (food & recreation)

Biomass burning powers 16 homes

Peat bog absorbs water

Heather bales are used to block drains, previously dug to improve pasture land, however many benefits can be harvested from removing the ditches

Sink holes, limestone below surface collapsing 2400mm of rainfall

BIOMASS BURNING

Caving

Hook up to the grid or links to houses.

HONEY

BEEF FARMING

RECREATION

VIEWS

Belted Galaways

Link to Grid

Processing plant to convert material into electricity.

Access

HABITAT

Simply to enhance the numbers already found in sink holes.

Centre

Access

BLOCK DRAINS

Bat Boxes

Factory

Exploiting the sink holes to contain some activities

Soap and shampoo flavourings Aquifer View to Carlisle

Millstone Grit

Sub-surface Stone creates distinctive landform

Rock climbing

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

Peat bog Caving

Surface

Sink holes, limestone below surface collapsing 2400mm of rainfall

The ideas can be grouped into the categories above. Water control and sub-surface are key ideas or points.

Biodiversity

Heather (Calluna vulagris)

Bat habitat

Beef farming on peat bog Honey Beer and whiskey flavourings

Filtration required

Management points

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Paths Directions/ Maps Minimal Climbing centre Paths Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Directions/ Maps

caves. Land collapses due to Limestone nearer the of the limestone bedrock andedge creates Pennines is dissolved by water, shake/ sink holes. creating underground streams and Caving/ Rock Climbing/ caves. Land collapses dueSink to holes limestone bedrock and creates Limestone nearer the edge of the shake/ sinkwhiskey holes. flavourings Beer and Pennines is dissolved by water, creating underground streams and Flavourings, very little needed to caves. Land collapses due to produce one product. limestone bedrock and creates shake/ sinkwhiskey holes. flavourings Beer and Flavourings, very little needed to produce one product. Beer and whiskey flavourings

Heather flavours the ale/ beer in the fermentation process

Parts of the plant are cropped

Calluna vulgaris

Flavourings, very little needed to produce one product. Beer and whiskey flavourings

Calluna vulgaris

By introducing these at this stage it establishes this area as a place to walk and appreciate the view. It is also a low impact, subtle changes first.

Once the uplands has established as a place, somewhere to go; recreational activities can start to take place, such as rock climbing in sink holes or caving in deeper ones.

Once the new ecology has had a significant time to establish and grow, farming can be introduced. These require less structure as opposed to biomass burning.

BIOMASS BURNING

BEEF & HONEY

New ecology of wetland is created by blocking drains. This will sustain a community of wildlife, after a few months; time for new ecology to grow.

RECREATION

ROUTES & VIEWS

This creates the new ecology from which all activities stem. This also is low impact to begin the process.

HABITAT

BLOCK DRAINS

Belted Galaways

Carlisle

One Unit of Time

The ideas within each stage of the system, need to be staggered, due to the fact an idea needs to wait till the previous idea establishes.There is a logical order of introducing each idea. This moves the landscape in different directions over time.

One Unit of Time

Flavourings, very little needed to produce one product. This is the largest impact on the area. The heather is now well established, has spread, good density and can be harvested. The system is established now with access and other links to other areas.

0.5kg of heather is needed to dye 2 Calluna vulgaris only 0.1kg. Which means a 1m creates only 0.2kg of wool. 0.2kg creates two balls of wool, which is Wool dyeing severn short of an average jumper. 0.5kg of heather is needed to dye only 0.1kg. Which means a 1m2 Wool dyeing creates only 0.2kg of wool. 0.2kg Calluna vulgaris creates two balls of wool, which is 0.5kg ofshort heather needed to dye severn of anis average jumper. only 0.1kg. Which means a 1m2 creates only 0.2kg of wool. 0.2kg Wool dyeing creates two balls of wool, which is Calluna vulgaris severn short of an average jumper. 0.5kg of heather is needed to dye only 0.1kg. Which means a 1m2 creates only 0.2kg of wool. 0.2kg Calluna vulgaris creates two balls of wool, which is severn short of an average jumper. Bat habitat Limestone nearer the edge of the Calluna vulgaris Pennines is dissolved by water, creating underground streams and caves. Land collapses due to Bat habitat limestone bedrock and creates Limestone shake/ sinknearer holes. the edge of the Pennines is dissolved by water, Bat habitat creating underground streams and caves. Land collapses due to Limestone nearer the of the limestone bedrock andedge creates Pennines is dissolved by water, shake/ sink holes. creating underground streams and Bat habitat caves. Land collapses due to

Flavoured Water from Heather flavours heather goes the ale/ beer in the into the WHISKEY

Parts of the plant are cropped

fermentation process

Parts of the plant are cropped

Flavoured Water from Heather flavours heather the ale/ beergoes in the into the WHISKEY fermentation process

Calluna vulgaris

Wool dyeing

Heather flavours the ale/ beer in the fermentation process

Parts of the plant are cropped

0.2kg of WOOL 0.2kg of WOOL 0.2kg of WOOL 0.2kg of WOOL

Flavoured Water from heather goes into the WHISKEY Flavoured Water from heather goes 10WHISKEY Balls into the

of Wool for 1 JUMPER 10 Balls of Wool for 1 JUMPER 10 Balls of Wool for 1 JUMPER 10 Balls of Wool for 1 JUMPER

Biocentric Infrastructure Exposure of rock faces Lose of some ecologies Biocentric Infrastructure

Churn Milk hole, near Pennine Way

Google Earth Image near Cross Fell, showing shake holes

Minimal Climbing centre Paths Directions/ Maps

Exposure of rock faces Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Churn Infrastructure Milk hole, near Google Earth Image near Cross Fell, Pennine Way showing shake holes Lose of some ecologies Large amount of structure Large heather plantation needed Abstraction of water needed Steady flow of water, pure and clean Harvesting of some heather flowers Peat is sometimes used to hole, fuel near Milk Google Earth Image near Cross Fell, Anthrobocentric Infrastructure BiocentricChurn Infrastructure Roads and distillerary needed burners to create flavour, but 4,900L of water Pennine Way is showing shake holes Bottling factory unsustainable at rate of burning produces 410L Large amount of structure Large heather plantation needed of whiskey Abstraction of water needed Steady flow of water, pure and clean Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Harvesting of some heather flowers Bowmore Whiskey, Fraoch Heather Ale, Peat is sometimes used to fuel made using clean heather is used to Roads and distillerary needed burners to create flavour, but is 4,900L of water Large amount of structure water through flavour the drink Large heather plantation needed Bottling factory unsustainable at rate of burning produces 410L Abstraction of water needed upland and heather Steady flow of water, pure and clean of whiskey Harvesting of some heather flowers honey Peat isBiocentric sometimes used to fuel Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Infrastructure Roads and distillerary needed Bowmore Whiskey, Fraoch Heather Ale, burners to create flavour, but is 4,900L of water Bottling factory made using clean heather is used to unsustainable at rate of burning produces 410L Large amount of structure Large heather plantation needed water through flavour the drink Abstraction of water needed of whiskey Steady flow of water, pure and clean upland and heather Harvesting of some heather flowers Peat is sometimes used to fuel honey Bowmore Whiskey, Fraoch Heather Ale, made using clean heather is used to burners to create flavour, but is 4,900L of water Roads and distillerary needed Bottling factory water through flavour the drink unsustainable at rate of burning Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure produces 410L

of whiskey

Minimal on upland area Large heather plantation Harvesting of heather required Large harvesting machinery Heather plantation could damage the habitat Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Roads to plantation Topography guides Processing factory sited plantation structure Minimal on upland area Large heather plantation elsewhere Harvesting of heather required Large harvesting machinery Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Heather plantation could damage the habitat Roads to plantation Topography guides Largeplantation heather plantation Minimal on upland Processing factory area sited structure Large harvesting machinery Harvesting of heather required elsewhere could damage the habitat Heather plantation Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Roads to plantation Topography guides Processing factory sited plantation structure Large heather plantation Minimal on upland area elsewhere Harvesting of heather required Large harvesting machinery could damage the habitat Heather plantation Roads to plantation Topography guides Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Processing factory sited plantation structure elsewhere Minimal to none Exposure of part of cave Exposure of caves system or rock faces Bat boxes to encourage mammals Increase in bat roosts Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure into the sinkholes Bat walks Minimal to none Exposure of part of cave Exposure of caves system Infrastructure or rock faces Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Bat boxes to encourage mammals Increase in bat roosts into the sinkholes Minimal to none Exposure of part of cave Bat walks Exposure of caves system or rock faces Bat boxes to encourage mammals Increase in bat roosts Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure

upland and heather honey Bowmore Whiskey, made using clean water through upland and heather honey

