research and development yearbook 2014. sterf. scandinavian turfgrass and environment research foundation
research and development yearbook 2014 naturresurser
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2 sTERF INTRODUCTION.
Important Events in 2014
Seminar delegates at Bioforsk’s research facilities at Apelsvoll to inspect the SCANGREEN variety trial and a new experiment on the effects of autumn fertilisation. (Eight participants from Iceland had to leave before the photo was taken.) Photo: Agnar Kvalbein. International seminar on Turfgrass Winter Survival
During the past four years, ‘TWS: Turfgrass Winter Survival in a Changing Climate’ has been the largest project within STERF’s programme on ‘Winter Stress Management’. Besides STERF, the project has received major financial support from the Norwegian Research Council. On 11-12 Nov. 2014, findings from this
project and from related projects in North America were presented and discussed at an international seminar at Gjøvik, Norway. The seminar was attended by 60 scientists, consultants and practitioners from the USA, Canada, Germany and the five Nordic countries. Among the topics discussed during two intensive days were hardening, dehardening
and rehardening reactions in various turfgrass species; scope for progress in turfgrass breeding for winter hardiness; the effect of a high watertable/impeded drainage on the winter survival of fairways, and the tolerance and physiological responses of different cool-season grasses to ice encasement. The seminar also included a visit to SCANGREEN variety testing and a newly started project on optimal autumn
fertilisation to shaded and unshaded greens at Bioforsk Apelsvoll Research Centre.
INTRODUCTION sterf 3
Day two of the seminar consisted of study visits to two multifunctional golf courses, Hornbaeck GK (left) and Köpenhamns GK (right). Photos: Karin Schmidt
Nordic seminar about Multifunctional golf facilities
On 7-8 May, Copenhagen University and STERF held a Nordic conference on the theme of ‘Multifunctional golf courses’. Around 40 delegates from Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Iceland gathered at the Fredriksberg campus for a first intensive day of seminars presenting some results from the almost completed research project “Experience mapping and multifunctional golf course development - enhanced
possibilities for increased and more varied use of golf courses”. A number of good examples of municipal authorities and golf clubs working to introduce multifunctionality were also presented. Day two consisted of study visits to two multifunctional golf courses, Hornbaeck GK and Köpenhamns GK. In October 2010, STERF organised the first Nordic conference on the theme of multifunctional golf courses, again in
Copenhagen. Much has happened since then. Leaflets, papers and presentations describing multifunctional golf courses have received a great response, nationally and internationally, and there are several golf courses in the Nordic countries that serve as good examples. However, in order to succeed with multifunctionality on a broader front within golf, there is a need for tools and models for calculating the business
advantages and the improved image in the local community. A set of inspirational examples of how golf clubs have succeeded by applying the key principles of multifunctionality – the bigger picture, inclusion and accessibility – is also on the request list.
4 sTERF INTRODUCTION.
Workshop about multifunctional golf facilities in Beijing
A workshop about multifunctional golf facilities, arranged by the Golf Education and Research Center of Beijing Forestry University and STERF, was held at Beijing Forestry University on 11-12 August 2014. Experts from STERF, Beijing Forestry University, the Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and New Nature Golf Course Design Corporation participated with scientific presentations on the topic of multifunctional golf facilities. More than fifty representatives from colleges and universities, golf courses, related companies and others participated in the workshop and the discussion.
A workshop about multifunctional golf facilities was arranged by the Golf Education and Research Center of Beijing Forestry University and STERF at Beijing Forestry University.
The global challenges the golf and turfgrass sector has to face were discussed and it was agreed that global challenges need globally coordinated solutions. Based on this, strategies for cooperation between Beijing Forestry University and STERF were thoroughly discussed during the workshop. It was agreed that two important key objectives of collaboration are to coordinate design and execution of R&D activities around agreed core themes, and to coordinate effective dissemination of the resulting new knowledge through channels and formats that are easily accessible to end-users.
Joint DTRF and STERF seminar on ‘Sustaining golf’s playing quality’
The seminar ‘Sustaining golf ’s playing quality’ was a joint event organised by DTRF (Dutch Turfgrass Research Foundation) and STERF (Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation) on 11 September in Zandvoort, the Netherlands. An international mix of researchers, practitioners, lobbyists, legislators, club board members, golf course owners, verifiers, consultants and NGO representatives were present, making a total of about 90 delegates. Much is happening in the European golf industry at present. The challenge of guaranteeing golf ’s playing quality in a clean environment is bringing together organisations and initiatives inside and outside golf. The sector must accept its social and environmental responsibility and show leadership. Sustainable golf and turfgrass management is becoming a key issue for those responsible for the quality of sports played on natural sports turf. Seminar presentations and discussions focused how use of integrated water, pest and nutrient management strategies will ultimately resolve the issue of maintaining high quality turfgrass surfaces with a minimum of negative environmental consequences. European and national legislation is being developed in various
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European countries. This affects the development and management of sports fields and golf courses. An important part of the seminar was panel discussions about the need for a pro-active, evidence-based approach to protect the interests of the golf and turfgrass industry and to become a constructive and responsible social partner in the discussions. The responsibility of national golf federations and how they should work for the golf sector together with other organisations to protect golf ’s interests and develop a sustainable national and European strategy for golf were also discussed. The conclusion of the seminar was that a strong focus on research and innovation is needed. It is important to develop a pro-active strategy in order to remain in the driving seat when it comes to shaping the future of the game of golf. Based on research and science, the golf and turfgrass industry can take a lead and create the changes it wants.
One of eight new projects 2014 is "Dandelion management at Värpinge golf course ". Photo. H. Rasmussen
Eight new R&D projects STERF has decided to prioritise research and development within the following international thematic areas, according to the R&D programmes within each area: • Integrated pest management • Sustainable water management • Winter stress management • Multifunctional golf courses and ecosystem services By the 9 December 2013 deadline for its call for proposals, STERF had received 19 applications for funding related to the above areas. From among these, the STERF board approved funding for the following eight projects:
•
•
• •
•
Selection and management of bentgrass cultivars (Agrostis sp.) for genetic and induced resistance to microdochium patch and pink snow mould caused by Microdochium nivale SCANGREEN: Turfgrass species, varieties and seed blends and mixtures for integrated pest management of Scandinavian putting greens, 20152018 Dandelion management at Värpinge golf course Identification and risk assessment of dollar spot caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennet on Scandinavian golf courses Application of nitrogen and sulphur in autumn for better winter survival
• • •
Successful re-establishment of golf greens following winter damage Evaporative demands and deficit irrigation on sand-based golf greens Multifunctionality in golf courses – effects of different management practices on the ecosystem services carbon sequestration and biodiversity
According to a questionnaire answered by 70% of the Nordic golf clubs, the most important R&D areas are integrated pest management and winter stress management. Therefore, most new funding was allocated to new projects within these areas.
6 sTERF INTRODUCTION.
n atio Gul aXX e r m wth imo rses Gro ith Pr lf cou w Go dic nor on
New STERF handbooks Three new handbooks, ‘Growth Regulation with Primo MAXX on Nordic Golf Courses’ by Trygve Aamlid and Peter Edman, ‘Societal Benefits of Golf - Inspiration and Ideas for Local Partnership’ by Ole Skarin, Maria Strandberg and Karin Schmidt, and ‘Fungicide Leaching from Golf Greens. A Synopsis of Scandinavian Studies’, by Trygve Aamlid, were published by STERF in 2014. All three handbooks are available in English and a Scandinavian language (Swedish or Norwegian) and can be downloaded from the STERF website. Growth Regulation with Primo Maxx on Nordic Golf Courses
The plant growth regulator Primo Maxx (trinexapac-ethyl) was approved for use on Swedish and Finnish golf courses in 2011 and 2013, respectively, and Syngenta is now working on a new formulation that may open the market in Norway and Denmark as well. The approval in Sweden and Finland was partly based on experimental evidence acquired in a STERF project in 2007-2008. The registration trials were later followed by experiments on greens and fairways with various grass species and by research in climate chambers investigating optimal application intervals under Nordic temperature and light conditions. Numerous practical experiences have also been gained by the Swedish greenkeepers who started to use Primo Maxx in 2011 or 2012. In this STERF handbook, Bioforsk researcher Trygve S. Aamlid and Swedish
Golf Federation agronomist Peter Edman summarise the experimental data and practical experiences with Primo Maxx and discuss its use on Nordic golf courses in relation to mowing requirement, playing quality, shade tolerance, drought tolerance, wear tolerance, recuperative capacity, disease resistance and winter survival. The handbook is available in English, Swedish and Norwegian version at the STERF website. Societal Benefits of Golf - Inspiration and Ideas for Local Partners
Our hope is that the handbook Societal Benefits of Golf - Inspiration and Ideas for Local Partnership will inspire others to take initiatives, create partnerships and thus demonstrate the societal benefits of golf. The practical advice and ideas described in the handbook are based on experiences from the ongoing Sigtuna Project - A Landscape for All. Some important key words in the project are ‘overarching’ ‘involvement’ ‘inspiration’ and ‘approach’. Despite differences in conditions, we believe that this handbook can inspire others to take their own initiatives for partnerships, which in turn will help to strengthen the role of golf in society. At the end of the brochure, we provide examples of how Copenhagen Golf Club, Hornbæk Golf Club, Gamle Fredrikstad Golf Club and Kjölur Golf Club are also working to develop multifunctional activities and create local partnerships.
Fungicide Leaching from Golf Greens A Synopsis of Scandinavian Studies
There is an increasing need for documentation of the environmental fate of pesticides used to treat golf courses, in particular the risk of pollution of groundwater or surface water. The Swedish Golf Federation started research on this back in 1999, and this research was intensified with the foundation of STERF and when Bioforsk constructed a lysimeter facility in 2003 for collection of drainage water from USGA-spec. golf greens. Many of the studies have focused on how soil surfactants affect the leaching potential for various fungicides from greens varying in rootzone composition. The results have been published in international peerreviewed journals (reference list at the end of this yearbook), but this format is not always readily available to the golf industry or the environmental authorities. The synopsis STERF handbook was compiled by the Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group in autumn 2014 at the request of the German Golf Federation (DGV), which considered this information to be useful for German environmental authorities when deciding about approval of new fungicides or reapproval of old products for use on sand-based golf greens. The synopsis has also been well received by environmental officers in Swedish municipalities who, after 1 January 2015, have to issue permission for each individual pesticide to be used on the golf courses in their municipality.
introduction sterf 7
Fourth European Turfgrass Society conference Since the foundation of the European Turfgrass Society (ETS) in 2007, the biennial ETS conferences have been an important meeting place for the turfgrass industry. The fourth conference was hosted by the University of Osnabruck in Osnabruck, Germany in July 2014. The focus of the conference was ‘Quality turf and efficient utilisation of resources’. More than 80 researchers and turfgrass professionals participated in the conference. The two day-programme included more than 60 oral and poster presentations. STERF researchers contributed with nine presentations.
Stefan Nilsson - New greenkeeper representative on the STERF board
Stefan Nilsson is head greenkeeper at Vallda Golf & Country Club in Sweden. With more than 20 years of experience from ground care, he represents the Nordic greenkeepers’ organisations on the STERF board. Stefan’s special task is to act as a link between practitioners and researchers. Stefan says: “In the future, increasingly high demands will be imposed on the golf sector. Tougher restrictions regarding the use of water and chemical compounds are just around the corner. If we are to continue to meet established quality objectives, we will have to work with nature and adapt greenkeeping practices to the laws of nature” “I want to be critical of myself, the sector and the surrounding industry, an approach which I believe is the key to success. Looking with an objective eye requires broad knowledge. I am convinced that STERF’s future work will become more important than perceived by many today. The future is closer than we think and it should be bright, smart and sustainable”.
8 sTERF INTRODUCTION.
about STERF Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation, STERF
STERF’s vision is to be the leading international centre of expertise in sustainable golf course management.
STERF is an independent research foundation that supports existing and future R&D efforts and delivers ‘ready-touse’ research results that benefit the golf and turfgrass sector. STERF was set up in 2006 by the golf federations in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Iceland and the Nordic Greenkeepers’ Associations. Research financed by STERF should be carried out at universities or research institutes (or equivalent) where most relevant research capacity is concentrated. STERF helps to strengthen research capacity by encouraging and supporting networks and collaborating actively with international key organisations in the field of turfgrass management. STERF also arranges innovation workshops to help identify the golf and turfgrass industry´s future research needs, where researchers and industry representatives contribute to the planning process. STERF receives funding from participating golf associations, which can be complemented by funding from other sources.
To achieve the vision STERF focuses on: •
•
Ensuring that Nordic turfgrass research and development focuses on internationally important areas where concerted research and industrial efforts are required. These include the pressures generated by government demands for greater environmental regulation, the increasing pressure on natural resources (notably water, energy and land), the emerging role of turf management in supporting ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity, the continued need to promote integrated pest management, and the looming challenges posed by a changing climate and the urgent need to adapt. Establishing a successful international research and development collaboration, including research facilities and expertise in all five Nordic countries. STERF will continue to
initiate inter- disciplinary and multidisciplinary research and support collaboration in Europe, Canada, USA and China, involving both researchers and stakeholders interested in land used for managed turfgrass areas. •
•
•
Developing and expanding the STERF industrial scientific partner programme by collaborating with leading international companies within the sector to further strengthen the strategy that research and development should be integrated from producer to end-user. The STERF industrial scientific programme can be found on: http://www.sterf.org Taking a lead in making research results and new knowledge easily accessible to end-users and to provide support to implement changes, a prerequisite for achieving improvements in the sustainable management of golf courses and other turfgrass areas. Making the turfgrass industry in the Nordic countries a role
model regarding responsibility for sustainable societal development, i.e. in producing managed turfgrass areas of a high standard while at the same time ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources and contributing to functioning ecosystems. STERF Board Bruno Hedlund, STERF, Chairman Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk, vice Chairman Tuukka Mönttinen, Finnish Golf Union Torben Kastrup Petersen, Danish Golf
Union
Pål Melbye, Norwegian Golf Federation Edwin Roald, Golf Union of Iceland Gunnar Håkansson, Swedish Golf
Federation
Jerry Knox, Cranfield University Stefan Nilsson, Swedish Greenkeeper
Association
Maria Strandberg, STERF
STERF Director Maria Strandberg, STERF
INTRODUCTION sterf 9
Advisory committee members Maria Strandberg, STERF Director (Chair) Peter Landschoot, Penn State University
(independent international expert) Annick Bertrand, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada (independent international expert) Asbjörn Nyholt (coordinator for golf course consultants/agronomists employed by the Nordic golf federations and Scandinavian greenkeeper associations) Nilla Nilsdotter-Linde (coordinator for researchers at universities/research institutes in the Nordic countries) Advisory committee sub-group members Consultants and practitioners: Asbjörn Nyholt (coordinator) Kristiina Laukkanen, FGU Thomas Jepsen, DGU Kim Sintorn, SGF John Riiber, NGA Bjarni Hannesson, IGU Ove Grundström, FGA Martin Nilsson DGA Håkan Blusi, SGA Einar Faugli, NGF
Researchers: Nilla Nilsdotter-Linde (coordinator)
Researcher, SLU, Sweden
Kåre Ringlund, Professor Emeritus UMB,
Norway
Audun Korsæth, Researcher within
sustainable agriculture, Bioforsk, Norway
Bjarni Gudleifsson, Professor Emeritus,
Iceland
Magnus Enell, Professor, University of
Lund, Sweden
Ilse Ankjær Rasmussen, Agronomy
Organic Eprints coordinator ICROFS, Denmark
10 sTERF introduction
Background Managed turfgrass areas such as golf courses, sport fields, landscaped amenity areas and public parks all provide an important social, environmental and economic resource for both urban and rural communities. These areas serve a multifunctional purpose by offering valuable open spaces for recreation, helping to improve the health and quality of life for individuals and, when designed and managed appropriately, enhancing biodiversity and supporting regulatory targets for environmental protection. Conversely, where turfgrass management practices are inadequate or inappropriate, their services to society are reduced and their impacts on the natural environment can be damaging and costly. The challenges for the future of turfgrass and golf course management are many and diverse. They include increasing demands on natural resources (notably land use, water resources and energy) driven by economic development and population growth, coupled with government demands for greater environmental protection, which are creating conflicts at the interface between land management (including turfgrass) and the environment. The
situation is particularly acute in peri-urban areas where the majority of managed turfgrass facilities are concentrated. Population growth, migration and climate change will exacerbate the current situation, by increasing the competition for resources between individual sectors, including agriculture, urban development, tourism and the environment. Many golf courses, sport facilities and stadiums are under pressure due to the financial crisis of recent years. For example, in many countries there has been a decrease in the number of registered golf players. It is common for golf courses to base their financial stability on a constant inflow of members rather than a static membership. However, they are now facing the challenge of balancing this approach against the new concept of fewer members and new conditions in a more variable and more competitive market. The key for golf course and turfgrass management will be to increase resource use efficiency, reduce maintenance costs and minimise the environmental impact. In this context, the protection and enhancement of ecosystem services will need to be fully
integrated into the planning, design, construction and management of all golf and turfgrass facilities. The Nordic golf federations have approx. 900 000 members, playing golf on more than 900 courses that cover a total area of more than 58 000 ha. Any societal activity as significant as golf must take responsibility for building knowledge through research and development (R&D). There are several important reasons why Nordic R&D is necessary. In Central Scandinavia, Oslo, Stockholm and Helsinki lie at the same latitude as the southern tip of Greenland (~60oN). This provides a unique climate resulting from a combination of factors such as light, temperature and precipitation during the playing season and particularly during the winter season. The Nordic climate creates conditions for plant growth and the construction and management of golf courses, sport fields etc. that are not found anywhere else in the world. R&D is, and will continue to be, a necessary and strategically important investment for the golf sector in achieving economically and environmentally
sustainable golf facilities of a high standard and in establishing the credibility of golf as an environmentally friendly sport. Golf facilities that are already using new knowledge are achieving cost savings through more efficient management strategies, while also enhancing the golf course, raising the profile of their golf facility and improving the environment. The financial resources allocated to R&D in each country are very limited and the number of scientists actively working within each priority R&D area is also quite limited compared with agricultural and forestry research. The financial resources and efforts of these researchers should therefore be coordinated through STERF to optimise R&D within the golf and turfgrass sector.
