Fast, low latency
Low power consumption
of encryption keys via connectivity or hardcoding Depends on configuration, needs testing (large amount of people, line of sight issues)
identified, requires investigation
BLE power consumption is low
Low power consumption
Release 16 and 17: Features listing yes – requires field validation
chip level encryption, relay attacks not possible High data throughput
sensitive to relay attacks
biometrics information
Average
Average
Very low power consumption for short range
Low power consumption
No – but less relevant
Depends on connectivity, speed can be improved through fiducial markers No
2.4.4 Recommended frictionless technologies Based on our analysis we recommend taking the following technologies into consideration for frictionless ticketing as summarised in Table 7: Table 7. Technology Options
5G Phone based option (for ‘everyone with a smart phone’) A phone-based solution seems to have the best prospect to be scaled among the entire population, due to the fact that it does not require a card, token or other physical asset to be managed. 4G BLE solutions can be developed now, but 5G, which uses an entirely different method of positioning, will become more mainstream in a few years. It is expected that 5G will replace 4G universally, although it may take many years before 5G is available to everyone. 5G will be a mid-term solution, as the solution depends on the roll out of release versions 16 and 17. See Appendix 1.2 for a deep dive on this technology. Ultrawide Band token (for ‘everyone that needs it’) This solution can be developed now for PWD as well as general users. Although it may be cost prohibitive to roll out for all users, it can potentially serve as a backup option for everyone. Even though, for this use case, the technology is in its
Centre for Technology Infusion. Frictionless Ticketing for Public Transport – Main Report
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