E-MAG (8th edition) by Fahad Farrukh

IIN ND DEEXX Science and Technology 1. 2. 3. 4.

Happy Birthday Google! .................................................................................................................................... 8 Java Design Patterns .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Bill Gates .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Sony 3D TV Technology ................................................................................................................................... 14

General Articles 5. Judge a True Friend as a Muslim ..................................................................................................................... 16 6. The Super Trees ............................................................................................................................................... 19 Poetry and Humor 7. I’ll be there ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 8. Mary Mary Quiet Contrary .............................................................................................................................. 21 9. Smile Please ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 Puzzles – Quizzes – Challenges 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Big Challenges (Republished) ................................................................................................................... 24 Logical Puzzles ................................................................................................................................................ 25 Sudoku ........................................................................................................................................................... 26 Programming Challenges ............................................................................................................................... 28 Guess the Location ......................................................................................................................................... 30

Learning and Information 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Polymorphism – In depth ................................................................................................................................ 32 Learning C++ .................................................................................................................................................... 34 Explore With Me .............................................................................................................................................. 36 Tips and Tricks ................................................................................................................................................. 37 Software of the Month .................................................................................................................................... 38 Useful Links ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 The Constitution .............................................................................................................................................. 40 MAG News ....................................................................................................................................................... 41

One click access: Simply click any topic you want to read

E-MAG Team

Editor-in-chief Mian Zeshan Farooqi

Editor Naveed Hamid

Co editor Ayesha Naeem Mirza

Coordinator Dilawer Hussain

Advertiser Mobeen Afzal

Reporter Majid Ali

Website: www.emagportal.com Submissions: editor@emagportal.com

There is no doubt that the future of our State will and must greatly depend upon the type of education and the way in which we bring up our children as the future servants of Pakistan. Education does not merely mean academic education, and even that appears to be of a very poor type. What we have to do is to mobilize our people and build up the character of our future generations. There is immediate and urgent need for training our people in the scientific and technical education in order to build up future economic life, and we should see that our people undertake scientific commerce, trade and particularly, well-planned industries. But do not forget that we have to compete with the world, which is moving very fast in this direction. Also I must emphasize that greater attention should be paid to technical and vocational education. Message to The All-Pakistan Educational Conference 27th November, 1947, Karachi.

Translation of

The Holy Quran Monthly series

[2:26] Indeed Allah does not, for the sake of explanation, shy to illustrate an example of anything, whether it is of a gnat or something further (inferior) than it; so the believers know it is the Truth from their Lord; as for the disbelievers, they say, "What does Allah intend by such an example?" He misleads many thereby, and He guides many thereby; and with it He misleads only those who are rebellious. [2:27] Those who break the covenant of Allah after ratifying it - and sever what Allah has ordered to join, and who cause turmoil (evil / religious chaos) in the earth; it is they who are the losers. [2:28] What has made you disbelieve in Allah? Whereas you were dead and He gave you life; then He will give you death, then bring you to life again, and then it is to Him you will return!

Hadith

Narrated Abu Huraira (R.A.): The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) said, "If I had gold equal to the mountain of Uhud, I would love that, before three days had passed, not a single Dinar thereof remained with me if I found somebody to accept it excluding some amount that I would keep for the payment [Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 90, Number 334] of my debts.''

Narrated Abu Huraira (R.A.): Allah's Apostle (P.B.U.H.) said, "Whoever obeys me, obeys Allah, and whoever disobeys me, disobeys Allah, and whoever obeys the ruler I appoint, obeys me, and whoever [Sahih Bukhari Volume 1, Book 4, Number 169] disobeys him, disobeys me."

Narrated 'Abdullah (R.A.): The Prophet (P.B.U.H.) said, "If anyone of you feels drowsy while praying, he should sleep till he understands what he is saying (reciting)." The Prophet said, "A Muslim has to listen to and obey (the order of his ruler) whether he likes it or not, as long as his orders involve not one in disobedience (to Allah), but if an act of disobedience (to Allah) is [Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 89, Number 258] imposed one should not listen to it or obey it.

Narrated Ma'qil: I heard the Prophet (P.B.U.H) saying, "Any man whom Allah has given the authority of ruling some people and he does not look after them in an honest manner, will never feel [Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 89, Number 264] even the smell of Paradise."

Editorial â&#x20AC;&#x153;In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Mercifulâ&#x20AC;? .

I.T. (information technology) industry is now the biggest industry of the world. The small, medium and large scale industries are adopting I.T means to cut costs by automating their existing systems. Several industries are integrating new technologies into operations. I.T helps these industries to compete the global market. Pakistan is lacking behind in I.T education compared to developed countries of the world. The reason is the lack of research and development and investments from the private sector. The quality I.T education today in Pakistan is only provided in three major cities of Pakistan i.e., Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi-Islamabad. The need is to provide the I.T education in the entire country. Total Internet users exceed 3 million and there are 250 ISPs operating in this area, sharing a market generating Rs. 10 billion in revenue per annum. This has resulted in local firms such as Cyber Net, WOL, etc having made big gains in the market since the IT boom began in 1999. Competition is so strong that ISPs have now started to provide not only cheaper dial-up connection cards worth as low as Rs 5 but also DSL and fiber optic connections costing as low as Pak Rs. 800. The ISP market has 12% share of the total Pakistan's telecommunication market according to Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) report. The ISP market is the third biggest market after the fixed line and wireless market segments. Internet market growth is highly related to teledensity; with fixed line density at 3.33 lines per 100 persons at present, aggregate density (fixed, WLL and mobile) has been predicted to rise to 15% in 2010. Pakistan government is trying its level best to introduce I.T in every sector to accelerate its economic activities. E-commerce has opened new doors for economic development so the industries and investors are investing in the field of I.T to meet the needs of skilled and professional employees who prove to be beneficial in the international challenging market and a nation cannot progress without acquiring I.T education. But, the I.T graduates find it difficult to fit themselves into the competitive workforce when they go for job. The reason is that there is a wide gap between the curriculum being taught and practices adopted in the industry. The gap can be overcome if the I.T industry takes the responsibility that I.T industry personnel will play a pivotal role to collaborate with the educational sector and help students by making them aware of the new technologies and urge students to learn these technologies so that when these students pass out they find a better place. Editor

