ONE CUP OF MONOCULTURE SUN GROWN COFFEE DESTORIES
2.336 SQUARE FEET OF RAINFOREST
2.336 SQUARE FEET
2.336 SQUARE FEET
ICON KEY
DEFORESTATION
BIODIVERSITY EXTINCTION
WATER POLLUTION
SOIL EROSION
HIGH INPUT OF AGRICHEMICALS
GLOBAL WARMING
INCOMPLETE BEAN MATURATION
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER • 0
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01 02 03
WHAT IS THE PAGE • 08 / 11 ISSUE? WHAT WOULD HAPPEN? PAGE • 12 / 29 WHAT ARE THE FACTS? PAGE • 30 / 39
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CHAPTER • 1
WHAT IS THE ISSUE?
01
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MONOCULTURE SUN GROWN FARMS CAUSE DEFORESTATION
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CHAPTER • 1
MONOCULTURE SUN GROWN COFFEE CULTIVATION Coffee is grown on nearly 10 million hectares in tropical regions around the world, areas that also harbor high levels of biodiversity. In the 1970s, farmers were encouraged to replace traditional shade grown coffee with sun cultivation in order to increase the yield of their coffee. In sun coffee systems, there is little or no canopy cover, and coffee trees are planted at high densities. MONOCULTURE SUN GROWN COFFEE CULTIVATION IN LATIN AMERICA
1,100,000 HECTARES COVERT TO SUN CULTIVATION
2,800,000 HECTARES COFFEE GROWING AREA IN TOTAL
The impact of deforestation and conversion of shade coffee to sun coffee on biodiversity in these regions is much greater than absolute levels of destruction would inficate.
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CHAPTER • 1
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN?
02
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DEFORESTATION LEADS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
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CHAPTER • 2
THREATENED HABITATS BIODIVERSITY Aside from the agronomic risks, sun coffee production has resulted in major habitat change for biodiversity, especially for migratory birds. SHADE COFFEE SYSTEM REDUCED IN MEXICO, COSTA RICA, COLOMBIA
17%
IN MEXICO
40%
COSTA RICA
Moreover, most of the coffee growing areas also is biodiversity hotspots. People first discovered coffee in the hotspots of eastern Africa, where many wild cousins of the domestic plant remain as an integral part of the natural forest community. The conditions required for coffee to thrive overlap with many regions around the world where conservation action is a high priority. Today coffee is grown in at least 16 of the 34 hotspots. Therefore, deforestation in coffee farm will threaten biodiversity habitat seriously.
69%
IN COLOMBIA
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COFFEE GROWN IN BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
CHAPTER • 2
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COFFEE IS GROWN IN
16
OF THE
34
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
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CHAPTER • 2
WATER POLLUTION, SOIL EROSION AND INPUT OF AGRICHEMICALSm In shade plantations, dead leaves from the overstory trees provide nutrients to the coffee. In sun plantations, these nutrients are not available, so fertilizers must be used, especially nitrogen. Therefore, sun coffee farms leach triple the nitrates into the local watersheds than shade farms. Sun coffee farms leach triple the nitrates into the local watersheds than shade farms. There are fewer weeds in shade plantations, both because of the shade itself and due to the fallen leaves from shade trees acting as a natural mulch. Herbicides are needed to control weeds in sun plantations. Soils in sun plantations are more exposed to the elements, particularly drenching rains typical of tropical areas. This leads to erosion of topsoil, and the leaching of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides into local watersheds. Soil erosion and acidification and water pollution are serious consequences of growing coffee on sun plantations.action is a high priority.
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CHAPTER • 2
AGRICHEMICALS INPUT IN COFFEE FARMING MONOCULTURE SUN GROWN COFFEE FARMS SUSTAINABLE SHADE GROWN COFFEE FARMS
% 90
MORE
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TOXIC AGRICHEMICALS COMPARISON NOT ABLE TO DEGRADE
CHAPTER • 2
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DEGRADATION ENDOSULFAN
SOIL
1
ON TOXIC
WATER
CHLORPYRIFOS
N/A
DISULFOTON
N/A
METHYL PARATHION
SOIL
TRIADIMEFON
N/A
CYPERMETHRIN
N/A
BEE
BIRD
MAMMAL
FISH
BEE
BIRD
HUMAN
MARINE ORGANISMS
BIRD
FISH
BIRD
FISH
MAMMAL
FISH
MARINE ORGANISMS
BIRD
BIRD
1
ON TOXIC LEVEL LIGHT
MEDIUM
STRONG
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CHAPTER • 2
CLIMATE CHANGE Deforestation also contribute to world’s climate change. Coffee requires quite specific growing conditions. Climate change has profound impacts on coffee growing and production, and more and more current area will not be suitable for coffee growing by 2020.
