23SEM1 - Introduction to Psychology Presentation

Faustine Khoo Xiao Xin (RKL-AP2305001)

RKL-DPS026: Introduction to Psychology

July 24, 2023

Story of My Life

Influence of Developmental Psycholody and My Struggle with Stress and Mental Health

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 –Introduction

Chapter 2 - Infancy and Childhood Period

Temperament

Attachment Style

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development – Industry VS Inferiority

Chapter 3 - Adolescence & Early Adulthood Period

Stress

Perfectionist

Overthinking

Burnout

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development – Identity VS Role Confusion

Chapter 4 - Conclusion

References

Chapter 1 Introduction

Little snippets about me

• 18th of July 2005

• Seremban

• One sibling

• Loving, strict, and conservative family

• Perfectionist, pessimistic, and stressful

Chapter 2

Infancy and Childhood Period

Temperament

• Earliest way children show that each of them has different personalities with their stable behavioral and emotional characteristics (Ciccarelli & White, 2015)

• The foundation for the development of an individual’s personality traits (McAdams, 2010)

- temperament traits at the age of 3 is closely related to the --- personality that one owns at 26

• Easy = follows a regular routine

• Slow to warm up = need more time to get used to new environments or people, usually after warming up they will be all happy and bubbly again

• Hard = follows an irregular routine

• Childhood temperament trait is a key factor to the development of later personalities

- including mental health, academic performance and adult personality (Strickhouser & Sutin, 2019).

Attachment Style

• Formed based on different interaction and behaviors in a relationship (Cherry, 2022)

• Interaction with parents + significant other

• Four types of parenting styles (Gorostiaga, et al., 2019)

- authoritative = unrestrictive, involving with necessary boundaries

- authoritarian = extremely strict and controlling

- permissive = barely have any rules set and give huge amount of autonomy

- neglectful = do not show any interest and allow children to do everything

• Demandingness and responsiveness (Maccoby & Martin, 1983)

• Ciccarelli and White (2015), there are few kinds of attachment styles

- secure attachment = secured, trust that their needs will always be fulfilled (sensitive and consistent caretakers)

- avoidant attachment = emotional and distant, needs may not be met (disengaged caretakers)

- ambivalent attachment = anxious and insecure, cause children to not rely on parents or caretakers to have their needs met (inconsistent and sometimes neglectful caretakers)

- disorganized attachment = depressed and nonresponsive, very confused with the possibilities of their needs being satisfied (extreme erratic and passive caretakers)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development –Industry VS Inferiority

• Reflects on the stages that every one of us go through from the first to last day of our life (Cherry, 2022).

• It also emphasis the influence of one’s social and emotional factors in psychological growth

• Emotional crisis and turning point which determines individuals’ personality and their ability to form a normal and healthy psychological feature (Ciccarelli & White, 2015).

• Started attending kindergarten, I was five years old

• Various tuitions and interest classes

• Interprets how a person functions and their hard work (Cherry, 2022)

• Industrious person is more willing to develop and master their skills to accomplish success

Chapter 3

Adolescence & Early Adulthood Period

Stress

• State of worry or mental tension due to difficult situations in our lives

• Environmental stressor = catastrophe

- a sudden and threatful event that requires instant adaption

• Psychological stressors = pressure and uncontrollability

- pressure = the acute needs and expectations from others

- uncontrollability = the limit of control a person has over a situation

• Junior Unified Examination Certificate (JUEC) + MCO

• Love + hate relationship

- higher motivation can reflect on higher academic performance 0 (Kori et al., 2016, as cited in Tus, 2020)

Perfectionist

• Scott (2023) reported perfectionists as individual that have really high standards and are highly critical.

