Embodied Energy & Embodied Carbon for a description of the sustainability of buildings and building products to understand the recycling MariaAntonia Barucco arch. Ph.D. researcher in Architectural Technology department of Design Cultures
UniversitĂ IUAV di Venezia
Recycling City 2. Energy, Recycling and the diffuse city Venice: June 28th - July 8th, 2013
52
change mental maps
us, today
51
a world of interconnected peoples
50
money
The money is an institution which creates trust. No person would consider it seriously even for a moment, if everyone else in the society were not used to it normally.
49
Howard Thomas Odum The modern economic systems have a lack. The lack is that goods and services produced by man are held in higher regard than those produced by nature, which are often underestimated or not evaluated (they are out of the monetary system)
48
οἶκος
47
οἶκος nomos
logos
46
devise a system of nomos and logos MORE ECONOMY
LESS ECOLOGY
MORE ECOLOGY
LESS ECONOMY
45
devise a system of nomos and logos MORE ECONOMY
LESS ECOLOGY
MORE ECOLOGY
LESS ECONOMY
44
devise a system of nomos and logos MORE ECONOMY
ill-considered growth
LESS ECOLOGY
MORE ECOLOGY
environmental disaster
LESS ECONOMY
43
devise a system of nomos and logos MORE ECONOMY
ill-considered growth
Enlightenment
LESS ECOLOGY
MORE ECOLOGY
environmental disaster
LESS ECONOMY
deep ecology
42
a sistema of scenarios MORE ECONOMY
ill-considered growth
LESS ECOLOGY
Enlightenment
MORE ECOLOGY
today in the central part of Veneto environmental disaster
deep ecology
LESS ECONOMY
41
es s
a sistema of scenarios
So c
ia
lB
us in
MORE ECONOMY
ill-considered growth
LESS ECOLOGY
Enlightenment
MORE ECOLOGY
today in the central part of Veneto environmental disaster
deep ecology
LESS ECONOMY
40
es s
a strategy
So c
ia
lB
us in
MORE ECONOMY
ill-considered growth
Enlightenment a hopeful tomorrow
LESS ECOLOGY
MORE ECOLOGY
environmental disaster
deep ecology
LESS ECONOMY
39
Yunus postulates a new world of business in which profit-maximizing enterprises and social-benefitmaximizing enterprises coexist. In addition, a social business would operate much like a profit-maximizing business in that the company as a whole grows financially and gains profits. The only difference is that the company's shareholders and investors would be reaccumulating their initial investment as opposed to receiving dividends. He calls the latter social business.
lB ia So c
professor Muhammad Yunus argues that the concept of the individual as being solely focused on profit maximizing ignores other aspects of life.
us in
es s
a strategy
a hopeful tomorrow
38
a strategy
Key ingredients to the success of the approach are education, institutions to make social businesses visible in the market place (a social stock market), rating agencies, appropriate impact assessment tools, indices to understand which social business is doing more and/ or better than other social businesses so that social investors are correctly guided.
