Stella Polare
Astra Bocconi
The evolution of Trump’s foreign policy
In recent months, media attention has been divided between two interconnected conflicts: the war in Ukraine, fought with the classic clamor of armed conflicts, and the trade war between the US and its allies, waged through loud declarations fired on the front of a global struggle, where borders are being reinforced, undermining globalization.
The recent escalation of trade tensions originates from the protectionist policies adopted by the United States under the administration of President Donald Trump, who took office nearly two months ago The stated goal was to reduce the U S trade deficit and protect domestic industries from foreign competition However, these measures triggered a series of retaliations from trade partners, who did not take the U S policies lightly, leading to a spiral of tariffs and counter-tariffs
Canada and Mexico
Among the United States' main trading partners are Mexico and Canada The ties between the three economies have strengthened over the past decade due to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed by Canada, the United States, and Mexico In 2023, imports from Mexico accounted for 15% of total U S imports ($480 billion), while imports from Canada made up 14% ($430 billion), with over 70% of both countries' exports directed toward the U.S. At the beginning of February this year, the implementation of tariffs announced by the White House was postponed to early March, initiating negotiations aimed at reaching an agreement The proposed deal sought to increase border controls between the U S and Canada and the U S and Mexico to curb illegal immigration and drug trafficking into the U S , using tariffs as leverage After a month of negotiations, in the absence of an agreement, on March 4, tariffs of 25% were imposed on steel, aluminium, and products containing these materials from Mexico and Canada, along with a 10% tariff on Canadian energy imports
As stated in the official communiqué from the Department of Finance on the Canadian government's official website on March 4, the Honourable Dominic LeBlanc, Minister of Finance and Intergovernmental Affairs, and the Honourable Mélanie Joly, Minister of Foreign Affairs, announced that in response to U S tariffs, the Government of Canada will impose 25% tariffs on $155 billion worth of U S imports The implementation will begin immediately with an initial phase covering $30 billion, followed by an additional round on March 13, introducing 25% tariffs on a list of products, including $12 6 billion worth of steel products, $3 billion in aluminium products, and $14 2 billion in other U S imports, totalling $29 8 billion The scope of these countertariffs could increase up to $155 billion if the U S maintains its current tariffs and may expand further if new tariffs are imposed
Mexico responded to the 25% tariffs imposed by the United States with a series of targeted measures announced on March 9, 2025, by President Claudia Sheinbaum These measures include tariffs and non-tariff restrictions on U S products in retaliation for the duties imposed by the U S The following day, thousands of Mexican citizens took to the streets in support of President Sheinbaum, celebrating the postponement of U S tariffs and demonstrating national unity amid the trade tensions On Thursday, March 13, Economy Minister Marcelo Ebrard stated that the government is engaged in intensive negotiations with the United States to resolve the tariff dispute, emphasizing the importance of maintaining calm and cooperation
In April 2025, Canada implemented a 25% surtax on U S -origin automobiles, effective April 9, as a countermeasure to certain U S tariffs Mexico's President Claudia Sheinbaum announced that her country was given "preferential treatment" in the new U S tariffs announcement and unveiled a plan to blunt tariffs by increasing domestic production of food, energy, and textiles President Trump threatened to impose more tariffs and sanctions on Mexico over a long-running water dispute related to the Texas water treaty. In response, Mexico agreed to provide the U.S. with more water from their shared rivers.
