1982-90
Rebel cricket tours.
1982
The first rebel team from England played in South Africa under the captaincy of Graham Gooch19 (Mar).
1983
Constitutional changes: Tri-cameral parliament (whites, Coloureds, Indians). Multi-racial electoral college to elect State President, who was to be advised by multi-racial President’s Council. White referendum approved new constitution. Foundation of National Forum (NF). Formation of United Democratic Front (UDF) intended to unite all black resistance groups (2m members by 1985). International businesses and banks began disinvestment in South Africa. Bishop Desmond Tutu awarded Nobel Peace Prize.20
1984
Nkomati Accord, signed by South Africa and Mozambique. PW Botha’s tour of Europe. British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) mass demonstration in protest at visit of President PW Botha to the UK.21 (Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, President of AAM, met with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on evening prior to Botha’s arrival) (June) South African-born Zola Budd represented Britain at the Los Angeles Olympics (July). 6 UDF leaders sought asylum in the British Consulate in Durban to avoid police detention and to publicise their cause. (In November, there was an agreement that they would leave, provided they were not immediately detained) (Sept). South Africa refused to enforce the return of 4 South African citizens to stand trial in Coventry, on charges of attempting to break the UN arms embargo.
1984-87
Township Uprisings, sparked by rent rises. Violent rivalry between Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), led by Chief Buthelezi, and UDF, and ANC and AZAPO.
1985
Declaration of partial State of Emergency (36 magisterial districts). Botha delivered his ‘Rubicon’ speech in Durban (Aug).22 Meetings of ANC intelligence (led by Jacob Zuma) with South African National Intelligence Agency representatives in London; subsequent meetings in Switzerland 1986/87. Meetings of ANC representatives with leading South Africa businessmen in Lusaka, Zambia (Sir Timothy Bevan, Chairman of Barclays, & Gavin Relly, Chairman of Anglo American, discussions with ANC).
19
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/hi/newsid_2710000/newsid_2719100/2719133.stm [Accessed 30 Sept. 2013] 20 http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/bishop-desmond-tutu-awarded-nobel-peace-prize-oslo [Accessed 30 Sept. 2013] 21 http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2013/04/09/thatcher-the-commonwealth-and-apartheid-south-africa/ [Accessed 30 Sept. 2013] 22 http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01600/05lv01638/06lv01639.htm [Accessed 30 Sept. 2013]
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