Facade Design: La Fenetre, Den Haag

La Fenetre

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Faculty of Architecture of TuDelft Msc Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences Track Building Technology 2017/2018 Technoledge Facade Design Tutors

Arie Bergsma Frank Schnater Group 15 Cai Jiahui 4716124 El Hadji Fatima 4744896 Tsagkalou Anna 4746244 Benjaming Yong Zhen Hui 4686853 1

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Contents Introduction Analysis outcome

Positive aspects

Negative aspects Re-design strategies

External skin

Prefabricated panel

Adaptable window Manufacturing process

Prefabricated panel Building sequence

Assembly on site Analyzed fragment | Details

Water resistance

Movement & Tolerances

Fire safety Building Physics

Thermal properties

Adaptability Thermal & Ventilation concept

Acoustical properties Maintenance

Replacement and cleaning

External access Demountability

Mechanical joints between the prefabricated panels

Demountable joints between the prefabricated panels and the cladding

Custom designed demountable brackets Recyclability Conclusion Reflection Reference & Sources

5 7 8 9 10 12 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 30 31 32 35 36 37 38 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

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Introduction In the following report the outcome of the research conducted for the course Technoledge Facade Design will be presented. The aim of the second part of the course was to redesign the facade of an existing building. In this case, the redesigned facade is of La Fenetre, building in Den Haag, designed by Rudy Uytenhaak and Hugo Boogaard. Firstly the problems that derived from the previous design analysis will be described along with the aims and strategies or the redesign process. Finally, detailed analysis of a spesific fragment will be presented, regarding technical drawings, building physics aspects, maintenance and recyclability issues.

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Fig. 1: View of the building.

La Fenetre Rudy Uytenhaak and Hugo Boogaard Location: Den Haag Years: 1998-2005 Project team: Jos Rijs, Kees Stoffels, Niek Beran,

Titia Jansen, Jan Olthuis, Martijn Pietersen.

Steel structure: Oostingh Staalbouw Constructor: Heymans Client: Latei projectontwikkeling Budget: 21,000,000 euro Function type: 115 apartments

260 m2 Health Club

161 parkings Architects:

Fig. 2: View of the building.

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Fig. 3: View of the building.

Analysis outcome

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Positive aspects Architectural concept In the east and south façade, there is a particular effect that characterizes the whole building. Every two floors there is an offset of 10 cm of the façade along a diagonal, creating a zig-zag effect and an interesting interaction with the light. The grid of the façade is quite regular and is based on the glass panel’s size, creating a rhythm between the closed and open parts. The second glass skin hides the division of the panels besides it and creates a continuous volume, emphasizing its verticality.

Everything, starting from the grid of the main structure, the size of the prefabricated panel, and finally the size of the external cladding panels, is designed to serve the purpose of the architectural concept, which functions well and we had no reason to change it. On the contrary, we wanted our re-design to have the minimum impact on the existing image of the building.

Fig. 4: View of the building

Ventilated facade The existence of the two ‘skins’ with a small gap in between has multiple advantages that we wanted to maintain such as the fact that it discards moisture and most importantly that it creates natural ventilation.

In addition to that a kind of chimney effect draws air through the cavity, aiding in the removal of heat and condensation contributing to the dry and comfortable internal environment but also reducing the maintenance.

We thus decided it was important to maintain the idea of the two layers, along with the multiple advantages.

Fig. 5: View of the building.

Fig. 6: View of the building.site.

Light weight structure Due to the fact that the building had to be build really fast but also due to the small site plot, it was necessary to come up with a fast and effective way of construction. This explains the choice of the metal structure (dry) along with the choice of the Infra floors system and finally the prefabricated facade panels. All these, significantly reduced the construction time and the impact to the surrounding environment. We decided we should maintain the idea of having a light weight and dry structure and enhance it even more.

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Fig. 7: View of the building.site.

Problematic aspects

Thermal performance

High solar load

With an average U-value of 1.33W/m2K, the original La Fenetre facade no longer meets the current standards for thermal insulation in the Dutch Building Code, which require a U-value of 0.2W/m2K for walls and 1.6W/m2K for glazing panels.

The large window surface area, coupled with the south orientation of the facade, results in large amounts of direct sunlight entering the interior space, causing potential discomfort.

Materials recyclability Laminated glass, which covers a large part of the entire facade, is not recyclable due to the PVB interlayer between the glass layers.

Demountability The extensive use of sealants throughout the design of the facade panel makes disassembly difficult. Utilisation of mechanical connections can be pushed further.

Fig. 8: Solar load analysis.

Non multifunctionality The facade consists of laminated glass panels, which offer nothing more than aesthetical value. There are no secondary functions integrated into the facade panels.

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Re-design strategies

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Aim of the re-design

Our analysis on the existing facade of La Fenetre building in den Haag, highlighted several interesting aspects which we wanted to maintain and enhance in our redesign proposal. More specifically, the particular architectural concept, the lightweight structure consisting of prefabricated panels, along with the ventilated facade which provided ventilation to the building, are three concepts that we integrated in our redesign.

Nevertheless, some of the features of the facade, such as its low thermal performance, high solar load,or the recyclability of the materials, were proven to be inadequate for today’s increased sustainability demands and regulations.

Our proposal aims to preserve the aesthetics of the building and introduce a smart bioclimatic design.

Recyclable

Multifunctional+ Adaptable

Our main focus was to make the facade structure even more recyclable, multi-functional and adaptable while maintaining it and lightweight, fully demountable and easier to maintain.