Astra Bocconi
The evolution of Trump’s foreign policy
China
China has been one of the main targets of U S protectionist policies since the first Trump administration, which led China to diversify its export markets As of today, the U S market accounts for 13 2% of China ’ s total exports ($448 billion out of $3 379 trillion) The U S trade deficit with China has been one of the primary reasons behind the introduction of tariffs The trade deficit in goods and merchandise between the U S and China, including Hong Kong, amounts to $273 billion The tariffs imposed during the first Trump administration were initially set at 10% on all Chinese imports but have since doubled In response, China ’ s Ministry of Finance has deemed a 15% tariff on certain goods such as poultry, wheat, cotton, and corn an appropriate countermeasure, announcing its readiness to continue the trade confrontation This trade war has had significant repercussions across various sectors: Chinese businesses have faced rising costs and decreased demand from the U S market, while American companies have struggled with higher prices for raw materials and components imported from China
In April 2025, the United States escalated its trade measures against China by imposing an additional 50% tariff on Chinese imports, effective April 9, bringing the total tariffs
tariffs on U S goods These actions have significantly impacted trade flows, with China's exports to the U S dropping by 21% in April compared to the previous year
In early May, Chinese freight ships carrying over 12,000 containers of goods arrived at U S ports for the first time since the implementation of the 145% tariffs These shipments included products from major retailers such as Amazon, Home Depot, and Ikea The arrival of these goods has strained supply chains, as many businesses had set pricing before the tariff announcement, leaving them unable to adjust for increased costs
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Amid these tensions, President Trump proposed reducing tariffs on Chinese imports to 80% ahead of high-level trade discussions in Switzerland, aiming to de-escalate the ongoing trade war However, significant uncertainty remains, and a comprehensive trade agreement is not expected during the Geneva discussions
UE
On March 12, the United States announced the reinstatement of the 2018 tariffs on steel and aluminium imports, raising the rate from 10% to 25%. Additionally, customs duties were extended to goods partially containing steel or aluminium, such as household appliances, gym equipment, and furniture, marking a further tightening of trade policies on European imports. A possible expansion of the list of tariffed products is also expected by May 2025. The estimated impact of these measures is significant, affecting approximately €26 billion worth of European Union exports. During her address to the European Parliament on March 20, Christine Lagarde, the current president of the European Central Bank, stated that U.S. tariffs “would reduce euro area growth by approximately 0.3 percentage points in the first year, ” with the European response “further increasing this figure to about half a percentage point ”
In response, the EU has decided to implement a package of measures to counterbalance the effects of the new U S tariffs Starting April 1, 2025, the EU will reinstate the rebalancing measures previously introduced in 2018 and 2020, imposing tariffs on U S products such as bourbon, motorcycles, and boats On March 12, 2025, a new package of countermeasures was announced, introducing tariffs on an additional €18 billion worth of U S goods, including industrial products such as steel, plastics, and textiles, as well as agricultural products like meat, dairy, and vegetables On April 2, 2025, the United States imposed a 20% tariff on all European Union imports, effective April 9, as part of its "reciprocal tariff" policy In response, the European Commission proposed countertariffs of 25% on a range of U S goods, including aircraft and car exports, to persuade the U S to drop its current and proposed tariffs against the EU
Astra Bocconi
Trade Over Tensions: Why Economic Cooperation Between China, Japan,
and South Korea Matters More Than Ever
In May 2024, after a hiatus of over four years, the leaders of China, Japan, and South Korea convened in Seoul for the ninth trilateral summit This meeting marked a significant step towards revitalizing economic cooperation among the three nations, which collectively account for approximately 25% of global GDP and 20% of world trade The summit's timing was crucial, set against a backdrop of escalating global trade tensions and shifting geopolitical alliances
A History of Integration and Interdependence
The economic story of China, Japan, and South Korea is one of extraordinary interdependence shaped by geography, history, and industrial evolution From ancient trade along maritime Silk Road routes to the modern formation of pan-Asian supply chains their economies have long been entwined. Japan ’ s post-war reconstruction, Korea ’ s rapid rise as a technological powerhouse, and China ’ s transformation into the “world’ s factory” have each reinforced the others’ growth
Today, they collectively account for nearly a quarter of global GDP and over 20% of global trade This mutual dependence is formalized through regional institutions such as ASEAN plus Three and, more recently, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which further lowers trade barriers across Asia Yet, these economic gains are constantly shadowed by political and historical tensions that periodically strain diplomatic relations.