Fraoch Heather Ale, heather is used to flavour the drink

Sell Gill hole, near Pennine Way

Salt Spring Heather Ale, heather is also used to flavour the drink

Salt Spring Heather Ale, heather is also used to flavour the drink Salt Spring Heather Ale, heather is also used to flavour the drink Salt Spring Heather Ale, heather is also used to flavour the drink

Home Wool dyeing process from Painted Fish Studio

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour taken from Heather from flickr.com

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour from Heather and Lichen from wordpress.com

Home Wool dyeing process from Painted Fish Studio

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour taken from Heather from flickr.com

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour from Heather and Lichen from wordpress.com

Home Wool dyeing process from Painted Fish Studio

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour taken from Heather from flickr.com

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour from Heather and Lichen from wordpress.com

Home Wool dyeing process from Painted Fish Studio

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour taken from Heather from flickr.com

Natural Wool Dyeing, colour from Heather and Lichen from wordpress.com

Devilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sinkhole State Natural Area, Texas, USA: Home to 4 million bats

Noctule Bat, photgraph from Westmorland & Furness Bat Group, Cumrbia

Sell Gill hole, near Pennine Way

Devilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sinkhole State Natural Area, Texas, USA: Home to 4 million bats

Noctule Bat, photgraph from Westmorland & Furness Bat Group,

Sell Gill hole, near Pennine Way

from Westmorland & Cumrbia Furness Bat Group, Cumrbia

Natural Area, Texas, USA: Home to 4 million bats

Views/ Tourist Industry

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

High topography 880m above sea level. Views/ Tourist Industry Views/ Tourist Industry High topography 880m above sea level. High topography 880m above sea level.

Carlisle Carlisle

Loss of some habitat space Biocentric Infrastructure Loss of heather plantation space Biocentric Infrastructure ManagementLoss of view/ area of some habitat space Loss some Loss of of heather habitat space plantation space Loss heather Management of of view/ area plantation space Management of view/ area

Honey Production

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Eden Valley from Hartside, from Val Corbett Eden Valley from Hartside, Photography from Val Corbett Biocentric Photography Infrastructure

View from Cross Fell along Ardale Beck, mountain View Cross Fellfrom along alongfrom Pennine Way, Ardale Beck, mountain Cross Fell Circuit along Pennine Way, from Cross Fell Circuit

View from Cross Fell to Alston, mountain along Pennine Way, View from Cross Fell to Alston, from Cross Fell Circuit mountain along Pennine Way, from Cross Fell Circuit

Heather Hills Farm, Perthshire, Scotland. Small scale

Heather Hills Farm, Perthshire, Scotland. Small scale Heather Hills Farm, Perthshire, Scotland. Small scale

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Requires more structure Processing factory in Anthrobocentric Infrastructure lowlands (seasonal) Cables to link up to Anthrobocentric Infrastructure houses ormore gridsstructure Requires Processing factory in Requires (seasonal) more structure lowlands Processing factory Cables to link up toin lowlands (seasonal) houses or grids Cables to link up to houses or grids

1/7th cut each year to minimise impact Requires movement of Biocentric Infrastructure species Biocentric 1/7th cutInfrastructure each year to minimise impact 1/7th cutmovement each yearof to Requires minimisespecies impact Requires movement of species

1/7th cut annually

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

0.128kg 0.128kg

Biocentric Infrastructure

Block drainage ditches Water is retained through the vegetation creating peat, which absorbs water.

1kg of 1kg of SOAP SOAP

Dependant onmay the size the buisness, needof the buisness, may heavy machinery toneed heavy harvestmachinery or by handto harvest or by hand Production could be sited Production could off heather area be sited off heather area

View from Cross Fell along Ardale Beck, mountain along Pennine Way, from Cross Fell Circuit

View from Cross Fell to Alston, mountain along Pennine Way, from Cross Fell Circuit

Biocentric Infrastructure Large amount of heather plantation in drier areas of the uplands Sustaining a wide South Downs National variety species

SouthBelted DownsGalaways National Park, Park, Belted Galaways grazing grazing

50ha area of heather

50Ha heather planted area Average house in the UK consumes High/ dry areas of uplands could 20,000 kWh annually 1m2 area can create 1kg of dry matter sustain heather. Heather can be 1ha = 10,000kg 20,000 x 7 = 140,000 kWh power Soap and shampoo flavourings cut or burnt every 7 years as a 1kg = 16MJ of energy through burning consumption for 1 house for 7 years Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Soap and shampoo flavourings Biocentric Infrastructure minimum. This helps keep the 10,000 x 16 = 160,000MJ per hectare Energy produced / amount needed Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Soaps and shampoos have heather plants healthy. = 8,000,000 MJ total to power 1 house for 7 years Soapsthem, and shampoos have heather 160,000 x 50 128g of heather is used per bar (1kg) within this adds fragrance Minimal Large heather plantation energy produced area / 140,000 = 16 Houses 128g over of heather is approx. used per0.128m2, bar2,200,000 (1kg) 0.128kg to the equals within them,Depending this adds fragrance Minimal Large heathermachinery plantation and colour. on the scale A simple road leading to Heavy harvesting 3.6 MJ = 1kWh amount of energy could be powered for 7 years 0.128kg to equals approx. 0.128m2, small area needed to produce a and colour. Depending on the scale A simple road leading to Heavy harvesting machinery of the industry more or less heather heather crop could damage the habitat converted to electricity then start again small area amount needed of to product. produce a significant of the industry heather cropon the size of could Topography damage the guides habitat maybe needed.more or less heather 8,000,000 / 3.6 Dependant = 2,200,000 kWh significant amount of product. 1/7th cut annually maybe needed.

Year 7

1/7th cut annually

Biomass burning (Heather (Calluna vulagris))

Year 6

1/7th cut annually

16 HOMES OFF THE GRID 16 HOMES 16 HOMES OFF OFF THE GRID THE GRID

Livestock slows sucession; Livestockofslows removal smallsucession; trees and removal of small trees and shrubs shrubs

Year 5

Large amount of heather plantation in drier areas the uplands Biocentricof Infrastructure Sustaining a wide Biocentric Infrastructure variety species Large amount of heather plantation in drier areas Large amount of heather of the uplands plantation in drier Sustaining aareas wide of the uplands variety species Sustaining a wide variety species

Highland Cow Highland Cow

Minimal Minimal can stay on Livestock Livestock canround stay on the hills year the hills year round Existing farms can Existing farms can provide for them provide for them

Year 4

50ha area of heather

7r 7 Year 7 Yea Yr ea

50ha area of heather

6r 6 Year 6 Yea Yr ea

5r 5 Year 5 Yea Yr ea

4r 4 Year 4 Yea Yr ea

Year 3 Yea Yr ea 3r 3

Average house in the UK consumes 20,000 kWh annually 20,000 x 7 = 140,000 kWh power consumption for 1 house for 7 years Energy produced / amount needed Average house in the UK consumes to power 1 house for 7 years 20,000 kWh annually 2,200,000 / 140,000 16consumes Houses Average in the =UK 20,000 xhouse 7 = 140,000 kWh power could20,000 be powered for 7 years kWh annually consumption for 1 house for 7 years start again 20,000 produced x then 7 = 140,000 kWh needed power Energy / amount consumption for 1 house for 7 years to power 1 house for 7 years Energy produced / amount needed 2,200,000 / 140,000 = 16 Houses to power 1 house for could be powered for77years years 2,200,000 / 140,000 = 16 Houses then start again could be powered for 7 years then start again

2r 2 Year 2 Yea Yr ea

Block drainage ditches

View from Cross Fell to Alston, mountain along Pennine Way, from Cross Fell Circuit

50ha area of heather 1r 1 Year 1 Yea Yr ea

3.6 MJ = 1kWh amount of energy energy produced over the area converted to electricity 3.6 MJ = 1kWh of energy 8,000,000 / 3.6 amount = 2,200,000 kWh converted to electricity 8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh

View from Cross Fell along Ardale Beck, mountain along Pennine Way, from Cross Fell Circuit

Belted Galaways Belted Galaways

Biocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Decrease in pioneering species; Minimal Decrease in pioneering species; shrubs and trees A track/ road (dependant shrubs and trees Increase in heather on scale of buisness) Increase in heather Large heather plantation Lowlands; processing Large heatherhoney plantation factory (temporary; seasonal)

Year 3

Honey Production Heather honey is produced very quickly. Bees best situated within Heather honey is produced very the heather. quickly. Bees best situated within the heather.