Based on these principles we came up with strategies regarding the following elemends:

Lightweight & Demountable

1. External skin

Energy production Light weight and recyclable materials Demountable connections

2. First skin: Prefabricated panel

Lighter Recyclable

Dry connections

3. Windows

Adaptable Integrated functions

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1. External skin area (m2) The selected part of analysis is the south facade. The total surface area is 2990 m2, 55% of which is covered with laminated glass panels. This leads to a quite heavy and not recyclable surface which could have an extra function as well.

Total facade

2990

Laminated glass cladding

1590

Heavy Not recyclable

?

Fig. 9: Original elevation of the building.

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weight (kg)

recyclable

38160

no

External skin: Solar chimney?

One of our initial ideas was to introduce a solar chimney on the facade, along with the PV panels. The chimneys would lie in between the windows, in front of where the prefabricated facade elements are connected. The solar chimney would be responsible for both ventilation and heating. Air comes in from the bottom and enters each floor through inlets on the sides of the windows. Outlets also allow the dirty air from the interior to escape into the solar chimney, circulating the interior air.

close

Winter

open

Summer

We needed more transparency in the material for the solar chimney, which was the reason why we considered polycarbonate panels to replace the laminated glass panels. Polycarbonate is lighter, stronger and recyclable in comparison to laminated glass, making it a good material choice. It also allows for large solar load penetration into the solar chimney to heat the air.

However, after doing calculations for the required inlet and outlet sizings for an effective solar chimney, it was proven to be ineffective in this situation. Overheating would occur in summer, with temperatures in the solar chimney possibly reaching 50 degrees.

This means the ventilation air would heat up the interior even further, instead of removing heat.

Moreover, because the solar chimney is an add-on feature, the thickness of the facade would increase. The windows would therefore need to be pushed farther outward in order for them to be lying on the same plane as the exterior of the solar chimney.

The upper levels would also be experiencing circulation of dirty air, because the dirty air from the lower levels would mix with the air in the solar chimney and enter the upper levels.

Because of these reasons it became unviable to implement a solar chimney system.

Fig. 10: Solar chimney shifts design.

Fig. 10: Solar chimney principle.

Principle

Connection 13 (windows&anchorage)

External skin: energy production

We immediately thought that this significant area, given the facade’s appropriate orientation, had a lot of potential regarding energy production. Hence, we propose the integration of pv solar panels. After running the solar analysis, we determined their most efficient positions, ultimately covering 43% of the cladding.

We chose pv panels with blue-green Kromatix™ colored solar glass as they both fit the aesthetics of the facade and offer high efficiency.

43% of the cladding is replaced with KromatixTM colored glass solar panels

Fig 11: Diagram of the annual radiation analysis which determined the position of the solar panels.

Data regarding produced energy Product: Kromatix High Efficiency Mono Crystalline Module efficiency: 17% Temperature coefficient: -0.43%/K Total area of PV: 689.29 m2

No cells visible

Total annual energy harnessed: 28622 kWh (52534 kWh Total daily energy harnessed: 78.42 kWh

High power Choice of colors

Average annual energy harnessed per area of PV panel: 41.52 kWh/m2 Average annual energy consumption of Dutch household of 2 adults: 26GJ (7222.22kWh) Cost of energy per kWh in The Netherlands in 2017: 0.156 Euro/kWh Average annual energy savings per household from energy harnessed: 255.56 kWh (for 112 household units) Average annual energy consumption of a 14 cubic feet Energy Star Refrigerator: 414 kWh Percentage decrease in annual energy consumption (and therefore cost) of refrigerator: 61.6% Average annual financial savings per Dutch household: 39.86 Euros Fig 12: Pattern of the solar panels on the facade.

Total savings for lifetime of 25 years: 111629 Euros 14

Fig 13: KromatixTM panel structure.

External skin: Light weight and recyclable cladding

Regarding the rest of the cladding, after exploring numerous typical materials, we decided to replace the laminated glass panel with the most lightweight and fully recyclable alternative of Aluminum composite panel Reynobond® aluminium composite material (ACM). material

0.3 mm Aluminium Polyethylene 0.3 mm Aluminium

panel weight

recyclable

Aluminium composite panel

>4.7 kg/m2

Yes

Fibre cement panel

>14.9 kg/m2

No

Ceramic panels

>8.2 kg/m2

Yes

Table 1:properties of typical ventilated facade cladding panels.

W Fig 14: Aluminium Composite panels.

With a thickness of only 3mm, it reduces the total weight of the facade by…%.

Moreover, with the addition of the EcoCleanTM coating, the panel can clean both itself but also the air around it, positively influencing the environment and also reducing its maintenance demands.

80 % lighter facade Aluminium Composite panels

Environmentally-friendly Light-weight

“1000 m2 of Reynobond architectural panels coated in EcoClean™ will produce a cleaning effect equivalent to that of 80 trees”

Weather-resistant surfaces; Quicker installation -reduced costs

Source: http://www.plantas.lt/en/m/ventilated-facade-cladding/aluminium-composite-panels-1/

Thickness composite panel Thickness coated aluminium sheet Tolerance in squareness Size Weight Sound attenuation (Rw) Thermal expansion Fire certificates Stiffness (EI) Surface coefficient of heat transfer u

Anti-graffiti protection Great sound and heat insulation;

4mm 0,5 mm (±0,1 mm) ≤3 mm 4,69 kg/m2 25 dB 2.4 mm/m for a temperature variation of 100 °C B-s1-d0 0,125 kN/m2/m 5,7 W/m2K

Resistant to mould, dirt and parasites; Resistant to mechanical impact.