The Second Sino-Japanese War, Japan ’ s colonization of Korea, and lingering tensions over wartime memory continue to fuel nationalist rhetoric in all three countries Issues like the Dokdo/Takeshima territorial dispute between South Korea and Japan, or disagreements over how textbooks portray wartime atrocities, resurface regularly in bilateral relations Despite this complicated past, China, Japan, and South Korea have found themselves increasingly drawn toward cooperation not necessarily out of shared values, but shared strategic necessity
Economic Cooperation as a Strategic Necessity
Despite historical animosities, the benefits of trilateral cooperation are too substantial to ignore China offers scale, labor, and an expanding middle-class market Japan contributes high-end manufacturing, robotics, and precision engineering South Korea, with its strengths in semiconductors and consumer electronics, completes the triangle Together, they form a vertically integrated supply network that powers industries across the globe, from automotive and electronics to chemicals and biotech
For example, the smartphone in your hand likely contains Korean memory chips, Japanese camera lenses, and Chinese-assembled components Beyond manufacturing, these countries increasingly collaborate on nextgeneration technologies like green hydrogen, AI, and electric vehicles, where joint ventures can reduce R&D costs and help set global standards Such collaboration also reduces regional vulnerabilities By deepening economic ties, they create a de facto security mechanism: countries heavily integrated through trade are less likely to resort to conflict This “economic peace ” model is not naïve idealism but a strategic reality borne out by decades of shared prosperity
Astra Bocconi
Trade Over Tensions:
Why Economic Cooperation Between China, Japan, and South Korea Matters More Than Ever
According to data from the World Bank and the IMF (2024), trade among the three countries exceeded $720 billion in 2023 China is the largest trading partner for both Japan and South Korea, while Japanese and Korean firms are among the largest investors in Chinese manufacturing and services
Yet, cooperation is not automatic Recent years have seen worrying reversals Japan ’ s export restrictions on semiconductor materials to South Korea in 2019, retaliatory consumer boycotts, and broader anxieties about technology leakage to China have revealed how quickly politics can disrupt trade The impact is not just macroeconomic, it is deeply operational Companies face supply shocks, investors lose confidence, and multinational firms begin relocating production to more stable environments. To address these risks, the three governments must pursue stronger institutional mechanisms: trilateral summits should be accompanied by standing economic dialogue platforms and sectorspecific crisis hotlines Agreements on technology standards, data protection, and transparent customs procedures would go a long way toward insulating economic collaboration from political flare-ups. Publicprivate partnerships, such as collaborative R&D funding schemes or joint climate resilience projects, can further anchor cooperation beyond politics
The last trilateral leaders’ summit was held in 2019 a long pause reflecting regional strain exacerbated by the U.S. -China rivalry, Japan-South Korea trade disputes, and the COVID-19 pandemic. That is what made the May 2024 summit in Seoul so symbolically and strategically important
The 2024 Seoul Summit and Recent Strategic Realignment
Hosted by South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol, the 2024 trilateral summit brought Chinese Premier Li Qiang, Then-Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, and Yoon to the same table The agenda focused on restoring dialogue, economic cooperation, and regional stability
The three leaders agreed to: Resume negotiations on the stalled China–Japan–
Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
Strengthen cooperation under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
Enhance joint efforts on supply chain resilience, public health, and climate change
Commit to high-level dialogues on strategic and security issues a notable breakthrough
Under Trump ’ s first administration, both Japan and South Korea were targeted with tariffs under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act (steel and aluminum), and threatened with auto tariffs Yet, both countries managed to negotiate exemptions or quota-based adjustments. However, such experiences prompted Seoul and Tokyo to seek greater regional economic stability through diversified cooperation, including with Beijing
The re-election of President Trump has ushered in a renewed era of protectionist trade policies In early 2025, the administration imposed sweeping tariffs, including a 145% tariff on Chinese imports and 25% tariffs on steel, aluminum, and auto imports from Japan and South Korea These measures have strained economic relations and prompted retaliatory actions from affected countries
In response to the shifting dynamics of U.S. foreign policy, China, Japan, and South Korea have intensified efforts to strengthen their trilateral cooperation as a strategic counterbalance to the uncertainties introduced by the US The three nations have agreed to expedite negotiations on a trilateral FTA, aiming to create a more integrated and resilient economic bloc in East Asia Additionally, they have committed to enhancing collaboration in emerging industries, such as renewable energy and digital transformation, to foster innovation and sustainable growth
From left: Then-Japanese Prime Minister Kishida Fumio, President of the Republic of Korea
Trade
Astra Bocconi
Over Tensions: Why Economic Cooperation Between China, Japan, and South Korea Matters More Than Ever
Unlocking Regional Potential and Shaping the Global Order The promise of a China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Agreement, long under negotiation but still unrealized, could offer a substantial leap forward While RCEP has laid a foundation by eliminating many tariffs, a dedicated trilateral FTA would allow for deeper integration in high-value-added sectors, greater regulatory alignment, and cooperation on emerging global challenges like digital trade, climate governance, and labor mobility. Economists estimate such an agreement could boost GDP across the three countries by over 2–3% in the long run The FTA could also set a new benchmark for trade governance by embedding digital trade rules, environmental safeguards, and frameworks for green finance Beyond economics, deeper cooperation allows the three countries to collectively shape international norms and multilateral agendas As the U S grows more inward looking and the EU contends with internal fragmentation, East Asia ’ s trilateral engine could become a center of gravity in the evolving global order.