Eden Valley from Hartside, from Val Corbett Photography

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Year 2

Minimal A track/ road (dependant on scale of buisness) Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Lowlands; honey processing Anthrobocentric Infrastructure factory (temporary; seasonal) Minimal A track/ road (dependant Minimal on scale of buisness) A track/ road (dependant Lowlands; honey processing on scale of buisness) factory (temporary; seasonal) Lowlands; honey processing factory (temporary; seasonal)

50Ha heather planted area High/ dry areas of uplands could 1m2 area can create 1kg of dry matter sustain heather. Heather can be 1ha = 10,000kg cut or burnt every 7(Heather years as (Calluna a Biomass burning 1kgvulagris)) = 16MJ of energy through burning minimum. This helps keep the 10,000 x 16 = 160,000MJ per hectare Biomass burning (Heather (Calluna vulagris)) 50Ha heather planted area plantsdry healthy. High/ areas of uplands could 160,000 x 50 = 8,000,000 MJ total 1m2 area can create 1kg of dry matter sustain heather. Heather can be energy producedplanted over the area 50Ha heather High/ dry areas of uplands could 1ha = 10,000kg area cut or burnt every 7 years as a 3.6 MJ = 1kWh amount of dry energy 1m2 can of matter 1kg =area 16MJ of create energy1kg through burning sustain heather. Heather minimum. This helps keepcan thebe converted to electricity 1ha = 10,000kg 10,000 x 16 = 160,000MJ per hectare cut or burnt every 7 years as a 8,000,000 / 3.6 = 2,200,000 kWh plants healthy. 1kg = 16MJx of through 160,000 50energy = 8,000,000 MJburning total minimum. This helps keep the 10,000 x 16produced = 160,000MJ per area hectare energy over the plants healthy. 160,000 x 50 = 8,000,000 MJ total

Beef farming on peat bog Beef farming on peat bog Honey Production Beef Farming can be viable on Beef Farming be viable on heather plantations.The livestock Heather honeycan is produced very heather plantations.The livestock can be left up on the hill all year quickly. Bees best situated within canheather. be left up on the all year and help maintain thehill heathland. the and help maintain the heathland.

Year 1

Heather honey is produced very quickly. Bees best situated within the heather. Honey Production

Biomass burning (Heather (Calluna vulagris))

from Val Corbett Photography

Biocentric Infrastructure

Medium amount of structure needed Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Path network/ routes Shelter, resting points Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Signage Medium amount of structure needed Medium amount of Path network/ routes structure needed Shelter, resting points Path network/ routes Signage Shelter, resting points Signage

Carlisle

Way

16 HOMES OFF THE GRID

Topography guides plantation structure plantation structure

Scottish Heather Two Scottish Two Soap GiftHeather Box, Highland Gift Box, Highland Soap Co., Soap Co.,

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Minimal Installation of heather bales to block drains can be done by machinery Bales grow over with vegetation

Curbar Edge, Peak District, Agilonby Beck, Pennines, Curbar Edge, Agilonby Beck, Pennines, Highland cow Peak grazingDistrict, Eden Valley. Current setting Highland cow grazing Eden Valley. Current setting Heather Hills Farm, Perthshire, Scotland. Small scale

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Requires more structure Processing factory in lowlands (seasonal) Cables to link up to houses or grids

1/7th cut each year to minimise impact Requires movement of species

Soap in a tin - Heather, The Soap in aFine tin -Soap Heather, The Scottish Company Scottish Fine Soap Company

Proctor & Gamble Factory Proctor West & Gamble Factory (P&G), Thurrock, (P&G), West Thurrock, London London

Biocentric Infrastructure Increase in water content in the soil Increase in peat content in the soil Creates peat bog; change of ecology

LIFE Bog Project, drainage blocking using heather bales

Sub-surface Caves, tunnels and caverns

Landform Manipulation By changing the landform, enhancing and changing could provide for a wider variety of activities.

Turbines By adding hydropower turbines where water flows down the steep topography.

Well Construction Exploitation of the spring will need to be done. A deep well would provide a source of mineral water.

H2 O Ca-Mg

TERRACING

RECREATION

Limited Access Through limiting the access it will let the wildlife be undesturbed.

HABITAT

Native Woodland By introducting a new ecology it will provide a habitat for native wildlife.

Caving

Surface

Access Access needs to be provided for people to take part in the recreation.

Landform Manipulation By changing the landform; creating terraces and pools that slow water speed. Lose of Material To create terraces from the existing slope material needs to be taken out.

Bath House Housing to the pools could be provided for shelter and privacy.

Link to Grid Electricity will be created and some sort of hook up to the grid or houseing will need to be structured.

ENERGY RESOURCE

Pathways Pathways through the buffer will let maintenance occur.

SPA

Native Woodland Through adding the woodland will slow run off of the water further and increase absorption.

Access Access will need to be provided for harvest and maintenance of biomass.

BUFFER

Each idea has structures that need to be put in place in order for them to operate, such as pathways and shelter. This is a breakdown of key components of each idea.

Spring line, bring up mineral water Steep gradient; 1:7 Rafting Mountain biking Zorbing

Exercise

Outdoor pools Terraced pools

Rock climbing Energy resource

Water Control

Caving

Fall/ Water Underground rivers

Production (food & recreation) Spa; thermal waters, mineral, mud bath Permeable

Bottled water

Limestone

Sub-surface

Mining

Aquatic life

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

Caves, tunnels and caverns

Caving

Surface

Biodiversity

Spring line, bring up mineral water Bat habitat Steep gradient; 1:7 Filtration required

Rafting

The ideas can be grouped into the categories above. Water control and sub-surface are key ideas or points.

Mountain biking Exercise

Zorbing

Management points

Ca-Mg H2O 0.02% of 0.4 ML

Further structure needed, will require exploitation of the spring line; deep wells dug. Significant time period has passed to allow the system to settle, particularly Absorption. This gives the landscape manager time to assess if there is enough water for a spa.

ENERGY RESOURCE

Low amount of structure is needed for the type of recreation surggested. A significant time period has passed to let the buffer establish.

SPA

Habitat for indigenous wildlife to the area, will establish in the buffer, if something is provided or not.

4 RECREATION

Native woodland buffer belt is planted along the terraced slopes, which will slow the speed of the run off further. This sets the perimeters for the stages to follow and what activities can take place.

3 HABITAT

Removing some material from the steep slopes to create pools and falls, this slows the overall flow of the water. This is the initial stage of the system.

2 WOODLAND BUFFER

TERRACING

H2 O Ca-Mg

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Large scale structuring, this is the last stage to allow establishing time and assessment of how much water is within the system, after Absorption.

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Limestone is dissolved by water creating underground streams, caves and tunnels. Shake or Sink holes are created when the limestone below the surface Recreation collapses. (Outdoor pools/ Rock Climbing/ Caving) Rock climbing Limestone is dissolved by water creating underground streams, caves and tunnels. Shake or Sink holes are created when the limestone below the surface collapses.