a hopeful tomorrow
37
Howard Thomas Odum
36
from energy to eMergy
Increasing Quality 1000
1
Sun
sunlight
1000000
Plants
wood
1000
8000
2000
Fossilization
coal
500
Industry
electricity
125
Decreasing Quantity
35
fluctuations in the cost of oil and events that have influence on the concept of sustainability
34 Topic 3
Climate change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios
Stern Report
Examples of impacts associated with global average temperature change (Impacts will vary by extent of adaptation, rate of temperature change and socio-economic pathway) Global average annual temperature change relative to 1980-1999 (°C) 0
WATER
1
2
3
4
5 °C
Increased water availability in moist tropics and high latitudes
WGII 3.4.1, 3.4.3
Decreasing water availability and increasing drought in mid-latitudes and semi-arid low latitudes
3.ES, 3.4.1, 3.4.3
Hundreds of millions of people exposed to increased water stress
3.5.1, T3.3, 20.6.2, TS.B5
Significant† extinctions around the globe
Up to 30% of species at increasing risk of extinction Increased coral bleaching
Most corals bleached
4.ES, 4.4.11 T4.1, F4.4, B4.4, 6.4.1, 6.6.5, B6.1 4.ES, T4.1, F4.2, F4.4 4.2.2, 4.4.1, 4.4.4, 4.4.5, 4.4.6, 4.4.10, B4.5 19.3.5
Widespread coral mortality Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source as: ~40% of ecosystems affected ~15%
ECOSYSTEMS Increasing species range shifts and wildfire risk
Ecosystem changes due to weakening of the meridional overturning circulation
5.ES, 5.4.7
Complex, localised negative impacts on small holders, subsistence farmers and fishers
FOOD
Tendencies for cereal productivity to decrease in low latitudes
Productivity of all cereals decreases in low latitudes
5.ES, 5.4.2, F5.2
Tendencies for some cereal productivity to increase at mid- to high latitudes
Cereal productivity to decrease in some regions
5.ES, 5.4.2, F5.2 6.ES, 6.3.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.2
Increased damage from floods and storms About 30% of global coastal wetlands lost ‡
COASTS
6.4.1
Millions more people could experience coastal flooding each year
T6.6, F6.8, TS.B5 8.ES, 8.4.1, 8.7, T8.2, T8.4 8.ES, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.7, T8.3, F8.3 8.ES, 8.2.8, 8.7, B8.4 8.6.1
Increasing burden from malnutrition, diarrhoeal, cardio-respiratory and infectious diseases Increased morbidity and mortality from heat waves, floods and droughts
HEALTH
Changed distribution of some disease vectors Substantial burden on health services
0
1 † Significant is defined here as more than 40%.
2
3
4
5 °C
‡ Based on average rate of sea level rise of 4.2mm/year from 2000 to 2080.
2009 Copenaghen protocoll
2007 Stern Reviewe
2005 Kyoto protocoll
2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg
1999 CIB A21
2003 terrorist attack in the U.S.
2011 nuclear disaster at Fukushima Dai-ichi
2008 bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers
1997 Protocollo di Kyoto - An Inconvenient Truth
1993 Commissione ONU per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile Fifth Action Programme on the Environment (EU)
1992 Earth Summit in Rio (A21)
1979 nuclear disaster at Three Mile Island 1987 Brundtland - Our Common Future
1974 Fondazione Bariloche - Limits of Poverity
1973 Yom Kippur War
1972 UE - European Environmental Action Programme
1972 Dubos, Ward - Only One Earth -- Club di Roma - Limits of Growth Dichiarazione di Stoccolma sull’Ambiente Umano
1968 Ehlich - Population Bomb
1962 Carson - Silent Spring
33
facts and international regulations ...
1962 Carson - Silent Spring
32
Silent Spring
31
CIB Agenda 21
Agenda 21
1999 CIB A21
on sustainable construction
CIB Report Publication 237
30
the machine called "building" (in the course of time)
consumption of resources, Embodied Carbon, ...
hypothetical boundary
emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, emissions of pollutants into water, noise, waste, heat, ...
29
the moral of the story is ...