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Happy Birthday Google! On September 27, 2009 I was wondered to see the wrong spellings of “Google” on its own homepage. You might have also seen this logo at Google’s page on that date and wondered to see the two ‘L’s in its name. This was not by mistake; it was the Google’s birthday logo. Google celebrated its 11th birthday on September 27, 2009. I remember an interesting story about Google’s birthday which I learnt a few years ago and now I’m going to share it with you. The birthday of Google always remain disputed. Some people consider the birthday of Google the day when “www.google.com” was registered i.e. 15th September, 1997 while some people consider its birthday when Google filed the incorporation papers i.e. on September 4, 1998. But Google listens to no one. It celebrates its birthday whenever it wants. Some of its birthdays were celebrated on September 7 while some on September 27. I can’t find the reason behind these two dates. I’ve searched a lot for it but couldn’t found any proper reason. The unique thing which I found in this birthday is that for the first time Google misspelled its name on its homepage. It is a routine of Google to change its logo respective to several events but I never saw any change in the spellings of its name. Might be Google has chosen 27th September as its official date of birth or might be it doesn’t matters to Google to modify its spellings. I think the first one has more chances to be true. On this occasion let me tell you a little about Google’s origin. Larry Page and Sergey Brin are two graduates of Stanford University. In 1996 they build up a search engine at Stanford with the name of “Back Rub” . It was functional on the servers of Stanford. Later, after the success of this project, they decided to provide this service on internet in 1997. In 1998 they got a cheque of $100, 000 from the Sun’s co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim. Now Google has become a Giant Search Engine. Google is ranked as the most visited website in the world i.e. its ranking is 1. Google has put its steps in several other fields like software and web applications development, etc. Now the latest aim of Google is to bring an OS to compete Microsoft’s Windows. Google’s first homepage

Written by: Mian Zeshan Farooqi

Reference: http://www.google.com/corporate/history.html

A duck’s quack doesn’t echo. No one knows why.

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Java Design Patterns

Part II

In order to share an object, we may declare an interface and an intrinsic state through which flyweights can receive and act on it. If you want to show a file system with folders to show the directories or subdirectories, you don't need to load all the files or directories at one loading time. You may show the upper level folders first. If the user clicks a folder, then load its subdirectories and files. The shared trigger is mouse-clicked. The composite pattern may be combined to define the flyweight system. To show how to use flyweight to reduce object creation, we will make a program to draw 1000 circles with 6 different colors. Before we customize it to a flyweight design, it is coded as follows: class Circle { private Color color; public Circle(Color color) { this.color = color; } public void draw(Graphics g, int x, int y, int r) { g.setColor(color); g.drawOval(x, y, r, r); } }

Then we rewrite the program. It is possible for people to rewrite with Circle object in the following way: import import import import import

java.awt.*; java.awt.Color; java.awt.event.*; javax.swing.*; javax.swing.event.*;

class Test extends JFrame { private static final Color colors[] = { Color.red, Color.blue, Color.yellow, Color.orange, Color.black, Color.white }; private static final int WIDTH = 400, HEIGHT = 400, NUMBER_OF_CIRCLES = 1000; public Test() { Container contentPane = getContentPane(); JButton button = new JButton("Draw Circle"); final JPanel panel = new JPanel(); A fully loaded supertanker traveling at normal speed takes at least twenty minutes to stop.

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contentPane.add(panel, BorderLayout.CENTER); contentPane.add(button, BorderLayout.SOUTH); setSize(WIDTH ,HEIGHT); setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setVisible(true); button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { Graphics g = panel.getGraphics(); for(int i=0; i < NUMBER_OF_CIRCLES; ++i) { Circle circle = Circle(getRandomColor()); circle.draw(g, getRandomX(),getRandomY(), getRandomR());//1000 object created. }

new

} }); } private int getRandomX() { return (int)(Math.random()*WIDTH ); } private int getRandomY() { return (int)(Math.random()*HEIGHT); } private int getRandomR() { return (int)(Math.random()*(HEIGHT/10)); } private Color getRandomColor() { return colors[(int)(Math.random()*colors.length)]; } public static void main(String[] args) A lionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roar can be heard from five miles away.

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{ Test test = new Test(); } } From the above code, you may note that 1000 circle object has been created. It is memory consuming. To improve it, we will create a CircleFactory class to customize it by using flyweight design pattern. Since we just draw circle with different colors, we can store color info in a hashmap. If a circle has been drawn, the new circle will be checked with color. If the circle with the same color has been found in the hashmap, the circle will share the instance which is picked up from the hashmap instead of creating a new one. We will reuse the object with different state, that is to say we will share the instance and draw the circle with different start position and radius on the fly. class CircleFactory { //store color private static final HashMap circleByColor = new HashMap(); public static Circle getCircle(Color color) { Circle circle = (Circle)circleByColor.get(color); if(circle == null) { circle = new Circle(color); circleByColor.put(color, circle); System.out.println("Creating " + color + " circle"); //see how many objects we create on command line } return circle; } } for(int i=0; i < NUMBER_OF_CIRCLES; ++i) { Circle circle = CircleFactory.getCircle(getRandomColor()); circle.draw(g, getRandomX(), getRandomY(),getRandomR()); //Since we have 6 different colors, we have 6 objects created. }

Written by: Ali Imran Principal Software Engineer i2c Inc. California, USA Alumni MCSF06 PUCIT

A rat can last longer without water than a camel.

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Bill Gates We've really achieved the ideal of what I wanted Microsoft to become. (Bill Gates, June 2008.)

William H Gates III commonly known as Bill Gates was born on 28th October 1955. Gates was born and grew up in Seattle, Washington USA. His father, William H. Gates II was a Seattle attorney and his mother, Mary Maxwell Gates was a school teacher and chairperson of the United Way charity. Gates and his two sisters had a comfortable upbringing, with Gates being able to attend the exclusive secondary "Lakeside School". At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school. Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: an implementation of tic-tactoe that allowed users to play games against the computer. Gates was fascinated by the machine and how it would always execute software code perfectly. When he reflected back on that moment, he commented on it and said, "There was just something neat about the machine." In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University as a freshman, where he lived down the hall from Steve Ballmer, now Microsoft's chief executive officer. While at Harvard, Gates developed a version of the programming language BASIC for the first microcomputer - the MITS Altair. In his junior year, Gates left Harvard to devote his energies to Microsoft, a company he had begun in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Allen. Guided by a belief that the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in every home, they began developing software for personal computers. During Microsoft's early years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company's business. Gates oversaw the business details, but continued to write code as well. In the first five years, he personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he saw fit. Gates oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981, which re-incorporated the company in Washington and made Gates President of Microsoft and the Chairman of the Board. Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, A species of earthworm in Australia grows up to 10 feet in length.