Caving

Rock climbing

Recreation (Outdoor pools/ Rock Climbing/ Caving) Limestone is dissolved by water creating underground streams,

Caving

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Minimal infrastucture A small amount of facilities need to be provided for these activities. Anthrobocentric The landform or Infrastructure water is the only real Minimal infrastucture element that is needed. A small amount of Landform manipulation facilities need to be in place to enhance the provided for these activity. activities. Pathways and signage The landform or water is the only real Infrastructure Anthrobocentric element that is needed. Landform manipulation Minimal infrastucture in place to enhance A small amount of the activity. facilities need to be Pathwaysfor and signage provided these activities. The landform or water is the only real element that is needed. Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Landform manipulation in place to enhance the Minimal infrastucture activity. A small amount of facilities Pathways and signage need to be provided for these activities. The landform or water is Anthrobocentric Infrastructure the only real element that is needed. Minimal infrastucture Landform manipulation in A small amount of facilities place to enhance the activity need to be provided for Pathways and signage these activities. The landform or water is the only real element that is needed. Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Landform manipulation in place to infrastucture enhance the activity Minimal Pathways and signage A small amount of facilities

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Recreation (Outdoor pools/ Rock Climbing/ Caving)

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Fall from approx. 600m to 250m in a space of 2.5km, 350m drop over 2500m. Gradient of 1:7

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Zorbing)

Recreation (Rafting/ Mountain Biking/ Zorbing)

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a space of 2.5km, 350m drop over 2500m. Gradient of 1:7 1:

16,000 BOTTLES OF WATER per DAY Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

0.02% of 0.4 ML

7 Recreation (Rafting/ gr Mountain Biking/ ad ie Fall from approx. 600mnt to 250m in

16,000 BOTTLES OF WATER per DAY

Ca-Mg

River Example Nearby river, Croglin, has 0.4 Mega Litres per day available. Sustainable abstraction: 400,000 x 0.02= 8,000L No. of Bottles for Croglin: Recreation (Rafting/ Mountain Biking/ Zorbing) 8,000/0.5= 16,000 bottles Fall from approx. 600m to 250m in a space of 2.5km, 350m drop over 2500m. Gradient of 1:7 1:

BOTTLES OF WATER per DAY

0.02% of 0.4 ML

sustainable. No. of Bottles for Croglin: 8,000/0.5= 16,000 bottles River Example Nearby river, Croglin, has 0.4 Mega Bottled Water from Spring Litres per day available. Sustainable abstraction: EU Bottled Water Federation 400,000 x 0.02= abstract 0.02% of8,000L available No. of Bottles Croglin: resource from for source to be 8,000/0.5= sustainable.16,000 bottles

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Outdoor pools Gorge walking

Scuba diving

on spring line Roads to and from factory Large will need to be dug to access water Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Large structure Bottling plant sited on spring line Roads to and from factory Large will need to be dug to access water

Layers of limestone which filter the water Slope of land Biocentric Infrastructure Underground stream and spring Layers of limestone which filter the water Slope of land

Minimal impact is made on natural processes due to the engagement of the activity. Some damage will be sustained however, nothing that could not Biocentric Infrastructure be restored through management. Some loss of habitats or Minimal impact is made on exploiting them. natural processes due to the engagement of the activity. Some damage will be sustained however, nothing that could not be restored through management. Some lossInfrastructure of habitats or Biocentric exploiting them. Minimal impact is made on natural processes due to the

Buxton Bottled Water, water filtered through layers of limestone in Peak District

Biocentric Infrastructure Minimal impact is made on natural processes due to the engagement of the activity. Some damage will be sustained however, nothing Biocentric Infrastructure that could not be restored through management. Minimal impact is made on Some loss of habitats natural processes due to the or exploiting them. engagement of the activity. Some damage will be sustained however, nothing that could not be restored through Infrastructure management. Biocentric Some loss of habitats exploiting them. Minimal or impact is made on natural processes due to the engagement of the activity. Some damage will be sustained however, nothing that could not be restored through management. Some loss of habitats Biocentric Infrastructure or exploiting them.

through layers of limestone in Peak District

National White Water Rafting Centre, North Wales, Bala

Maccesfield Zorbing Centre, need a hill, a zorb and barriors

National White Water Rafting Centre, North Wales, Bala

Maccesfield Zorbing Centre, need a hill, a zorb and barriors

National White Water Rafting Centre, North Wales, Bala

Maccesfield Zorbing Centre, need a hill, a zorb and barriors

Gorge Walking, South Wales activity run by Outdoor Education Centre

Sparth outdoor pool, Huddersfield, popular pool

Gorge Walking, South Wales activity run by Outdoor Education Centre

Sparth outdoor pool, Huddersfield, popular pool

diving takes place here

side

Scuba diving

Recreation Underground

Minerals are picked up from the water flowing through the limestone. Various spa use this mineral water... Thermal waters Mineral water Mud bath Ice bath Swim pools

Caving

110C Scuba diving Ca-Mg

Large amount of impact Large scale infrastructure. dependant on cave If caves are not found, would presence or not. require large excavation which Bat Habitat Disturbance to natural cannot be justified. landform and habitats. Facilities need to be provided, Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Encourage new habitats scuba centre, etc. Large scale Exposure of well/ spring Roof structuring structure stabilised. needed. Exploiting the mineral water Pathways and roads. Cheese production Well construction, possible Underground river network exposure of spring. Bath house or outdoor pools. H2 O Roads/ paths leading.

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

H2 O Ca-Mg

Bee Sandstone, Penrith Sandstone and Limestone are mined in the valley. These stones are used for building, cement and glass production.

Large scale structuring needed. Well construction, possible exposure of spring. Bath house or outdoor pools. Roads/ paths leading.

Biocentric Infrastructure Exposure of well/ spring Exploiting the mineral water Underground river network

Energy Resource

Cheddar Gorge, Somerset. Caving and cheese production work side by side

Bristol Roman Baths, water taken from a natural underground spring

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Average mine 6,000 tons per day H2 O Ca-Mg

Average mine 6,000 tons per day

Szechenyi Baths, Hungry, take water from a thermal spring (warmer due to climate)

Agen Allwedd Cave, Wales.Caving and cave diving takes place here

How water travels through limestone, limestone study in Ireland

LargeLarge scalescale structuring structure needed. Open cast mining Well Tracks/ construction, Roadspossible exposure of spring. Large machinery BathLarge houseopen or outdoor space pools. Roads/ paths leading.

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Large scale structure Open cast mining Tracks/ Roads Large machinery Large open space

4.6L/s

Gravity 9.8 m/s2

Bristol Roman Baths, water taken from a natural underground spring

Wookey Hole, Somerset. Similar attraction, cheese in a cave

Taking advantage of the fall of the land andResource the flow of water down the Energy hillside. Power head x flow x gravity Taking = advantage of the fall of the Headand is 300m (theoffall) land the flow water down the Flow rate is 0.4 ML per day hillside. Power head x flow x gravity (Croglin= example) = 4.6L a second Head is 300m (the fall) Gravity 9.8 Flow 0.4 =ML per day 300 xrate 4.6 is x 9.8 13,524W/s (Croglin example) = 4.6L a second Gravity 9.8 300 x 4.6 x 9.8 = 13,524W/s

Woodland Buffer

Spa (thermal waters/ minera/ mud bath) Mining Minerals are picked up from the Bee Sandstone, Penrith Sandstone water flowing through the in the and Limestone are mined limestone. Various spa use thisfor valley. These stones are used mineral building,water... cement and glass Thermal waters production. Mineral water Mud bath Ice bath Swim pools Mining

Biocentric Infrastructure

300m

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Szechenyi Baths, Hungry, take water from a thermal spring (warmer due to climate)

How water travels through limestone, limestone study in Ireland

Biocentric Infrastructure Biocentric Infrastructure Exposure of well/ spring Exposure of rock faces Exploiting the mineralMore watercliffs Underground network Loss ofriver existing habitat Impossible for wildlife to stay in the same area as mining

Bristol Roman Baths, water taken Biocentric Infrastructure

Szechenyi Baths, Hungry, take How water travels through The Hartley limestone an study from a natural underground water from a thermal spring limestone,quarry, limestone E Moorhouse andspring Sons Ltd, existing quarry existing limestone quarry near (warmer due to climate) in Ireland Exposure of rock faces in the valley that mines St. Bees Sandstone Kirby Steven More cliffs

Loss of existing habitat Impossible for wildlife to stay in the same area as mining

E Moorhouse and Sons Ltd, existing quarry

The Hartley limestone quarry, an

A native deciduous woodland buffer a long the terraced Woodland Buffer edges would slow run off speed further and decrease the amount of waterbuffer flow A native deciduous woodland down the hill a long the terraced edges would Trees tolerant of exposed, hillside slow run off speed further and areas would need to be chosen. decrease the amount of water flow down the hill Trees tolerant of exposed, hillside areas would need to be chosen.