Fig 15: Aluminium Composite panels position.

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2. First skin: Re-design of the prefabricated panel Light-weight/ Demountable/ Recyclable The existing prefabricated panel (along with the windows) has a low U value, thus its replacement and redesign was necessary.

We chose to use Unidek SIPS, aiming to reduce the percentage of wood, ultimately gaining more insulation and thus better thermal performance. Our aim was also to reduce the thickness of the panel, achieving an even more light weight construction.

thickness (mm)

Lighter

U value (w/m2K)

197

0.20

Recyclable

Table 2: Thickness and U-value of SIP panel.

Moreover, the connections between the panels were redesigned, achieving a completely demountable structure with the least usage of sealants.

16 mm OSB 165 mm EPS 16 mm OSB Fig 16: SIP panel section.

1

2

4 3

Fig 17: SIP panel.

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Fig 18: SIP panel assembly.

Mechanical joints

Adhesives + Sealants

Easily demountable

Not recyclable Not easily demountable

Closed

3. The adaptable window Multifunctionality The remaining 45% of the facade, is covered by big sized windows. Our intervention does not at all involve the actual re-positioning of the windows, but rather focuses on giving them extra functionality and adaptability. More specifically, we introduce a two layer ‘Boxed window’. The inner layer can be applied during winter to offer more insulation, or slide open during summer.

Creation of thermal buffer zone

IDE INS

Integrated adaptable ventilation system

A ‘smart’ ventilation system which also adapts to the seasonal needs, is placed in the window frame.

Finally, a shading system is positioned inside the cavity of the Boxed window in order to mitigate the excessive solar radiation measured at the south side of the facade.

Integrated sun-shading system

All in all, integrating all these mentioned qualities and functionalities in one unit, the Boxed window, offers a more pleasant aesthetic result.

Open

SUMMER scenario

WINTER scenario

Fig 21:Integrated blinds.

Open

Closed

+ IDE INS

Closed

OUT SIDE

Winter

Open

IN Open

IN

Winter

Summer Bypass 1 Bypass 2

OUT Fig 19: Ventilation principle during winter.

OUT Fig 20: Ventilation principle during summer.

17 Bypass 1:

Manufacturing process Prefabricated panel

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Prefabricated panel The assembly of the prefabricated panel starts with the SIP, with gypsum board stuck to the interior side of it for an added layer of insulation This is followed by a wooden window frame as the boundary for the window. The ventilation grills are then mounted on the sides of the frame, and the interior sliding windows are placed. Afterwhich, the exterior windows are put in place, and finally the aluminium brackets are mounted onto the SIP panel in preparation for the assembly of the second skin.

gyp sum

SIP woo d

ven �

inw ard cust omi zed a

PV /

Alu

Fig 22: Prefabricated panel (top) and components of prefabricated panel. minu

mp

ane l

lum

slid i ng ope

inum

ned

brac

�lte d/fi

/ fix ed w

la�o

n gr i ll

pan

boa

rd

el

en w

in d o w fr ame

indo w

xed win dow

ket 19

Building sequence Assembly on site Our main goal was to ensure a fast assembly method, when most of the elements are already prefabricated and what is left for the side assembly is the minimum. The main difference in relation to the previous facade is than in the new improved version, we don’t need an extra structure of mullions and traverses to hold the cladding. Custom designed brackets are already putted on the prefabricated panel. Thus the only thing that is left for the site assembly after the positioning of the prefabricated panel is the attachment of the PV and ACP panels on it.

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1. The panel is hanged to the main structure Similarly to the original situation the prefabricated panel is firstly hanged to the main metal structure through an L beam positioned on the top of the panel. The beam is connected to the main structure though a custom made element as is is highlighted in the drawing.

2. The panel is pulled to the main structure The same L beam, has an extension on top, which is used to guide the above panel, which sits on it. Although we considered the option that this is enough as a structure, we after all decided that pulling the bottom of the panel, is also needed.

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1. Panes are connected through dry mechanical joints Unlike the previous connections between the panels, which were mainly out of sealants and adhesives, the new ones are mechanical, and thus easier to disassembly,.

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4. Positioning of the external cladding panels After positioning the prefabricated panel, the only thing that is left, is the attachment of the PV and ACM panels. Each panel is supported by its own custom made brackets. Similarly to the prefabricated panel, the cladding panels are hanged and supported from the top, while the bottom connection is not fixed.

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Analysed fragment Details

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Elevation, Vertical and Horizontal Section | 1:25

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Vertical section | 1:5

OSB 16x100 EPS 29mm pine wood 50x120 L-shape steel profile pine wood 50x120

low-E single glazing 6mm blinds 20mm ven�la�on grill double glazing 6mm-15mm-9mm

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Vertical section | 1:5

customized aluminum bracket OSB 16x100 OSB 16mm window wood frame 40mm

OSB 16x100 EPS 29mm pine wood 50x120 L-shape steel profile pine wood 50x120

PV panel 10mm/ aluminum panel 4mm water barrier OSB 16mm EPS 165mm vapour barrier OSB 16mm gypsum board 12.5mm(2 layers)

low-E single glazing 6mm blinds 20mm ven�la�on grill double glazing 6mm-15mm-9mm

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Horizontal section | 1:5

PV panel 10mm/ aluminum panel 4mm water barrier OSB 16mm EPS 165mm OSB 16mm vapour barrier customized aluminum bracket gypsum board 12.5mm(2 layers) OSB 16x60 OSB 16mm window wood frame 40mm ven�la�on grill (polyester wool insula�on)

low-E single glazing 6mm blinds 20mm double glazing 6mm-15mm-9mm

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Horizontal section | 1:5

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Water resistance

First line of defense: Water barrier Second line of defense: Vapor barrier

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movement

Movement & Tolerances

Fire safety

ovement

Fire Rated Foam is placed at the front of the ventilation opening. This blocks smoke and flames from spreading to the adjacent facade panels above.