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12 sTERF introduction
Research objectives and R&D Sub-programmes Strategic research objectives
The golf and turfgrass industry, like other land-based industry, has to take responsibility for sustainable societal development, i.e. it must produce golf courses and other turfgrass areas of a high standard while at the same time ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources and contributing to functioning ecosystems. The aim of STERF is to support R&D that can help the golf industry to fulfil these ambitions. The activities of STERF should lead to improvements in the quality of golf courses, as well as economic and environmental gains for the industry and society as a whole. The strategic objectives for STERF-funded R&D activities are that: •
•
The design, construction, management and administration of golf courses provide optimal conditions for playing quality, the degree of utilisation of the course, and management inputs. The design, construction, management and administration of golf courses are economically and environmentally
•
sustainable, for example with respect to plant nutrient requirements, water and energy use, drainage and control of weeds and plant diseases. Golf courses contribute to improving the relationship between golf and ecosystems, enhance the natural and cultural values of the landscape and promote biodiversity.
R&D sub-programmes
It is apparent that the golf and turfgrass industry faces a number of local and international challenges, all of which will need concerted and collective solutions, underpinned by robust, applied science. To meet the challenges the sector has to face, STERF has created four international and trans-disciplinary R&D sub-programmes: • • • •
Integrated pest management Sustainable water management Turfgrass winter stress management Multifunctional use of golf facilities
Progress in these programme areas will collectively lead to improvements in the quality of managed turfgrass areas, as well as economic and environmental gains for
introduction sterf 13
the industry. The key objectives of the programmes are to coordinate the design and running of R&D activities, and to manage the effective dissemination of outputs (new knowledge) through channels and formats which are easily accessible to end-users. STERF will play a key role expanding the programmes on an international level. Integrated pest management
New regulations at national and international level relating to the turfgrass industry are becoming more demanding. A good example is the EU Directive on sustainable use of pesticides, which includes strategies for integrated pest management. STERF, together with the Nordic park and golf sector, universities, research institutions and authorities, takes responsibility for ensuring that R&D activities important for integrated pest management are coordinated and executed and that new knowledge is delivered. Sustainable water management
Water is essential to secure the future of the turf industry and the livelihoods of many rural communities that depend upon it. Working with industry and leading research institutes, STERF’s goal is to provide
science-based information to practitioners and stakeholders on integrated water management in turf. This will improve management practices relating to both irrigation and drainage systems; help protect environmental water quality; and support the industry to adapt to future changes in rainfall and climate variability on water resources. Turfgrass winter stress management
Winter damage is the foremost reason for dead grass, reducing the aesthetic and functional value of turf. UN-IPCC climate scenarios predict that due to high precipitation and unstable temperature, ice and water damage will become the most important cause of winter damage in the future. This is a complex but high priority area for STERF, as it has been estimated that about 70% of Nordic golf courses suffer from winter damage each year, and that the associated average annual costs per golf course are €35 000-40 000. STERF will take responsibility for developing strategic expertise and new knowledge to avoid and manage such damage. Multifunctional use of golf facilities
Multifunctional golf courses can contribute
to the achievement of international and national environmental targets and help improve people’s health and quality of life by providing facilities for active outdoor recreation. Through STERF´s R&D programme within multifunctional facilities, the Nordic area can become a model region as regards multifunctional golf courses and collaborations between different interests in society. Four central research and development areas have been identified: (1) The everyday landscape and peri-urban nature, (2) nature and culture, (3) dialogue and cooperation, and (4) business promotion. Programme coordinators
Programme coordinators appointed by STERF are, together with the STERF board and its director, responsible for developing STERF R&D programmes. Overarching duties to be fulfilled by the programme coordinators are: • •
To be a ‘champion’ or nominal lead for their programme. To make sure that the programme has a suitable mix of activities, not only research but also other industry-linked initiatives, including for example meetings, workshops and media outputs.
• •
To help share programme workload. To take ‘ownership’ of the activities/ initiatives that need to be developed over the next three years.
The full R&D programmes and presentation of programme coordinators can be found at: http://www.sterf.org
14 sTERF introduction
STERF’s Industrial Scientific Partner Programme Because STERF is working globally and launching international programmes, it has invited important companies within the sector to become involved in its Industrial Scientific Partner Programme. The aim is to increase the credibility of STERF´s research and development programme, and also to increase financial support for programmes and projects. The involvement of leading suppliers will also strengthen the important strategy that research and development should be integrated all the way from producer to end-user. STERF and the industrial scientific partners have had several discussion about creating combined R&D projects involving a number of different industrial partners and STERF. The aim of these projects will be to identify, explain and suggest solutions for complex problems relevant for the sector. As an Industrial Scientific Partner to STERF, companies have a whole range of benefits: • Access to the leading research and innovation centre in the turfgrass and environmental field
•
• • • • • •
The opportunity to take part in creating STERF´s research programme through participation in the planning process Participation in STERF workshops and seminars A world-wide network of contacts with international universities and centres of research in the golf sector A contact day on which to present and discuss the particular company´s strategic development issues Information via the STERF newsletter and website Collaboration on research projects and product development Contacts with public authorities.
STERF’s partners 2014
STERF is proud to present its current Industrial Scientific Partners: • Aquatrols Europe Ltd. • DLF-Trifolium • Interagro Bios AB • Prodana Seeds A/S • Ransomes Jacobsen Ltd • Syngenta • The Botanical Analysis Group
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Photo: Syngenta
16 sTERF ongoing projects
SCANGREEN: Turfgrass species and varieties for integrated pest management of Scandinavian putting greens •
Project period: JaNuary 2011 – December 2014 Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources total
2011 2012 475 441 216 86 691 527
2013 2014 Total 427 427 1770 86 168 395 513 595 2 325
Principal investigator / contact person Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Bioforsk
Øst Landvik, Reddalsveien 215, NO-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone + 47 90528378. E-mail: trygve.aamlid@bioforsk.no
To create meeting places for discussions between plant breeders, seed companies and greenkeepers in order to encourage variety awareness, integrated pest management and continued efforts into turfgrass breeding for northern environments
Talks at conferences meetings, seminars, field days, etc (2014) 06 March: Nytt om grasarter og -sorter til golfbaner. NGS anleggs seminar Ullevål stadium. 11 November: Scandinavian testing of turfgrass species and varieties for winter hardiness.
International Seminar on Turfgrass Winter survival (TWS), Gjøvik, Norway 12 November: Demonstration/visit by participants in TWS seminar to trial at Apelsvoll. 18 November: Gräsarter och ecologi. Course: 'Högre Greenkeeperutbildning’, Barsebäck, Sweden. Project summary and status by 1 January 2015
Co-applicants Gudni Thorvaldsson, Agricultural University of Iceland, Iceland Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen-IGN, Denmark Wendy Waalen, Bioforsk Apelsvoll, Norway Tatsiana Espevig, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Trond Pettersen, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Project objectives
•
•
To clarify which varieties of Agrostis, Festuca, Poa and Lolium are best suited for integrated pest management of putting greens at four experimental sites representing the two major climate zones in the Nordic countries To assess resistance to Microdochium nivale under field conditions through inoculation with a blend of isolates
2014 was the last evaluation year in the SCANGREEN project seeded in 2011. Trials were completed at Korpa GC, Reykjavik, Iceland (64°N) and Bioforsk Apelsvoll, Norway (62°N) in the northern zone and at Bioforsk Landvik, Norway (58°N) and Sydsjælland GC, Denmark (56°N) in the southern zone. A total of 38 varieties representing 8 species/subspecies were tested (Table 1). Standard mowing height was 5 mm for F. rubra, L. perenne, P. supina and P. trivialis, and 3 mm for Agrostis sp. No pesticides were used, and the trials were exposed to wear and compaction corresponding to 20 000 rounds of golf per year. The trial at Landvik was inoculated with a blend of local isolates of M. nivale to ensure uniform disease pressure. As of 23 Jan. 2014, the data have been analysed statistically and ranking lists presented to the seed companies. The most important findings are: •
Agrostis stolonifera: ‘Tiger Shark’ and ‘007’ produced the same high green quality as ‘Independence’ (control) in the southern zone, while ‘T1’ and ‘Cobra Nova’ perfor-
ongoing projects sterf 17
med relatively better in the northern zone. ‘SR 1150’ and especially ‘Tyee’ were susceptible to winter damage and should be avoided in Scandinavia. •
Agrostis canina: The only test variety ‘PSG7PC2’ had darker colour and less height growth, but its overall turf quality was slightly lower than of ‘Villa’ (control).
•
Agrostis capillaris: ‘Cleek’ and ‘PSGNBC’ performed significantly better than the controls ‘Jorvik’ and ‘Leirin’ in the southern and northern zone, respectively. The performance of a breeding line of A. castellana confirmed that this species is not suitable for Nordic conditions.
•
Festuca rubra ssp. commutata: ‘Barlineus’ in particular, but also ‘Caldris’, ‘Bodega’ and ‘Bargreen II’ were equal to or better than ‘Musica’ (control) in the southern zone. ‘Valetta’ and the Norwegian breeding line ‘LøRc0008’ may become winterhardy alternatives for the northern zone. The dark-coloured variety ‘Nikky’ gave acceptable quality in Denmark, but performed poorly in Norway and Iceland.
•
Festuca rubra ssp. litoralis: Only ‘Nigella’ was level with or better than the control ‘Cezanne’ in both zones. ‘Beudin’ and ‘Isolde’ were intermediate, while ‘Joppa’ was susceptible to disease and had a high growth rate.
•
Poa supina (cv. Supranova) was a new species in the SCANGREEN programme. It had light colour and rather coarse texture, but thanks to good winter survival and resistance to M. nivale, it received an overall high ranking at both sites in the northern zone.
Photo From SCANGREEN trial at Apelsvoll on 8 May 2013, after more than four months of snow cover. Unlike Poa trivialis and Poa annua (unspecified seed used on fill-in plots), Poa supina ‘Supranova’ was very resistant to Microdochium nivale. Photo: Wendy Waalen.
18 sTERF ongoing projects
FESCUE-GREEN: Best management of red fescue (Festuca rubra) golf greens for high sustainability and playability •
Project period: July 2011 – december 2015 Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources TOTAL
To actively disseminate results to the Scandinavian golf industry and create meeting places for exchange of experiences regarding red fescue management.
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 2011 300 153 453
2 012 600 295 895
2013 600 236 836
2014 650 178 828
2015 Total 300 2 450 43 937 343 3 387
Principal investigator / contact person Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Reddalsveien 215, NO-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone + 47 90528378. E-mail: trygve.aamlid@bioforsk.no
Co-applicants Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen-LIFE, Denmark Per Rasmussen, Smørum Golf Centre, Denmark Agnar Kvalbein, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Norway Project objectives
To develop strategies for management of red fescue greens for optimal playability and sustainability. Sub-goals: • To determine how various irrigation and seasonal fertiliser distribution regimes affect turf quality, playability and competition from annual bluegrass on red fescue greens. • To clarify the impact of increased mowing height and to what extent mowing can be replaced by lightweight rolling on a mature golf green with a dominant cover of red fescue. • To determine the impact of well-defined compost (Green Mix) in the rootzone or in the topdressing on fescue turf quality, disease incidence and competition from annual bluegrass
4 July: "Composted garden waste as organic amendment to the USGA green rootzone and topdressing sand on fescue greens", "Irrigation and fertilizer distribution to fescue greens" "The STERF project FESCUE GREEN: Status as of 1 July 2014" and " Turf health and playability at high mowing and replacement of mowing with lightweight rolling" at FESCUE GREEN Reference Group Meeting, Smørum GC, Copenhagen Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015 Subproject (SP) 1 focuses on irrigation and seasonal fertiliser distribution. A field trial was
started under the rainout shelter covering a USGA green at Bioforsk Landvik, Norway, in Aug. 2013 and will continue until Aug. 2015. Deficit irrigation to 12% soil water content (SWC, v/v) three times per week is compared with irrigation to field capacity (FC = 20 % SWC) once per week (deep/infrequent) and irrigation to FC three times per week (control, no drought stress). Preliminary results from 1 Aug. 2013-1 Aug. 2014 showed 85 and 60 % less water use in the deficit and deep/infrequent irrigation treatments, respectively, than in the control. Turfgrass growth rate decreased 17-20%, surface hardness increased 10% and turfgrass quality was reduced from 6.7 to 6.1-6.2 (scale 1-9) in the two water-saving treatments, which were not significantly different from each other. Localised dry spots did not appear despite SWC often being down to 6-7% before irrigation in the deep/infrequent treatment. Competition against annual bluegrass (AB) was also not significantly affected, suggesting that more severe drought stress would be needed to control this unwanted species. A fourth treatment with deficit irrigation to 12% SWC once per week was therefore added in Aug. 2014. The irrigation treatments are combined with three seasonal distribution patterns for a total N rate of 1.1 kg/100 m2 (Fig. 1), but it is too early to conclude the effect of this on turf quality.
ongoing projects sterf 19
SP 2 investigates turf health and playability at high mowing and replacement of mowing
with lightweight rolling. Records of diseases, botanical composition, speed and bounce were completed in 2014, but soil samples remain to be taken in spring 2015. A preliminary finding is that fungi were not influenced by any of the treatments. At least at 5 mm mowing height, there was also an indication that mowing can be replaced by rolling without compromising green speed.
SP 3 investigated the benefits of composted garden waste (Green Mix = GM) versus
Sphagnum peat in the rootzone or topdressing on RF greens. The field work was completed in 2014. Preliminary conclusions are that GM in the rootzone and/or topdressing significantly improved turfgrass general appearance, tiller density, autumn colour and resistance to red thread, but that AB encroachment was worse on GM rootzones than on peat-amended rootzones. Analyses of soil samples and clippings suggest that fertilisation with P and K can be omitted on GM rootzones. The project will conclude with an international seminar in Copenhagen 5-6 Oct. 2015.
Photo: Collection of clippings under the rainout shelter, Landvik, September 2014.
Photo: Trygve S. Aamlid.
20 sTERF ongoing projects
Overseeding of Fairways - A strategy for finer turf with less broadleaved weeds and Poa annua Project period: april 2011 – December 2014
Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources TOTAL
2011 2 012 2013 178 156 156 86 92 92 264 248 248
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
2014 2015 Total 111 66 667 20 290 131 66 957
Principal investigator / contact person Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen-LIFE,
Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 DK-Frederiksberg C. Denmark, Phone + 45 35331706 (+45 23453826 mobile). E-Mail: amdj@life.ku.dk Co-applicants Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Norway
Project objectives
• •
To evaluate the impact of time, turfgrass mixture and fertilisation practices when overseeding fairways on Nordic golf courses To conduct a cost calculation of different overseeding programmes
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 25 March: Presentation about grass and pesticide-free maintenance for Garden and Park Engineers
at Skovskolen, University of Copenhagen 28 April: Pesticide-free maintenance seminar, University of Copenhagen
Research concerning management of golf course fairways has so far been neglected. Legislation regarding pesticide reductions will cause serious problems with weeds in years to come. Establishing a strongly competitive turfgrass sward might be one solution for avoiding massive invasion of weeds. This can be accomplished with an appropriate overseeding strategy adapted to the Nordic countries. Therefore, more information regarding optimal overseeding is crucial in order to create a strong fairway with a minimum of Poa annua and broadleaved weeds. The aim of the project is to test a variety of parameters that influence the outcome of an overseeding procedure. This includes overseeding date, fertilisation and turfgrass species. Tests were performed on an experimental fairway at Landvik (Bioforsk, Norway) and on three golf courses in Denmark in the period 2011-2013 and with recordings in 2014. The parameters recorded were grass species composition and weed occurrence in Denmark, whereas in Norway the plots were more intensely studied for grass composition, weed occurrence, density, colour, overall appearance and diseases. In addition, the economic costs of the different procedures will be estimated for a standard golf course in the final report. All three experimental fields in Denmark were evaluated for weed occurrence in early summer 2014 and grass samples were taken and the grass composition was recorded in summer 2014. In Norway, the final evaluation was made in December 2014. All data are now in the process of being collected and systematised in order to perform statistical analyses. Looking at the overall changes in grass composition on the three Danish golf courses, preliminary results show that there are more plants of Lolium perenne across the trial field. This is not the case for Festuca rubra and Poa pratensis. Plots overseeded with L. perenne are
ongoing projects sterf 21
visually easy to identify (Photo). Statistical analysis has not yet been performed on the data, but this might be an indication that overseeding with perennial ryegrass is successful and there is a fast establishment. For F. rubra and P. pratensis, three years of overseeding have not introduced this species into the grass sward. At Landvik (Norway) in December 2014, areas overseeded with L. perenne could easily be recognised. Scoring of winter colour clearly demonstrated that plots overseeded with perennial ryegrass had a better appearance. Plots overseeded with F. rubra and P. pratensis did not differ from the controls.