In this moment of shifting geopolitical tectonics, when tensions in the Taiwan Strait, North Korea ’ s unpredictability, and U S -China rivalry dominate headlines, it is all the more vital that China, Japan, and South Korea reinforce the stability of their economic ties The logic of interdependence is not a substitute for diplomacy, but a strategic asset that can de-risk geopolitical uncertainty From collaborative innovation to shared infrastructure investment, these three countries are well positioned to lead by example in forging prosperity through pragmatic cooperation. In doing so, they not only secure their own futures but also offer a model for how economic pragmatism can prevail over historical grievances and short-term political calculations.
Marzhan Arman
Astra Bocconi May 2025
Milan’s Jewel: The Rise of Via Monte Napoleone as the Epicenter of Global Luxury
Milan's famous Via Monte Napoleone has been crowned: the street is now the world's most expensive shopping street, yes, it has surpassed Fifth Avenue this year Rents have surged to €20,000 per square meter annually, which positions it higher than Fifth Avenue's €19,537 per square meter The 11% increase this year is supported by constrained supply, which is constantly in demand from luxury brands, desperately competing for visibility along the exclusive street The rise of Via Monte Napoleone showcases Milan's prominence in the fashion industry and is a testament to the creation of an unparalleled commercial ecosystem
It is no surprise that scarcity is the foundation of sky-high rental prices Spanning just 350 meters, the street offers very limited retail spaces Moreover, its location in the city's historic center prevents new development, creating a permanent scarcity that can only drive prices further The world's most prestigious luxury brands rush to acquire any available retail location since the highly reputable street is a significant investment to showcase brands
No marketing campaign can replicate the effect of maintaining an eye-catching store on this street This is why the skyrocketing rental prices still manage to attract tenants, in which brands invest significant capital to make their stores as unique and enjoyable as possible, ultimately signaling to consumers that the brand is at the center of the luxury sector
Although the rents are at record highs and still rising, these retail stores' financial performance is surprising Despite the costs, most leading brands report annual sales ranging from €50 million to as much as €100 million per location High-net-worth individuals from all around the world are one of the primary sources of this income, while tourists, some coming only to shop in the Quadrilatero della Moda, should not be disregarded. The average transaction on the street reached €2500 in 2024, which positions it at the top of shopping streets worldwide. Italy's tax-free incentives contribute to this high spending, especially attracting consumers from outside of the EU.