28
hopefull monsters & ineluctable costs
enormous production of green energy
everybody live in zero energy building
27
hopefull monsters & ineluctable costs 2,12 MJ/kg 0,241 KgCO2/Kg 25,40 MJ/kg 1,78 KgCO2/Kg 23 MJ per brick 1,46 KgCO2 per brick 8,5 MJ/Kg 0,46 KgCO2/Kg 15 MJ/Kg 0,85 KgCO2/Kg
26
the weight of the materials
1,78 KgCO2/Kg
0,46 KgCO2/Kg
25
manufacture
use maintainance repairs
USE
life of the building
construction
replacement
demolition transport landfill
reuse/recycling
renovation end of ilfe
life cycle cost
ve
cradle to gra
life cycle assessment
transport
PRODUCTION
transport
BUILD
raw materials
END OF LIFE
cradle to gate
environmental performance evaluation
ecoprofile
the machine called "building"
24
transport raw materials
manufacture transport construction
waste
BUILD
raw materials
PRODUCTION
the machine called "building"
land use greenhouse effect
use
air emissions
maintainance repairs
USE
energy
toxicity to humans
landfill
reuse/recycling
transport
END OF LIFE
renovation demolition
solid waste depletion of the ozone layer ecotoxicity
replacement water
depletion of biotic resources
water emissions
acidification eutrophication
23
the description of input and output HIGH INTEGRATION WITH SYSTEMS OF PLANNING AND CONTROL
estimation of EE internal evaluation
participatory assessment
LOW INVOLVEMENT OF STAKEHOLDERS
HIGH INVOLVEMENT OF STAKEHOLDERS
accounting
comunication
LOW INTEGRATION WITH SYSTEMS OF PLANNING AND CONTROL
type III certifications
22
describe
20
how to innovate
FIRM
S U P P LY
process
new meanings new performances
product
semantic innovation organizational innovation
product innovation
19
difficult to measure
18
5(*4&$($#4'"&)#+3+%%"
()2*% ,+0%#28'+($&$&09'52))+ 3$55"&#$%$&3'&%#"07'00'+($ VRQR PHQR GHO OH DELWD]LRQL VHUYLWH GDOO·HQHUJLD HOHWWULFD
()1*%
()/*
09'52))+&3$5&4#"(3$&'3#+$5$%%#',+ FKH UDSSUHVHQWD O· 3$45'&'7)'"(%'&'(0%"55"%'&
LO GHOOH DELWD]LRQL q 0$#9'%+&3"55"&#$%$& 3'&$($#4'"&$5$%%#',"
()++% )#+4#$00'9"&#')#$0"&3$5&%$#7+$5$%%#',+ LO GHOOH DELWD]LRQL q VHUYLWR 3"55"&#$%$&3'&$($#4'"&$5$%%#',"
()/, H$44$&QAQ&3$5&?@AB&)$#&5"& #'328'+($&3$'&,+(027'& $($#4$%','&3$5&,+0%#2'%+
(),.% RWWREUH q O·DQQR GHO GLVDVWUR GHO 9DMRQW
3)604 <!=>&3$5&7$#,"%+% C@AUA&VWK
F'$($&0+%%+0,#'%%+& '5&)#+%+,+55+&3'&IJ+%+
.**. )',,+&3$55$&$7'00'+('& 3'&4"0&0$##"&'(&"%7+0:$#"
()0) F'$($&)#+)+0%+&$&"))#+9"%+&'5& )'"(+&$($#4$%',+&("8'+("5$-&(+(& 9'$($&)$#G&7"'&"%%2"%+
'LUHWWLYD (XURSHD &( FKLDPDWD K!LM&*K($#4J&!$#:+#7"(,$&+:&M2'3'(4& L'#$,%'9$.<& <
CD?A
CD?B
CD?E
CD?U
=5&L$,#$%+&H$4'05"%'9+&?@C&3$5&?@NDONCDDE& UHQGH DWWXDWLYD OD OHJJH GHO · FLz DO ILQH 3'&#$,$)'#$&5"&L'#$%%'9"&CDDCN@?NPK& <
())*
09'52))+&3$5&%$#7+$5$%%'#,+& 5"&,$(%#"5$&%$#7+5$5$%%#'," 3'&!+#%+&S+55$&:2(8'+("&"&)'$(+&#$4'7$ '5&F$($%+&$0)+#%"&$($#4'"&$5$%%#',"& "55$&"5%#$&#$4'+('&'%"5'"($
CD?Q
3%+*4&$($#4'"&)#+3+%%" CDDA
CDDB
?@@@
?@@O
?@@A
?@@B
?@@E
?@@U
?@@Q
?@@C
,-&&.#/0.12'03.4%'5:#"&'5&CDDO&$&'5&CDD5$& 3+7"(3$&)$#& #'0%#2%%2#"8'+($& FUHVFRQR GHO
.**+
F'$($&)#+)+0%"-&"))#+9"%"&7"& (+(&#$0"&"%%2"%'9"&5"&H$44$&?D
()0,&
,+0%'%28'+($&3'&KTKH&$& ("8'+("5'88"8'+($&3$5&0'0%$7"&$5$%%#',+
?@@?