Photo: HornbĂŚk golf course. Plots overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are
darker and easy to identify. Spring 2014. Photo: Anne Mette Dahl Jensen
22 sTERF ongoing projects
Weed control on fairways Project period: april 2011- juli 2014 Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources TOTAL
2011 30 58 88
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015:
2012 0 44 44
2013 40 44 84
2014 Total 0 70 44 190 44 260
Principal investigator/contact person Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen-LIFE, Rolig-
hedsvej 23, 1958 DK-Frederiksberg C. Denmark Phone + 45 35331706 (+45 23453826 mobile). E-Mail: amdj@life.ku.dk Co-applicants Thomas Friis Pihlkjær, St. Knuds Golf Club Ole Vestergård, Grøn service ApS
Ole Sams Falkenberg
Project objectives
Over a three-year period, to test a new maintenance plan that involves fertiliser placement, more frequent and lower grass cutting (dybdeslicing) and depth overseeding of fairways. Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 25 March: Presentation about grass and pesticide-free maintenance for Garden and Park
Engineers at Skovskolen, University of Copenhagen
28 April: Pesticide-free maintenance seminar at the University of Copenhagen
The hypothesis is that the grass in the treated fairways will become denser and that the weed population will be significantly reduced with the new maintenance plan. A denser grass population can lead to reduced use of herbicides. Results from the project can probably also be used to reduce consumption of fertiliser by placing it in the growth layer near the grass roots. At the beginning of the project in 2011, two golf courses participated, Sct Knud and Odense golf course, but after a year Odense golf club withdrew due to staff reductions. A football pitch in Nyborg was then enrolled in the project but it was also forced to withdraw due to construction work on the pitch. Thus, when the project ends, only results from St. Knud golf course will be available. Due to weather problems some treatments could not be carried out at St. Knuds golf course in some of the years and Green Service by Ole Vestergaard wanted to treat the fairway for another season (2014). Weed recording has therefore been postponed until spring 2015. The weeds will not be recorded digitally but by direct weed counts on the fairways. The project plan included a weed count before the project started and another at the end (spring 2015). A visual examination of the trial at Sct. Knuds golf course in 2014 indicates that placement of fertiliser and fertiliser placement + overseeding once a year create a much denser grass sward. This is in line with the hypothesis. The denser sward is created because the existing grass is growing better, but also because new grass plants are introduced in the overseeded plots. Stripes of new grass can be seen in plots with overseeding. The weed count in spring 2015 will show whether a denser sward influence weed occurrence. It is tempting to conclude that many golf courses are applying too little nitrogen to their fairways, based on figures published in the Green Accounts produced every year by the Danish Golf Union. Visual examination also shows that slicing without overseeding or without fertiliser placement seems to have a negative effect on the grass cover. Much more bare soil was seen in plots where only slicing was performed.
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Photos: Left: slicing plot in 2011. Right: Slicing plot in 2014. Photos: Anne Mette Dahl Jensen
24 sTERF ongoing projects
Increasing rates of the current and a new formulation of Primo MAXX® for plant growth regulation on greens and fairways Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 9 January: The effect of Primo Maxx on turfgrass winter hardiness.
Project period: May 2013 - september 2014 Funding (kSEK) 2013 2014 2015 Total STERF 0 0 0 0 Other sources 532 121 0 653 TOTAL 532
121
0 653
The project is funded 100% by Syngenta and carried out according to the Contract Service Evaluation Agreement between STERF and Syngenta.
Principal investigator / contact person Ingunn M. Vågen, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Øst Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Tlf. + 47 40 62 29 04. E-mail: ingunn.vaagen@bioforsk.no
Co-applicants Oiva Niemeläinen, Natural Resources Institute, Finland Peter Edman, Swedish Golf Federation Project objectives
• •
To determine optimal rates for Primo MAXX® and a new formulation of trinexapacethyl for application on green and fairway To summarise results and practical experiences on the use of Primo MAXX® on Nordic golf courses into a handbook.
Norwegian Greenkeeper Association Winter Course, Belek, Turkey, 7 July: Optimal application intervals for the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX®) at northern latitudes. Poster at ETS conference, Osnabruck, Germany. Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Sweden in Aug. 2011 and in Finland in 2013. Syngenta has also developed a new formulation with approximately the same concentration of active ingredient (115.3 g L-1) but with different additives/filling agents. The two formulations were compared at increasing rates to green and fairway in green and fairway trials in Norway and Finland in 2013. The four trials showed only minor differences in efficacy or safety between the two formulations. In some cases, the new formulation had a slightly stronger growth-regulating effect than the old formulation, but differences were not statistically significant. It was therefore concluded that the new formulation can replace the old one, or the two formulations can be used interchangeably at the same rates. In the fairway trials, reductions in turf visual quality with increasing rates of both formulations occurred after the first application and during a dry period in July and early August. Among the negative aspects were more red thread disease and increased competition from broadleaved weeds. These responses were more conspicuous on a fescue/colonial bentgrassdominated fairway than on a Kentucky bluegrass-dominated fairway on a more fertile soil. It is recommended that the initial rate of Primo MAXX® on fairways be limited to 1.0-1.2
ongoing projects sterf 25
L ha-1, but the rate can be increased as greenkeepers gain more experience on their own course. Compared with the unsprayed control, clipping reductions in the green trials varied from 15-20% at rates 0.2 and 0.4 L ha-1 to approximately 30% at 0.8 L ha-1. Regardless of formulation, the treated turf was always significantly darker than the untreated control. Initial applications of 0.8 L ha-1 reduced the visual quality, but the creeping bentgrass greens needed less time than the fescue-dominated fairways to accustom to the PGR. It is concluded that both Primo MAXX® and the new formulation should be labelled with ‘0.2 L ha-1 every week or 0.4 L ha-1 every second week’ as standard application rates for Nordic golf greens. In 2014, the findings from this and earlier projects were compiled into a handbook on the use of Primo MAXX® on Nordic golf courses. The handbook also includes a summary of practical experiences from Swedish greenkeepers using Primo MAXX® in 2012 and 2013. English, Swedish and Norwegian versions of the handbook are available on the STERF website. All activities in this project were carried out under the Industrial Partnership Agreement between STERF and Syngenta.
Photo: Measuring growth of fairway trial in Finland 19.6.2013. Photo: Oiva Niemeläinen
26 sTERF ongoing projects
Dandelion management at Värpinge golf course
Project period: april 2014 - september 2015 Funding (kSEK) 2014 2015 2016 TOTAL STERF 59 50 0 109 Other sources 21 6 0 27 TOTAL 80 56 0 136 Principal investigator / contact person Håkan Rasmusson, Värpinge golf course, Rinnebäcks gård, 227 63 Lund, Sweden
Phone: +46 705 189130, E-mail: hakan@varpingegolfbana.se Co-applicants Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, University of Copenhagen Roland Andersson, Toro, Sweden Peter Edman, Swedish Golf Federation Project objectives
• •
To obtain knowledge regarding the dandelion frequency and dandelion morphology/ appearance over the growing season and to determine whether it is affected by the vertical cutting regime. To obtain some indications on how dandelions appear over the entire growing season under a frequent mowing/grazing regime.
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 25 March: Presentation about grass and pesticide-free maintenance for Garden and Park
Engineers at Skovskolen, University of Copenhagen
28 April: Seminar on Pesticide-free maintenance, University of Copenhagen
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
At Värpinge golf course there are problems with dandelions (Taraxacum sp.) that affect the playing quality. Since 2010, a special vertical cutting machine (modified vertical cutting unit for a Toro 5610 with blades are mounted at 2.5 cm spacing) has been tested in some areas on two fairways. The expectation is that this specially designed machine will control dandelions and change the appearance of this weed. It involves superficial vertical cutting performed approx. 1 cm above ground. This procedure might damage the dandelion and disrupt the leaves. The results show that the mechanical treatment does not seem to remove the dandelion, but the growth seems to be altered and the plants do not appear as big as those not verticut. An alteration in size with smaller individuals might have a positive effect on the playing quality. This is going to be tested by analysing images taken at Värpinge golf course on the same spots over a five-year period (2010-2014). All data (images) have now been obtained and are available for 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014. Actual verticutting time: 2010 - 4 times, 2011 - 7 times, 2012 - 5 times, 2013 - 3 times, 2014 - 5 times. A preliminary analysis of the images has been performed in order to evaluate the quality. At some times of the years there are problems with the quality – the grass is long and the sun is very strong, which results in shiny and reflective images and makes it very difficult to estimate the amount of dandelions present. This needs to be discussed at a project meeting. A meeting will be held in the beginning of 2015 in order to sort this out. The visual observation and preliminary conclusion from Håkan Rasmusson, the owner of the golf course, is that dandelions can be a huge problem on a golf course if you cannot use pesticides. They will have a major impact on the playing quality. However, verticutting with a special machine can change the appearance of the dandelions – they are smaller and their effect on playing quality is diminished. Verticutting has this effect on large and old dandelions.
ongoing projects sterf 27
V채rpinge golf course
28 sTERF ongoing projects
Effects of mowing height, N-rate and P-rate/mycorrhiza on quality and competition against annual meadowgrass on putting greens with red fescue as predominant species Project period: May 2011 – December 2014 Funding (kSEK) NGF through STERF Other sources TOTAL
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 2011 207 138 345
2012 176 140 316
2013 116 127 243
2014 TOTAL 42 541 0 405 42 946
Principal investigator / contact person Tatsiana Espevig, Norwegian Institute for Agriculture and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk, Øst Landvik, Reddalsveien 215, Grimstad, NO-4886, Norway. Phone: +47 406 23 778. E-mail: tanja.espevig@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Erik Joner, Bioforsk Soil and Environment, Norway Agnar Kvalbein, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Norway Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Norway
Tina E. Andersen, M.Sc. student, Norwegian University of Life Science, Norway (2011-12)
Project objectives
To determine effects of mowing height (4.0 or 5.5 mm), N-rate (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 kg N 100 m-2 yr-1), P-rate or inoculation with a commercial source of AM fungi (0 kg or 0.18 kg P 100 m-2 yr-1 without inoculation or 0 kg P100 m-2 yr-1 with SYMBIVIT) on quality, thatch and mycorrhiza colonisation and competition against annual bluegrass on established golf greens with red fescue as the dominant species.
6-9 July: 4th ETSC (European Turfgrass Society Conference), Osnabruck, Germany. Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Red fescue (Festuca rubra) appears to be the most environmentally friendly turfgrass species used on golf greens due to its low requirements for nitrogen (N) and water and its high resistance to snow mould. Disadvantages of pure red fescue include its low density and potential susceptibility to invasion by annual bluegrass (Poa annua). The utilisation of arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi as a method to control annual bluegrass was suggested by Gange (1998), who reported a negative relationship between the performance of annual bluegrass and the abundance of AM. The objective of this study was to determine effects of mowing height (4.0 or 5.5 mm), N-rate (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 kg 100 m-2 yr-1), P-rate or inoculation with a commercial source of AM fungi (0 kg or 0.18 kg P 100 m-2 yr-1 without inoculation or 0 kg P100 m-2 yr-1 with SYMBIVIT® ) on quality, thatch and mycorrhiza colonisation and competition against annual bluegrass on a green with red fescue as the dominant species. The study was conducted from 2010 to 2013 at Bioforsk Landvik on a USGA green with a peat-amended rootzone (10% v/v). The green was seeded in June 2010 with pure red fescue (40% F. r. trichophylla and 60 % F. r. commutata), 90% red fescue plus 10% colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris) or 90% red fescue plus 10% velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina). Results show that the competitive ability against annual bluegrass increased with increased density of mixed greens (especially with velvet bentgrass) vs. pure red fescue greens, and at 5.5 mm vs. 4 mm mowing height. The competition of annual bluegrass against fescue and fescue/bent increased while the abundance of AM fungi in the soil decreased with higher N rates, but we have no evidence that these responses were causally related. Application of P or
ongoing projects sterf 29
inoculation with SYMBIVIT® had no effect on turf density or on mycorrhiza which, by the end of the trial, was abundant even without inoculation (63-68%). However, SYMBIVIT® led to a slight increase in phosphorus (P) removal from the soil, as shown by P-AL values. Increasing rates of P also resulted in increased competition from annual bluegrass. It seems that the inoculation with AM fungi through top dressing in the first months after seeding was inefficient, and that established greens benefit little from such inoculation. The overall impression was influenced by the same factors as the density. A significant interaction species x N-rate revealed that in this study golf greens with red fescue as the dominant species required at least 1.0 kg N per 100 m-2 yr-1 to produce acceptable turf quality and density.
SYMBIVIT® - mycorrhiza inoculum, Norsk Mykorrhiza, Oslo, Norway/Symbiom Ltd., Sazava 170, Czech Republic. SYMBIVIT® contains 15 000 - 25 000 propagules L-1 of six Glomus spp. (G. etunicatum, G. microagregatum, G. intraradices, G. claroideum, G. mosseae and G. geosporum)
Photo: Often referred to as the ‘roots of roots’, the symbiotic relationship with mycorrhiza extends the root system of turfgrasses, thus enabling them to absorb more nutrients, especially P. Photo: Tina E. Andersen.
30 sTERF ongoing projects
Engineering better irrigation in turf: quantifying impacts of application uniformity on turf quality in golf
Project period: october 2014 - september 2017 Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources TOTAL
2014 2015 2016 Total 438 312 0 749 0 0 282 282 438 312 282 1 031
• • •
To calibrate existing hydraulic and ballistic models to simulate irrigation performance (uniformity, adequacy, efficiency) on each course under contrasting weather and turf management scenarios To conduct structured interviews with greenkeepers, irrigation engineers and the golf industry to assess turf irrigation management practices and how these relate to system design To develop best management practice guidelines for the golf industry to improve water and energy efficiency.
Principal investigator / contact person Jerry Knox, Cranfield Water Science Institute, Department of Environmental Science and
Technology, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK Phone: +44 (0) 1234 758365 Email: j.knox@cranfield.ac.uk Co-applicants Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Project objectives
• •
To assess and quantify the links between irrigation uniformity, turf growth and quality using two case study golf courses in Norway (Oslo GC) and Denmark (Furesø GC) (overall aim) To review current irrigation practices, scheduling methods, equipment and system layouts involving fieldwork and audits of irrigation system performance and operation (uniformity);
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Good water management is essential for the maintenance of fine turf to optimise playing surfaces (ball speed and bounce), control nutrient uptake and manage aesthetics. However, increasing environmental regulation, rising competition for limited water supplies and spiralling water and energy costs mean it is important that golf clubs and the sports turf industry to understand the impacts of sub-optimal water management on turf quality and adopt practices that increase efficiency and reduce costs. Adopting new technologies and management approaches that improve water use is a priority highlighted by STERF in their water strategy. This three-year PhD research project aims to quantify the links between irrigation uniformity and turf quality and provide industry guidelines for raising irrigation management standards including system maintenance and operation. By improving
ongoing projects sterf 31
water and energy efficiency, the carbon and water footprints of golf can be significantly reduced, thus contributing directly to sustainable water management. The approach will combine fieldwork from two golf courses in Norway and Denmark. Field data will be used to calibrate existing hydraulic and ballistic models to simulate irrigation performance (uniformity, adequacy, efficiency) under contrasting climate and turf management scenarios. Structured interviews with greenkeepers, golf irrigation engineers and golf industry informants will be undertaken to assess current practices. The dissemination plan includes running a training workshop for Nordic greenkeepers to learn how to evaluate their irrigation system, an industry booklet outlining best management practices for distribution via STERF and the Scandinavian golf federations, a science paper and a factsheet for the STERF website. Since project commencement (Oct 2014), an advertisement for the PhD position was produced and circulated to relevant universities/research institutes. Three candidates were interviewed in Dec. 2014. Unfortunately, no suitable candidate was identified. The PhD position was re-advertised in Dec 2014 and a new set of candidates interviewed in Jan. 2015. Following second interviews, Carlos G贸mez Armayones was appointed and will start at Cranfield in April 2015 following satisfactory IELTS results (March) and English training in writing and oral skills (Jan.-March). He will spend the summer 2015 conducting the literature review and trialling the methodology using fieldwork on a selected golf course in the UK, prior to extensive golf course fieldwork in Scandinavia in 2016.