The distinct blend of heritage and innovation, a major appeal of the street, never ceases to amaze. The majority of the buildings are historic palazzos, showcasing elegance with their ornate facades and interiors, giving a sense of timeless sophistication. Luxury brands constantly innovate, turning the shopping experience into something special, creating a mixture of luxury retail, art, gastronomy, and technology. The examples are numerous: Louis Vuitton with its Café and restaurant, a creation of the partnership with three-Michelin-star Da Vittorio group, while Bulgari hosts special exhibitions in its three-story store such as Tubogas and Beyond, which showcased historic and iconic jewelry pieces These innovations are highly successful because they increase the time and money visitors spend on the street, reinforcing it as a global luxury hub
Considering the investment perspective, institutional capital is deeply involved in Via Monte Napoleone, attracting investors with its strong growth and the endurance of its global appeal A notable transaction has been Kering's remarkable €1 3 billion acquisition of an 18th-century palazzo at Via Monte Napoleone 8, setting a record in Italian real estate, which valued the property at €110,000 per square meter LVMH and Chanel have expanded their holdings as well Luxury groups view real estate holdings in the street as "operational necessities" and "inflation-resistant investments" Investor confidence in long-term appreciation has pushed yields to around 3-4%
Astra Bocconi
Tales of the European Youth Debate - European Generation
At the end of March, European Generation hosted at Palazzo Lombardia the 10th edition of its flagship event, the European Youth Debate, a three-day policy-making experiment which every year brings together here in Milan experts and tens of students from all over Europe (and the World). This year, we discussed and made policy proposals about the themes of EU Market Prosperity, Healthcare, European Climate Resilience, and EU Enlargement Here we collected the voices and experiences of seven members of European Generation, who were involved in the EYD at different levels and in different positions
Teodora Stefan - Vice President of European Generation and Co-Managing Director of EYD “As Co-Managing Director of the 2025 edition of the European Youth Debate, I couldn’t be prouder of what we achieved in Milan this year Over three days, four roundtables brought together brilliant students from across Europe to debate some of the biggest issues we face today from climate resilience and market prosperity to EU expansion and healthcare We kicked off with an inspiring opening ceremony, where distinguished guests shared valuable insights, offering participants important context and motivation for the days ahead Throughout the event, the debates were not only energetic and challenging but also deeply insightful, with participants constantly pushing each other to think bigger and sharper. It was inspiring to see how passionately everyone engaged with the topics and how open they were to new ideas and perspectives. During the closing ceremony, it was incredible to witness all participants come together, debate each roundtable’ s final proposals, and exchange feedback in such a constructive and dynamic way. Beyond the formal sessions, the atmosphere was lively, friendly, and filled with enthusiasm. Many new friendships were formed, ideas continued to flow long after the official debates ended, and a strong sense of community grew over the three days. EYD 2025 was an unforgettable experience that proved the power of youth voices in shaping the future of Europe. ”
Giorgia Lombardi - Co-Director of Operations and Logistics
“Innovation, integration, and teamwork are the three words most commonly mentioned by our participants to describe this years ’ edition of the European Youth Debate, and I truly couldn't agree more As co-head of the Operations Taskforce, it was an honour to have worked with fellow association members to bring to life a space where pivotal EU related issues were discussed, debated and policy proposals subsequently submitted, giving rise to fruitful discussion and constructive confrontation The international and collaborative atmosphere - a result of the passionate young minds involved - signals a prosperous future for the European Union, and I couldn’t be prouder of such a successful turnout, resulting in an incredibly formative experience for both our members and participants alike ”
Astra Bocconi
Tales of the European Youth Debate - European Generation
Andrzej Drzewieniecki - European Market Prosperity Co-Chairperson
“Overall, my experience was very positive regarding the roundtable work Of course, at first things were quite rusty and it took the group some time to get up to speed Despite the sometimes overwhelming variety of relevant topics that fall under “Market prosperity” , which made narrowing down difficult, it was a pleasure to listen to all the interesting takes on the topic and realize how strenuous the policy-making process is Although we divided up the group into smaller ones, the collaborative spirit trumped any competition The participants proved to be extremely capable and knowledgeable people, who I greatly enjoyed meeting and connecting with. ”
Alessandra Chivu - European Healthcare Chairperson
“I am so proud to have chaired the Healthcare Roundtable with Giovanni - not only was it a highly collaborative space, with all participants deeply involved in the debate, but also one which cultivated a sense of shared purpose through which we all bonded quite well Though healthcare is a complex area to navigate at the EU level, the delegates ended up putting together particularly salient policy proposals, in line with current discussions in Bruxelles. It was during the plenary session that it became evident to me that this proactiveness was not limited to my roundtable, and was left beyond optimistic about the future of Europe. ”
Lorenzo Rosi - European Climate Resilience Co-Chairperson