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1985, and in August, the company struck a deal with IBM to develop a separate operating system called OS/2. Although the two companies successfully developed the first version of the new system, mounting creative differences undermined the partnership. Gates distributed an internal memo on May 16, 1991 announcing that the OS/2 partnership was over and Microsoft would shift its efforts to the Windows NT kernel development. Gates' role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. However, he was an active software developer in the early years, particularly on the company's programming language products. He has not officially been on a development team since working on the TRS-80 Model 100 line, but wrote code as late as 1989 that shipped in the company's products. On June 15, 2006, Gates announced that he would transition out of his day-to-day role over the next two years to dedicate more time to philanthropy. He divided his responsibilities between two successors, placing Ray Ozzie in charge of day-to-day management and Craig Mundie in charge of long-term product strategy. Gates was married on Jan. 1, 1994, to Melinda French Gates. The couple has two children: a daughter, Jennifer Katharine Gates, born in 1996; and a son, Rory John Gates, born in 1999.

Some Different: Alma mater: Harvard University (dropped out in 1975) Occupation:

Chairman Co-Chair of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

of Microsoft

Net worth: US$40 billion (2009) Signature:

Information technology and business are becoming inextricably interwoven. I don't think anybody can talk meaningfully about one without the talking about the other. Bill Gates

References: http://www.woopidoo.com/biography/bill-gates.htm http://www.investingvalue.com/investment-leaders/bill-gates/index.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billgates

Written by: Dilawer Hussain BS Software Engineering Punjab University College of Information Technology

Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, never phoned his wife or his mother. They were both deaf.

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SONY 3D TV Technology The majority of existing 3D set-ups use two-camera systems to record images tailored specifically for the left and right eye of the viewer. The new camera takes a single image that is split by mirrors and recorded on two sensors, resulting in a "smoother" picture, according to Sony. The prototype camera will be unveiled at next week's Ceatec electronics show in Tokyo, Japan. Viewers will be able to watch the 3D images using special polarized glasses. Without them, they will just see normal 2D television, according to the firm. The firm said the camera, which is able to capture images very quickly, is especially suited to sporting events. Long shot The new camera is one of a number of developments being put forward by the firm, which hopes that 3D TV is about to take off. This week, the firm also opened the doors to its European research labs to show off a different 3D camera technology for recording football games. The technology uses three fixed cameras to record the entire football pitch. The images can them be mapped and, using software, create a 3D view. "Each camera films a third of the pitch," explained John Stone, general manager of research and development at Sony Professional. "Because those cameras are set up at the same focal point, they can be stitched together. "And because we have the depth information for every shot we can a synthesize a 3D impression be effectively positioning the pixel to different depth positions in the 3D composition."

Broadcasters are focusing efforts on 3D sporting events

Mr Stone stressed that while the technology to display images in 3D was in place, it would be some time before it would be common place. "I'm not sure we're quite at the stage now where we're going to have 3D Match of the Day," said Mr Stone. "But Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m hoping that there's going to be live events televised in 3D from 2010, and that can be edited down into shorter 3D highlights." Sporting chance There have been a number of forays into the 3D market, pioneered by the film industry. In 1953 The House of Wax became the first commercial 3D movie. However, the early technology caused unsteady images that induced nausea. A second attempt was made in the 1970s, using stereoscopic images that required users to wear red and green glasses; while the image was steady there was considerable loss of colour quality and it also failed to take off. Babies are born without kneecaps.

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The latest revival, dubbed "The 3D Wave" kicked off in 2003 with the release of the film Ghosts of the Abyss. Users now wear polarized glasses - rather than the standard red and green spectacle - with the resulting image "fooling" the brain into thinking it is 3D. Meanwhile, the technology to capture in 3D - or create a virtual 3D image using conventional cameras - has also been getting cheaper and is now affordable by some traditional TV and satellite broadcasters. Sony hopes, by demonstrating what its technology is capable of, broadcasters will follow Hollywood's lead.

There are a number of stages to get live 3D TV into the home.

There are also signs that some of the bigger broadcasters are dipping a toe in the water. In 2008, the BBC broadcast the world's first live sporting event in 3D, beaming back an England vs. Scotland game from the Six Nations to a cinema in London. In addition, the corporation's director of London 2012, Roger Mosey, said there were plans to capture some of the Olympics in 3D. "We could, and I believe should, capture some of the Games in 3D", he said. "Nobody would expect the Games of 2012 to be comprehensively in 3D because the technology will be nothing like widespread enough; but it would be a shame not to have any images of London that were part of an experiment with what will be one of the next big waves of change." Sky has gone a step further, announcing in July that it would launch "the UK's first 3D channel" by 2010. However, Fergal Ringrose - editor of Europe's broadcast technology magazine, TVB Europe, told BBC News that Sky was in a rather unique position and that the majority of broadcasters were still reluctant to embrace 3D TV. "Sky is going to be broadcasting through its existing high definition infrastructure, through its satellite network and then through the Sky set-top box. "Very few broadcasters are in the position to control the entire process. "We did a reader survey on 427 broadcasters across Europe and asked them if 3D TV was on the horizon. Only 15% said yes, and another 20% said they were looking at it as an option. "That's somewhat underwhelming," he added. Editorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pick: Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8285187.stm

Barbieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full name is Barbra Millicent Roberts.