32 sTERF ongoing projects
A comparison of the soil surfactant Qualibra and Revolution on creeping bentgrass greens varying in water availability
Project period: may 2014 - july 2016 Funding (kSEK) 2014 2015 2016 Total STERF 0 0 0 0 Other sources 1) 240 0 0 240 TOTAL 240 0 0 240 1) The project is funded by Syngenta and carried out according to the Contract Service Evaluation Agreement between STERF and Syngenta.
Principal investigator / contact person Trygve S. Aamlid, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone + 47 90 52 83 78. E-mail: trygve.aamlid@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Tatsiana Espevig, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Trond Pettersen, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Project objectives
To determine the effect of the soil surfactant Qualibra vs. Revolution on soil water content, hydrophobicity and turf quality of creeping bentgrass greens under a deep and infrequent and redundant irrigation regimes
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
This project was started in May 2014 on a USGA-spec. green with a one year old cover of creeping bentgrass Bioforsk Landvik, Norway. The trial followed a split plot design with four replicates; two irrigation regimes on main plots and surfactants (No surfactant control, Qualibra and Revolution) on subplots. The irrigation regimes were ‘FC x 1’ (=irrigation to field capacity once a week) , and ‘Excess x 2’ (=irrigation twice per week with 50% more water than needed to replenish FC). The plots were irrigated using a manually operated irrigation boom, the amount of water to being calcaluated from TDR measurements (20 cm depth) and an anticpated soil water content at FC of 20 %. Both surfactants were applied at a rate 20 L in 800 L water ha-1 at monthly intervals from 1 May to 1 September. The first part of the growing season 2014 was dry with only 84 mm natural rainfall from 15 May to 31 July. The dry period perod culminated with a very warm week with daily maximums close to 30 °C in late July. In contrast, August and September had more than 300 mm rainfall. For this reason, the experimental data were analysed seperately for the two periods. The irrigation treatment ‘Excess x 2’ improved visual turf quality significantly over ‘FC x 1’ during the first ‘dry’ period, but this tended to be reversed during the latter ‘wet’ period. Both surfactants acted as penetrants and reduced the soil water content by 10-20 % during the ‘dry’ as well as during the ‘wet’ period. The reduction occurred regardless of irrigation regime and was stronger in the top 5 cm (5 cm TDR probes) than on average for the top 20 cm rootzone. The reduction was slightly, but not significantly, stronger with Revolution
ongoing projects sterf 33
than with Qualibra. It was unexpected that the surfactants reduced the soil water content even during the warm and dry period in June and July. Both surfactant caused significant reductions in potential hydrophobilcity at 5, 15, 30 and 50 mm depth as indicated by water droplet penetration tests. However, distinct dry spots did not appear and visual turf quality was not signifcantly affected by the surfactants, even during the dry period, Stimpmeter readings were also not affected, but the green surface tended to be harder after use of either Qualibra or Revolution.
Excess X 2
The project will continue until observations of snow mold and other winter damages in spring 2015.
FC X 1 Excess X 2
FC X 1
R
Q
C Q
R R
C
Q
R C Q
C
Photo: Two of four blocks in the split plot Qualibra/Revolution trial in the moring on 18 July
2014. Legend: ‘FC x 1’: Irrigation to Field Capacity once a week. ‘Excess x 2’: Excess irrigation twice per week. ‘C’= No surfactant control, ‘Q’=Qualibra, ‘R’=Revolution. Photo: T. Pettersen.
34 sTERF ongoing projects
Evaluation of Aquatrols experimental biostimulant formulations on fine turfgrass subjected to wear, nutrient and winter stress
Project period: may 2014 - june 2015 Funding (kSEK) 2014 2015 2016 Total STERF 0 0 0 0 Other sources 1) 121 121 0 242 TOTAL 121 121 0 242 1) The project is funded by Aquatrols and carried out according to the Contract Agreement between STERF and Aquatrols.
Principal investigator / contact person Agnar Kvalbein, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental
Research, Bioforsk Ă˜st Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Tel. +47 406 22 916 E-mail: agnar.kvalbein@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Project objectives
To determine the effects of Aquatrols experimental biostimulant formulations on golf green turf under stress.
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Five experimental biostimulant formulations were applied biweekly to a USGA green seeded with a blend of creeping bentgrass varieties. The treatments lasted from 27 May to 14 October and the experimental design was a complete randomised block with four replicates. The green was fertilised biweekly with complete balanced fertiliser. The seasonal N rate was 10 g m-2, which was about 60% of the normal rate for Scandinavian creeping bentgrass greens. Observations throughout the season included visual assessments of turfgrass overall impression (colour and density), chlorophyll index, soil moisture content and root development. The final observations will be made after snowmelt/soil thawing in spring 2015.
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36 sTERF ongoing projects
Better turfgrass survival in a changing winter climate Project period: JANUARY 2011 – December 2014 Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources TOTAL
2011 345 1 028 1 373
2012 2013 2014 Total 351 312 312 1 008 1 315 951 769 3 294 1 584 1 263 1 081 4 220
Principal investigator/contact person Tatsiana Espevig, Norwegian Institute for Agriculture and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Reddalsveien 215, Grimstad, NO-4886. Phone: +47 406 23 778. E-mail: tanja.espevig@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Norway Agnar Kvalbein, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Norway Wendy M. Waalen, Bioforsk Øst Apelsvoll, Norway Mats Höglind, Bioforsk Vest Særheim, Norway Jim Ross, Prairie Turfgrass Research Centre, Canada Michelle DaCosta, University of Massachusetts, USA
Project objectives Principal objective: To reduce winter damage to grasses used for golf courses, recreational
areas and pastures through better understanding of dehardening reactions and appropriate management in a wetter and less stable winter climate. Subprojects (SP):
•
To determine the deacclimation susceptibility and reacclimation potential of five species commonly used on greens under controlled conditions (SP1);
• •
To monitor cold hardiness levels from 15 Dec. to 1 May of four species growing on a fairway with low or high watertable and relate this to temperature, moisture content and carbohydrate content in turfgrass crown tissue (SP2); To assess the impact of turfgrass covers, snow removal and increasing duration of ice encasement on the survival of five turfgrass species under green conditions (SP3).
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 9-16 January: NGA’s education conference Gresskurset, Belek, Turkey. 6-9 July: 4th European Turfgrass Society Conference, Osnabruck, Germany.. 17-21 August: 10th International Plant Cold Hardiness Seminar, Poznan, Poland. 11-12 November: International seminar Turfgrass Winter Survival, Gjøvik, Norway.
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015 WP1. In late November 2011 and 2012, six turfgrasses used on golf greens were tested for
deacclimation after 6 or 12 days at 10˚C in weak light. The ranking of freezing tolerance (LT50) was consistent: creeping bentgrass (mixture of ‘Penn A1’, ‘Penn G6’ and ‘Independence’) > velvet bentgrass ‘Villa’ > chewings fescue ‘Musica’ > slender creeping red fescue ‘Viktorka’ > colonial bentgrass ‘AberRoyal’ > and annual bluegrass. Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass dehardened more than the other species, but creeping bentgrass was still the most frost-tolerant species after deacclimation. None of the species was able to reharden at 2 °C for 23 days after 12-d dehardening to their original freezing tolerance. The inability to reharden was positively correlated with induction of elongation growth. WP2. Strong creeping red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, chewings fescue and perennial
ryegrass were grown on fairway with a high or low watertable in autumn to evaluate effects of pure drainage on winter survival. Plants were collected from the field and tested for freezing tolerance three times during winter 2011-12 and 2012-13. In the first winter, the plants were more freezing tolerant on 30 January than on 12 December or 19 March. In
ongoing projects sterf 37
the second winter, with ice under snow from the end of December to the end of March, the freezing tolerance declined from 7 December throughout the winter. There was no effect of high watertable on acclimation of the plants, but fescues survived better in drained soil during the second winter. There was no relationship between LT50 values and crown moisture. WP3. Six green grass species (as in WP1) had different winter microclimate: natural con-
ditions, ice encasement (IE), plastic cover or plastic cover and airfilled mat. Several times during two winters, the survival of the grasses was measured as regrowth. During both years the natural conditions, with snow cover, gave the best winter survival. Only IE gave substantial damage. Velvet bentgrass had superior tolerance to ice encasement. Colonial bentgrass responded negatively to protective covers due to snow mould (unsprayed!), and was also weak against IE. Annual bluegrass showed the lowest tolerance to IE and was the only species that benefited from protective covers. Full-scale experiments on three golf courses over three winters in Finland, Sweden and Norway concluded that plastic covers, which prevented water intrusion, protected the greens from damage in winters with a high risk of ice encasement. As part of the project, an international seminar, “Turf Winter Survival”, was arranged at Gjøvik, Norway (11-12 November) with 56 delegates from 8 countries. The main results, all presentations and a book of abstracts are available on the STERF website. The seminar received publicity on several websites. Photo . Some of the speakers at STERF’s seminar on Turfgrass Winter Survival. From left: Trygve S. Aamlid (Bioforsk Norway), Bjarni Gudleifsson (Agricultural University of Iceland), Wendy Waalen (Bioforsk Norway), Michelle DaCosta (University of Massachusetts, USA), Maria Strandberg (STERF director), Jim Ross (Olds College, Canada) and Agnar Kvalbein (Bioforsk, Norway). Photo: Jon Schärer.
38 sTERF ongoing projects
Optimal application of nitrogen and sulphur in autumn for better winter survival of perennial grasses – with emphasis on turf
Project period: MARCH 2014 - december 2017 Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources 1) TOTAL
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 510 510 510 510 2 400 779 784 861 866 2 930 1 289 1 294 1 371 1 376 5 330
1)The project is match-funded by Norwegian Research Council
Principal investigator / contact person Agnar Kvalbein, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental
Research, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Tel. +47 406 22 916 E-mail: agnar.kvalbein@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Wendy Waalen, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group Trygve S Aamlid, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group Tatsiana Espevig, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group Project objectives
•
To measure the effect of autumn applications of nitrogen and sulphur on winter survival and leakage of nitrogen from two major turfgrass species on Scandinavian golf greens.
• • •
To define effects of autumn applications of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) on resistance of creeping bentgrass and annual meadowgrass to M. nivale, and on their tolerance to freezing temperatures and suffocation To determine the impact of nitrogen fertilisation on the content of specific carbohydrates in the grass crown and to determine the relationship between carbohydrate content and resistance to winter stresses. To disseminate, confirm and illustrate the most significant findings
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 12 November: The project was presented for an international audience at Turfgrass Winters
Survival Seminar, Gjøvik.
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
In autumn 2014, this project established two field trials on golf greens where different rates of N and S were applied to creeping bentgrass ‘Independence’ and annual meadowgrass from an old green at Borregaard golf club, SE Norway. Liquid complete fertiliser was applied weekly in the period when expected daily mean temperature declined from 10˚C to 1˚C in the autumn. One of the experiments was set up in the lysimeter facility at Bioforsk Landvik and drainage water sampled for analyses of nitrogen leakage. The other experiment, at Bioforsk Apelsvoll, was set up as two versions of the experiment at Landvik; one in 60% shade and one in full sunlight (photo).
ongoing projects sterf 39
Photos: Experiment green at Bioforsk Apelsvoll where half the green was shaded. Photo: W. Waalen.
Samples were removed from the field plots and laboratory tests were conducted to measure plant resistance to freezing, suffocation and pink snow mould. Samples for carbohydrate analyses were taken from the field, dried and stored. The growth of both grass species in the autumn was influenced by the fertilisation rate, and the first observations from the freezing tests indicate that the high rate of fertiliser reduced the freezing tolerance when the grass was exposed to full daylight. Grass plants from the
shaded green, which were severely attacked by microdochium patch in the autumn, had considerably less freezing tolerance than turf grown in full daylight, and the effect of fertilisation was less obvious. The effect of sulphate on microdochium in the field was not conspicuous, but the data will have to be analysed more closely.
40 sTERF ongoing projects
Successful reestablishment of golf greens following winter damages
Project period: july 2014 - july 2017 Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources TOTAL
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 75 222 174 108 579 60 60 60 20 200 135 282 234 128 779
• • •
Investigate how sowing techniques and use of spring covers influence the rate of success Provide the golf clubs with information that is useful when deciding the optimal time for reseeding Disseminate research-based recommendations to the golf industry
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 11-12 November: Information about the project was spread at the international turf grass win-
Principal investigator / contact person Wendy Waalen, Norwegian Institute for Agriculture and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Apelsvoll, Nylinna 226, Kapp, NO-2849. Phone:+47 45286790. E-mail: wendy.waalen@bioforsk.no
Co-applicants Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Agnar Kvalbein, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Carl-Johan Lönnberg, Swedish Golf Federation, Sweden Project objectives
• •
To provide new knowledge that can help the greenkeepers to achieve faster reestablishment of turf after winter kill. More specifically, to: Give species-specific guidelines for re-seeding after winter kill caused by anoxia
ter survival seminar in Gjøvik. Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
The project will examine some important factors that influence the success rate for reestablishing golf greens from winter kill. The aim is to address the demand that was imparted through the comprehensive survey of the Nordic golf industry in the spring of 2013. Recovery from winter damages was rated as the most important issue for research projects. Work package one (WP1) will examine how phytotoxic metabolites, that are produced during long lasting ice cover, affect different green grass species. How will aeration or postponed seeding influence the seed germination and development of the seedlings? One field experiment will be set up and repeated at Bioforsk research facility at Apelsvoll in southern Norway. WP2 will include several demonstration trials, conducted by SGF
ongoing projects sterf 41
Photo: Reestablishing a dead green in the spring is challenging. Are winterkilled greens due to ice encasement even more difficult? Picture from experiment green Apelsvoll December 2014.
Photo: Wendy Waalen
consultants, in Stockholm region or farther north in Sweden. Different sowing machines and the use of a spring cover will be tested on naturally injured practice greens at golf courses during the spring of 2015 and 2016. Results from the project will be disseminated through popular articles published throughout the project period and at field days. In 2014 the research plot at Apelsvoll was established for WP1, protocol developed and the
experimental treatments initiated. Data collection will not begin until the spring of 2015. A reference group meeting was held during the international turf grass winter survival seminar in Gjøvik, 11-12 Nov 2014. A planning meeting with collaborators in SGF was also held at the seminar to discuss WP2, which will start in the spring of 2015.
42 sTERF ongoing projects
Testing of alternative plant production products for the control of Microdochium nivale and other diseases on golf greens Project period: October 2011 - october 2015 Funding (kSEK) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total STERF 0 0 0 0 93 93 Other sources1) 143 486 415 429 0 1473 TOTAL 143 486 415 522 93 1 566 1) The project is funded by Danish Ministry of the Environment , Interagro Bios AB and Nordisk Alkali and carried out according to STERF´s General contract conditions
Principal investigator / contact person Trygve S. Aamlid, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone + 47 90 52 83 78. E-mail: trygve.aamlid@bioforsk.no
Project objectives
• •
General objective: To find alternatives to chemical pesticides on golf courses Specific objective: To evaluate the potential of the seaweed product Vacciplant (laminarin) and the microbial products Turf WPG (Gliocladium sp.) and Turf S+ (Streptomyces sp.) for control of Microdochium nivale on golf greens
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 6-8 July: Results from the in vitro studies were presented as a poster at the European
Turfgrass Conference in Osnabrück, Germany. 9 October: The final conclusions from the in vitro and field trials were presented for the project reference group in a meeting at Copenhagen University. Unfortunately, the lack of significant results in the field trials makes further dissemination for practitioners less relevant, but the disparity between results with microbial agents in vitro and in field trials may nevertheless be discussed in a scientific paper. Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Co-applicants
Tatsiana Espevig, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, Norway Arne Tronsmo, Norwegian University of Life Science, Ås, Norway Klaus Paaske, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Denmark Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen-LIFE, Denmark Lars Wiik, Husec AB, Sweden Trond Pettersen, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, Norway
In the Nordic countries, there is a need for alternative products that can replace fungicides for the control of Microdochium nivale. This project was initiated by the companies (1) Nordisk Alkali, representing the seaweed product Vacciplant from the French manufacturer Göemar, and (2) Interagro BIOS, representing the microbial products Turf WPG (Gliocladium sp.) and Turf S+ (Streptomyces sp.) from the Finnish manufacturer Verdera. Nordisk Alkali and Interagro BIOS received grants from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and signed contracts with STERF to set up a four-year evaluation project. Five field trials were carried out in Denmark, Sweden and Norway from October 2011 to September 2014. Turf WPG and Turf S+ were also tested in vitro. None of the test products gave any consistent disease control in the field trials. A significant reduction in M. nivale
ongoing projects sterf 43
Photos: Left: The trial at Bioforsk Landvik, Norway on 19 February 2014. Only the fungicide control plots had less disease. Right: The trial at Arendal GC in Norway on 26 April 2013. Only the fungicide control plots had less disease. Photos: Trygve S. Aamlid.
from 3% of plot area on untreated plots to 2% on treated plots was seen in one trial, but this was considered to be of little practical relevance. In all other trials with more severe attacks of M. nivale, only the fungicide control treatment showed a significant reduction in disease compared with the untreated control. On average for all field trials over three years, the higher rate of Vacciplant, the combination of Turf WPG and Turf S+, and the fungicide control treatment gave, in turn, 22, 24 and 87 % less microdochium patch in autumn, but among these, only the effect of fungicide was significant. The effects of the biological products on pink or gray (Typhula incarnata) snow mould after snowmelt were even smaller.