“ In the past several decades, roughly half of the world’s coffee plantations have cut down their trees, or cut down forest to plant unshaded coffee. This decreases the ability of vegetation to counteract global warming by absorbing carbon dioxide, and it also raises local temperature. Coffee requires quite specific growing conditions. It grows in subtropical regions that have distinct wet and dry seasons. This sensitivity to climatic variables means that global climate change is likely to have profound impacts on coffee growing and production. Farmers will be left with few choices. Areas at higher latitudes. However, most small holders do not have the money or credit to buy property, even if it is available to purchase; most land is already under ownership that is passed down in families. If land upslope is turned into coffee farms, it means some conversion and clearing of existing forest. This means a loss of biodiversity, and the deforestation of new and old c offee farms will exacerbate and accelerate warming trends, since trees help sequester carbon and buffer temperature changes.
”
— Veracruz report
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CHAPTER • 2
IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE RISE ON ROBUSTA COFFEE IN UGANDA 1 TODAY’S TEMPERATURE
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1 A TEMPERATURE INCREASE OF 2 o C
1
SUITABLE AREAS FOR COFFEE GROWING NOT SUITABLE
LESS SUITABLE
SUITABLE
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CHAPTER • 2
INCOMPLETE BEAN MATURATION Enhance bean development, resulting in lower coffee quality, because the longer time of bean development, the denser and more develop flavor would be. Coffee plants in sun plantations grow faster and age more quickly than those grown in shade, and therefore must be replaced more often. THE COMPARISON OF GROWING SPEED
30 YEAR SUSTAINABLE SHADE GROWN COFFEE FARMS
In addition, as I have mentioned above, coffee may move to upslope, because of climate change. Higher elevation slows bean development, resulting in a denser bean and typically more well-developed flavors. Also, we may be seeing more coffee grown at these high elevations in the decades to come. This doesn’t mean there will be a proliferation of coffees with characteristics like that of highgrown coffees today.
15 YEAR MONOCULTURE SUN GROWN COFFEE FARMS
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CHAPTER • 3
WHAT ARE THE FACTS?
03
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THE UNITE STATES IS THE LARGEST COFFEE CONSUMPTION COUNTIRY
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CHAPTER • 3
COFFEE — A HIGHLY VALUED COMMODITY IN THE WORLD After oil, coffee is the highest-valued (legal) commodity traded from the developing world. Coffee is the world’s most widely traded tropical agricultural commodity. In many developing countries, coffee beans are the primary export and a significant source of employment.
COFFEE TRADE AROUND THE WORLD
EXPORT WORTH AN ESTIMATED
US $1,540,000,000 IN 2009/10
93,400,000 BAGS WERE SHIPPED
25,000,000 PEOPLE — MOST OF THEM SMALL FARMERS — DEPEND ON INCOME FROM COFFEE CROPS
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CHAPTER • 3
THE WORLD’S COFFEE CONSUMPTION
133,900,000 BAGS
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION
GROWTH RATE OF COFFEE CONSUMPTION
2% 1.5%
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
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40,700,000 BAGS PRODUCING COUNTRIES
3
21,200,000 BAGS NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES
72,000,000 BAGS IMPORTING MEMBER COUNTRIES
1
2
1
2
3 FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT IMPORTING MEMBER COUNTRIES, NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES AND PRODUCING COUNTIRES, PLEASE VISIT www.ico.org/trade_e.asp.
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CHAPTER • 3
LARGEST MARKET SHARE IN THE US In the United States, coffee consumption is a cultural staple. In fact, even when the recession floored commodity sales nationwide, coffee consumption remained strong. Coffee drinking, as a cultural, business, pleasure and energy-producing activity, is here to stay. Coffee is the leading source of caffeine consumption in the United States, and is the world’s second most popular drink after water. As a result, the US coffee drinkers own important status on solving the coffee issue by changing their cups of coffee.
COFFEE CONSUMPTION IN THE WORLD
THE US ACCOUNTS FOR
25%
OF THE WORLD’S TOTAL COSUMPTION
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CHAPTER • 3
US COFFEE CONSUMPTION
400 MILLION 146 BILLION CUPS PER DAY
CUPS PER YEAR
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156,000,000 AMERICANS DRINK COFFEE EVERYDAY
3.1 CUPS
9oz
PER DAY
9 oz PER CUP
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ABOUT People consume a great amount of coffee every year. Most of the coffee we drink today is come from the coffee farm that needs to be deforestation. The problem behind deforestation cannot be ignored. It leads to large input of pesticides and fertilizer, climate change, soil erosion and biodiversity extinction. These problems are not just affects coffee production area, it affect all over the world. All coffee consumers have responsibility to change it. Eco Brew Project is aim to raise coffee consumers’ awareness about the issue of deforestation in coffee farms. We encourage coffee consumers, retailers to purchase sustainable coffee replace to non-sustainable coffee, in order to maintain the world’s environment, at the same time, also able to enjoy to a good cup of coffee. All the information I provide is base on creditable resources. For more information about the solution, please look at book II or check www.ecobrewcoffee.com.
Eco Brew Project www.ecobrewcoffee.com First published 2012 Š 2012 Eva Chan All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retreval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the written permission of Eva Chan. Designed by Eva Chan Infography and chart by Eva Chan Typeface: Serifa, Univers Sponsored by Academy of Art University