())(
()0*% 09'52))+&3$5&%$#7+$5$%%'#,+& $(%#"&'(&:2(8'+($ 5"&)#'7"&2('%R&3$55"&,$(%#"5$&%$#7+5$5$%%#'," 3'&!+#%+&S+55$
(),.%
?@@D
?@O@
?@OO
?@OA
?@OB
?@OE
?@OU
?@OQ
?@OC
?@O?
?@OD
?@A@
?@AO
?@AA
?@AB
?@AE
?@AU
?@AQ
?@AC
?@A?
?@AD
?@B@
?@BO
?@BA
?@BB
?@BE
?@BU
?@BQ
?@BC
?@B?
?@BD
?@E@
?@EO
?@EA
?@EB
?@EE
?@EU
?@EQ
?@EC
*:K
?@E?
?@ED
?@UD
?@QD
?@CD
*:K
CDDE
*:K *:K
CDDU
"0'11'(#')2(3
*:K
*:K
;"#$%$&'&N&<<<
C@AUA&VWK C@AUA&VWK
3+6)4%
,$(*-&'(#")./
3+614%
())1%3%.*(* .*(* #6"#$%$&'&N&?B&"((' ,-&&.#57'8.#$'1/074%'5-#9#-1:.51%'5FRPSUDYHQGLWH SUH]]L FRQGRQL SROLWLFKH GL VRVWHJQR
CD?C
()0+3%())1
CD??
$%$&'#,-&&.#/0.12'03.4%'5FRPSUDYHQGLWH SUH]]L
CD?D
+"#$%$&'&N&@&"(('
FRPSUDYHQGLWH SUH]]L
CDD@
*"#$%$&'&N&O&"(('
LQL]LR DEXVYLVPR
4(#1-0()./
()/.3()/, )"#$%$&'&N&E&"<
,+(0+5'3"7$(%+/ ,"0"&3'&)#+)#'$%R-& 0$,+(3$&,"0$
CDDO
(),,%()/. !"#$%$&'&N&A&"(('
3/6.4%
?UBQ
(2+9"&4$($#"8'+($&3'&$3':','
(/6+4
()//3%()0+
()+(%3(),, ("#$%$&'&N&?E&"((' ,',5+&3$55"&#',+0%#28'+($/& $0)"(0'+($ ULFRVWUX]LRQH H ERRP $,+(+7',+
#$,2)$#+&,$(%#'&0%+#','& *(+(&'(&9$($%+.
AAE
-&'%.**+
!"#$%&'%%.**+ >&)"#%'#$&3"5&?@AB&$&:'(+&"5&CDDE-& 0'&"::$#7"&5"&#$"5'88"8'+($&3'& $3':','&,+(&0%#2%%2#"&"&)'5"0%#'&'(& ,$7$(%+&"#7"%+&,+(&72#"%2#$&3'& %"7)+("7$(%+&,+(&3+))'"&)"#%$& '(&3+))'"&)"#$%$&'(&5"%$#'8'+-& LVRODQWH QHOO·LQWHUFDSHGLQH H #'9$0%'7$(%+&'(&'(%+(",+&0'"& DOO·LQWHUQR FKH DOO·HVWHUQR
CDDQ
!"#$%&'%()/, 3HU O·HGLOL]LD UHVLGHQ]LDOH SULYDWD )#$3+7'("(+&5$&0%#2%%2#$&"&)'5"0%#'&'(& ,$7$(%+&"#7"%+&,+7)5$%"%$&,+(& 72#"%2#$&3'&%"7)+("7$(%+&,+(& 3+))'"&)"#%$&'(&5"%$#'8'+&:",,'"&9'0%"-& 3HU O·HGLOL]LD UHVLGHQ]LDOH SXEEOLFD 9$(4+(+&'7)'$4"%'&0'0%$7'& '(320%#'"5'88"%'&)$#&5"&#$"5'88"8'+($&3'& )"#$%'&$&0+5"'&'(&,$7$(%+&"#7"%+&&=(& "5%$#("%'9"&9'$($&#$"5'88"%"& XQ·LQWHODLDWXUD LQ WUDYL H SLODVWUL LQ ,$7$(%+&"#7"%+-&
CDDC
!"#$%&'%(),* ;2#"%2#"&'(&7"%%+('&)'$('&"&%#$& %$0%$&:",,'"&"&9'0%"< ;2#"%2#"&'(&7"%%+('&)'$('&,+(& '(%$#,")$3'($<
CDD?