gypsum board

Gypsum board

1

movement

Movement

4

1. gap for removing outer panel 2. dowel welded on L profile 3. horizontal slot 4. flexible material

fire safety

2

3

4

Fire rated foam

ďŹ re rated foam

Tolerances 3

4

1. 4 mm distance between wooden frame and the window’s aluminium profile 2. 4 mm distance between the frame and the ventilation component 3. gap between the floor slab and the facade panel 4. tolerance in the connection between the secondary beam and the panel

1

3

1

2

2

3

1 1

1

4 1

2

1

3

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Building Physics Analysis of the details

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thermal

Thermal properties

The thermal performance of the facade is significantly upgraded. The selection of the SIP value which consists of 150 mm of EPS insulation, and less percentage of wooden parts in relation to the previous panel, but also the addition of the second window layer gave a new U-value of 0.446 which is more than satisfying according to current regulations which demand Uglazing< 1.65 W/m2K and Uwall< 0.222 W/m2K. In the below details all the elements that contribute to the thermal comfort of the interior are underlined.

panel

U- value (W/m2K)

component Outer window 6mm

3.139

Inner window (6-15-9) re-designed panel

previous panel

1

SIP panel

0.2

SIP panel with inner window

0.622

SIP panel with both windows

0.446

Window

1.35

Prefabricated panel

double glazing

0.35 break thermal

Table 3: U-values for both the previous and the new panel.

double glazing

thermal break

EPS

EPS

cavity between two windows thermal break

S blinds

double glazing

cavity between two windows

ermal break adjustable

adjustable 33

Winter Winter Winter

Adaptability Thermal& Ventilation concept

SummerSummer Summer Summer

Winter

outdoors->outdoors-> cavity-> outdoors-> indoors cavity-> cavity-> outdoors-> indoors indoors cavity-> indoors

thermal

WINTER

ventilation

thermal

blinds prevent over-heating bypass 1: outdoors-> indoors bypass 2: outdoors-> indoors

The cavity acts as a thermal buffer zone, and contributes the thermal comfort of the interior space when in a sunny winter day is heated up.

During summer, the second layer of glazing slides on the sides.

the interior.

There are two ventilation flows. The first one is a more direct one, while a second one aims to cool down the space between the two glazings.

Finally, a blinds system is integrated to block unwanted solar radiation.

bypass 2 bypass 1

Fig 23: Detail and section of designed ventilation principle during winter.

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ventilation

SUMMER

outdoors-> cavity-> indoors

Regarding ventilation, air flow passes through the cavity following a zic-zac route, so as to get warmer before entering

blinds: prevent blinds: blinds: over prevent heated prevent over blinds: over heated prev heat bypass 1:outdoors-> bypass bypass 1:outdoors-> indoors 1:outdoors-> bypass indoors 1:ou ind bypass 2:outdoors-> bypass bypass 2:outdoors-> cavity 2:outdoors-> -> bypass indoors cavity 2:ou cav-

Fig 24: Detail and section of designed ventilation principle during winter.

bypass bypass 2 2 bypass bypass 1 1

bypass 2 bypass 1

Acoustical properties

Since the building is a residential one but it is located in a very central part, next to the central station of The Hague and in front of a main boulevard, much attention was given to ensure appropriate acoustical insulation. The two layers of gypsum were kept in the inside, while the ventilation system was filled with polyester wool. The addition of the extra glazing enhanced the acoustical insulation as well.

Sound attenuation Rw (Db)

Material

Below, the materials which mainly contribute to the acoustical insulation of the facade are highlighted.

Outer window 6mm

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Inner window (6-15-9)

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Polyester wool

36

Gypsum board

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Table 4: acoustical properties of the selected materials.

polyester wool

secondary window

gypsum board

secondary window

gypsum board

polyester wool

gypsum board

secondary window

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Maintenance aspects

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Replacement and cleaning

Easy replacement of the external panels During our research regarding cladding connections we found out that usually if a cladding panel needs to be replaced, either the whole row, or the panels above and below it need to be removed as well. We designed the connections in such a way so that the panel can be taken off independently, making it easier and less time consuming for maintenance.

Fig 25: Diagram of the replacement system of a damaged Aluminium or Pv panel.

Demountable ventilation grilles covering The custom design of the ventilation system consists of demountable aluminum coverings which are easy to access and take off. In this way, the regular cleaning of the ventilation grilles and the replacement of the filter foam are ensured.

Fig 26: Diagram of the demountable ventilation grilles covering.

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External access Crane anchors are placed on the facade, every 20 m along the height of the building. The metal elements are directly connected to the main structure, to ensure maximum structural support.

Aluminium panel

20 m Fig 28: Diagram of the position of the crane anchors for the maintanance.

Crain anchor

Aluminium panel

Aluminium panel

20 m Crain anchor crane anchor

Crain anchor crane anchor

Horizontal Section 1:10

Vertical Section 1:10

Fig 27: Diagram of the position of the crane anchors for the maintanance.