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large amount of structure Turbines and housing Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Cables required to carry power Large structure back toamount grid or of homes Turbines and housing Road to install structure Cables required to carry power back to grid or homes Road to install structure

Fall of slope Biocentric Speed Infrastructure of flow Extraction of stone to Fall terraces of slope create Speed of flow Extraction of stone to create terraces

300m

Limestone is dissolved by water creating underground streams, caves and tunnels. These caves are cold, often hold large bodies of water (where rock is less permeable) and dark. These things Spa (thermal waters/ minera/ mud bath) can be ultiliesed in a variety of ways for anthropocentric gain. Minerals are picked up from the water flowing through the limestone. Various spa use this mineral water... Thermal waters Mineral water Mud bath Ice bath Swim pools waters/ minera/ mud bath) Spa (thermal

Center of Alternative Technology, uses hydro power from a high reservoir to run a lot of machines Center of Alternative Technology, uses hydro power from a high reservoir to run a lot of machines

13.5kW per second 13.5kW per second Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Very little structure needed. Bank stablisationInfrastructure may need Anthrobocentric to occur, while tree establish. Very little structure needed. Bank stablisation may need to occur, while tree establish.

New woodland structure. New habitat. Biocentric Infrastructure Could effect water levels woodland in aNew negative way; structure. too much New habitat. taken out. Could effect water levels in a negative way; too much taken out.

Rammelsberg Mine, Germany. A water wheel is used to power the mining, small scale however Rammelsberg Mine, Germany. A water wheel is used to power the mining, small scale however

Taken by Adam Burton, from bbc.co.uk/nature/places/United_Kingdom. Thick deciduous woodland buffer down the centre of the picture Taken by Adam Burton, from bbc.co.uk/nature/places/United_Kingdom. Thick deciduous woodland buffer down the centre of the picture

Sandstone/ Mudstone

Sub-surface Aquatard; repels water

Improved Soils By washing water over the land, nutrients will be deposited and improve the soils.

Control of Water By controlling water levels will create pools for growing, harvesting and a constant flow of water.

3 CONTROL OF WATER

CROPS

Existing Existing crop farming is improved by adding nutrients to soils.

LIVESTOCK

Improved Soils By washing water over the land, nutrients will be deposited and improve the soils.

Control of Water By controlling water levels will create pools for growing, harvesting and a constant flow of water.

Varying Water Levels Through controlling the water it creates various water levels it allows more of a diverse range of agriculture. Gates/ Sluice These are the tools to control the water.

Lakes These lakes will allow to grow and harvest the freshwater mussels. By hanging ropes through the lake, mussels will grow along the ropes.

Lakes These lakes will allow to grow and harvest the fish.

High in Pollutants

Surface

Agricultural hub; Grade 2-3 Gradient of 1:50

MUSSEL FARMING

Existing Existing livestock farming will continue and be improved through soil improvement.

Retaining Pools These pools will be used to grow the plant with the freshwater shrimps.

WATERCRESS & SHRIMP

Control of Water By controlling water levels will create pools for growing, harvesting and a constant flow of water.

FISH FARMING

Each idea has structures that need to be put in place in order for them to operate, such as pathways and shelter. This is a breakdown of key components of each idea.

Irrigation/ improved soil

Biomass burning Fish farming Thatch Gates/ Diversions/ Ditches/ Sluice

Water Control

Bore

Reed (Phragmites australis)

Production (food & recreation)

Reed beds Wash

Drinking supply

Reservoirs/ Lakes

Fishery

Clean water

Agriculture waste Urban waste Sewage

Crop farming Improved soil

Sand filter

Phytomining

Sandstone/ Mudstone

Water cress and Freshwater shrimp Quality of livestock

Sub-surface Reed beds

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

Fresh water Oysters

Aquatard; repels water

Biodiversity

High in Pollutants

Surface

Agricultural hub; Grade 2-3

Wildlife habitat

Wetland ecology

Gradient of 1:50 The ideas can be grouped into the categories above. Water control and sub-surface are key ideas or points.

Filtration required

Irrigation/ improved soil

Biomass burning

Management points

Gates/ Diversions/ Ditches/ Sluices

One Unit of Time

New structure is required at this point. However, is of smaller impact that other systems to follow. Requires steady flow rates and clean water, therefore better to establish this way.

One Unit of Time

Currently does exist, but on a smaller scale. More structure required, pools as opposed to flows of water. Creates more impact in the system.

One Unit of Time

MUSSEL FARMING

Once new water patterns have been tested and settled, old, current ways of farming can re-establish. However, with much higher production due to improved soils.

FISH FARMING

WATERCRESS & SHRIMP

Moving and varying water levels in the low elevated areas in the valley, will govern what type of farming will happen and where.

EXISTING FARMING

CONTROL OF WATER

Very different way of farming, requires an established new infrastructure of pools, gates and ditches. Introduced once system is well established and settled before introducing new crop.

One Unit of Time

Controlling the water for anthropocentric gain. To enhance production. This could create: Bore Waves vary between 1-3m for the Severn bore, which is an in surfable wave Gates/ Diversions/ Ditches/ Sluices Drinking supply/ Fishery Low gradient,100m 6km, this Controlling the waterfall forover anthropocentric makes creating bodies of water gain. To enhance production. easier. Gradient 1:50 This couldofcreate:

Bore Waves vary between 1-3m for the Severn bore, which is an Fish farming in surfable wave Drinking supply/ Fishery Fish densities greater Low gradient,100m fallthan over20-25 6km, kg/m3 this problems start tobodies occur,ofwith average makes creating water easier. fish size being 1-3kg. This allows for Gradient of 1:50 8 fish per m3. There is a large existing agricultural practice in the area, with fertile land of grade 2-3. Fish farming Fish densities greater than 20-25 kg/m3 problems start to occur, with average fish size being 1-3kg. This allows for 8 fish per m3. There is a large existing agricultural practice in the area, with fertile land of grade 2-3. Fresh Water Mussel Farming There is an existing hub of agriculture Grade 2-3; fertile soils. A more diverse range of farming could occur. Also with bodies of water being created, makes a growing pool for mussels.

Fresh Water Mussel Farming There is an existing hub of agriculture Grade 2-3; fertile soils. A more diverse range of farming could occur. Also with

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure 1:50 g

radien

Large amount of structure Heavy control to water Gates/ sluices/ ditches/ damns Varying levels of water Collection pools

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure 1:50 g

radien

Large amount of structure Heavy control to water Gates/ sluices/ ditches/ damns Varying levels of water Collection pools Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Large amount of structure. Heavy control of water. Pools and lakes. Harvest requires more water control. Farmer needs to invest in new structures.

Biocentric Infrastructure More river/ water side ecology Some obstacles to fish, however care will be taken to prevent this Lose of monoculture e.g. pastureland

Ditches control the water and distribute to fields

Severn Bore, Newnham, Gloucestershire. Inspiration, not direct representation

Ditches control the water and distribute to fields

Severn Bore, Newnham, Gloucestershire. Inspiration, not direct representation

Biocentric Infrastructure More river/ water side ecology Some obstacles to fish, however care will be taken to prevent this Lose of monoculture e.g. pastureland Biocentric Infrastructure Higher control of water. Promotes water ecology. Draining to harvest fish could damage established water ecology. More efficient land use.

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large amount of structure. Heavy control of water. Pools and lakes. Harvest requires more water control. Farmer needs to invest Anthrobocentric Infrastructure in new structures.

Higher control of water. Promotes water ecology. Draining to harvest fish could damage established water ecology. More efficient land use. Biocentric Infrastructure

Large amount of structure. Heavy control of water. Pools and lakes. Harvest requires more water control. Farmer needs to invest in new structures.

Higher control of water. Promotes water ecology. Draining to harvest fish could damage established water ecology. More efficient land use.

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large amount of structure. Heavy control of water.

Higher control of water. Promotes water ecology.