;2#"%2#"&'(&7"%%+('&)'$('
CDDD
!"#$%&'%()+*
!"#$%$&'(&)'$%#"&*'(%+(",+-&)'$%#"-& '(%+(",+./ ,+(&)'$%#$&012"3#"%$&4#+00+5"("6 7$(%$&($55$&8+($&7+(%"($LQ SURVVLPLWj GHL FRUVL G·DFTXD 9$('9"&2%'5'88"%+&3$5&)'$%#"7$& "9$(%$&:+#7"&'##$4+5"#$&$& 5$44$#7$(%$&"##+%+(3"%"
4'4+')0"$4%5()4(15$-&'(#'
!"#$%&'%()(*
!"#"$%&'(#')"*'+'&'"
chronological organization
17
typological organization tipi di materiale impiegato per la costruzione CATEGORIE
SOTTOCLASSI
CLASSI
P / A / niente
Edificio industriale (pertinenza) Torre Torre industriale o ciminiera EDIFICIO INDUSTRIALE Cortile interno Dividente architettonica Edificio civile (pertinenza) Baracca EDIFICIO IN COSTRUZIONE EDIFICIO CIVILE Impianti sportivi (pertinenza) Scuola (pertinenza) Chiesa Limite area ferroviaria (pertinenza) Chiesa o tabernacolo Campeggio Campo da tennis e impianti sportivi Campo sportivo Impianti sportivi (edificio) Impianto sportivo Tendone SCUOLA OSPEDALE Campanile Chiesa (pertinenza) Cimitero Cimitero (pertinenza) Autorimessa o garage (fuori terra) Casello autostradale (edificio) Casello ferroviario (edificio) Casello o stazione ferroviaria o fermata Scalo merci (edificio) Stazione - fermata - ferrovia (edificio) Silos Stalla o allevamento agricolo o fienile Gradinata Isolato Manufatti vari Monumento Monumento pietra o colonna indicatrice Parco o giardino Portico o loggia o corpo aggettante Rifugio alpino Rudere o edificio semi diroccato Scalinata Stradina interna Tendone pressurizzato Tettoia o pensilina
industriale (pertinenza) industriale (attrezzatura) industriale (attrezzatura) INDUSTRIALE civile (pertinenza) civile (pertinenza) civile (pertinenza) civile (attrezzatura) CIVILE (-) CIVILE attrezzatura sport (pertinenza) attrezzatura scolastica (pertinenza) attrezzatura religiosa (pertinenza) attrezzatura mobilità (pertinenza) attrezzatura religiosa (attrezzatura) attrezzatura sport attrezzatura sport attrezzatura sport attrezzatura sport attrezzatura sport attrezzatura sport ATTREZZATURA SCOLASTICA ATTREZZATURA SANITARIA attrezzatura religiosa attrezzatura religiosa attrezzatura religiosa attrezzatura religiosa attrezzatura mobilità attrezzatura mobilità attrezzatura mobilità attrezzatura mobilità attrezzatura mobilità attrezzatura mobilità attrezzatura agricola attrezzatura agricola altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro
industriale industriale industriale INDUSTRIALE civile civile civile civile CIVILE CIVILE attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura ATTREZZATURA ATTREZZATURA attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro
industriale P industriale A industriale A INDUSTRIALE civile P civile P civile P civile A CIVILE CIVILE attrezzatura P attrezzatura P attrezzatura P attrezzatura P attrezzatura A attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura ATTREZZATURA ATTREZZATURA attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura attrezzatura altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro altro
pietra
cemento
acciaio
laterizio
legno
edifici utilizzati in ambito... boh!