• The all-or-nothing thinking, highly critical towards oneself and others, fearful of failure, tendency to set unrealistic goals and procrastination

• Cause by poor self-esteem, a sense of inadequacy and a need to control things (Scott, 2023)

- insecure when comparing myself with others

Overthinking

• Process of thinking about something for an unreasonable long amount of time and overly analyzing it (Morin, 2023)

• Always having a second guess on decision made, always thinking about the worst consequence, hard to relax and mental exhaustion

• Environmental stressors like catastrophe as well as psychological stressors like pressure, uncontrollability, and frustrations can lead to the act of overthinking

- all international students in China are not allowed to return home this life taking and uncontrollable situation = students have higher tendencies to overthink and seep in negative thoughts (Jamshaid.S et.al, 2020)

• Really stress, lost and miserable

• Not considered as a mental illness

• It has the potential to cause various mental illness. For instance depression, Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD), panic disorder and many more (Morin, 2023)

Burnout

• Stress, perfectionism, and overthinking had led me to burnout

• To maintain the standard and to live up to the expectations

• Difficult to focus, study and to be as driven as I was before

• Plans were all over the place and started to feel meaningless in everything I do

• Long period of stress that triggers exhaustion, hate emotion towards something that one used to be passionate about and low level of motivations (Scott, 2022)

• Exhaustion

• Over-usage of one’s emotional and physical resources (Maslach & Leiter, 2016)

• Feels drained and used up, with no energy to carry out their day

• Cynicism = detached feeling towards one’s life, job and things that they were passionate about - coping method to the overwhelming stress and workload

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development –

Identity VS Role Confusion

• 13 to our early 20s (Ciccarelli & White, 2015)

• Establish a sense of self, definitions of life and independency

• Feeling lost and miserable, neither knowing who they are nor where they are heading to (Cherry, 2022)

• Sexual and occupation as mentioned by Erikson (Mcleod, 2023)

• Personalities, families, cultures, peers, communication technology and social networking sites (Upreti, 2017)

Conclusion

• Authoritative + secure attachment

• Industrious

• Stress + Perfectionism + Overthinking = Burnout

• Identity VS Role Confusion

Cherry.K, (2022, December 29). Industry vs. Inferiority in Psychosocial Development. VeryWellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/industryversus-inferiority-2795736

Cherry.K, (2022, June 22). Identity vs. Role Confusion in Psychosocial Developmentt. VeryWellmind.https://www.verywellmind.com/identityversus-confusion-2795735

Cherry.K, (2022, May 26). The Different Types of Attachment Styles. VeryWellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/attachment-styles-2795344

Ciccarelli S.K & White J.N (2015). Psychology (4th ed.). Pearson

Gorostiaga.A et al. (2019). Parenting Styles and Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and. Public Health 2019. 16(17), 3192;

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173192

Jamshaid.S, Malik.N.I, Haider.A.A, Jamshed.K & Jamshad.S (2020). Overthinking Hurts: Rumination, Worry and Mental Health of International Students in China During Covid-19 Pandemic. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. 491. 10.2991/assehr.k.201201.004

Maslach.C & Leiter.M.P (2016). Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior. Handbook of Stress Series Volume 1.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00044-3

McAdams.D.P & Olson.B.D (2010). Personality Development: Continuity and Change Over the Life Course. Annual Review Psychology. 2010(61), 51742. 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100507

Mcleod.S (2023, June 9). Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/erikerikson.html#Stage-5-Identity-vs-Role-Confusion

Morin.A (2023, February 14). How to Stop Overthinking. VeryWellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-know-when-youre-overthinking5077069

Scott.E (2022, October 16). How to Recognize Burnout Symptoms. VeryWellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/stress-and-burnoutsymptoms-and-causes-3144516

Scott.E (2023, February 27). Perfectionism: 10 Signs of Perfectionist Traits. VeryWellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/signs-you-may-be-aperfectionist-3145233

Strickhouser J.E & Sutin A.R (2019). Family and neighborhood socioeconomic status and temperament development from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Personality. 88 (3), 515-529. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12507

Tus.J (2020). Academic Stress, Academic Motivation, and Its Relationship on the Academic Performance of the Senior High School Students. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,8(11).

Upreti.R (2017). Identity Construction: An Important Issue Among Adolescents. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IOSRJHSS), 22(6), 54-57. DOI: 10.9790/0837-2206105457

The End thank you