“On the first morning of the EYD, I was very nervous about my task as a chairperson I had never done it before But, in the end, the experience was great My head-chairperson Emma and I directed 14 students from around the world as they took on the challenge of protecting Europe from climatic disasters It was an intense three days, but we produced a policy proposal we are proud of. On the way, I made new friends and created beautiful memories with interesting people. I was devastated on the evening of day 3, but I got an experience I will hardly forget. ”
Luca Marchisotti - European Expansion Participant
“The 2025 edition of EYD to which I participated has truly been an enriching and stimulating experience for me I was assigned to the roundtable on the process of European expansion towards the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Turkey and Georgia Needless to say, the questions regarding the opportunities and implications attached to the enlargement of EU membership appeared to me somewhat challenging due to the peculiarities and complexities associated with each single candidate country, let alone the inevitable spillovers to be considered on the institutional and political balance of the EU Nonetheless, I was glad to see how the other members of the roundtable and I could effectively work together with unrelenting energy and enthusiasm
The first day we gathered at Palazzo Lombardia and we had the opportunity to hear speeches from experts so that we could receive useful insights and have a better picture of the challenges pertaining to each of the roundtables. I found all speakers to have been informative and involving in the overviews they provided; more precisely, I reckoned the one about EU enlargement to have been rather inspiring and thoughtful, in particular thanks to the emphasis put on the inextricable link between EU membership on the very identity and values of the EU: is it just a geographical compact? Is it just a common market? A union of liberal democracies? The necessity to bear in mind these questions when dealing with the concrete problems and commitments of enlargement was something I considered to be of the utmost relevance throughout the roundtable’ s works
The following days of consultations within the roundtable have represented in my opinion the toughest as well as the most enticing part of the whole EYD. The debates and exchanges which took place allowed me to hear from people with many different academic and professional backgrounds Moreover, the international composition of the roundtable, with participants coming both from other member states as well as from some of the candidate countries we spoke about, was also an amazing feature that truly underlined the fundamental character of EYD
Astra Bocconi
Tales of the European Youth Debate - European Generation
The fact that everybody was eager to share and to argue about their peculiar interests and opinions about the processes of European integration and expansion, with the common aim of reaching a shared position on proposals to be submitted and voted upon, was something that really made me consider the experience of the EYD as a highly valuable occasion of active European citizenship and proactive policymaking Finally, the day of the plenary, when all roundtables laid out their proposals so that all participants to the EYD could inquire, amend and approve them collectively, it was noteworthy in my opinion how people, across different roundtables, could engage with each other to further improve and refine every roundtable’ s proposals without any factionalism or biases, thus demonstrating the capacity of the EYD’ s format to foster a constructive and participatory forum of debate ”
EYD’ s organising team from European Generation
Bocconi
SPORTS INTERVIEW: Alessandro Falconi
As a special guest for the sports section, today we're here with
Alessandro Falconi Now in his third year of the CLEAM program,
Alessandro is also the captain and co-founder of Visp, the university’s independent basketball team.
How did the idea of creating a new basketball team come about?
I’ ve been playing basketball since I was a kid When I moved to Milan, into a new environment, I decided not to give up on this passion, so I joined the Bocconi Sport team However, in 2023, some teams were cut, including the one I was playing for That’ s where the idea for Visp
Basketball came from. The idea itself came from me and Pierpaolo
Puglia, the former team manager of our Bocconi team, but its actual realization was only possible thanks to the help of other Astra members I’ ve met over the years
So independently and self-funded, we decided to launch this project, which aims to give all Bocconi students a new university basketball team We found sponsors in Givova and Venti136 and took part in EuroMilano 2025 (May 2–4)
You’ve done a great job! How did the tournament go?
We were knocked out in the quarter finals by a Lithuanian university, which went on to win the gold medal. Still, we ’ re proud of our result, especially since we were the only Italian team among the top eight.
And what are your plans for the future?
Right now, with the creation of Astra Sport, we ’ re organizing a tournament for Sunday, June 15, involving all the universities in our network, not only in basketball but also in volleyball and five-a-side football Tryouts will also resume soon to form a secondary development team in preparation for the small generational turnover in September. In November, we ’ll be taking part in the WIUC (World InterUniversities Championship) with all the teams created in the meantime by Astra Sport, a competition with over 10000 students from more than 40 countries worldwide The event will be held in Barcelona, with the opening ceremony taking place in the same velodrome that hosted the Barcelona Olympics. Lastly, in March 2026, we ’ ve been invited to another tournament in Belgrade, and in May we ’ll be back at EuroMilano as usual.
You really have a full schedule, so we’d like to thank you for your time and wish you the best of luck!
Giada Pigliapoco
CONTACTS
Astra Bocconi
HEAD OF PRESS OFFICE: FEDERICA LEACI
EDITORIAL DIRECTORs: FEDERICA LEACI
ALBERTO SCHEMBRI