residenziale
industriale
agricolo
terziario
16
documentation about building materials Ipotesi di cronologia delle tipologie tecnologiche per la realizzazione di edifici residenziali in Italia
Peso al m3 Kg/m3 intonaco
stima di Embodied Energy ed Embodied Carbon
bimattone
spessore
Peso al m2
EE al m2
EC al m2
cm
Kg/m2
MJ
KgCO2
316
880
63,92
1400
1,5
2006,9
12
aria
Strutture in muratura portante con diverse tecnologie. I solai vengono generalmente costruito in legno.
bimattone
Parete in pietra:
intonaco
Peso al m3 Kg/m3
spessore
Peso al m2
EE al m2
EC al m2
cm
Kg/m2
MJ
KgCO2
556
250,8
15,22
intonaco
1400
2
pietra
2000
25
intonaco
1400
2
1910 Vengono ancora realizzate abitazioni in muratura portante (muratura in laterizio pieno a tre teste) ma si cominciano ad impiegate anche le strutture a pilastri in cemento armato, completate con murature di tamponamento: • con doppia parete in laterizio, intercapedine d’aria e rivestimento in intonaco sia all’interno che all’esterno • con doppia parete in laterizio faccia vista, intercapedine d’aria e rivestimento interno in intonaco Peso al m3 Kg/m3
spessore
Peso al m2
EE al m2
EC al m2
cm
Kg/m2
MJ
KgCO2
670
1981,8
145,08
Intonaco int.
1400
1,5
mattoni
1800
36
Kg/m3
spessore
Peso al m2
EE al m2
EC al m2
cm
Kg/m2
MJ
KgCO2
392
820,12
91,028
intonaco
1400
1,5
c.l.s. + ferri
1400
25*
intonaco
1400
1,5
2006,9
12
1400
1,5
1976 Legge 373 del 1976 per la riduzione dei consumi energetici del costruito, dunque comincia a diffondersi l’utilizzo di materiali isolanti per la coibentazione dell’involucro edilizio, in particolare viene impiegata la lana di roccia Si afferma la realizzazione di edifici con struttura a pilastri in cemento armato con murature di tamponamento con doppia parte in doppia parete in laterizio, isolante nell’intercapedine e rivestimento in intonaco sia all’interno che all’esterno.
intonaco
Peso al m3
spessore
Peso al m2
EE al m2
EC al m2
Kg/m3
cm
Kg/m2
MJ
KgCO2
323
997,6
71,27
1400
1,5
bimattone
2006,9
12
l. di roccia
60
12
bimattone
2006,9
12
1400
1,5
intonaco
1989 Viene proposto e approvato il piano energetico nazionale, non viene però mai attuato 1991 Viene proposta, approvata ma non resa attuativa la Legge 10
1970 Per l’edilizia residenziale privata predominano le strutture a pilastri in cemento armato completate con murature di tamponamento con doppia parte in laterizio faccia vista, isolante nell’intercapedine e rivestimento interno in intonaco; l’impalcato orizzontale viene realizzato in laterocemento. Per l’edilizia residenziale pubblica vengono impiegati sistemi industrializzati per la realizzazione di pareti e solai in cemento armato nel caso di tecnologia coffrage-tunnel oppure banche et table. Peso al m3
10
* spessore medio di gabbia strutturale + tamponamento In alternativa viene realizzata un’intelaiatura in travi e pilastri in cemento armato, impalcato orizzontale in laterocemento e tamponamento verticale in pannelli di cemento armato o con doppia parete in laterizio (anche bimattoni, non più solo mattoni pieni), intercapedine d’aria e rivestimento in intonaco sia all’interno che all’esterno.