In the in vitro trials, Turf S+ provided good control of M. nivale at 6 and 160C, but Turf G+/WPG was effective only at the higher temperature. However, since these results could not be repeated under field conditions, we have to conclude that none of the test products represents any real alternative to fungicides for control of M. nivale or other diseases on Scandinavian golf courses.
44 sTERF ongoing projects
Evaluation of fungicides for Nordic golf courses
Project period: august 2010 - 2015 Funding (kSEK) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total STERF 0 0 0 0 0 Other sources 270 486 609 328 776 2469 TOTAL 270 486 609 328 776 2469 The project is funded 100% by Syngenta and carried out according to the Contract Service Evaluation Agreement between STERF and Syngenta.
Principal investigator / contact person Trygve S. Aamlid, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone + 47 90 52 83 78. E-mail: trygve.aamlid@bioforsk.no
Co-applicants David Wikmark, HS-konsult, Västerås, Sweden Magnus Ljungman, Österåker GC, Stockholm, Sweden Markku Niskanen, MTT, Ylistaro, Finland Oiva Niemelainen, MTT, Jokioinen, Finland Wendy Waalen, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Norway Jan Tangsveen, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Norway Trond Pettersen, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Norway Tatsiana Espevig, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Norway Project objectives
•
To test the efficacy and safety of new fungicides from Syngenta for control of turfgrass winter diseases on Nordic golf courses
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 6-9 July: Fungicides for control of Microdochium nivale and Typhula incarnata. Poster at European Turfgrass Conference, Osnabrück, Germany. 11 September: Integrated Pest Management. Lecture at Syngenta Workshop. Huvudstadens Golfklubb Lindö, Sweden. (T. Espevig) Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
This project includes fungicide trials under the industrial partnership agreement between STERF and Syngenta. Information about new fungicides that have not yet reached the market is proprietary to Syngenta, but information about the optimal use and comparisons of products that are or have been on the market is published by STERF. In 2014, this resulted in a paper in Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica based on five experiments conducted on greens and fairways at four sites in Norway and Sweden during the winter seasons 2011-12 and 2012-13. The main conclusions were: •
One application of Banner Maxx (3 L = 468 g a.i. propiconazole ha-1) or Headway (3 L = 187.5 azoxystrobin + 312 g a.i. propiconazole ha-1) in October controlled 80% of microdochium patch, and control of both microdochium patch and typhula blight usually exceeded 90% if the first application of one of these fungicides was followed by Medallion (3 L = 375 g a.i. fludioxonil ha-1) after growth cessation before snow cover. Thus, in most cases, a total of two fungicide applications per year was sufficient to provide adequate control of the turfgrass winter diseases.
•
After an initial application of Banner Maxx or Headway two applications of Medallion in late autumn were more efficient in improving visual turf quality in spring than one application of Medallion in autumn plus one application of Banner Maxx just after snowmelt in spring. This is relevant for golf courses requiring >95% control of the turfgrass winter diseases
ongoing projects sterf 45
Photos. Left: One of the trials at Lepaa GC, Finland, 22 April 2014. Photo: O.Niemeläinen. Right: Microdochium nivale at snowmelt in the trial at Apelsvoll, March 2014. Photo: W. Waalen.
•
Medallion gave the same level of control of microdochium patch as the former product Chipco Green (20 L = 5 kg a.i. iprodione ha), despite the much lower use of active fungicide ingredient.
tion of M. nivale was small except at Apelsvoll. There were, however, some significant differences and tendencies that, together with earlier trials, are helpful in identifying potential new fungicides for Nordic golf courses.
In 2013/14, six new trials were carried out according to two protocols at Bioforsk Landvik and Apelsvoll (Norway), Lepaa GC (Finland) and Österåker GC (Sweden). The winter had only 3-7 weeks of snow cover in most trials. Typhula sp. was not identified, and the infec-
Seven new fungicide trials (3 in Norway, 2 in Sweden, 2 in Finland) according to two new protocols were started in October 2014.
46 sTERF ongoing projects
Validation of the GreenCast prediction model for microdochium patch on golf greens in the Nordic region
Project period: october 2012 - march 2014 Funding (kSEK) 2012 2013 2014 Total STERF 0 0 0 0 Other sources 60 72 138 270 TOTAL 60 72 138 270 The project is funded 100% by Syngenta and carried out according to the Contract Service Evaluation Agreement between STERF and Syngenta.
Principal investigator / contact person Tatsiana Espevig, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone: +47 406 23 778. E-mail: tanja.espevig@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Øst Landvik Project objectives
• •
To validate Syngenta’s GreenCast model for prediction of microdochium patch caused by Microdochium nivale on Nordic golf greens To determine ‘Best Practice Fungicide Use’, i.e. the application strategy providing adequate control of disease with the lowest number of fungicide applications
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 10 September: Turfgrass diseases. Lecture at Syngenta Workshop. Huvudstadens Golfklubb
Lindö, Sweden.
11 September: Integrated Pest Management. Lecture at Syngenta Workshop. Huvudstadens
Golfklubb Lindö, Sweden.
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Two principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) are (1) that forecasting and early warning methods must be used where possible to avoid redundant use of pesticides, and (2) that decisions on pesticide application must be preceded by monitoring in the field. These principles are sometimes in conflict, as prediction tools may forecast disease outbreaks before any signs of disease can be seen in the field. Syngenta’s GreenCast model was validated as a prediction tool for fungicide applications against microdochium patch on an experimental golf green covered by annual bluegrass (Poa annua) at Bioforsk Landvik, Southern Norway, 1 Aug. 2013-24 Feb. 2014. The fungicides Headway (propiconazole + azoxystrobin) and Medallion TL (fludioxonil) were applied either Prophylactically at four-week intervals, at First sign of disease, at GreenCast Medium Risk Warnings or at Greencast High Risk Warnings in comparison with an Unsprayed control treatment. The turf was considered protected for four weeks after application, after which new applications were made according to the same criteria. Based on IPM principles, the application of Headway at First sign of disease (0.5% of plot area) was found to be the best management practice, providing adequate control of
ongoing projects sterf 47
microdochium patch with three fungicide applications. Treatment according to Greencast High Risk Warnings resulted in slightly more applications, but still good control of disease with four applications, whilst GreenCast Medium Risk Warnings and the Prophylactic treatment provided nearly 100% control with six applications. We conclude that Greencast may be a supplement to careful monitoring of disease symptoms in the field, as it reflected the general increase in microdochium patch risk from August to December.
Control
Photo: GreenCast validation trial of microdochium patch on March 20 2014 Photo T. Espevig.
48 sTERF ongoing projects
Selection and management of bentgrass cultivars (Agrostis sp.) for genetic and induced resistance to microdochium patch and pink snow mould caused by Microdochium nivale Project objectives Overall objective: To reduce the dependence on fungicides for the control of diseases caused
Project period: JUne 2014 - december 2017 Funding (kSEK) 2014 2015 2016 STERF 323 492 441 Other sources 110 183 183 TOTAL 433 675 623
2017 TOTAL 1 663 4081 110 586 518 2 249
1Reserved, not granted [total funding from Canadian sources: $148,000/yr for three years from January 2015 to December 2017) Principal investigator / contact person Trygve S. Aamlid, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone + 47 90 52 83 78. E-mail: trygve.aamlid@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Tatsiana Espevig, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group Wendy Waalen, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group Agnar Kvalbein, Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group Boel Sandström, Swedish Golf Federation Tom Hsiang, University of Guelph Annick Bertrand, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
by Microdochium nivale on golf courses in Scandinavia and Canada. Subprojects: • To carry out laboratory screening of top-selling cultivars of Agrostis sp. for resistance to M. nivale, with and without cold hardening and with and without the application of Civitas mineral oil, and to identify genotypes that are either resistant or show increased responsiveness to the defence activator. • To validate level of resistance and responsiveness to Civitas of the most promising cultivars (from subproject 1) in field trials in contrasting climates in Canada and at Bioforsk Landvik and Apelsvoll, Norway. • To determine the effect of Civitas on microdochium patch occurring during the growing season and on pink snow mould developing under snow cover in registration trials on golf courses in the Nordic countries. Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Microdochium patch and pink snow mould caused by M. nivale are the most serious diseases on golf courses in the Nordic countries and other cool temperate areas with prolonged periods of cool and wet weather and/or snow cover. In the absence of fungicides, the most efficient approach to control these diseases is to use resistant plant material. Genetic resistance to M. nivale in turfgrasses can be present irrespective of environmental conditions, or it may require induction by cold hardening or by defence activators. Canadian results suggest that Civitas, a mixture of food-grade isoparaffins and emulsifiers produced by Petro Canada, induces expression of genes causing resistance to M. nivale in creeping bentgrass.
ongoing projects sterf 49
Photo Left. Inoculation of bentgrass seedlings with Microdochium nivale Photo: Tatsiana Espevig. Photo Right: Reference group gathered at Sydsjælland GC on 9 December 2014. The photo shows an unreplicated demo trial which was established on the initiative of the head greenkeeper. Large plots are from right to left: 1) Unsprayed control, 2) Civitas ONE, 3) potassium phosphite and 4) fungicide. The replicated registration trial was established on a different green. Photo: Trygve S. Aamlid.
The project is a joint Canadian/Scandinavian initiative to control M. nivale and thus reduce fungicide dependence on golf courses. Subproject (SP) 1 involves laboratory screening of seedlings of 36 cultivars, primarily A. stolonifera, but also A. capillaris and A. canina, for resistance to M. nivale with and without cold hardening and with and without Civitas. The screening was started at Guelph, Canada, and Landvik, Norway, in November 2014 and will continue until spring 2015. Based on the results from SP1, in SP 2 a selection of cultivars will be seeded in green trials at Landvik and Apelsvoll, Norway, and Guelph, Canada, and tested over two years for microdochium patch infection on unsprayed control plots, plots treated with Civitas, and plots treated with fungicide (positive control) and other products.
SP 3 is limited to the Nordic countries and includes registration trials with Civitas, applied at various rates and in comparison and combination with fungicides and potassium phosphite, on golf courses in the Nordic countries. The first trials were started at Sydsjælland GC, Denmark, and Österåker GC, Sweden, in August 2014. As of 1 Jan. 2015, there have been only small attacks of M. nivale in the trial at Österåker, while the preliminary results for Sydsjælland GC are very promising. Civitas had as good an effect on microdochium patch as the fungicide (control treatment) and far better than the phosphite pigment. SP 3 is funded entirely by Petro Canada.
50 sTERF ongoing projects
Identification and risk assessment of dollar spot on Scandinavian golf courses
Project period: april 2014 - january 2016 Funding (kSEK) 2014 2015 2016 Total STERF 165 186 0 351 Other sources1) 305 135 0 440 TOTAL 470 321 0 791 1) The project is match-funded by: The Botanical Analysis Group in Gothenburg Ltd; Asbjørn Nyholt ApS, Denmark; NFSA (Norwegian Food Safety Authority) through Bioforsk Plant Protection; United States Department of Agriculture (USA); and Gävle University, Sweden.
Principal investigator / contact person Tatsiana Espevig, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone: +47 406 23 778. E-mail: tanja.espevig@bioforsk.no
Co-applicants Agnar Kvalbein and Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Øst Landvik (Norway) May Bente Bruberg, Bioforsk Plant Health and Plant Protection (Norway) Åslög Dahl and Mariana Usoltseva, Botanisk Analysgrupp / Gothenburg University (Sweden) Karin Normann, Asbjørn Nyholt ApS (Denmark) Jo Anne Crouch, Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Lab, US Dept. of Agriculture (USA) Sandra Wright and Anita Ejderdun, Dept. of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences
University of Gävle (Sweden)
Project objectives
•
• •
To identify and monitor dollar spot on 2-3 golf courses in Norway, Denmark and Sweden and provide scientific documentation in the form of a BSc dissertation on dollar spot distribution on Scandinavian golf courses with respect to geography, climate conditions, type of turf, turfgrass species, maintenance practices etc. To compare Scandinavian and American Sclerotinia homoeocarpa isolates. Based on results from this project, the IPM principles, BSc dissertation and literature studies, to develop a STERF fact sheet on dollar spot risk assessment.
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 16 January: Turfgrass diseases. Lecture at Gresskurs 2014, Belek, Turkey 10 September: Turfgrass diseases. Syngenta Workshop. Huvudstadens GK Lindö, Sweden 18 September: Turfgrass diseases: Field and laboratory diagnoses. Visit from Sandmose skolen,
Denmark.
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Dollar spot caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa fungus is a common disease on amenity turf in Australasia, North and Central America and continental Europe. During recent years, the disease has been indicated on many golf courses in Scandinavia and it was officially documented in Norway in summer 2013 (Espevig, Brurberg & Kvalbein. 2015. Plant Disease). Thus, there is need for risk assessment of dollar spot. From July to October 2014, samples of turf with ‘dollar spot symptoms’ were collected in Sweden (16 samples from 13 golf courses), Denmark (11 samples from 7 golf courses)
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Photos. Dollar spot disease on (left) a fairway at Sorø Golf Club on 17 September 2014 (photo by Karin Normann), (centre) on a green at Vellinge Golf Club in September 2014 (photo by Botaniska
Analysgruppen) and (right) on fairway 7 at Losby Golf Club on July 14 2014 (photo by Tatsiana Espevig).
and Norway (2 samples from 2 golf courses), and sent to the Bioforsk Turfgrass Diagnostic Laboratory at Landvik for analysis. A fungus similar to S. homoeocarpa was isolated from 7, 4 and 1 Swedish, Danish and Norwegian golf courses, respectively (Figures 1, 2). Molecular analysis by Bioforsk Plant Health and Plant Protection showed that the S. homoeocarpa isolates from Scandinavian golf courses were divisible into two genetic groups (with 97.6% similarity between the two groups). Group 1 consisted of all Danish and most Swedish isolates, while group 2 comprised the Norwegian isolate and two Swedish isolates (Figure 2). The consensus internal transcribed region (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA of the first group was identical to ITS sequences previously reported from e.g. USA (GenBank), while the second group clearly constituted a distinct variant or maybe even a new species of Sclerotinia. In late December 2014, four isolates from cool-season grasses and two isolates from warm-season grasses were obtained from the Systematic Mycology & Microbiology
Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture. These isolates represent a wide range of diversity for S. homoeocarpa. In 2015, the S. homoeocarpa isolates from USA will be sequenced and compared with those from Scandinavia. In June 2014, a third-year BSc student (Anita Ejderdun) at the University of Gävle began her degree project on dollar spot disease. Among the objectives of her study are to define cardinal pathogenicity conditions of Scandinavian isolates of S. homoeocarpa. She obtained four isolates of S. homoeocarpa from Bioforsk Turfgrass Diagnostic Laboratory (one from Sweden, two from Denmark and one from Norway) and tested their pathogenicity at 6, 15 and 24 °C. The experiment has been run twice with creeping bentgrass plants collected from golf greens at Söderby golf club, Uppsala, and Gävle golf club, Gävle. In spring 2015, Anita will complete the data analyses and write her dissertation. Copenhagen Golf Club
52 sTERF ongoing projects
Sustainable fairway management Project period: may 2014 - december 2015 Funding (kSEK) 2014 2015 2016 Total STERF 0 0 0 0 Other sources1) 34 381 0 415 TOTAL 34 381 0 415 1) The project is funded by Syngenta and carried out according to the Contract Service Evaluation Agreement between STERF and Syngenta.
Principal investigator / contact person Trygve S. Aamlid, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone + 47 90 52 83 78. E-mail: trygve.aamlid@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Agnar Kvalbein, Bioforsk, Norway Trond Pettersen, Bioforsk, Norway Project objectives
•
To quantify the effect of the soil surfactant Qualibra and/or the plant growth regulator Primo Maxx on irrigation requirements, mowing requirements and nutrient uptake on a soil-based fairway.
