Grammar_05_123-176.qxd:JSB
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1:37 PM
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punctuation
CONTRACTIONS OF COMMON PRONOUNS am/are
will
have/has
had/would
↓
↓
↓
↓
I
→
I’m
I’ll
I’ve
I’d
you
→
you’re
you’ll
you’ve
you’d
he
→
he’s
he’ll
he’s
he’d
she
→
she’s
she’ll
she’s
she’d
it
→
it’s
it’ll
it’s
it’d
they
→
they’re
they’ll
they’ve
they’d
we
→
we’re
we’ll
we’ve
we’d
CONTRACTIONS OF HELPING VERBS is
+
not
→
isn’t
are
+
not
→
aren’t
was
+
not
→
wasn’t
were
+
not
→
weren’t
have
+
not
→
haven’t
has
+
not
→
hasn’t
had
+
not
→
hadn’t
might
+
not
→
mightn’t
can
+
not
→
can’t
do
+
not
→
doesn’t, don’t
did
+
not
→
didn’t
should
+
not
→
shouldn’t
would
+
not
→
wouldn’t
could
+
not
→
couldn’t
POSSESSIVE NOUNS A possessive noun implies ownership of something by that person, place, or thing (the noun). To make a singular noun—like boy, dog, or school—possessive, add -’s. the boy‘s yo-yo
the school‘s bleachers
the kite‘s tail