2002 Direttiva Europea 2002/91/CE, chiamata EPDB (Energy Performance of Buiding Directive). Questa direttiva è rivolta a migliorare l’efficienza energetica degli edifici e degli impianti, in particolare i sistemi di generazione di acqua calda sanitaria (alimentati a gas o a petrolio) e gli impianti di condizionamento dell’aria. 2005 Il Decreto Legislativo 192 del 19/08/2005 rende attuativa la legge 10 del ’91, ciò al fine di recepire la Direttiva 2002/91/CE 2006 Il Decreto Legislativo 311 del 29 dicembre 2006 aggiorna il Decreto Legislativo 192 del 2005 per renderlo adeguato alle indicazioni fornite dall’Unione Europea nel 2002. Tale Decreto ha il titolo di “Disposizioni correttive ed integrative al decreto legislativo 19 agosto 2005, n. 192, recante attuazione della direttiva 2002/91/CE, relativa al rendimento energetico nell'edilizia”. 2010 La Direttiva Europea n. 91 del 2002 viene aggiornata con un nuovo testo per l’EPDB, il 2010.31.UE 2012 l’Italia recepisce l'aggiornamento della direttiva europea con il Decreto Legislativo n. 104 del 28 giugno
15
choose a database
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/Third-Party-Databases/Bath-ICE
14
spatial distribution
data
6121 Km with an electric car EE (MJ/m2)
ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
small single-family home
913,33
1143,97
2358,62
2568,12
2937,62
single-family home or small apartment house
1333,65
1008,06
1854,48
1953,87
2209,43
apartment house
719,11
1202,17
1305,77
1406,19
1238,34
MJ per square meter (square meters readable on the map, estimated data for medium volumes, the volume is defined according to the estimated number of floors)
3000 2250 1500 750 0 ante 1908
1908-1966
small single-family home single-family home or small apartment house apartment house
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
12
data EC (Kg CO2/m2)
ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
small single-family home
87,46
179,96
200,78
212,77
221,87
single-family home or small apartment house
104,79
145,84
159,15
164,50
174,89
apartment house
69,84
103,69
113,47
118,48
106,40
Kg CO2 per square meter (square meters readable on the map, estimated data for medium volumes, the volume is defined according to the estimated number of floors)
300 225 150 75 0 ante 1908
1908-1966
small single-family home single-family home or small apartment house apartment house
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
11
data EE
ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
factory building plan ! 400 m2 - h = 6 m
1399,30
1329,68
1431,98
1557,03
2032,67
factory building plan > 400 m2 - h = 10 m
1379,67
1194,32
1287,58
1440,29
1915,93
MJ per square meter (square meters readable on the map, estimated data for medium volumes, the volume is defined according to the average height)
factory building plan ! 400 m2 - h = 6 m factory building plan > 400 m2 - h = 10 m
2100 1575 1050 525 0 ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
10
data EC
ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
factory building plan ! 400 m2 - h = 6 m
154,60
129,84
156,12
162,42
162,42
factory building plan > 400 m2 - h = 10 m
182,70
137,72
115,00
147,58
147,58
Kg CO2 per square meter (square meters readable on the map, estimated data for medium volumes, the volume is defined according to the average height) factory building plan ! 400 m2 - h = 6 m factory building plan > 400 m2 - h = 10 m
190 143 95 48 0 ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
9
data
8
data EE
ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
farm building plan ! 400 m2 - h = 6 m
1379,31
808,71
853,34
1129,24
1604,88
farm building plan > 400 m2 - h = 6 m
1375,88
696,79
713,51
969,93
1692,74
MJ per square meter (square meters readable on the map, estimated data for medium volumes, the volume is defined according to the average height)
farm building plan ! 400 m2 - h = 6 m farm building plan > 400 m2 - h = 6 m
1700 1275 850 425 0 ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
7
data EC
ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
2006
farm building plan ! 400 m2 - h = 6 m
180,09
237,42
216,55
155,15
255,85
farm building plan > 400 m2 - h = 6 m
154,95
190,16
152,33
100,13
137,24
Kg CO2 per square meter (square meters readable on the map, estimated data for medium volumes, the volume is defined according to the average height)
farm building plan ! 400 m2 - h = 6 m farm building plan > 400 m2 - h = 6 m
300 225 150 75 0 ante 1908
1908-1966
1966-1981
1981-2006
no data about
asbestos
2006
6
life expectancy
max 2
ordinary maintenance
max 1
recovery
extraordinary maintenance
data
natur
al ag
ing p
roces
s
time
5
recovery
data
time
4
recovery
data
natur
al ag
ing p
roces
s
ai
tm
ou
ith
w e nt e nc na
time
3
the time (and the value of the cathedrals)
BERTOLT BRECHT (1935) Questions From a Worker Who Reads Who built Thebes of the 7 gates? In the books you will read the names of kings. [...] Every page a victory. Who cooked the feast for the victors ? Every 10 years a great man. Who paid the bill? So many reports. So many questions.