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JUDGE A TRUE FRIEND AS A MUSLIM “Ah! Woe to me! Would that I had never taken such-and-such as a friend!” [Quran, Surah Al-Furqaan: 28]

The one who is always there to console you when you want to talk about a problem, the one who sticks by you through thick and thin, the one whom you can count on to be there for you – this is the person who leaves no doubts in your mind that he or she is your “best friend”. You like each other’s company and love to spend time together. If something important happens in your life, they’re the first to know. You trust them and depend upon them in times of need. They may be a classmate, a colleague, a neighbor, a sister, a mother; or even your spouse! It could be anyone who fits this description. But are they really your “true” friend? How can you find out? Ask yourself: are they taking you towards the most certain and perpetual success and benefit: that of the Hereafter, or are they going to be the cause of regret for you on the Day of Judgment? See for yourself. Here is a checklist.  When in each other's company, you both:  Comfortably backbite and make fun of people.  Laugh at others together, be it a passerby or someone you are discussing.  Pass comments about others.  Call each other demeaning names in fun.  Laugh at each other’s cruel jokes about someone else.  Start a conversation with “Hi!” and plunge into an exchange of the latest gossip.  Hardly ever mention or discuss Allah, the Quran or Hadith in the time spent together.  End up spending money on things you don’t need.  Feel hesitant to discuss religion, unless it is a criticism of any aspect of Islam.  Confirm each other’s doubts about the Hereafter.  Never point out each other’s faults politely; if one does, the other quickly changes the subject or gets defensive.  Get involved in activities that delay/do away with salaah (Islamic Prayer), the major obligation from Allah.  Have never prayed any salaah together.  Support each other in fulfilling every desire – a dress that caught your fancy, or the in-fashion shoes, even if they are not needed.

Ninety eight per cent of the weight of water is made up from oxygen.

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 Discuss unimportant things and events in meticulous detail, such as a film, the latest clothes you got tailored, or a wedding party you attended.

Besides the above points, you both are fully aware of each other’s family’s and in-laws’ faults and short-comings. When one of you feels guilty about having committed a sin, the other quickly offers reassurance that “It’s no big deal, everyone does it”, and comes up with convincing excuses for the other not to feel guilty about it. When one of you starts doing something that is impermissible in Islam, the other offers support and help; for example, when one starts to backbite, the other becomes attentive and listens closely. When one discovers a shortcoming of the other, they leave no chance to make fun of it. If they take something that belongs to you, you know that you will not get it back unless you ask for it. About a ‘friendship’ that has most of the above characteristics, Allah says in the Quran: "Friends on that day will be foes to one and another - except the Righteous Ones." [Quran, Surah Al-Zukhruf: 67] All such “friends” will, on the Day of Judgment, become each other’s enemies, each lamenting and blaming the other before Allah, for having supported and encouraged them towards the ultimate and eternal destruction. Allah makes an exception to this situation in the Quranic verse above: “except those who are al-muttaqeen: the righteous ones”. So who are these ‘righteous ones’, who will be happily together in the Hereafter just as they were together in the world? How can you tell whether your friend is really and truly your sincere “friend”? Here is another checklist of characteristics that depict a friendship that will lead to success in the Hereafter. When together, you both:  Remind each other of Allah when you set eyes on each other.  Leave each other’s company with a higher level of imaan (faith in Allah).  Inevitably start the conversation with the Islamic greeting ‘as-salaamu-alaykum’, and receive the masnoon reply for it.  Do the masnoon mu’aanaqah (hug) and musafahah (handshake) on a regular basis.  Almost always mention Allah, the Quran, or Hadith in some context or the other, in your conversations.  Strengthen each other’s belief on the Hereafter.  Always end up exchanging useful and mature ideas and thoughts.  Love each other above and beyond worldly benefits.  Give each other more duaas (well wishes) than material gifts.  Enquire regularly about the health of the other’s family.  Attend religious study-circles/ halaqah’s together. Non-dairy creamer is flammable.

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 Have prayed salaah together many times.  Have watched each other cry, out of fear of Allah or out of regret for committing a transgression.  Listen attentively if the other is saying something that pleases Allah.  Politely point out and reform each other’s mistakes or bad habits in the best way possible.  Return an amanah (item placed in other’s trust/safekeeping) belonging to the other in its original state.  Laugh a lot together, but with decent, non-malicious humor.  Become uninterested and change the subject if the other starts to say something that is impermissible.  Always discourage the other if they plan to do something wrong.  Always encourage the other if they intend to do a good deed that they’re hesitant to do.  Consult each other in important matters.  Give each other advice seriously and sincerely.  Never waste each other’s time in useless activities.  Never invite the other to a place or gathering of sin.  Have full trust that they will never reveal secrets or personal problems to others, nor will they gossip about you behind your back.  Address each other in a respectful and loving manner.  Forgive each other’s faults and shortcomings, and hide them from others. Those whose friendships possess most of the above characteristics are among the fortunate people who can experience a glimpse of the assembly of Paradise in the life of this world itself, where they have such sincere and true friends – friends who love them for the sake of Allah. It is they who shall be saved from all kinds of discomfort and pain on the Day of Judgment when their Lord will provide them with a special place under His Throne, according to His promise: Narrated by Abu Hurairah [may Allah be pleased with him]: Allah's Messenger [Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him] said: “Verily, Allah will say on the Day of Standing:

„Where are those who had mutual love for the sake of My Glory? Today I shall shelter them in My shadow when there is no other shadow but the shadow of Mine.‟” [Sahih Muslim Number 6225]

Submitted by: Hooria Khalid King Edward Medical University Source: http://www.iloveAllah.com

The first Ford cars had Dodge engines.

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The Super Trees After three decades of helping save African forests, Mike Fay, a Wildlife Conservation Soci-ety biologist and National Geographic Soci-ety explorer-in-residence, now has redwoods in his blood. His obsession with the iconic American trees began a few years ago after he completed the Megatransect—his Livingstone-like exploration of the largest intact jungle remaining in Africa. (See the October 2000, March 2001, and August 2001 issues.) One day while driving along the northern California coast, he found himself gazing at swaths of clearcuts and spindly second-growth forests. Another time in a state park, a six-foot-tall slice of an old redwood log on display caught his attention. Near the burgundy center a label read: "1492 Columbus." "The one that got me was about three inches from the edge," Fay says. "'Gold Rush, 1849' And I realized that within the last few inches of that tree's life, we'd very nearly liquidated a 2,000-year-old forest." In the fall of 2007 he resolved to see for himself how Earth's tallest forest had been exploited in the past and is being treated today. By walking the length of California's mythic range, from Big Sur to just beyond the Oregon border, he wanted to find out if there was a way to maximize both timber production and the many ecological and social benefits standing forests provide. If it could be done in the redwoods, he believed, it could be done anywhere on the planet where forests are being leveled for short-term gain. As he'd done on the Megatransect, he and Holm—a self-taught naturalist born and raised in the redwood country of northern California—took pictures and detailed notes on their 11-month trek, exhaustively recording wildlife, plant life, and the condition of the forest and streams. They talked to the people of the redwoods as well: loggers, foresters, biologists, environmentalists, café owners, and timber company executives—all dependent on the forest. It was an auspicious year to be walking the red-woods. After more than two decades battling environmentalists and state and federal regulators over its aggressive cutting practices, the oft vilified Pacific Lumber Company was bankrupt and up for grabs. Even with most of the remaining old growth protected, the emblematic species of the great forests—northern spotted owls, elusive little seabirds called marbled murrelets, and coho salmon— continued their dangerous decline, while the reeling economy and housing bust were shuttering sawmills throughout the redwood range. Fires scorched hundreds of thousands of acres in the worst fire season in memory. Tourism was down. But something else was taking root among the trees Woody Guthrie lionized in "This Land Is Your Land." The buzz among environmental groups, consulting foresters, and even a few timber companies and communities was that the redwoods were at a historic crossroads—a time when society could move beyond the log/don't log debates of decades past and embrace a different kind of forestry that could benefit people, wildlife, and perhaps even the planet. The more Fay walked, the more convinced he became.