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
An experimental area of approx. 1600 m2 was seeded in June 2014 on a well-drained sandy soil at Bioforsk Landvik, Norway. The seed mixture was a standard fairway mixture consisting of 50% Festuca rubra, 45% Poa pratensis and 5% Agrostis capillaris. As expected, there was also some germination of Poa annua from the soil seed bank. The fairway established well and had 100% turf coverage by September 2014. In 2015, the following two-factor trial with three replicates will be established on this experimental area: Factor 1: Soil surfactant and/or growth regulator:
1. Untreated 2. Qualibra 20 L ha-1 monthly, application volume 500 L ha-1 3. Primo MAXX, 1.0 L ha-1 every third week, application volume 500 L ha 4. Qualibra + Primo MAXX (2+3) Factor 2: Irrigation
A. B.
No fairway irrigation Irrigation to field capacity every time the soil water content in the 20 cm rootzone is down to 18%, i.e. 60% of field capacity (mean of five measurements with TDR instrument, 20 cm probes)
Precise irrigation will be accomplished using an experimental irrigation boom. A special feature of this project is that both irrigation frequency (in treatment B) and mowing frequency will be considered as response variables. Each plot will be mown individually to 15 mm every time the turf has reached a height of 25 mm. This will enable us to quantify very realistically the water and labour/energy savings from using the surfactant and the plant growth regulator. This project is being carried under the industrial partnership agreement between STERF and Syngenta.
ongoing projects sterf 53
Photo: Qualibra and Primo Maxx will be tested in 2016 on a new fairway established in 2015 at the Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Center, Landvik. Photo: Trygve S. Aamlid.
54 sTERF ongoing projects
GreenCast validation of anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) on golf greens in the Nordic region
Project period: june 2014 - june 2015 Funding (kSEK) 2014 2015 2016 Total STERF 0 0 0 0 Other sources 1) 150 0 0 150 TOTAL 150 0 0 150 1) The project is funded by Syngenta and carried out according to the Contract Service Evaluation Agreement between STERF and Syngenta.
Principal investigator / contact person Tatsiana Espevig, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research,
Bioforsk Turfgrass Research Group, Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Phone: +47 406 23 778. E-mail: tanja.espevig@bioforsk.no Co-applicants Trond Pettersen, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Landvik, Norway Project objectives
To carry out a first evaluation of fungicide applications according to the GreenCast predictions for anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum graminicola.
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 10 September: Presentation at Syngenta Workshop. Huvudstadens GK Lindö, Sweden. Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
Anthracnose is a stress-related disease on golf greens with Poa annua or Agrostis stolonifera as the dominant species. As for other diseases, Integrated Pest Management principles require that pesticides for control of anthracnose should only be applied according to monitoring in the field or to disease forecasts or early warning methods. In this project, GreenCast (GC) predictions for anthracnose were validated from 1 June1 Nov. 2014 on a Poa annua green at Bioforsk Landvik, Norway. The turf was mown to 3 mm three times per week, fertilised weekly with total N per season of 27 g m-2, irrigated to field capacity twice per week and subjected to wear corresponding to 24 000 rounds of golf per year. Headway (propiconazole+azoxystrobin) was applied at a rate of 3 L ha-1 according to the following criteria (treatments): (1) Unsprayed control; (2) GC-Some risk; (3) GC-Medium risk; (4) GC-Medium/high risk; (5) GC High risk; (6) First application at GC-Medium risk, then at GC-High risk; (7) First sign of disease and (8) Prophylactic. After one application, the turf was considered protected for 28 days before the next application according to the same criteria. Visual turf quality and percentage of plot area affected by antrachnose were assessed at weekly intervals. The first application according to ‘First sign of disease’ (treatm. 2) was made on 10 June, one week after the prophylactic treatment. During the entire season, these treatments were
ongoing projects sterf 55
(1) Unsprayed control
(2) GC-Some risk
(3) GC-Medium risk
(4) GC-Medium/ high risk
(5) GC High risk
(6) First application at GC-Medium risk, then at GC-High risk
(7) First sign of disease
(8) Prophylactic
Figure: Effects of Headway on anthracnose development on 2 September 2014. The fungicides were applied according to GreenCast warnings, at first sign of disease or prophylactically every third week (Replicate 2). Photo: Tatsiana Espevig
sprayed 5 and 6 times, respectively. ‘GC-Some risk’ resulted in 2 applications (10 July and 7 Aug.), ‘GC-Medium risk’ in one application (23 July), and ‘GC-Medium/High’ and ‘GCHigh risk’ in zero applications. Anthracnose on unsprayed control plots showed the first outbreak from <0.1 to 1.4 % of plot area between 25 June and 3 July and increased rapidly from 3 to 7 % of plot area during an exceptionally warm and dry period from 22 July to 5 Aug. GreenCast failed to predict the first outbreak, but issued a medium risk warning before the warm, dry period. As a result, plots sprayed on 23 July (treatments 4 and 6) had
significantly less anthracnose and better turf quality in August and early September than unsprayed plots. In conclusion, it seems that GreenCast has some merit in predicting the risk of increased anthracnose during warm and stressful periods, but the model needs refinement in order to predict the first and less visible increases that occur when the disease is still affecting less than 1% of the green area.
56 sTERF ongoing projects
E perience mapping and multifunctional golf course Ex development - Enhanced possibilities of increased and more varied use of golf courses Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014
Project period: August 2011 - january 2015 Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources TOTAL
2011 267 138 405
2012 371 437 808
2013 0 108 108
2014 TOTAL 430 1 068 0 683 430 1 751
Principal investigator / contact person Ole Hjorth Caspersen, Forest and Landscape University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23,
1958 DK-Frederiksberg C. Denmark. Phone: + 45 35331835 E-mail: ohc@life.ku.dk
Co-applicants Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen-LIFE, Denmark Frank Søndergaard Jensen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen-LIFE, Denmark Project objectives
To present a method for creating an overview and mapping the recreational experiences and potential on a golf course. The method should be relatively easily applied and use simple means for assessing multifunctionality, including the recreational potential of a golf course. The method should be suitable for use as a monitoring and planning tool for golf course management.
Meeting at Old Fredriksstad with greenkeepers, manager, a representative from Norway’s Golf Union, a representative from Fredriksstad Municipality and a journalist. 7-8 May: Seminar at the University of Copenhagen on Multifunctional golf courses. 6-9 July: Presentation of the project at the 4th ETS (European Turfgrass Society) conference in Osnabruck ,Germany. Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
The demand for strengthening the multifunctional use of golf courses constitutes the scientific frame for this project, which aims at integrating and enhancing ecosystem services and recreational functions. As golf courses have traditionally been seen as a “single” land use by their users (golf players), knowledge about attitudes to more multifunctional land use of golf courses is lacking. The project has adapted and refined a method for mapping of existing and potential experiences. Through this project, the method has been transformed into an operational tool that can distinguish between seven experience values and designate unused potentials that can be utilised and further developed, which is likely to attract new users. The project also involves use, attitude and preference surveys among different stakeholders. In order to strengthen a multifunctional approach, operators of five Scandinavian golf courses are actively involved in the project.
ongoing projects sterf 57
In addition, the project visualises new multifunctional possibilities by co-operation with the project “Find your way” organised by the Danish Orienteering Federation. The “Find your way” project is a Green partnership between The Danish Outdoor Council, The Danish Forest and Nature Agency and The Danish Sports Federation, and is mainly addressed towards exercisers of all ages and families with children and the elderly who can exercise in beautiful surroundings while they learn about the area and the surroundings. Overall, this project seeks to strengthen the ecological and recreational footprint provided by golf courses and to contribute to economic sustainability due to the recognition that a multifunctional use will appeal to different user groups/clients. Benefits from this project to golf clubs might be more players and also possible collaboration with other users, which in the end might strengthen the finances of golf clubs. In 2014, a two-day visit was made to Old Fredriksstad golf course. A mapping procedure of the golf course had been initialised before the visit and was completed through field work on the golf course. The survey was completed for all five golf courses, including Fredriksstad, and based on a request, a draft version of the questionnaire was forwarded to Sydsjællands Golf course and to Old Fredriksstad golf course. In the end of 2014, the final project report was finalised.
Photo: Old Fredrikstad golf course.
58 sTERF ongoing projects
Multifunctionality in golf courses – effects of different management practices on the ecosystem services carbon sequestration and biodiversity Project period: april 2014 - march 2016
•
Funding (kSEK) STERF Other sources TOTAL
• •
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 410 0 45 0 455 331 0 0 0 331 741 0 45 0 786
Principal investigator / contact person Thomas Kätterer, Department of Ecology, SLU, P. O. Box 7044, SE 75007 Uppsala,
Sweden. Email: Thomas.Katterer@slu.se
Co-applicants Håkan Marstorp, Dept. of Soil and Environment, SLU Jörgen Wissman, Swedish Biodiversity Centre, SLU Karin Ahrné, Swedish Species Information Centre, SLU Maria Ignatieva, Dept. of Urban and Rural Development, SLU Project objectives
Main hypotheses: • C-sequestration potential increases with plant biomass production, but mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions will decrease with management intensity, because of CO2 emissions associated with increased inputs of energy and nutrients as management intensifies.
Both plants and pollinators, i.e. the ecosystem service of biodiversity, are correlated to management intensity, with higher biodiversity in less intensively managed vegetation. The biodiversity of the golf course is related to the species richness of the surroundings. More intensive management with more inputs shows trade-offs between carbon sequestration and biodiversity but not necessarily with grass properties and recreational values for golf players. However, the trade-offs depend on how carbon balances relate to management intensity.
Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2014 1 December: Presentations at a stakeholder meeting in the related project LAWN, SLU
where the focus of parts of the presentations and discussions was on preliminary outcomes of this project.
Project summary and status as of 1 January 2015
In this study, six golf courses, two each near three cities in Sweden (Uppsala, Malmö and Gothenburg) are being investigated. On these courses, six holes have been sampled for both environmental and ecological parameters. After contacts and discussions with managers responsible for the six golf courses in the three regions, a total of 180 interviews have been conducted (30 interviews made at each golf course). Ecological studies
The basis of the ecological studies was the difference in ecological effect between the three types of management regimes studied (fairway, rough and high rough). Plant species richness, number of flowers and number of visiting pollinators all increased with decreasing
ongoing projects sterf 59
management intensity from fairway to high rough. This shows that pollinators are attracted to the flower-rich parts of the golf course and that increasing the flower-rich areas on the course, either by constructing such areas or introducing measure to increase floral wealth, will benefit several organism groups. Carbon sequestration
Biomass production was lowest in the greens, followed by the fairways and the roughs. This indicates that carbon sequestration may be highest in the roughs and lowest in the greens and thus inversely related to the management intensity. However, the actual carbon balance is still to be confirmed by model calculations. Alternative cutting regimes on greens and fairways are probably not feasible, but the management of the roughs could be optimised in order to maximise carbon sequestration. Golf's importance from a social, ecological and cultural perspective
The interviews indicated that the golf course and time spent on the golf course include so much more than the sport itself. For many players, visits to the golf course also act as experience of nature and beautiful surroundings in a social context, a way to stay in shape (fitness) and a way to relax (recreation). Golf courses have great potential to support multiple values, for biodiversity and carbon sequestration and the social wellbeing of people. Further work in this project will include analysis of trade-offs and synergies between the different research fields.
Photo: Sigtuna Golf Club is one of the courses that has been sampled for both environmental and
ecological parameters. Photo: Maria Ignatieva
60 sTERF completed projects
Completed projects The projects listed below were funded by STERF during the period 2001-2014. More information about the projects can be found on the STERF website sterf.golf.se
7. Environmental management programmes for golf facilities - a case study in the Stockholm golf district.
1. The effects of soil organic matter, content, and quality on soil biological activity and turfgrass root development in sand dominated golf greens. Karin Blombäck, Swedish
8. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties (Nordisk sortguide).Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agri-
University of Agricultural ScienceJanuary (1999–2001)
2. Nitrogen utilisation efficiency in different golf green constructions of Creeping Bentgrass golf greens. Karin
Blombäck, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2001-2004).
3. Effects of demand-driven fertilisation on growth, appearance and nitrogen use efficiency of turfgrass. Tom
Ericsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2003-2004).
4. Leaching of fungicides from golf greens: Quantification and risk assessment. Nicholas Jarvis, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences (2004-2005).
5. Benefits and environmental risks of fungicide use on Scandinavian golf greens. Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian
Mårten Wallberg, Swedish Society of Nature Conservation, Stockholm (2005-2007)
cultural and Environmental Research (2007).
9. Evaluation of biodiversity and nature conservation on golf courses in Scandinavia. Bente Mortensen, GreenPro-
16. Evaluation of the plant growth regulator trinexapacethyl (Primo MAXX®) on Nordic golf courses. Trygve S.
Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (2007-2009).
ject (2006-2007).
17. Development, evaluation and implementation of playing quality parameters in a continuous golf course evaluation concept – user survey. Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest
10. Effects of organic amendments and surfactants on hydro-phobicity and fungicide leaching from ageing golf greens. Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agricul-
18. Prediction of turf growth as a function of light and temperature under Nordic conditions. Karin Blombäck,
& Landscape, University of Copenhagen (2007-2009).
tural and Environmental Research (2006-2007).
Swedish University of Agricultural Science (2007-2009)
11. The role of golf course management in the support of wetland-associated organisms in greater metropolitan Stockholm. Johan Colding, Beijer Institute of Ecological
19. Re-establishment of green turfgrass after winter damage, spring 2009. Agnar Kvalbein, Norwegian Green-
keepers’ Association (2008-2009).
12. Ageing of a sand-based rootzone. Karin Blombäck,
20. Impact of mowing height and late autumn fertilisation on winter survival of golf greens in the Nordic countries.
Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science (2006-2008).
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2006-2008).
Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (2004-2005).
13. Turfgrass demonstration trials in Dalarna. Erik Svärd,
6. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian
14. Improved strategy for control of Microdochium nivale on golf courses. Anne Marte Tronsmo, Department of
Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (2004- 2007).
15. The influence of golf on nature and environment – analyses and evaluation of the environmental performance in Scandinavia. Bente Mortensen, GreenProject (2006-2008).
Swedish Golf Federation (2006-2008).
Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (2006-2008).
Agnar Kvalbein, Norwegian Greenkeepers’ Association (2008 -2010) 21. Multifunctional golf course with unique natural and cultural values. Carina Wettemark, Kristianstads Vattenrike
Biosphere Reserve, Kristianstads kommun (2008 – 2010)
22. Evaluation of turfgrass varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens, 2007-2010. Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian
completed projects sterf 61
Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (2007-2010)
of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2006-2013)
23. Demonstration trials with winter cover protection.
30. Development of methods for non-pesticide weed control on golf fairways. Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest &
Boel Sandström, Swedish Golf Federation (2007-2010) 24. Breeding of winterhardy turgrass varieties for central and northern Scandinavia. Petter Marum, Graminor AS,
Bjørke Research Station (2007-2010)
25. VELVET GREEN: Winter hardiness and management of velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) on putting greens in northern environments. Tatsiana Espevig, Norwegian
Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (2007-2011)
26. Fertiliser strategies for golf turf: Implications for physiology-driven fertilization. Tom Ericsson, Department
of Urban and Rural Development. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. (2007- 2011)
27. Nordic cooperation between authorities and nongovernmental organisations for creating multifunctional golf courses and healthy ecosystems. Maria Strandberg,
Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research FoundationJanuary (2010–2011) 28. The Nordic Turfgrass Guide 2012 and Variety Lists.
Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (2011-2013) 29. Optimal maintenance for hardening and early spring growth of green turfgrass. Karin Blombäck, Department
Landscape, University of Copenhagen-LIFE (2008-2013)
31. Preservation of cultural landscapes and cultural heritage elements on golf courses. Ole R. Sandberg, De-
partment of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (2009-2013) 32. Interactive map with navigation to learn and understand environmental work and impacts at a golf course. Magnus Enell, Enell Sustainable Business AB
(2011-2013)
33. Integrated pest management - communication project within the park and golf sector. Maria Strandberg,
Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation (2011-2013)
34. Evaporative demands and deficit irrigation on sandbased golf greens. Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute
for Agricultural and Environmental Research (2008-2014)
35. Large-scale demonstration trials: Silvery thread moss on greens. Mikael Frisk, Swedish Golf Federation (2011-
2014)
62 sTERF Key Indicators
STERF Key Indicators 2006 - 2014 The key indicators are based on information in project annual reports. STERF issues an open call for proposals approximately every two years. If there are specific reasons, a project application in between the open call for proposals can be approved for funding by the STERF board.
Year
Funding
Applications
Applications
Ongoing
Scientific
Popular
received
approved for
projects
publications
publications
funding
Presentations
Handbooks
at seminars,
Fact sheets
conferences, etc.