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Aluminium panel

Demountability

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Mechanical joints between the prefabricated panels PV panel 10mm/ aluminum panel 4mm water barrier One of our main re-designing goals was to achieve a fully demountable fa-OSB 16mm cade. The connection between the prefabricated panels was previously doneEPS 165mm through the use of sealants and adhesives. In the new design the connectionsOSB 16mm vapour barrier are mechanical (dry), leading to e fully demountable system. customized aluminum bracket gypsum board 12.5mm(2 layers) OSB 16x60 OSB 16mm window wood frame 40mm ven�la�on grill (polyester wool insula�on)

low-E single glazing 6mm blinds 20mm double glazing 6mm-15mm-9mm

Fig 29: Diagram of the joint between the prefabricated panels.

Fig 30: Diagram of the assembly and disassembly of the prefabricated panels.

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Demountable joints between the prefabricated panels and the cladding

The connections between the prefabricated panels and the cladding are designed to be fully demountable as well, using different types of screws and bolts, but without any permanent interventions such as welding. Eight custom designed brackets serve all the possible positions and combinations between PV and ACP cladding. The brackets are located in the prefabricated panels, in their exact positions, by using wood screws, already during the manufacturing process.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

Fig 30: Assembly of the ACP panel to the prefabricated panel 41

Kromatik Kromatik panel Custom designed demountable brackets Scale 1:10

panel

Below all the custom designed brackets are presented, for all the different combinations between ACP and PV panels, for different positions.

Kromatik Kromatik Aluminium Aluminium panel panel Kromatix PV panel

ACP

Kromatix PV panel

Aluminium Aluminium panel panel

Kromatix PV panel

ACP

Aluminium Aluminium panel panel

ACP

Aluminium Aluminium panel panel 42

ACP

above the window

Recyclability Recyclability was a very important factor during our redesign process and the selection of the materials. All the selected materials can be recycled or reused leading to a theoretically 100% recyclable facade.

Regarding the PV panels, it is still quite unsure what happens after the life cycle of the PV cells is closed. We nevertheless consider that the glass parts can be separately reused.

The materials of the ACP panels can be repeatedly recycled. Regarding the Eco clean covering, although it contributes positively to the environment by is cleaning effect, it is quite controversial .

Second skin

For each material we look into the possible ways of recycling it or reusing it trying to imagine a continuous materials cycle.

The OSB of the SIP panel is a noon toxic and of low print material that can also be recycled but only through incineration . OSB panels in general can be also smashed and reused for non structural purposed.

Windows can be seperated into the frame and the glass. Both of the components can be directly reused and the aluminum can be directly recycled too.

Fig 31: Kromatix panel layers

Fig 32: ACP

partly

ACP panels

directly

SIPS panel First skin

EPS foam can also be recycled. Due to its density though, closing the loop of this material is still quite costly, but there is much development towards this field.

Kromatix PV panels

OSB formaldehyde free

Recyclable

Incineration

EPS

Windows

Re-usable

Aluminium Glass

Fig 33: OSB

Fig 34: Diagram explaining the recycling process of EPS 43

Conclusions The combination of changes applied make for a facade redesign that manages to retain the architectural aspects of the original facade, while incorporating energy harnessing features to make it more than just an aesthetic element. Recyclability was achieved by choosing only materials that can be recycled and demountability by the design of the dry connections and by choosing different panel systems like the SIP. The facade is now multi-functional since it produces energy but it also integrated functions regarding the ventilation and the sun protection. The ventilation system into the double window system, removed the bulkiness of traditional ventilation roosters on the interior and also improved thermal insulation.

Maintenance of the facade is kept similar to the original, and the fire rated foam is repositioned. Overall, the redesign performs better also in terms of adaptability and energy consumption.

Thermal performance

Demountability

As it was displayed in the building physics section, the thermal performance of the facade has significantly improved mainly due to the new SIP panel but also due to the second window layer.

With only dry connections all the components of the facade are fully demountable so that they can easily be replaced or reused.

Light weight

Recyclability

The external skin is 50% lighter than the previous one due to the fact that 57% was replaced with ACP panels which weight only 5.61 kg/m2. The SPS prefabricated panel in itself is also lighter than the previous one, but due to the addition of the second window, the total weight of the panel is slightly bigger.

All the selected materials are fully recyclable.

weight element

improved

existing

676.2 m2 (43% of the total area) PV panels 873.6 m2 (67% of the total surface) ACP panels

1590 m2 of laminated glass panels

external skin

prefabricated panel prefabricated panel with window

total

42930 kg

5082 kg

15000 kg

total

16.0225 kg 4.900 kg 20926 kg

7709 kg

16000 kg

Table with the weight values for the existing and the improved elements of the facade

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Reflection The utilisation of the facade to harness solar energy made sense, and made for a very aesthetical yet functional building element that stays loyal to the original architectural concept of the facade. However, if we took into account the cost of manufacturing and construction, together with maintenance, the money saved may not make it a financially viable option.

Integrating ventilation into the double layer window system was also a challenge because we had to make sure that it made sense through summer and winter. This resulted in a very customised ventilation rooster, which may not be bad considering the original facade already uses custom-made structural components to join the facade panels to the structural system of the building.

Our initial idea involved a double skin facade as a solar chimney. However, after calculations on the resulting temperature and ventilation, it was proven to be unsuitable. We thus proceeded with only the kromatix panels as the main idea, which we were happy with because it helped to drastically increase the recyclability and made the facade more useful than it currently is.