Submitted by: Sami Ur Rehman University of the Punjab Source: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/10/redwoods/bourne-text/2

The largest eggs in the world are laid by a shark.

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I will be there… Whenever you feel that you are alone And there is no body to share Just call me I will be there… Whenever you seem down And your world seems blue Just call me I will be there… Good times or bad My love for you will still remain At any time in any situation Just call me I will be there… My thoughts of prayers are with you And you are always dear to my heart So whenever you need me Don't hesitate, just call me I will always be there …

Written by: Ayesha Naeem Mirza

The screwdriver was invented before the screw.

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Mary Mary Quite Contrary

Mary Mary quite contrary, How does your garden grow? With silver bells and cockle shells And pretty maids all in a row. The origins are steeped in history...! The Mary alluded to in this traditional English nursery rhyme is reputed to be Mary Tudor, or Bloody Mary, who was the daughter of King Henry VIII. Queen Mary was a staunch Catholic and the garden referred to is an allusion to graveyards which were increasing in size with those who dared to continue to adhere to the Protestant faith Protestant martyrs. Instruments of Torture! The silver bells and cockle shells referred to in the Nursery Rhyme were colloquialisms for instruments of torture. The 'silver bells' were thumbscrews which crushed the thumb between two hard surfaces by the tightening of a screw. The 'cockleshells' were believed to be instruments of torture which were attached to the genitals! The " Maids" or Maiden was the original guillotine! The 'maids' were a device to behead people called the Maiden. Beheading a victim was fraught with problems. It could take up to 11 blows to actually sever the head, the victim often resisted and had to be chased around the scaffold. Margaret Pole (1473 - 1541), Countess of Salisbury did not go willingly to her death and had to be chased and hacked at by the Executioner. These problems led to the invention of a mechanical instrument (now known as the guillotine) called the Maiden - shortened to Maids in the Mary Mary Nursery Rhyme. The Maiden had long been in use in England before Lord Morton, regent of Scotland during the minority of James VI, had a copy constructed from the Maiden which had been used in Halifax in Yorkshire. Ironically, Lord Morton fell from favour and was the first to experience the Maiden in Scotland! Executions! Another form of execution during Mary's reign was being burnt at the stake - a terrible punishment much used during the Spanish Inquisition. The English hated the Spanish and dreaded the idea of an English Inquisition. The executions during the reign of Bloody Mary were therefore viewed with a greater fear of the Spanish than the executions themselves - it is interesting to note that executions during her reign totalled less than 300 an insignificant amount compared to the executions ordered by her father King Henry VIII which are believed to have numbered tens of thousands! http://www.rhymes.org.uk/mary_mary_quite_contrary.htm There is a city called Rome on every continent.

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Question: Why did the child study in the aeroplane? A doctor and a lawyer were talking at a party. As they talked they were constantly interrupted by people describing their health problems and asking the doctor for medical advice.

Answer:

Because

wanted

higher

education!

Patient: Doctor, I have a pain in my eye whenever I drink tea.

After an hour of this the doctor asked the lawyer, "What do you do to stop people asking you for legal advice when you're out of the office?"

Doctor: Take the spoon out of the mug before you drink.

The lawyer replied, "I give them the advice, and then the next day I send them a bill for the advice. They pay the bill, and never ask me for advice outside the office again." The doctor was shocked but decided to try it. The next day while the doctor was preparing the new bills the postman pushed a letter through his letterbox. The doctor opened the envelope and inside found a bill from the lawyer.

PUPIL: "Would you punish me for something I didn’t do?" TEACHER: " Of course not." PUPIL: "Good, because I haven’t done my homework."

There is a town in Texas called ‘Ding Dong.’

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Computer Acronyms PCMCIA

People Can't Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms

ISDN

It Still Does Nothing

APPLE

Arrogance Produces ProfitLosing Entity

A man criticized a railway officer: What's the

SCSI

System Can't See It

use of having a train schedule if the trains are

DOS

Defective Operating System

always late.

BASIC

Bill's Attempt to Seize Industry Control

Railway officer: How would we know they were

IBM

I Blame Microsoft

late, if we didn't have a schedule?

DEC

Do Expect Cuts

CD-ROM

Consumer Device, Rendered Obsolete in Months

OS/2

Obsolete Soon, Too.

WWW

World Wide Wait

A girl had been talking on the phone for about half an hour, and then she hung up. "Wow!," said her father, "That was short. You usually talk for two hours. What happened?" "Wrong number," replied the girl.

MACINTOSH

PENTIUM COBOL AMIGA LISP MIPS WINDOWS

The Greeks are the biggest smokers, averaging 8.1 cigarettes a day each.

Most Applications Crash; If Not, the Operating System Hangs Produces Erroneous Numbers through Incorrect Understanding of Mathematics Completely Obsolete Business Oriented Language A Merely Insignificant Game Addiction Lots of Infuriating & Silly Parenthesis Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed Will Install Needless Data On Whole System

GIRO

Garbage In Rubbish Out

MICROSOFT

Most Intelligent Customers Realize Our Software Only (for) Fools (&) Teenagers.