Programmes
2006
1 500 000 SEK
17
7
12
7
23
46
2007
4 900 000 SEK
1
1
13
3
12
26
1
2008
4 500 000 SEK
22
6
16
11
29
42
2
2009
5 500 000 SEK
1
1
15
16
20
49
1
2010
3 000 000 SEK
16
9
13
7
29
46
1
2011
3 700 000 SEK
19
4
32
50
25
2012
3 400 000 SEK
18
21***
24
98
25
2013
4 100 000 SEK
14
13***
36
71
11
2014
6 300 000 SEK
22
31***
33
84
12
19*
8**
* Project proposals received 1 December 2013. ** New projects selected for funding decided in February 2014. Funding of new projects started in 2014. *** 2014: Peer reviewed papers =13 / Publications and reports= 18 2013: 2 / 11 2012: 9 / 12
financial summary sterf 63
financial summary INCOME STATEMENT Revenue Net revenue Expenses Other external expenses Income from financial items Interest Surplus
01/01/2013 12/31/2013 5 602 082 5 602 082 -28 995
01/01/2014 12/31/2014 5 559 058 5 559 058 -59 347
5 573 087
5 499 711
28 479 5 601 566
9 095 5 508 806
BALANCE SHEET Other receivable Cash and bank balances Total assets
2013 2014 0 0 6 837 742 6 031 165 6 837 742 6 031 165
Liabilities and equity Equity Restricted reserves Non restricted reserves Total equity
262 264 6 075 478 6 337 742
262 719 5 268 446 5 531 165
Current liabilities Other current liabilities Total current liabilities
500 000 500 000
500 000 500 000
6 837 742
6 031 165
Total liabilities and equity
64 sTERF list of publications
List of publications Full papers in international peer reviewed journals Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg, F. Enger, Å. Susort, Å. & A.A. Steensohn 2005a. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal 10: 52-53. Aamlid, T.S., M. Larsbo & N. Jarvis 2007. Effects of a surfactant on turfgrass quality, hydrophobicity and fungicide leaching from a USGA green established with and without organic matter to the sand-based rootzone. In: Adjuvants on our World. Eighth International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals. Abstracts. p. 24. Aamlid, T.S., M. Larsbo & N. Jarvis 2008. Effects of wetting agent on turfgrass quality, hydrophobicity, and fungicide leaching from a USGA green with and without organic amendment to the sand-based root zone. In: S. Magni (ed.): Proceedings, 1st European Turfgrass Society Conference, 19th-20th May 2008, Pisa, Italy. pp. 39-40. Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig & A. Kvalbein 2009. The potential of a surfactant to restore turfgrass quality on a severely waterrepellent golf green. Biologia 64: 620-623. Aamlid, T.S, T. Espevig, B. Molteberg, A. Tronsmo, O.M. Eklo, I.S. Hofgaard, G.H. Ludvigsen & M. Almvik 2009. Disease control and leaching potential of fungicides on golf greens with and without organic amendment to the sand-based root zone. International Turfgrass Research Journal 11: 903-917. Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig, T.O. Pettersen, S.L.G. Skaar & A. Kvalbein 2009. Evaluation of the surfactant Aqueduct® for recovery of turfgrass quality on a severely water repellent golf green. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal 11: 43-44. (Annex). Aamlid, T.S., M. Larsbo & N. Jarvis 2009. Effects of surfactant use and peat amendment on leaching of fungicides and nitrate from golf greens. Biologia 64: 419-423. Aamlid, T.S., M. Larsbo & N. Jarvis 2009. Effects of the nonionic surfactant Revolution and peat amendment on leaching of fungicides and nitrate from golf greens. International
Turfgrass Society Research Journal 11: 41-42. (Annex) Aamlid, T.S. & O. Niemalainen 2009. Evaluation of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX®) on Nordic golf course greens and fairways. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal 11: 70. (Annex) Aamlid, T.S. & O. Niemelainen 2010. Evaluation of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX®) for use on Scandinavian golf courses. In: Proceedings 2nd European Turfgrass Conference, Angers, France 11-14 April 2010 pp. 15-17. Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2011. Turfgrass species and varieties for Scandinavian golf greens. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science 61 (2): 143152. Aamlid, T.S., G. Thorvaldsson, F. Enger & T. Pettersen 2012. Turfgrass species and varieties for Integrated Pest Management of Scandinavian putting greens. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B Soil & Plant Science 62 (Supplement 1): 10-23. Aamlid, T.S. et al. 2012. Turfgrass water consumption on green and fairway as a function of turfgrass species and day number after irrigation to field capacity. Reviewed abstract presented at the 3rd ETS Conference, 25-27 June 2012. Bioforsk FOKUS 7(8): 45-47. Aamlid, T.S. et al. 2012. Irrigation strategies and soil surfac tant on golf course fairways. Reviewed abstract presented at the 3rd ETS Conference, 25-27 June 2012. Bioforsk FOKUS 7(8); 55-57. Aamlid, T.S. & T. Pettersen 2013. Effect of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl on turf quality, concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates, and infection of Microdochium nivale in greens-type Poa annua in Scandinavia. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, Volume 12, 2013. pp. 801-803. Aamlid, T.S. & V. Gensollen 2014. Recent achievements in breeding for turf quality under biotic and abiotic stress. In: Sokolovic, D., C. Huyghe & J. Radovic (eds.). Quantitative Traits Breeding for Multifunctional Grasslands and turf. Springer Science and Business Media, Dordrecht. pp. 189196.
Aamlid, T.S., T.E. Andersen, A. Kvalbein, T. Pettersen & A.M.D. Jensen 2013. Composted garden waste as organic amendment to the USGA-green rootzone and topdressing sand on red fescue (Festuca rubra) greens. European Journal of Horticultural Science 79(3): 87-96. Aamlid, T.S. & G. van Leeuwen 2014. Optimal application intervals for the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX®) at northern latitudes. European Journal of Turfgrass Science 45(2): 81-82. Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig, W.M. Waalen & T. Pettersen 2014. Fungicide for control of Microdochium nivale and Typhula incarnata. European Journal of Turfgrass Science 45(2): 105-106. Aamlid, T.S., W.M. Waalen & T. Espevig 2014, Fungicide strategies for the control of turfgrass winter diseases. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, DOI: 10.1080/09064710.2014.985249. Blombäck, K., A. Hedlund & M. Strandberg 2009. Changes over a six-year period in soil biological and physical parameters in golf green rootzones with different organic matter content and quality. Technical paper. Appendix. International Turfgrass Research Conference, Santiago, Chile, July 2009. Blombäck, K. et al. 2012. Influence of fertilization regime on carbohydrate content of turf grass. Reviewed abstract presented at the 3rd ETS Conference, 25-27 June 2012. Bioforsk FOKUS 7(8): 60-62. Blombäck, K., H. Eckersten, & E. Sindhøj 2009. Growth of golf turf as a function of light and temperature under Swedish conditions – a simulation study. Technical paper. Appendix. International Turfgrass Research Conference, Santiago, Chile, July 2009 Caspersen, O.H., A.M.D. Jensen & F.S. Jensen 2014. Mapping golf courses for multifunctional use other than golf. European Journal of Turfgrass Sciences 2(14): 73-74 Colding J., J. Lundberg & S. Lundberg 2006. Urban golf courses can sustain wetland biodiversity. Paper IV. Rethinking urban nature: Maintaining capacity for ecosystem service generation in a human-dominated world. Doctoral thesis by Jakob Lundberg. Department of Systems Ecology,
list of publications sterf 65
Stockholm University, Sweden. ISBN: 91-7155-312-6. Colding, J. & C. Folke 2009. The role of golf courses in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. Ecosystems 12: 191-206. Colding, J., J. Lundberg, S. Lundberg & E. Andersson 2009. Golf courses and wetland fauna. Ecological Applications 19(6): 1481-149. Dahl Jensen, A.M & F.S. Jensen 2012. Nordic golf players´ perception of quality. Reviewed abstract presented at the 3rd ETS Conference, 25-27 June 2012. Bioforsk FOKUS 7(8): 95-97. Ericsson, T., K. Blombäck & A. Neumann 2012a. Demanddriven fertilization. Part I: Nitrogen productivity in four high-maintenance turf grass species . Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil and Plant Science, 62 (Supplement 1): 113-121. Ericsson, T., K. Blombäck, A. Kvalbein & A. Neumann 2012b. Demand-driven fertilization. Part II: Influence of demand-driven fertilization on shoot nitrogen concentration, growth rate, fructan storage and playing quality of golf turf. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil and Plant Science, 62 ( Supplement 1): 139-149. Espevig T., M. Dacosta, T.S. Aamlid, A.M. Tronsmo, B.B. Clarke & B. Huang. 2010. Effects of cold acclimation on freezing tolerance and carbohydrate changes in Agrostis spp. p.7275. In: M. Volterrani (ed.) Proc. Eur. Turfgrass Soc. Conf., 2nd, Angers, France. 11-14 April 2010. Angers. Espevig, T., B. Molteberg, A.M. Tronsmo, A. Tronsmo & T.S. Aamlid 2012. Thatch control in newly established velvet bent grass putting greens in Scandinavia. Crop Science 52: 371-382. Espevig, T., C. Xu, T.S. Aamlid, M. DaCosta & B. Huang 2012. Proteomic responses during cold acclimation in association with freezing tolerance of velvet bentgrass. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 137:391-399. Espevig, T. & T.S. Aamlid 2012. Effects of rootzone composition and irrigation regime on performance of velvet bentgrass putting greens. I. Turf quality, soil water repellency and nutrient leaching. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil and Plant Science 62 (Supplement 1):
96-105. Espevig, T. & T.S. Aamlid 2012. Effects of rootzone composition and irrigation regime on performance of velvet bentgrass putting greens. II. Thatch, root development and playability. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil and Plant Science 62 (Supplement 1): 106-112. Espevig, T., T.E. Andersen, A. Kvalbein, E. Joner & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Mycorrhizal colonization and competition against annual bluegrass on golf greens with red fescue as the predominant species. In: Zuin, A. and K. Mueller-Beck. (eds.) European Journal of Turfgrass Science (Special Edition) pp. 41-42 (ISSN 1867-3570). Espevig, T., M. Höglind & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Dehardening resistance of six turfgrasses used on golf greens. Environmental and Experimental Botany 106:182-188. Espevig, T., A. Tronsmo & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Evaluation of microbial agents for control of Microdochium nivale in vitro. European Journal of Turfgrass Science 45(2): 49-50. Hedlund, A., K. Blombäck & M. Strandberg 2003. Nitrogen use in a golf green during one season in the Mälar region in Sweden. 1st International Conference. Turfgrass Management & Science for Sport Fields. Athens, Greece, 2-7 June 2003. Hedlund, A., K. Blombäck & M. Strandberg 2005. Nitrogen flows and use efficiency in a golf green during three seasons in central Sweden. International Turfgrass Society Annexe - Technical Papers 10: 11-12. Hsiang, T., P.H. Goodwin & W. Gao 2014. Variation in responsiveness of Agrostis cultivars to defence activators. European Journal of Turfgrass Science 45(2): 47-48 Jensen, A.M.D., K.N. Petersen & T. Aamlid 2014. Pesticidefree management of weeds on golf courses: Current situation and future challenges. European Journal of Turfgrass Science 45(2/14): 61-64. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2012. Impact of mowing height and late autumn fertilization on the winter survival and spring performance of golf greens in the Nordic countries. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil and Plant Science, 62 (Supplement 1): 122-129. Larsbo, M., T.S. Aamlid, L. Persson, & N. Jarvis 2008.
Fungicide leaching from golf greens: Effects of root zone composition and surfactant use. Journal of Environmental Quality 37: 1527-1535. Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid, F. Enger, A.A. Steensohn, & Å. Susort 2008. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. In: S. Magni (ed.): Proceedings, 1st European Turfgrass Society Conference, 19th-20th May 2008, Pisa, Italy. pp. 137-138. Molteberg, B. & T.S. Aamlid 2010. Scandinavian turfgrass variety testing for lawns, sports turf, and fairways 20052008. In: Proceedings 2nd European Turfgrass Conference, Angers, France 11-14 April 2010, pp. 133-135 Strandberg, M., T. Aamlid, D. Moore, C.J. Ritsema & J. Knox 2010. WATEURF – Water And Turf – Efficiency and Use Reduction for the Future - An international initiative on sustainable use of water in turfgrass management. In M. Volterrani (ed.) Proc. Eur. Turfgrass Soc. Conf., 2nd, Angers, France. 11-14 April 2010. Angers. Strandberg, M., K. Blombäck, A.M. Dahl Jensen & J. Knox 2012. Priorities for sustainable turfgrass management: a research and industry perspective. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil and Plant Science, 62 (Supplement 1): 3-9. Strandberg, M. & K. Schmidt 2012. Nordic cooperation to create multifunctional golf courses and healthy ecosystems. Bioforsk Fokus 7 (2): 159-161. Strandberg M. & K. Schmidt. 2012. Nordic cooperation to create multifunctional golf courses and healthy ecosystems. Reviewed abstract presented at the 3rd ETS Conference, 25-27 June 2012. Bioforsk FOKUS 7(8): 98-99. Strandberg. M., K. Blombäck, A M. Dahl Jensen and J.W. Knox. 2013. The future of turfgrass management – challenges and opportunities in Europe. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, Volume 12, 2013. pp: 787 – 790. Strandberg, M., K. Schmidt, O. Skarin & L-G. Bråvander 2014. Multifunctional golf facilities as a driving force in implementing the European Landscape Convention: A case study in Sweden. European Journal of Turfgrass Science (Special Edition). European Turfgrass Society Conference,
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4th, Osnabruck, Germany. 6-9 July 2014 pp. 119-120. (ISSN 1867-3570). Strömqvist, J. & N.J. Jarvis 2005. Sorption, degradation and leaching of the fungicide Iprodione in a golf green under Scandinavian conditions: Measurements, modelling and risk assessment. Pest Management Science 61: 11681178. Tronsmo A., T. Espevig., K.G Jensen, L. Hjeljord & T.S. Aamlid 2008. Potential for Agrostis canina on Scandinavian Putting Greens as tested under controlled conditions. p. 185-186. In: Simone Magni (ed.) Proc. 1st, Eur. Turfgrass Soc. Conf., Pisa, Italy. 19-20 May 2008. Stamperia Editoriale Pisana. Waalen, W.M., T. Espevig, A. Kvalbein & T.S. Aamlid 2014. The effect of ice encasement and two protective covers on the winter survival of six turgrasses on putting greens. European Journal of Turfgrass Science 45(2): 65-66.
Other publications in English (and German) Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg, M.E. Engelsjord & K.O. Larsen 2003. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. Results from the sowing year 2003. Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass Research Foundation. 19 pp. Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2004a. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. Results from the sowing year 2003 and first green year 2004. Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. Sterf.golf.se 24 pp. Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg, A.A. Steensohn, Å. Susort & F. Enger 2005b. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. Results from the sowing year 2003 and the first two green years 2004 and 2005. Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. Sterf.golf.se 21 pp. Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg, F. Enger, A.A. Steensohn & Å.
Susort 2006. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. Bioforsk Report 1 (189). 32 pp. Aamlid, T.S., O. Niemelainen, M. Rannikko, T. Haugen, S. Junnila, T. Espevig & Å. Susort 2008. Evaluation of the plant growth regulator Primo MAXX® (trinexapac-ethyl) on Nordic golf courses. Bioforsk Report 3(1): 1-30. Aamlid, T.S., O. Niemelainen, M. Rannikko, O. Noteng, M. Waldner, T. Haugen, S. Junnila, T. Pettersen & T. Espevig 2009. Evaluation of the plant growth regulator Primo MAXX® (trinexapac-ethyl) on Nordic golf courses. Results from the second evaluation year 2008 and recommendations. Bioforsk Report 4(4): 1-28. Aamlid, T.S. 2010. Best management practises for velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L) on golf course putting greens. Report from an international seminar held in Finland 16-18 June 2010 International Turfgrass Newletter, October 2010, pp. 4-5. Aamlid, T.S., F. Enger, G. Thorvaldsson, J. Tangsveen, T. Pettersen & A.A. Steensohn 2011. Evaluation of turfgrass varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens, 2007-2010. Final results from the four-year testing period. Bioforsk Report 6 (1): 49 pp. Aamlid, T.S., O. Niemelainen, M. Barth, T. Pettersen, P. Persson & S. Junnial 2011. Impact of Primo MAXX® and fungicides on turfgrass quality and winter survival on Nordic golf greens, July 2010 – June 2011. Bioforsk Rapport 6(70): 1-30. Aamlid, T.S., T. Pettersen, M. Niskanen & L. Wiik 2012. Impact of Primo MAXX® and fungicides on turfgrass winter survival on Nordic golf courses. Results from the second experimental year, July 2011-May 2012. Bioforsk Fokus 7(77): 1-30. Aamlid, T.S., T.E. Andersen, A. Kvalbein, T. Pettersen, A.M.D. Jensen & P. Rasmussen 2013. Use of compost in the root zone or in the topdressing sand on red fescue green. Results from the period August 2011 - November 2012. Bioforsk Rapport 8(168): 1-37. Aamlid, T.S., T. Pettersen & A. Kvalbein 2013. Water use of various turfgrass species on greens and fairways. Greenmaster (Canada) 48(4): 31-33.