Rice Paddies in May, China Rice and fish are harvest to create more efficient land use

Llyn y Fan Fach trout farm, South Wales. This is current fish farming practice

Rice Paddies in May, China Rice and fish are harvest to create more efficient land use

Llyn y Fan Fach trout farm, South Wales. This is current fish farming practice

Cornish Mussels, farmed in the river Fal, Cornwall

Freshwater Mussel farming, Shelton, Washington, USA

fertile land Mussel of gradeFarming 2-3. Fresh Water

Farmer needs to invest Anthrobocentric Infrastructure in new structures.

There is an existing hub of agriculture Grade 2-3; fertile soils. A more diverse range of farming could occur. Also with bodies of water being created, makes a growing pool for mussels.

Large amount of structure. Heavy control of water. Pools and lakes. Harvest requires more water control. Farmer needs to invest in new structures.

Fresh Water Mussel Farming

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

There is an existing hub of agriculture Grade 2-3; fertile soils. A more diverse range of farming could occur. Also with bodies of water being created, makes a growing pool for mussels.

Large amount of structure. Heavy control of water. Pools and lakes. Harvest requires more water control. Farmer needs to invest in new structures.

Existing Farming Practice (improved) There is an existing hub of agriculture Grade 2-3; fertile soils. These soils have been made fertile through flooding and silt deposits. By creating a wash and regular flooding it will improve the yield of the land and the quality. Existing Farming Practice (improved) There is an existing hub of agriculture Grade 2-3; fertile soils. These soils have been made fertile through flooding and silt deposits. By creating a wash and regular flooding it will improve the yield of the land and the quality. Biomass Burning Reed Can harvest twice a year, 5 tons of dry matter per hectare per year. Calorific value (energy per kg) = 18 MJ/kg Energy content of 1ha is 21 MWh for a year. This could power a significant number of homes.

REED 1ha produces 50 tons

21 MWh of POWER

Biomass Burning Reed Can harvest twice a year, 5 tons of dry matter per hectare per year. Calorific value (energy per kg) = 18 MJ/kg Energy content of 1ha is 21 MWh for a year. This could power a significant Watercress Fresh water Shrimp Farming number ofand homes. An existing hub of agriculture ofGrade 2-3; fertile soils. A more diverse range of farming could be achieved from creating pools of water. Clean, shallow and

REED 1ha produces 50 tons

21 MWh of POWER

More efficient land use. Biocentric Infrastructure Higher control of water. Promotes water ecology. Draining to harvest fish could damage established water ecology. More efficient land use.

Higher control of water. Promotes water ecology. Draining to harvest fish could damage established water ecology. More efficient land use. Biocentric Infrastructure

Large amount of infrastructure Control of water, times of release, volume, rate of flow and time of containment Ditches, gates and slouses Lakes and pools needed

More open water Source of extra aquatic life, short lived Improved soil conditions

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large amount of infrastructure Control of water, times of release, volume, rate of flow and time of containment Ditches, gates and slouses Lakes and pools needed Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

More open water Source of extra aquatic life, short lived Improved soil conditions Biocentric Infrastructure Large plantation of reeds Flow of water changed Wildlife habitat (temp.) Increase in aquatic life

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large scale structure needed Large plantation of reed to make it viable Roads/ pathways Processing plant Link to grid or housing Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Large plantation of reeds Flow of water changed Wildlife habitat (temp.) Increase in aquatic life

Large amount of structure Heavy control of water Retaining/ growing pool

Cornish Mussels, farmed in the river Fal, Cornwall

Biocentric Infrastructure

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Large scale structure needed Large plantation of reed to make it viable Roads/ pathways Processing plant Link to grid or housing

Rice Paddies in May, China Rice and fish are harvest to create more efficient land use

Biocentric Infrastructure New aquatic habitat Control over species New water ways

Cornish Mussels, farmed in the river Fal, Cornwall

River Nile, Egypt. The regular flooding of the banks have created a green wedge, showing the benefits of flooding

Llyn y Fan Fach trout farm, South Wales. This is current fish farming practice

Freshwater Mussel farming, Shelton, Washington, USA

Shelton, Washington, USA

Existing Farming Practice (improved)

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large amount of infrastructure Control of water, times of release, volume, rate of flow and time of containment Ditches, gates and slouses Lakes and pools Infrastructure needed Anthrobocentric

More open water Source of extra aquatic life, short lived Improved soil conditions

Large amount of infrastructure Control of water, times of release, volume, rate of flow and time of containment Ditches, gates and slouses Lakes and pools needed

More open water Source of extra aquatic life, short lived Improved soil conditions

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large scale structure needed Large plantation of reed to make it viable Roads/ pathways Processing plant Link to grid or housing Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Large plantation of reeds Flow of water changed Wildlife habitat (temp.) Increase in aquatic life

Large scale structure needed Large plantation of reed to make it viable Roads/ pathways Processing plant Link to grid or housing

Large plantation of reeds Flow of water changed Wildlife habitat (temp.) Increase in aquatic life

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

An existing hub of agriculture ofGrade 2-3; fertile soils. A more diverse range of farming could be achieved from creating pools of water. Clean, shallow and with a steady flow is what is needed for this type of farming. Watercress and Fresh water Shrimp Farming

Large amount of structure Heavy control of water Retaining/ growing pool Harvesting machinery needed Constant flow of water

New aquatic habitat Control over species New water ways Predators would not be welcomed

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large amount of structure Heavy control of water Retaining/ growing pool Harvesting machinery needed Constant flow of water

New aquatic habitat Control over species New water ways Predators would not be welcomed

There is an existing hub of agriculture Grade 2-3; fertile soils. These soils have been made fertile through flooding and silt deposits. By creating a wash and regular flooding it will improve the yield of the land and the Practice quality. (improved) Existing Farming There is an existing hub of agriculture Grade 2-3; fertile soils. These soils have been made fertile through flooding and silt deposits. By creating a wash and regular flooding it will improve the yield of the land and the quality.

Freshwater Mussel farming, Shelton, Washington, USA

Fens, Norfolk. A flat landscape which is flooded regularly, contains half the grade 1 agricultural land in England and is high arble production

Biomass Burning Reed Can harvest twice a year, 5 tons of dry matter per hectare per year. Calorific value (energy per kg) = 18 MJ/kg Energy content of 1ha is 21 MWh for a year. This could power a significant Biomass Burning number of homes. Reed Can harvest twice a year, 5 tons of dry matter per hectare per year. Calorific value (energy per kg) = 18 MJ/kg Energy content of 1ha is 21 MWh for a year. This could power a significant number of homes. Watercress and Fresh water Shrimp Farming

River Nile, Egypt. The regular flooding of the banks have created a green wedge, showing the benefits of flooding

Charcoal production from reed in Exeter, Somerset Levels

Fens, Norfolk. A flat landscape which is flooded regularly, contains half the grade 1 agricultural land in England and is high arble production

Leighton Moss RSPB Reserve, North-West England. Large reed beds cover the area.

REED 1ha produces 50 tons REED 1ha produces 50 tons

21 MWh of POWER

Biocentric Infrastructure

River Nile, Egypt. The regular flooding of the banks have created a green wedge, showing the benefits of flooding

Fens, Norfolk. A flat landscape which is flooded regularly, contains half the grade 1 agricultural land in England and is high arble production

River Nile, Egypt. The regular flooding of the banks have created a green wedge, showing the benefits of flooding

Fens, Norfolk. A flat landscape which is flooded regularly, contains half the grade 1 agricultural land in England and is high arble production

Charcoal production from reed in Exeter, Somerset Levels

Leighton Moss RSPB Reserve, North-West England. Large reed beds cover the area.

Charcoal production from reed in Exeter, Somerset Levels

Leighton Moss RSPB Reserve, North-West England. Large reed beds cover the area.

Former watercress farm (Victorian), Lemsford Springs, sustains watercress and shrimps, both could be farmed. Middlesex, UK

Watercress farm at Purely Organic in Wiltshire, England. Constant flow of water

Former watercress farm (Victorian), Lemsford Springs, sustains watercress and shrimps, both could be farmed. Middlesex, UK

Watercress farm at Purely Organic in Wiltshire, England. Constant flow of water

Aquatard; repels water

Retaining Pools Pools are to allow for the cleaning process to have time to take place.