The use of EPS in the SIP affects the recyclability as well, because EPS is not easy to recycle. In terms of acoustics, EPS is not the best choice as well because it depends on the material that it is coupled with.

Overall, we learned that the design of a facade is not easy, and there are many aspects to consider, such as thermal, acoustics, facade panel thickness, aesthetics, deadweight, ventilation, maintenance, fire safety, waterproofing, connection details and assembly sequence. The problem is that when one aspect is being solved, problems arise for another aspect, because they are all tied together. For example, by integrating the ventilation with the windows, acoustics is compromised. By using SIPs to replace the existing prefabricated panel construction, thermal insulation, weight and demountability are improved, but acoustics is compromised yet again. It is difficult to achieve a facade design that manages to solve all aspects consistently, especially within a budget, which we have not yet taken into account as a student project.

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Fig 35: Visualisation of the redesign of La Fenetre.

References SIP: http://www.icc-es.org/Reports/pdf_files/load_file.cfm?file_type=pdf&file_name=ESR-2233.pdf http://www.murus.com/downloads/Murus-EPS-Listing-Report.pdf (EPS) http://www.bitmacltd.com/eps-jablo/info/does-eps-burn https://ewistore.co.uk/mineral-wool-insulation-vs-expanded-polysteryne/ PV panel: Kromatix data sheet - http://emirates-insolaire.com/assets/docs/Kromatix_Modules_Datasheet.pdf kameleonsolar data - https://kameleonsolar.com/hybrid-custom/ Aluminum panel: ( http://www.plantas.lt/en/m/ventilated-facade-cladding/aluminium-composite-panels-1/) Gypsum board: (Insulation value) http://www.british-gypsum.com/technical-advice/faqs/006-what-is-the-sound-insulation-performance-of-gyproc-plasterboard Windows: (outer window) https://www.reynaers.com/en/products/masterline-8 https://www.reynaers.com/sites/default/files/public/product/brochures/masterline%208%20en%20lr.pdf (Inner window) https://www.kawneer.com/bcs/architectuursystemen/nl/product.asp?cat_id=610&prod_id=4269 https://www.kawneer.com/bcs/architectuursystemen/catalog/pdf/products/AA4110_Flyer_NL.pdf Ventilation grill: http://ventilationsvinduet.dk/teknologien/ (insulation value) https://www.nbd-online.nl/product/133121-ducomax-zr-suskast Energy: Average annual energy consumption of dutch household of 2 adults: 26GJ (7222.22kWh) https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/14422209/EES-2013-171T_KoenMeirmans.pdf section 3.3.3.1, published 2013

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Cost of energy per kWh in The Netherlands in 2017: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Electricity_prices,_first_half_of_year,_2015-2017.png Average annual energy consumption of a 14 cubic feet Energy Star Refrigerator: 414 kWh http://www.siliconvalleypower.com/for-residents/save-energy/appliance-energy-use-chart Solar chimney: https://brightspace.tudelft.nl/d2l/le/content/49526/viewContent/672552/View

Sources Fig.1: own picture Fig. 2 to 3: http://docplayer.nl/43009584-T-r-a-n-s-p-a-r-a-n-t-f-l-e-x-i-b-e-l-w-o-o-n-g-e-b-o-u-w.html Fig. 4 to 5: own pictures Fig. 6 to 7: http://bitsnv.be/pages/foto52fr.html Fig. 8 to 12: own drawings Fig. 13: https://kameleonsolar.com/kromatix-colored-solar-panels/ Fig. 14 to 30: own drawings.

Fig. 31: https://kameleonsolar.com/kromatix-colored-solar-panels/ Fig. 32: own picture.

Fig. 33: https://www.123rf.com/photo_21344719_wood-construction-osb-texture-.html Fig. 34: https://www.refrigeratedfrozenfood.com/articles/90024-expanding-eps-recycling-to-the-curbside-level Fig. 35: own picture.

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Appensix MURUS SIP http://www.murus.com/downloads/Murus-EPS-Listing-Report.pdf

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MURUS SIP http://www.icc-es.org/Reports/pdf_files/load_file.cfm?file_type=pdf&file_name=ESR-2233.pdf

ESR-2233 |

Page 12 of 17

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 6

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Window

window references

https://www.reynaers.com/sites/default/files/public/product/brochures/masterline%208%20en%20lr.pdf

https://www.kawneer.com/bcs/architectuursystemen/catalog/pdf/products/AA4110_Flyer_NL.pdf

Outer: Reynaers MasterLine 8 window

Inner: Kawneer AA 4110 Aluminum Sliding Windows

Class 4 E750 Rw up to 43dB

Class 2

Uw from 1.0 W / m²K 50

Kromatix panel http://emirates-insolaire.com/assets/docs/Kromatix_Modules_Datasheet.pdf

KROMATIX™ DATA SHEET

Models

Kromatix™ Framed

Kromatix™ GG

Mono Crystalline 0802.3021 (Grey)

Article no.