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Challenge A:

For C/C++ Programmers

We’ve an array of integers with name numbers and size 100. We take input from user in this array for all 100 elements. You’ve to simply add logical line of code in the given code such that the given code should display the sum of all user given numbers. Isn’t it simple? (For full details, see 6th edition of E-MAG)

Challenge B:

For C/C++ Programmers

You’ve to write a header file magix.h containing a single function named as sum. Your function should receive some integers as parameters; add them and return their sum. A programmer would simply include your header file magix.h and call the function sum with as many (integer) parameters as he wants with the given constrains. (For full details, see 6th edition of E-MAG)

Challenge C:

Logic

See the given image on the right hand side (BCP.C.1). This is not only an image, actually there’s something written here with some logic. You’ve to find out that logic and also guess that what is actually written here with that logic. You’ve to tell us both the logic and the actual text.

Challenge D:

BCP.C.1

Logic

Three masters of logic (persons with really strong logic) wanted to find out, who is the wisest one. So they invited the grand master, who took them into a dark room and said: “I will paint each one of you a red or a blue dot on forehead. When you walk out and you will see at least one red point, hands-up. Who says what color is the dot on his own forehead as first, wins.” Then he painted only red dots on every one. When they went out everybody had their hands up and after a while of killing thinking one of them said: “I have a red dot on my head.” He is correct but how could he be so sure? Submit the Solutions: Dear Readers! This is the first package of BIG CHALLENGES which was originally published in the sixth edition of E-MAG. Download the 6th edition by clicking here. The solutions will be published in November’s edition of E-MAG with the name of those people who submitted the correct solutions. You can send your solutions till October 31, 2009 at editor@emagportal.com

More people are allergic to cow's milk than any other food.

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Solutions

Logical Puzzles By Saad Ahmed

Fly There is a complicated way counting a sequence. Or simply knowing that if the fly is flying the 2 hours still at the same speed of 75 km/h then it flies a distance of 150 km.

Wired Equator It is easy to subtract 2 equations (original perimeter = 2xPIxR, length of wire = 2xPIxR + 2xPIx(new R)) and find out that the result is 10m/(2xPI), which is about 1.6 m. So a smaller man can go under it and a bigger man ducks.

Clock There are a few ways of solving this one. I like the following simple way of thinking. The given situation (when the hour and minute hands overlay) occurs in 12 hours exactly 11 times after the same time. So it’s easy to figure out that 1/11 of the clock circle is at the time 1:05:27,273 and so the seconds hand is right on 27,273 seconds. There is no problem proving that the angle between the hours hand and the seconds hand is 131 degrees.

Marine The marines were standing back to the edge of the ship so they were looking at each other. It does not matter where the ship is (of course it does not apply to the north and South Pole).

Well Done!

Correct Solutions Submitted by:

 Muhammad Awais Dilber - BCSF06A046 – PUCIT  Maria Khan – Govt. College University, Lahore

The six official languages of the United Nations are: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish.

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SUDOKU

Solutions

Well Done!

Correct Solutions Submitted by:

 Asma Kaleem - BITS06M023 - PUCIT  Muhammad Awais Dilber - BCSF06A046 - PUCIT  Saima Irfan - MCSF01M034 - PUCIT

The oldestinformation! piece of chewing gum is 9000 years old! Thisworld’s is interesting

10 26

E-MAG

SUDOKU

3 5

5 6

4 2

1 7 8

1 3

Sudoku is a number placement puzzle. The objective is to place digits in 9 x 9 grids such that digits from 1 to 9 occur once in each row, each column and each 3 x 3 boxes (blocks). Some numbers are already given at random places. Player has to fill the remaining boxes according to above constrain.

Download the preformatted solution file for this Sudoku by clicking here (optional). Submit your solutions before October 31, 2009 at editor@emagportal.com Your name would be published in next edition of E-MAG if you submit correct solution.

The longest recorded flight of a chicken is 13 seconds.

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Programming Challenges

Solutions

By: Mian Zeshan Farooqi

1. Write a function countEvens with the following prototype. The function should take a positive integer number and return the total number of even numbers between 1 and number (inclusive). You’re not allowed to use any loop, goto statement or helper function. It’s as simple as 1-2-3. int countEvens( int number ) { return number/2; }

2. You’ve a character array of 256 characters. Prompt the user to enter his Full Name. Without using cin.getline() or cin.get() take the full name as input in the given array. After that you should display the name on screen. We can use the function of C in our C++ code so: void main () { char name[ 256 ]; cout<<”Type your name and press Enter:\t”; gets(name); cout<<”Welcome ”<<name;

Well Done!

} Correct Solutions Submitted by:

 Afnan Ahmad - BITF08A042 - PUCIT

It's against the law to have a pet dog in Iceland!

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Programming Challenges By: Mian Zeshan Farooqi 1. Suppose you’ve an integer array named as ‘data’ of 150 elements (int data[150]). Write a program to print all elements of array in reverse order. You’re not allowed to use any loop or goto statement. In this case the first element that your program should print on screen is data[149] and the last element should be data[0].

2. Write a function power() with following prototype: int power( int number, int power ); Ignore the limits of data types and implement the above function in such a way that it should take two integers i.e. number and power. The function will return (number^power) i.e. the given power of that number. For example power(2, 3) will return 8. You’re not allowed to use: math.h, loop structures and goto statement.

3. Write a function isHex() with following prototype: int isHex( char ch ); This function will take a character type variable and return 1 if the given character exists in Hexadecimal number system. Otherwise it will return 0. See the following sample calls and its return value. The challenge is to write the above function without using any if-else statement. Calling

Return Value

isHex( ‘A’ );

isHex( ‘e’ );

isHex( ‘1’ );

isHex( ‘G’ );

isHex( ‘h’ );

Note: Solution will be published in next edition. Submit your solutions at editor@emagportal.com before October 31, 2009. Your name would be published in next edition of E-MAG if you submit correct solutions. Most dust particles in your house are made from dead skin!

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Guess the Location

Answer

Lahore Museum Well Done!