High in Pollutants

P NK

THATCH

Large Plantations Plantation of reeds to provide roofing material.

SEWAGE

Retaining Pools Pools are to allow for the cleaning process to have time to take place.

Large Plantations The plantations would need to be of considerable size to deal with large amounts of waste.

NK P

P NK

CONTROL OF WATER

Surface

2 P

Slowing of Water To slow the water retaining will occur, this allows time for the filtration process to happen.

Retaining Pools A further tool to use to controlling the water.

Process Factory Some drying and sorting process will need to be done. Shelter would need to be provided.

Large Plantations The more biomass grown the more electricity which can be created.

Gradient of 1:50

Link to Grid Electricity produced need structure to link to the grid or houses, through pylons and cables.

Irrigation/ improved soil

Biomass burning Fish farming Thatch

6 REED 1ha produces 50 tons

Gates/ Sluices These are the tools used to control the water and slow the water down.

Agricultural hub; Grade 2-3

BIOMASS

Large Plantations A plantation of considerable size is needed to clean a large amount of grey water waste and other waste.

URBAN WASTE

Large Plantations The plantations would need to be of considerable size to deal with large amounts of waste.

AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Each idea has structures that need to be put in place in order for them to operate, such as pathways and shelter. This is a breakdown of key components of each idea.

Gates/ Diversions/ Ditches/ Sluice

Reed (Phragmites australis)

Bore

Production (food & recreation) Water Control

Phytomining

Reed beds Wash

Drinking supply

Reservoirs/ Lakes

Fishery

Clean water

Urban waste Sewage

Crop farming Improved soil

Sand filter Sandstone/ Mudstone

Agriculture waste

Water cress and Freshwater shrimp Quality of livestock

Sub-surface

Fresh water Oysters

Aquatard; repels water

FLOW

LAMINAR

FLOW

LAMINAR & FILTRATION

ABSORPTION

Reed beds

Biodiversity

High in Pollutants

Surface

Agricultural hub; Grade 2-3

Wildlife habitat

Wetland ecology

Gradient of 1:50 Filtration required

Irrigation/ improved soil The ideas can be grouped into the categories above. Water control and sub-surface are key ideas or points.

Biomass burning Fish farming

Management points

with a steady flow is what is needed for this type of farming.

Constant flow of water

be welcomed

Former watercress farm (Victorian), Lemsford Springs, sustains watercress and shrimps, both could be farmed. Middlesex, UK

P NK

P N

One Unit of Time

P KK

P NK

Again, once the system has been established and tested, the filtration system can incorperate further cleaning, such as sewage treatment.

One Unit of Time

The Reed plantations need time to establish and work within the filtration system before they reach a level where some can be taken out.

REED 1ha produces 50 tons

One Unit of Time

6 BIOMASS BURNING

After the system has been established, the system could be enhanced and deal with other forms of waste, such as grey water.

THATCHING MATERIAL

This is an existing issue and is the target for the filtration system. Certain time period needs to pass for pools and plants to start filtration process.

SEWAGE TREATMENT

URBAN WASTE

First stage to the system, by controlling the water; pooling and slowing it allows time for filtration of the water to occur.

AGRICULTURAL WASTE

CONTROL OF WATER

After a period of establishing the reeds have reached there maximum height, they have spread and significantly dense. Structures and systems have been established for previous stages, therefore biomass can now be harvest and used.

REED 1ha produces 50 tons

Biomass Burning Phytomining Reed Phosphorus from NPK fertilisers could Can harvest twice a year, 5 tons of dry be extracted through using plants. The matter per hectare per year. Calorific mudstone below this area is impervious value (energy per kg) = 18 MJ/kg to water, ideal to retain and hold water Energy content of 1ha is 21 MWh for a in large amounts. Hydrocarbons within year. This could power a significant the stone repel water making it a number of homes. aquitard. It could keep the water in the same place to allow of plants to take up N the elements. K

Phosphorus

REED 1ha produces 50 tons N

N P

P N

N K P P K N

21 MWh of POWER P P

N K

P K

P P

Phytomining

P NK

Phosphorus

Phosphorus from NPK fertilisers could be extracted through using plants. The Cleaning water/ Agricultural waste/ Urban waste/ Sewage mudstone below this area is impervious to water, ideal to retain and hold water A few things make this area ideal for this in large amounts. Hydrocarbons within process: low gradient,100m fall over 6km. the stone repel water making it a Gradient of 1:50. Hydrocarbons within aquitard. It could keep the water in the the stone repels water; Aquitard. same place to allow of plants to take up Impervious to water, ideal to retain and N K N P N K P the elements. P P K K N N N hold water in large amounts. These mean that pools can be created easily and water can be held while the water N is cleaned. P N K P N K K

21 MWh of POWER

K N

N K

P K

K P

N K

P P

P P KN

Average roof size 14m2

P KK

P NK

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large scale structure needed Large plantation of reed to make it viable Roads/ pathways Processing plant Link to grid or housing

Large plantation of reeds Flow of water changed Wildlife habitat (temp.) Increase in aquatic life

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure Infrastructure Anthrobocentric

Biocentric Infrastructure Infrastructure Biocentric

Large scale structure needed Medium amount of structure. Large plantation of reed to Processing factory make it viable to extract minerals. Roads/ pathways Plantations of plants Processing plant that extract heavy elements Link to grid or housing from the water system. Water systems to move the water around the area.

Large plantation of reeds Large plantation of one speies Flow of water changed New aquatic ecology Wildlife habitat (temp.) Biocentric very much controlled Increase in aquatic life

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Medium amount of structure. Processing factory Anthrobocentric Infrastructure to extract minerals. Plantations plants Large scaleof structure. that extract heavy elements Large amount of space from the water system. for cleaning processes. Water systems Retaining pools.to move the water around the area. Controlling of water.

Large plantation of one speies New aquatic ecology Biocentric Infrastructure Biocentric very much controlled

Charcoal production from reed in Exeter, Somerset Levels

Sand filter- Sandstone bedrock acts as a sand filter which would purify water.

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large scale structure. Large amount of space for cleaning processes. Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Large plantation of reeds. New wildlife habitat. Increase in aquatic Biocentric Infrastructure

Leighton Moss RSPB Reserve, North-West England. Large reed beds cover the area.

Basic method of extracting metals from soils using plants, Jounral of Geochemical Exploration

Large water treatment unit in Tioxide, Malaysia. Using reed beds

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Leighton Moss RSPB Reserve, North-West England. Large reed beds cover the area.

Basic method of extracting metals from soils using plants, Jounral of Geochemical Exploration

Charcoal production from reed in Exeter, Somerset Levels

Large plantation of reeds. New wildlife habitat. Increase in aquatic life or edges.

Watercress farm at Purely Organic in Wiltshire, England. Constant flow of water

Wessex Water Ltd, Somerton, England. Six reed beds being used to filter phosphorus from water systems

hold water in large amounts. These mean that pools can be created easily and water can be held while the water is cleaned.

N N

N P

P N

N K P P K N

N K

P K

P P KN

P KK

P NK

Controlling of water. Sand filter- Sandstone bedrock acts as a sand filter which would purify water.

Large water treatment unit in Tioxide, Malaysia. Using reed beds

Wessex Water Ltd, Somerton, England. Six reed beds being used to filter phosphorus from water systems

Biomass Burning Thatch Production Decline due to cheap slate, no longer the case. Thatch is a good insulator. Also the act of growing provides a wildlife habitat. Could provide cheap and effective roofing solution for the local area.

REED 1ha produces 50 tons

Average roof size 14m2 Average weight 240kg/m2 3.36 tons to cover 1 house

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

15 thatched houses

Minimal extra infrastructure, after water controlling and reed bed cleaning Harvesting machinery Roads/ pathways Storage facilities Houses to distribute to

Reed Can harvest twice a year, 5 tons of dry matter per hectare per year. Calorific value (energy per kg) = 18 MJ/kg Energy content of 1ha is 21 MWh for a year. This could power a significant number of homes.