Kromatix™ Thin film

Mono Crystalline 0802.3021 (Grey)

Traditional Modules - 60 cells

Kromatix™ High Efficiency

CIGS

Mono Crystalline

0802.3021 (Grey)

Mono Crystalline

Poly Crystalline

0802.3021 (Grey)

0802.3022 (Light grey)

0802.3022 (Light grey)

0802.3022 (Light grey)

0802.3022 (Light grey)

0802.3024 (blue)

0802.3024 (blue)

0802.3024 (blue)

0802.3024 (blue)

0802.3025 (yellow green)

0802.3025 (yellow green)

0802.3025 (yellow green)

0802.3025 (yellow green)

0802.3026 (green)

0802.3026 (green)

0802.3026 (green)

0802.3026 (green)

0802.3027 (bronze)

0802.3027 (bronze)

0802.3027 (bronze)

0802.3027 (bronze)

0802.3028 (gold)

0802.3028 (gold)

0802.3028 (gold)

0802.3028 (gold)

0802.3029 (Terracota)

0802.3029 (Terracota)

0802.3029 (Terracota)

0802.3029 (Terracota)

Backsheet colour

Black sheet

Black glass

Black glass

Black sheet

Black or White

Black or White

Cell color

Dark Blue

Dark Blue

Black

Black

Black

Dark Blue

260-275 Wp

250 - 265 Wp

Electrical STC * Nominal power Pmpp

230 - 250 Wp on color)

Nominal voltage Umpp

31.9 V

30.0 V

42.4 V

53.1 V

30.59 V

30.3 V

Nominal current Impp

7.56 A

8.10 A

2.95 A

5.38 A

8.5 A

8.20 A

Open circuit voltage Uoc 38.9 V

37.6 V

58.0 V

62.5 V

38.3 V

38 V

Short circuit current Isc

8.11 A

8.51 A

3.35 A

5.73 A

9.3 A

8.8 A

* Standard Test Conditions: irradiance 1000

* Standard Test Conditions: irradiance 1000 W/m2, cell temperature 25 °C, AM 1.5

* Standard Test Conditions: irradiance 1000 W/m2, cell temperature 25 °C, AM 1.5

* Standard Test Conditions: irradiance 1000

* Standard Test Conditions: irradiance 1000 W/m2, cell temperature 25 °C, AM 1.5

* Standard Test Conditions: irradiance 1000

General data

(Depending

W/m2, cell temperature 25 °C, AM 1.5

230 - 250 Wp on color)

(Depending

120 - 133 Wp on color)

(Depending

255 - 285 Wp on color)

(Depending

W/m2, cell temperature 25 °C, AM 1.5

W/m2, cell temperature 25 °C, AM 1.5

STC measurement tolerances: ± 3% (Pmpp); STC measurement tolerances: ± 3% (Pmpp); STC measurement tolerances: ± 3% (Pmpp); STC measurement tolerances: ± 3% (Pmpp); STC measurement tolerances: ± 3% (Pmpp); STC measurement tolerances: ± 3% (Pmpp); ± 10% (Isc, Voc, Impp, Umpp) ± 10% (Isc, Voc, Impp, Umpp) ± 10% (Isc, Voc, Impp, Umpp) ± 10% (Isc, Voc, Impp, Umpp) ± 10% (Isc, Voc, Impp, Umpp) ± 10% (Isc, Voc, Impp, Umpp) Power tolerance

0/+5 W

0/+5 W

-

0/+5 W

0/+5 W

0/+5 W

Cell type

156 x 156 mm

156 x 156 mm

CIGS

-

156*156 mm

156*156 mm

Cell matrix

6 strings with 10 cells (60 cells)

6 strings with 10 cells (60 cells)

-

96 cells

6 strings with 10 cells (60 cells)

6 strings with 10 cells (60 cells)

Bypass diodes

3 pcs. (less power loss in case of partial shading)

3 pcs. (less power loss in case of partial shading)

-

3 pcs

3 pcs

3 pcs

Cell efficiency level

18.80%

18.20%

17.90%

23.4 %~24.8 %

18--20.3 %

18.2%~18.3%

Module efficiency level

14.6% -16%

14.1% - 16%

11.9% - 12.6%

16.5% - 17.5%

16 - 17 %

15-18 %

Temperature coefficient Nominal operating cell temp. (NOCT) Operating temperature range

Uoc - 0.30 %/ °C, Isc + 0.004 %/ °C,

Uoc - 0.32 %/ °C, Isc + 0.05 %/ °C,

Uoc -170 mV/ °C, Isc 0 mA/ °C,

Uoc - 0.35 %/ °C, Isc + 0.05 %/ °C,

Uoc -0.41 % / °C , Isc 0.053 % / °C

Uoc - 0.35 %/ °C, Isc + 0.05 %/ °C,

Pmpp - 0.45 %/ °C

Pmpp - 0.43 %/ °C

Pmpp - 0.39 %/ °C

Pmpp - 0.43 %/ °C

Pmpp -0.41 % / °C

Pmpp - 0.43 %/ °C

45 °C (± 2 °C)

46 °C (± 2 °C)

40 °C (± 2 °C)

80 °C (± 2 °C)

45 °C (±2 °C)

46 °C (± 2 °C)

- 40 ... + 85 °C

- 40 ... + 85 °C

- 40 ... + 85 °C

- 40 ... + 85 °C

- 40 ... + 85 °C

- 40 ... + 85 °C

Max. system voltage

1000 V

1000 V

1000 V

1000 V

1000 V

1000 V

Max. reverse current

20 A

-

5.0 A

-

-

-

String fuse

16 A

15 A

-

15 A

15 A

15 A

Dimensions

1000 x 1640 mm

986 x 1652 mm

664 x 1587 mm

1046 x 1559 mm

1652 x 986 mm

1652 x 986 mm

Weight

18kg

19 kg

17 Kg

18.6 Kg

18-20 Kg

20 kg

Glass-foil

Glass-Glass

Glass-Glass

Glass-Foil

Glass-Glass

Glass-Glass

frameless

frameless

2mm + 2mm

2mm + 2mm

POE

POE

Mechanical data Laminate structure Frame

Black anodized aluminium

frameless

frameless

Front glass

3.2 mm Kromatix™ colored solar glass, tempered / mat surface

3.2 mm Kromatix™ colored solar glass, tempered / mat surface

3.2 mm Kromatix™ colored solar glass, tempered / mat surface

Class 1 black anodized (highest AAMA rating 3.2mm,High-transmission tempered antireflective