2
Agenda 21 on sustainable construction
resources consumption environmental loads ENERGY USE
WATER
• direct use 30% • inefficient water • indirect use 50% use • lack of water resources in some countries
MATERIALS
LAND
• impact on bio• conservation of diversity throught open space and fragmentation of rural settlements natural areas and • trends towards ecosystems high/low density • use of renewable buildings materials
main challenges to construction industry promoting energy efficiency
reduction use of high quality drinking water
selection materials contributing to a on environmnetal sustainable urban performance development
social, cultural & economic issues • contribution to poverty alleviation • healty & safe working environment
DEMAND FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
2
Agenda 21 on sustainable construction
resources consumption environmental loads ENERGY USE
WATER
• direct use 30% • inefficient water • indirect use 50% use • lack of water resources in some countries
MATERIALS
LAND
• impact on bio• conservation of diversity throught open space and fragmentation of rural settlements natural areas and • trends towards ecosystems high/low density • use of renewable buildings materials
main challenges to construction industry promoting energy efficiency
reduction use of high quality drinking water
selection materials contributing to a on environmnetal sustainable urban performance development
social, cultural & economic issues • contribution to poverty alleviation • healty & safe working environment
DEMAND FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1
Agenda 21 on sustainable construction developed countries
framework & guidance material for urban decision making •urban management •policy integration •ecosystems thinking •co-operation and partnership
sustainable development of cities urban growth •efficient energy use •transport systems •compact cities •water management •recycling
resource use & waste management •fixing boundaries •compact mixed-use neighbourhougds •renewable of existing fabric •urban agriculture
social and economical issues small, high-density neighbourhought centred around mixed-use nucleus, lower density residential components, eco-fiendly transit system
developing countries encouraging social equity, effective resource use and economic development
•social equity •efficient resource use •economic development •management practicies
1
Agenda 21 on sustainable construction developed countries
framework & guidance material for urban decision making •urban management •policy integration •ecosystems thinking •co-operation and partnership
sustainable development of cities urban growth •efficient energy use •transport systems •compact cities •water management •recycling
resource use & waste management •fixing boundaries •compact mixed-use neighbourhougds •renewable of existing fabric •urban agriculture
social and economical issues small, high-density neighbourhought centred around mixed-use nucleus, lower density residential components, eco-fiendly transit system
developing countries encouraging social equity, effective resource use and economic development
•social equity •efficient resource use •economic development •management practicies
too brief
bibliography
www.cibworld.nl CIB, Agenda 21 on sustainable construction, CIB report Publication n. 237, 1999 Barucco M.A., “Metodi di valutazione della sostenibilità del costruito”, Utet Editore, Torino, 2011 Boulding K. E., Beyond Economics. Essays on Society, Religion and Ethics, The University of Michigan Press, 1968 McLuhan Marshal, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, Gingko Press, Berkeley, 1964 Manfron V., Qualità ed affidabilità in edilizia - Ricerche di Tecnologia dell'architettura, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 1995, rist. 2003 Odum H.T., Environmental Accounting, Emergy and environmental decision making, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISO 14025: 2006 - Environmental Labels and Declarations - Type III environmental declarations -- Principles and procedures.