Correctly Guessed by:

 Asma Kaleem - BITS06M023 - PUCIT

    

Muhammad Awais Dilber - BCSF06A046 - PUCIT Muhammad Bilal Asghar - BSEF08A023 - PUCIT Muhammad Qamar Hayat - Sr. SQA Engineer - SENSYS (Pvt.) Ltd. Muhammad Salman Khalid - MCS01E94 - Network Engineer DUBAI, U.A.E Shiekh Muhammad Hassan - BITF05M026 - PUCIT  Sundas Zia - BCSF06M097 - PUCIT The human heart creates enough pressure while pumping to squirt blood 30 feet!

E-MAG

Guess the Location

Note: Answer will be published in next edition. Submit your answer at editor@emagportal.com before October 31, 2009. Your name would be published in next edition of E-MAG if you guessed the location. Whip a cracking sound because its tip moves faster than the speed of sound. This ismakes interesting information!

10 31

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Polymorphism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; In depth

Episode # 5

A different perspective on polymorphism

Run Time Polymorphism Some points to ponder (continued): 12. Pure Virtual functions can also have definition but out of line. 13. A destructor can also be pure virtual and we have to give its definition out of line otherwise all the derive classes will be abstract. Important point over here is that if the based class defines a pure virtual dtor then all the derive classes have to define their dtors.

class base { public: virtual void f()= 0; virtual ~base()=0; };

void base::f()

// always out of line

{ } void base::~base()

// always out of line

{ } Large kangaroos cover more than 30 feet with each jump.

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class derive : public base { public: virtual void f() { } virtual ~derive() { } };

void main() { derive d; d.f(); d.base::~base();

//now there will be

d.base::f();

//no linker error

}

Written by: Fareed ul Hassan Baig Assistant Professor Punjab University College of Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore

German Shepherds bite humans more than any other breed of dog.

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Learning C++

Episode # 8

By Mian Zeshan Farooqi There are two statements which are used to control a loop forcefully i.e. break and continue. Whenever the control encounters the break statement then it immediately exits from the loop’s body skipping the statements following to the break statement in loop’s body. See the following example: #include <iostream.h> void main () { int i = 0; char ch; while( i < 10 ) { cout<<i; cout<<“Do you want to continue Y or N”; ch = getch(); if( ch == „N‟ ) break; } } In the above example, the control will first print the value of i. After that it prompts the user if he wants to continue printing or not. If the user enters ‘N’ then it will encounter the break statement and hence exits from the loop’s body regardless the value of i. The continue statement forces the control to perform the next iteration. The control skips the statements written after the continue statement when it was encountered and goes back to loop’s head. for( int i = 1; i <= 10; i++ ) { if( i%2 != 0 ) continue; cout<<i<<endl; } Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair.

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The above piece of code has a loop with variable i from 1 to 10 but this code will print only the even numbers between 1 and 10 (inclusive). Because whenever the value of i is odd i.e. i%2 ==0, continue statement will be encountered and the control will go back to the loop’s head by skipping the remaining instructions in loop’s body. The next concept comes here is ‘nested loops’. Nested loops are nothing but just one or more loops inside another loop. This concept is very similar to the nested if-else statements. See the following code: for( int i = 1; i <= 10; i++ ) { for( int j = 1; j<= 5; j++ ) { cout<<j; } cout<<endl; }

The control goes to the head of outer loop first; initializes i; checks the condition and moves inside the loop. There it encounters another loop head. It initializes another variable j; checks condition and moves inside the loop. Then it prints the value of j and goes back to the head of inner loop. Like this it prints 12345 on screen. When j becomes 6 i.e. j > 5 then it terminates the inner loop but remains inside the body of outer loop. There it finds another statement; execute that statement i.e. cout<<endl; and then goes back to the loop’s head (having variable i). The control moves in the same fashion until the value of i becomes greater than 10. In short the above code will print 12345 in ten lines. The scope of variable that is declared inside a loop’s body is limited only to the loop where it was declared. For example in the above code variable j is not accessible outside the main (outer) loop. The compiler will show you an error ‘undeclared identifier’ if you try to use it outside the loop. You can use different loops inside other loops. For example you may use a while loop inside a for loop; or a for loop inside a do-while loop and other combinations are also valid. I would repeat once again that there’s no hard and fast rule to determine that which loop should be used in a particular scenario. You’ve to make your own choice according to your specific scenario.

Author’s Note: If you need any kind of help regarding C++ then feel free to contact me at zeshan.farooqi@yahoo.com

The only 2 animals that can see behind itself without turning its head are the rabbit and the parrot.

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Explore With Me By Mian Zeshan Farooqi

Assign a value to a range of memory There’s a function defined in mem.h having following prototype: void setmem( void *dest, unsigned length, char value ); Parameters: void *dest:

Starting address of the memory location where the char value is to be placed.

unsigned length: Number of bytes to be initialized with value (starting from dest). char value:

Value which is to be placed in the given range.

Return Value: void i.e. nothing Action: Copies the value in the given memory range. Use: There might be many uses of this function but the most useful use is to initialize a whole array with same value in a single statement. Example: #include <mem.h> void main () { char data [250]; setmem( data, 250, }

„A‟

);

Using setmem() in above function has now initialized all 250 elements of data array with ‘A’. Most soccer players run 7 miles in a game.

E-MAG

Tips n Tricks Compatibility Mode Do you want to run a program which was built for some earlier versions of Windows but not working properly on Windows XP? If you’re facing this problem then don’t get worried. Fortunately Microsoft Windows XP has a ‘compatibility mode’. What you’ve to do is: 1. Locate the executable file of program that you want to run (.exe file). 2. Right Click that exe file and click Properties. 3. In properties dialog box go to compatibility tab. 4. Check the ‘Run this program in compatibility mode’ option. 5. Select the operating system for which that program was originally built. 6. You may also set the display settings as well (if needed). 7. Click Ok. Now simply execute your file and enjoy the experience.

Create Icons using Paint 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Open Start Menu  Run  Type mspaint and press OK. From Menu bar (in MS Paint) open ‘Image’ menu. Click Attributes. Write 32 in the values of height and width (in pixels). Press Ok. Draw any image you want. Save the file with .ico extension.

Now you’ve created your own icon using MS Paint. You can use it anywhere you want. It’s very simple but there’s a short come of this trick i.e. the icon would be visible only for the size that you’ve created it for. For example 32x32 icons (created by using MS Paint) would be visible only in ‘Tiles’ view. However it is still very useful if you want to create some icon for a specific view style.

The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets.