Encapsulation material

EVA with lowest yellowness index

EVA with lowest yellowness index

PVB

POE

51

Kameleon Data Sheet kameleonsolar data - https://kameleonsolar.com/hybrid-custom/

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Gypsum board - insulation value http://www.british-gypsum.com/technical-advice/faqs/006-what-is-the-sound-insulation-performance-of-gyproc-plasterboard

What is the sound insulation performance of Gyproc plasterboard?

Sound insulation performance is based on the overall construction, e.g. partition or floor, and not just the individual plasterboards that only form part of these constructions.

If we take a GypWall metal stud partition as an example of a construction, in addition to the plasterboard lining itself the system will also consist of metal studs, head and base channels and screw fixings. Since it is not possible to build a plasterboard partition without a supporting framework all of these components are vital to the overall acoustic performance of the partition, therefore the plasterboard cannot be considered on its own in terms of sound insulation.

Looking through the various GypWall partition sections of the WHITE BOOK you will see that different combinations of plasterboards and studs will provide different levels of sound insulation.

For example if we consider the GypWall CLASSIC system: Single layer 12.5mm Gyproc WallBoard each side of Gypframe 48S50 studs provides Rw 34dB Single layer 12.5mm Gyproc SoundBloc each side of Gypframe 48S50 studs provides Rw 37dB Double layer 12.5mm Gyproc WallBoard each side of Gypframe 48S50 studs provides Rw 42dB Double layer 12.5mm Gyproc SoundBloc each side of Gypframe 48S50 studs provides Rw 46dB As you can see by varying the type of board and number of layers the different levels of Sound Reduction Index (Rw) that may be required by the project can be met. This single figure rating method is used for laboratory airborne sound insulation tests. The figure indicates the amount of sound energy being stopped by the separating building element (the higher the figure the better in terms of performance). Various factors will contribute to the overall sound insulation performance of a partition system, such as: Board type, thickness and number of layers Size of partition cavity Stud type, width and gauge Stud centres Insulation type, thickness and density Staggered board joints Screw fixing type, length and fixing centres Jointing / plastering Gap sealing Fixing details at the partition head and base Addition of components such as resilient bars Similar factors also exist for ceiling membranes and floor elements, therefore when considering any of our systems in terms of Sound Insulation reference should be made to the system performance tables for that type of construction in our WHITE BOOK. Each section of the WHITE BOOK organises our systems according to the sound insulation (Rw values) and provides all of the vital construction and specification information for meeting that performance (such as stud type, centres, etc).

Further information about acoustic performance can be found in WHITE BOOK Chapter 02 Section 01 Page 08.

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Aluminium Compiste panel http://www.plantas.lt/en/m/ventilated-facade-cladding/aluminium-composite-panels-1/

Reynobond® aluminium composite material (ACM) is a multi-layered material consisting of two 0.3-0.5 mm thick sheets of aluminium, coated in protective PVDF70/30 DURAGLOSS®, polyester or polyamide coating and bonded to a polyethylene or mineral core. The panels are manufactured in France.

Reynobond® ACM panels are especially resistant to unfavourable weather conditions, sunlight and corrosion. The surface displays a great robustness with regard to scratching and, due to its PVDF fluoropolymer coating, does not stain and is micro-biologically resistant.

Compared to cladding products made of other homogeneous materials, Reynobond® panels are much more easy to shape, perforate, bend, mould and can be used to form various architectural volumes. This means that uniform architectural shapes can be created without segmentation. There is no need for complicated equipment if you wish to bend or shape the material into a complex object or form. Because these panels are especially light-weight, installing them does not require a massive frame. The panels can be sawed, perforated, routed and bent.

In addition to standard metallic, glossy and matt colours, the company also manufactures custom-coloured panels based on any RAL colour as well as various wood, metal, stone, etc. imitation surfaces.

Reynobond® panels come with a 20-year warranty.

All Reynobond® panel surfaces are coated in a protective film of choice: PVDF 70/30 coating: This coating is considered to be one of the best coatings in the construction industry because of its durability. It is ideal for aggressive environments and extreme weather conditions.

DURAGLOSS® is a high-quality coating made of polymer plastic. It is resistant to wear, salt, moisture and UV rays. DURAGLOSS® coating technology allows the manufacturer to offer architects a surface finish ranging from matt (3% glossiness) to very glossy at 80% glossiness (whereas PVDF coating only allows a glossiness ranging from 30% to 70%).

Polyester coating: This coating demonstrates great flexibility and high performance in harsh weather conditions. It comes in a wide range of colours.

The surface is coated with a special-purpose polyamide film with a specific coating structure that protects the surface from minor scratches.

Reynobond offers panels with anti-graffiti coating, which allows the surface of the panel to be cleaned with a high-pressure water current. This is especially relevant for ground floors, which require the use of materials that have anti-vandalism properties.

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