Biocentric Infrastructure Large reed bed plantation Temporary aquatic habitat Very much one plant species, however mimics natural process Scales Farm, Essex, England. Produce Straw for thatch, reeds can be used however

REED 1ha produces 50 tons

21 MWh of POWER

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large scale structure needed Large plantation of reed to make it viable Roads/ pathways Processing plant Link to grid or housing

Large plantation of reeds Flow of water changed Wildlife habitat (temp.) Increase in aquatic life

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure

Charcoal production from reed in Exeter, Somerset Levels

The North Norfolk Reedcutters Association, Norfolk, England.

Phytomining

Phosphorus

Phosphorus from NPK fertilisers could be extracted through using plants. The mudstone below this area is impervious to water, ideal to retain and hold water in large amounts. Hydrocarbons within the stone repel water making it a aquitard. It could keep the water in the same place to allow of plants to take up N the elements. K

N P

P N

N K P P K N

N K

P K

P P

P NK

Cleaning water/ Agricultural waste/ Urban waste/ Sewage A few things make this area ideal for this process: low gradient,100m fall over 6km. Gradient of 1:50. Hydrocarbons within the stone repels water; Aquitard. Impervious to water, ideal to retain and hold water in large amounts. These mean that pools can be created easily and water can be held while the water is cleaned. N K

N P

P N

N K P P K N

Thatch Production Decline due to cheap slate, no longer the case. Thatch is a good insulator.

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

REED 1ha

Medium amount of structure. Processing factory to extract minerals. Plantations of plants that extract heavy elements from the water system. Water systems to move the water around the area.

N K

P K

P P KN

Average roof size 14m2 Average weight 240kg/m2 3.36 tons to cover 1 house

P KK

P NK

Large plantation of one speies New aquatic ecology Biocentric very much controlled

Basic method of extracting metals from soils using plants, Jounral of Geochemical Exploration

Biocentric Infrastructure

Large scale structure. Large amount of space for cleaning processes. Retaining pools. Controlling of water. Sand filter- Sandstone bedrock acts as a sand filter which would purify water.

Large plantation of reeds. New wildlife habitat. Increase in aquatic life or edges.

Anthrobocentric Infrastructure

Biocentric Infrastructure Large reed bed plantation Temporary aquatic habitat

Minimal extra infrastructure, after water controlling and reed bed

Leighton Moss RSPB Reserve, North-West England. Large reed beds cover the area.

Large water treatment unit in Tioxide, Malaysia. Using reed beds

Wessex Water Ltd, Somerton, England. Six reed beds being used to filter phosphorus from water systems

H2O

ABSORPTION Absorption is the first and key stage of the strategy, by retaining water closer to the source it will have the biggest impact on the system. This makes it important to focus on and fully resolve. The strategy begins with absorption as it takes the longest to establish, the new ecology takes a few years to build in properly and begin to work. With 1cm of peat laid down every year, it is a slow process. This stage begins by blocking the old drainage systems in poor pasture land. By blocking the drains using straw bales it will raise the water table and creates the new ecology.

Existing Farms Surrounding existing farms have the facilities to care for the livestock.

Access Needed for the care and harvest. Can utilise other pathways proposed. Factory/ Processing Plant The product needs to be sorted and packaged, the factory could be temporary or off the uplands. - Timber - Rough cut stone

biomass burning

Shelter/ Centre/ Plateforms Places to shelter from the elements, made from materials that suit the landscape - Timber - Rough cut stone

Access Tracks/ roads for access to care for livestock. Simple material to reflect area. - Crushed aggregate

honey production

Access Pathways to certain points. Simple path, that allows water to drain through easily. - Crushed aggregate

beef farming

Dams Straw (or heather) bales will be used to block the drainage ditches.

views/ recreation

Plants that can cope with very wet conditions and low growing (not to block views or over shadow heather): Heather Calluna vulgaris Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Dwarf birch Betula nana Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus Sundews Drosera tokaiensis Sphagnum mosses Sphagnum spp Ribbed Bog Moss Aulacomnium palustre Hareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-tail Cottongrass Eriophorum vaginatum

Block Drains

plant list

Pallette of materials

Factory The heather needs to be processed and then burnt to turn into energy. The factory could be situated off the heather plantation and work only once a year. - Timber - Rough cut stone Link to grid Power lines to carry electricity to the homes. For minimal impact, could be dug in.

EXISTING PIONEERING SPECIES

ABSORPTION

HEATHER NUMBERS

Pioneering species (large shrubs and trees) are managed out. Plants like birch, rhododendron, scots pine and various other trees blow in, will be cut down to stop the bog from drying out. Drainage ditches block being to create the new habitat for peat bog species (high moisture content).

1/7TH BIOMASS

HEATHER FLOWERS

The heather is pruned and maintained so it puts on a lot of flowers each year, this will benefit the honey production. The heather should be pruned annually or biannually.

CUT HEATHER STRIPS Heather is encouraged to grow rapidly ready for the next rotation of biomass harvest.

RHODODENDRON The peat bog reaches a maximum point, it cannot spread due to drier areas of the uplands. But does not decrease due to management of trees and shrubs.

Maintained so the plants continues to lay down layers of peat, which helps retain water. Also maintained so land is constantly covered by vegetation, this will stop peat erosion (from the sun drying out plants and soils) and as a result methane release.

PEAT BOG SPECIES

PEAT EROSION

GROUND LEVEL OR 0 Heather plantation planted and managed/ cared for, so it covers the area quickly and in a dense carpet.

Livestock are used to mange the heather/ bog effectivily, by grazing young shrubs and trees. Cutting by hand will still need to take place, to keep the bog from its natural succession process.

LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT

Continually management is needed, seeds will blow in from various plants and the livestock will miss a few.

MANUAL MANAGEMENT

LAMINAR H2O

This stage of the strategy creates the most variety and heterogeneous landscape. It has a wide range of activities that change throughout the year, depending on water levels. The ideas implemented at this stage will resolve a lot of existing problems and increase the anthropocentricâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capacity to handle unpredictable events, such as high rainfall or pollution. With a changing level of water the anthropocentric activities will change, creating a dynamic and varied landscape system. One that adapts and has the capacity to change.

Retaining Pools Deep or shallow pools are needed to grow the fish that have a steady flow and good quality water running through and suitable flooring. - Earth embankments - Gravel bed - Timber sluice gate

mussel farming

Retaining Pools Shallow pools are needed to grow these two products that have a flow of water running through and suitable flooring. - Earth embankments - Gravel bed - Timber sluice gate

trout farming

Gates/ Sluice/ Ditches/ Dikes/ Keys These control the water levels in various fields and change the level depending on seaosn and rainfall. A complex system, however should work to be subtle within the landscape. Using simple materials, understated. - Timber - Stone walls - Earth embankments

watercress & shrimp

Existing This is an existing activity within this area. Therefore little or no new structure is introduced.

control of water

Barley Hordeum vulgare L. Maize Zea mays L. Watercress Nasturtium officinale Common Reed Phragmites australis Canary Reed Grass Phalaris arundinacea

Existing This is an existing activity within this area. Therefore little or no new structure is introduced.

crop farming

This list includes plants that are currently grown in the lower valley, provide a crop or product and benefit from levels of flooding:

livestock farming

plant list

pallette of materials

Retaining Pools Shallow pools are needed to growthis product that have a flow of water running through and suitable flooring. If a deeper pool is created a change in the way the mussels are grown is required. - Earth embankments - Gravel bed - Timber sluice gate - Floating growing baskets

EXISTING LAMINAR

FLOODED CROP FIELDS

Unpredictable, various water levels often not suited or harmful for anthropocentric needs

A wider variety of crops will be harvested through the year, from maize to shrimp. This allows the land to be producing for longer and more because of the improved soils.

WATER CONTROL SYSTEM

MAIZE TO SHRIMP

SUMMER AUTUMN

Water is managed so it is at an appropriate level for each crop and each field. A complex system will be put in. One crop may need less water while another more at the same time of year.

AUTUMN WINTER

WINTER SPRING

WATER LEVEL HIGHER RAINFALL

GROUND LEVEL OR 0

Higher water levels for time of year, will need to be controlled so does not damage the new anthropocentric activities, but also enhance them.

SPRING

SUMMER