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Software of the Month DIGSB Y: Digsby is a proprietary multiprotocol instant messaging application developed by dotSyntax, LLC. Digsby is written in wxPython and uses WebKit for rendering. It supports most mainstream IM protocols such as AIM, MSN, Yahoo, Google Talk, ICQ, XMPP, and Facebook Chat. Digsby also supports e-mail notifications and alerts from MySpace, Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. Supported Email The program includes a rudimentary email client, with e-mail notifications. It automatically retrieves a "from" email address from the logged in instant messaging profiles. Gmail Yahoo! Mail Hotmail AOL Mail POP/IMAP email Supported Social networks Digsby allows users to add social networking sites to the application: MySpace: Shows updates to a user's friends' profiles, status, and private messages and instant access to various parts of their MySpace account, such as their profile, home page, blog, etc. Facebook: Shows updates in a user's friend feeds. Twitter: Allows users to easily submit new "tweets", and view their friends' tweets. LinkedIn: Shows various updates from a user's friends. It is possible to customize the buddy list by re-arranging of all aspects of it and skinning it for a personalized look. Users can set custom notifications for various actions such as contacts signing in and out, messages sent and received, etc. It supports meta-contacts, which is a drag-and-drop system that allows a user to have one alias for a contact who uses multiple IM protocols with different accounts. Buddy list, IM accounts, widgets, and application settings are synchronized on Digsby's server, so all user settings can be transferred between installations on other computers. By: Dilawer Hussain

Download Link: http://www.digsby.com It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.

More on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digsby

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Useful Links

EBOOKS Getfreeebooks.com is a free ebooks site where you can download free books totally free. The ebooks which you find within this site are collected from all over the net. All the ebooks within this site are legal downloadable free ebooks.

CPLUSPLUS General information about the C++ programming language including non-technical documents and descriptions. Documentation pages and tutorials describing specifics about the different features of the C++ language. Message boards where members can exchange knowledge and comments, ordered by topics. Description of the most important classes, functions and objects of the Standard Language Library, with descriptive fully-functional short programs as examples.

SCIENCEDAILY ScienceDaily is one of the Internetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most popular science news web sites. Since starting in 1995, the award-winning site has earned the loyalty of students, researchers, healthcare professionals, government agencies, educators and the general public around the world. Now with more than 3 million monthly visitors, ScienceDaily generates nearly 15 million page views a month and is steadily growing in its global audience.

Human hair and fingernails continue to grow after death.

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The Constitution of

Episode # 7

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan Article 13: Protection against double punishment and self incrimination 13. Protection against double punishment and self incrimination. No person:(a) shall be prosecuted or punished for the same offence more than once; or (b) shall, when accused of an offence, be compelled to be a witness against himself.

Article 14: Inviolability of dignity of man, etc 14. Inviolability of dignity of man, etc. (1) The dignity of man and, subject to law, the privacy of home, shall be inviolable. (2) No person shall be subjected to torture for the purpose of extracting evidence.

Article 15: Freedom of movement, etc 15. Freedom of movement, etc. Every citizen shall have the right to remain in, and, subject to any reasonable restriction imposed by law in the public interest, enter and move freely throughout Pakistan and to reside and settle in any part thereof. Article 16: Freedom of assembly 16. Freedom of assembly. Every citizen shall have the right to assemble peacefully and without arms, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of public order.

There are 1,792 steps to the top of the Eiffel Tower.

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MAG News PUCIT (October 09, 2009): An orientation ceremony was arranged by ‘Event Management Society’ in PUCIT. The Principal, faculty members and new comers of Bachelors and Masters Programs attended the ceremony. The ceremony was started by the Recitation of The Holy Quran. Students were welcomed and informed about the college rules. The Principal Dr Syed Mansoor Sarwer and faculty members including Maj. (Retd.) Arif Butt, Mr Hamid Butt and others addressed the students.

Maj. (Retd) Arif Butt, Senior Faculty Member PUCIT

Mr. Hamid Butt, Senior Faculty Member PUCIT

Students during the ceremony

Dr Syed Mansoor Sarwer, The Principal, PUCIT addressing the students

Ms Aymen Tariq and Mr Iftikhar Haider, Event Management Society

Photographs by: Farrukh Khan

LAHORE : ( Saturday, October 10, 2009 ) (PU Web News): Punjab University Chancellor and Governor Punjab Salmaan Taseer awarded medals and degrees to the distinguished students of all faculties at 117 th Convocation of Punjab University held at Faisal Auditorium on Saturday. ViceChancellor Dr Mujahid Kamran, Pro Vice-Chancellor Dr Jamil Anwar, Registrar Dr Naeem Khan and Controller Examination Dr Zahid Karim Khan were also present. A total 1062 students participated in the convocation and 275 were awarded with gold medals for securing top positions in MA/MSc sessions 2002-2004, 2003-2005 and 2004-2006 and BSc (Hons) sessions 2002-2006 and 2003-2007. Speaking on the occasion, Governor Salmaan Taseer congratulated the distinguished students and their parents. “You have a great future. You have to compete with the rest of the world and earn good name for your country. You must realize this world of knowledge,” the governor said. VC congratulated all graduating students and wished them a successful future. He advised the students: “Whatever you do, do it with love and passion, respect yourself and respect others, be tolerant and openhearted, be sensitive to the sentiments and sufferings of others, strive hard and aim high.” The color blue has a calming effect. It causes the brain to release calming hormones.

Notices If you want to share your knowledge and ideas with others (among different universities and organizations inside and outside Pakistan) then E-MAG is the best platform. You can send us your stuff at our following email address. Please provide complete reference to the source if you cite something in your articles. Submission of someone elseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contents without mentioning the reference may lead the submitter to be banned for further participation in E-MAG. Send us your feed backs at editor@emagportal.com or fill the online feedback form at http://www.emagportal.com If you want to communicate with any of the writers then send us your message at same address and weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll forward your message to the respective person. You can download E-MAG from http://www.emagportal.com or you can also subscribe to our mailing list to receive a copy of E-MAG every month. Some supporting files like WinRAR, Adobe Acrobat Reader, and other supporting files which are discussed in articles are available at http://www.emagportal.com Website: http://www.emagportal.com Email: editor@emagportal.com

This is the last page of E-MAG and has been left blank intentionally. E-MAG is designed by: Mian Zeshan Farooqi zeshan.farooqi@yahoo.com