Aamlid, T., T. Pettersen & A. Kvalbein 2012. Water use of various turfgrass species on greens and fairways. 7pp. http://www.sterf.org Aamlid, T., T. Pettersen & A. Kvalbein 2012. Deficit irrigation on creeping bentgrass greens. 7 pp. http://www.sterf.org Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig & T. Pettersen 2013. A first evaluation of the GREENCAST prediction model for timing of fungicide applications on Scandinavian golf courses. Bioforsk Report 8(94): 1-44. Aamlid, T.S., M. Niskanen, D. Wikmark, M. Ljungman, W. Waalen, T. Pettersen & J. Tangsveen 2013. Fungicides for Nordic golf courses: Registration and R&D trials 2012-2013 Bioforsk Report 8(95): 1-45. Aamlid, T.S., K. Paaske, L. Wiik, T. Espevig, A. Tronsmo, T. Pettersen, A.M. Dahl Jensen & P.G. Andersson 2013. Testing of alternative plant protection products for the control of Microdochium nivale and other diseases on golf greens. Results from the experimental period 1 October 2011 – 1 March 2013. Bioforsk Report 8(54): 1-38. Aamlid, T.S. 2014. Scandinavian testing of turfgrass spe cies and varieties for winter hardiness. In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.): Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 November 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9 (8): 12-14. Aamlid, T.S. & P. Edman 2014. Growth regulation with Primo MAXX on Nordic golf courses. STERF Handbook. http:// www.sterf.org. 18 pp. (Swedish and Norwegian versons also available Aamlid, T.S., O. Niemelainen, D. Widmark, M. Ljungman, W. Waalen, T. Pettersen & J. Tangsveen 2014. Evaluation of fungicides for control of turfgrass winter diseases, 201314. Bioforsk Report 9 (112): 1-40. (Confidential report to Syngenta). Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig, A. Tronsmo, K. Paaske, L. Wiik, T. Pettersen, A.A. Steesnsohn, O. Hetland, A.M.D. Jensen & P.G. Andersson 2014. Testing of alternative plant protection products for the control of Microdochium nivale and other diseases on golf greens. Final report from a three-year project, Oct. 2011- Sept. 2014. Bioforsk Report 9 (115): 1-54. Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig, A. Tronsmo & T. Pettersen 2014. Controlling winter-active fungi on golf greens: Can microbio-
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logical products or alginates replace chemical fungicides? http://www.sterf.org Aamlid, T.S. 2014. Fungicide leaching from golf greens. A synopsis of Scandinavian studies. STERF Article. http:// www.sterf.org 13 pp. Aamlid, T. 2014. News from the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation STERF’s R&D programme on Integrated Pest Management. The Newsletter of the International Turfgrass Society September 2014. http:// turfsociety.com/newsletters/2014-09-itsnd.pdf : 5-8. Aamlid, T.S. 2014. International Seminar at Gjøvik, Norway, 11-12 Nov. 2014: Turfgrass winter survival. In: Walker, N.R. (ed.) International Turfgrass - The Newsletter of the International Turfgrass Society, September 2014 Edition. p. 2. http://turfsociety.com Andersen, T.E. 2013. Effects of root zone composition and nitrogen and phosphorus rates on mycorrhizal colonization in different turfgrass species on sand-based golf greens in Scandinavia. Master of Science Thesis. Norwegian University of Life Sciences.107 pp. Blombäck, K. 2008: First year report: Fertilizer strategies for golf turf: Implications for physiology-driven fertilization, Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation http://www.sterf.org Blombäck, K., M. Riddle, A. Neumann, T. Ericsson, A. Tronsmo, M. Linde & R. McGlynn 2013. Optimal maintenance for hardening and early spring growth of turfgrass for putting greens. STERF Final report. 74 pp. http://www.sterf.org Caspersen, O.H. et al. 2014. Multifunctional Golf Courses. IGN Rapport, December 2014, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg. 180 p. www.ign.ku.dk DaCosta, M., L. Hoffmann, X. Guan & S. Ebdon 2014. Physiology of cold acclimation and deacclimation in coolseason turfgrasses. In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):8. Dahl Jensen, A.M. 2012. Playing Quality on Golf Courses. Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation.18 pp. http://www.sterf.org Ericsson, E., K. Blombäck & A. Kvalbein 2013. Precision
fertilisation – from theory to practice. Handbook. 19 pp. http://www.sterf.org Espevig, T., T.S. Aamlid, A. Tronsmo, K.G. Jensen, B. Molteberg, L. Hjeljord, A.M. Tronsmo, Å. Susort & F. Enger 2008. Winter hardiness and management of velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) on putting greens on northern environments. Bioforsk Rapport 3 (30): 33 pp. Espevig, T., T.S. Aamlid, A. Tronsmo, B. Molteberg, L. Hjeljord, A.M. Tronsmo, T. Pettersen & F. Enger 2009. Winter hardiness and management of velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) on putting greens on northern environments. Report from the second experimental year 2008. Bioforsk Rapport 4 (100): 54 pp. Espevig T., T.O. Pettersen, T.S. Aamlid, A. Tronsmo & A.M. Tronsmo 2009. Effect of acclimation conditions on freezing survival of Agrostis spp. p. 26. In: Abstract book. Plant and Microbe Adaptation to the Cold. 4-8 Dec. 2009. Ås, Norway Espevig, T. et al. 2012. Evaluation of resistance to pink snow mold of velvet bent grass cultivars in controlled environments. Reviewed abstract presented at the 3rd ETS Conference, 25-27 June 2012. Bioforsk FOKUS 7(8): 43- 44. Espevig, T. et al. 2012. Thatch control on newly established velvet bentgrass putting greens. Reviewed abstract presented at the 3rd ETS Conference, 25-27 June 2012. Bioforsk FOKUS 7(8): 87-89. Espevig, T. 2013. Turfgrass winter stress management: recent studies and future perspectives. In: Waalen, W., Olsen, J.E. (Eds.) Winter survival in a changing climate. Bioforsk Fokus 8(5), 17-18. Espevig, T., A. Kvalbein & T. Aamlid 2012. Potential of velvet bent grass for putting greens in winter-cold areas. 9 pp. http://www.sterf.org Espevig, T., A. Kvalbein & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Effect of impeded drainage on winter hardiness of four turf grasses used on lawns/fairways. In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):17. Espevig, T., M. Höglind & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Dehardening resistance and rehardening capacities of six turfgrasses used on golf greens Scandinavian testing of turfgrass species and varieties for winter hardiness. In: Espevig, T. & A.
Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):10. Espevig, T., W.M. Waalen, B. Printz, J.-F. Hausman & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Carbohydrate changes in turfgrasses during winter in Norway. In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):15. Espevig T., A. Kvalbein & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Effect of impeded drainage on winter hardiness of four turf grasses used on lawns/fairways. In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):17-18. Espevig T., M. Höglind & T.S. Aamlid. 2014. Dehardening resistance and rehardening capacities of six turfgrasses used on golf greens. In: Pukacki, P.M & S. Pukacka (eds.) The Book of Abstracts: Stress Recognition Triggers Plant Adaptation. International Plant Cold Hardiness Seminar, 10th, Kórnik - Poznań, Poland. 17 – 21 August 2014, p. 33. Espevig, T., W.M. Waalen, B. Printz, L. Solinhac., J.F. Hausman, K.A. Albein & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Carbohydrate changes in six turfgrass species during winter in Norway. In: Pukacki, P.M. & S. Pukacka (eds.) The Book of Abstracts: Stress Recognition Triggers Plant Adaptation. International Plant Cold Hardiness Seminar, 10th, Kórnik - Poznań, Poland. 17 – 21 August 2014, p. 55. Espevig, T., T. Pettersen & T.S. Aamlid 2013. Validation of the GreenCast prediction model for microdochium patch on golf greens in the Nordic region. Results from the second validation year. Bioforsk Report 9(43): 1-37. (Confidential report to Syngenta). Han, L., K. Teng, M. Strandberg & B. Hedlund 2014. A Chinese and Nordic collaboration – Workshop on multifunctional golf facilities. Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environmental Research Foundation, Popular Scientific Article. http://www.sterf.org 3p. Han, L., K. Teng, M. Strandberg & B. Hedlund 2014. Workshop on multifunctional golf facilities. A Chinese and Nordic Collaboration. In: Walker, N.R. (ed.) International Turfgrass - The Newsletter of the International Turfgrass Society. September 2014 Edition. http://turfsociety.com :
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4-5. Hofgaard, S.I., B. Molteberg & A.M. Tronsmo 2009. Report from the project ‘Improved Strategy for Control of Microdochium nivale on Golf Courses’ (2006-2008). http://www.sterf.org. 22 pp. Knox, J.W. 2013. Sustainable Water Management - A water strategy for the Scandinavian golf industry. R&D programme. 14 pp. http://www.sterf.org Kvalbein, A. & T. Ericsson 2010. Bedarfsgerechte Düngung von Golfgreens. Greenkeepers Journal, No. 01/10, (41): 25-28. Kvalbein, A. & Aamlid, T.S. 2012. The Grass Guide 2012: Amenity Turf Grass Species for the Nordic Countries. Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. 22 pp. http://www.sterf.org Kvalbein, A., A-M. Dahl Jensen, P. Rasmussen & T. Aamlid 2012. Red fescue management, guidelines based on greenkeepers´experiences. Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. 26 pp . www.sterf.org Kvalbein, A., T. Espevig, W. Waalen & T. Aamlid 2013. Research and development programme within turfgrass winter stress management. 19 pp. http://www.sterf.org Kvalbein, A. 2014. Demonstration trials with protective covers on golf greens. In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):21. Kvalbein, A. & W. Waalen 2014. Dead greens following the winter. What to do? http://www.sterf.org McGlynn, R. 2008. Evaluation of fertilizer regimes and turfgrass species effect on playing characteristics of overwintered golf putting greens in Sweden. MSc Sports Surface Technology Academic Year 2007-2008. Cranfield University School of Applied Science Natural Resources Department. UK Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid, G. Thorvaldsson, A. Hammarlund, F. Enger, T. Espevig, Å. Susort & D. Nord 2007. Evaluation of turfgrass varieties for use on Scandinavian putting greens. Results from the sowing year 2007. Bioforsk Report 2 (159): 26 pp. Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid, G. Thorvaldsson, A. Hammarlund, F. Enger, T. Pettersen & D. Nord 2008. Evaluation of turfgrass varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens, 20072010. Results from the sowing year 2007 and first green year 2008. Bioforsk Report 3 (170): 40 pp. Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid, G. Thorvaldsson, F. Enger & T. Pettersen 2010. Evaluation of turfgrass varieties for use
on Scandinavian golf greens, 2007-2010. Results from the sowing year 2007 and the two first green year 2008 and 2009. Bioforsk Report 5 (5): 38 pp. Pettersson, B. & M. Rannikko 2010. Demonstration trials with winter cover protection. http://www.sterf.org 41 pp. Rannikko, M. & B. Pettersson 2008. Demonstration trials with winter cover protection. Results from the first winter demonstration year 2007-2008. http://www.sterf.org Rannikko, M. & B. Pettersson 2009. Demonstration trials with winter cover protection. Annual report winter 20082009. http://www.sterf.org Ross J., D. Tompkins, K. Dodson & D. Asher 2014. Winter cover strategies for your golf course. In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):24 Sandberg, R., H. Nordh & S.M. Tveit 2014. Impact of golf courses on cultural landscapes. Popular scientific article. Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. 15pp. http://www.sterf.org Strandberg, M., A-M. Dahl Jensen, A-M. Dock Gustavsson, A. Tronsmo & P. Persson 2010. Golf´s research and development programme within integrated pest management. http://www.sterf.org 19 pp. Strandberg, M. 2010. Three extended Scandinavian R&D programs. International Turfgrass Newletter, October 2010, pp. 11-13. Strandberg, M. 2011. Multifunctional Golf Courses – An Unutilised Resource. The Newsletter of International Turfgrass Society: 3-5. Strandberg, M. et al. 2011. Multifunctional Golf Courses – An Unutilised Resource. STERF, Box 84, 182 11 Danderyd. http://www.sterf.org. 31 pp. Strandberg, M. 2012. Exploring multifunctional golf courses – Swedish project focuses on underutilized public resources. Greenmaster. January/February 2012: 32-35. Strandberg, M. 2012. Mutiltifunctional golf facilities – an underutilised resource. Greenside. September 2012: 12-15. Strandberg, M., K. Schmidt, A.M. Dahl Jensen, C. Wettemark, I. Sarlöv Herlin, O. Hjort Caspersen & T. Kastrup Petersen 2013. Research and development within multifunctional golf facilities. 23 pp. http://www.sterf.org Strandberg, M. 2013. New research and development program within multifunctional golf facilities. European Turfgrass Society Newsletter. September 2013. http://www.
turfgrasssociety.eu Strandberg, M. & T. Espevig 2014 STERF’s Winter stress management programme. In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):7. Waalen, W.M, T. Espevig, A. Kvalbein & T.S. Aamlid 2014. The effect of ice encasement and two protective covers on the winter survival of six turfgrasses on putting greens In: Espevig, T. & A. Kvalbein (eds.). Turf Grass Winter Survival. Book of abstracts from international seminar 11-12 Nov. 2014. Bioforsk Fokus 9(8):25 Vågen, I.M., T.S. Aamlid, O. Niemeläinen, T.O. Pettersen & P. Ruuttunen 2013. Comparison of current and new PrimoMaxx formulations for turfgrass. Bioforsk report 8(186). Vågen, I.M., O. Niemeläinen, T. Espevig, T.O. Pettersen, P. Ruuttunen & T.S. Aamlid 2013. Comparison of current and new PrimoMaxx formulations for turfgrass. Bioforsk report 8(186): 1-42. Confidential report to Syngenta.
Extension papers or reports in Nordic languages Aamlid, T.S. 2003. Kraftig satsing på golfgras i Planteforsk. Gressforum 2003 (3)2: 24-25. Aamlid, T.S. 2003. Prøving av kvein- og rødsvingelsorter på golfgreen. Park & anlegg 2(4): 14-16. Aamlid, T.S. 2003. Nye forsøksgreener på Landvik for måling av utvasking av gjødsel og plantevernmidler. Gressforum 2003 (3): 28-29. Aamlid, T.S. 2004. Nye forsøksgreener på Landvik. Park & anlegg 3 (7): 14-17. Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2004b. Utprøving av grasarter og –sorter på golfgreener. Resultater fra green-forsøka på Landvik og Apelsvoll i såingsåret 2003. Gressforum 1/2004: 18-21. Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg & A. Tronsmo 2004. Norske gras sorter på norske golfbaner. Gressforum 2/2004: 20-23. Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2005. Klare forskjeller i overvintring og tidspunkt for vekststart på Planteforsks forsøksgreener. Gressforum 2/2005: 18-21.
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Aamlid, T.S. 2006. Vilka svampmedel är effektivast och samtidig mest miljovänliga ? Greenbladet 23(5), 58-59. Aamlid, T.S. 2006. Klippehøyder og soppmidler diskutert på fagsamling om vinterforberedelser. Gressforum 2006 (4): 26-27. Aamlid, T.S. 2006. Seks råd for bedre vinteroverlevelse: Råd til norske golfklubber før vinteren. NGF nyhetsbrev, Nov. 2006. Aamlid, T.S. 2007. Bedre gresskvalitet og mindre klipping med vekstregulering på norske golfbaner ? NGFs nyhetsbrev mai 2007. Aamlid, T.S. 2008. Rødsvingel – to eller tre underarter? Gressforum 2008 (4): 25-25. Aamlid, T.S., M. Larsbo & N. Jarvis 2008. Virkning av vætemidler på greenkvalitet, sjukdomsangrep og utlekking av soppmidler fra sandbaserte golfgreener. Gressforum 2008 (2): 22-25. Aamlid, T.S., G.H. Ludvigsen, B. Molteberg, I.S.Hofgaard & A. Tronsmo 2008. Nytteeffekt og utvaskingsfare ved sprøyting med soppmidler på greener. Gressforum 2008 (3): 28-31. Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2008. Hvilken grasart har best overvintringsevne: Rødsvingel, engkvein eller krypkvein? Gressforum 2008 (4): 28-29. Aamlid, T.S. 2008. Vatningsstrategi på golfbaner. Gressforum 2008 (1): 12-15. Aamlid, T.S. & M. Frisk 2008. Bevattningsstrategi på golfbanor. Greenbladet 25 (2): 62-65. Aamlid, T.S. & A. Nyholt 2008. Vandingsstrategi – underskudsvanding på greens. Greenkeeperen 22 (3): 28-31. Aamlid, T.S. 2009. Når graset våkner om våren. Gressforum 2009 (2): 26-27. Aamlid, T.S. 2009. Primo MAXX® anbefalt godkjent på golfbaner i Norden. Gressforum 2009 (1) 24-26. Aamlid, T.S. & T. Espevig 2009. Hundekvein på golfgreener i Norden. Gressforum 2009 (3): 20-22. Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein & T.O. Pettersen 2010. Hvor mye vann bruker graset ? Gressforum 2010 (1): 10-14. Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein, T.O. Pettersen & A. Nyholt 2010. Hvor meget vand bruger græsset? Greenkeeperen 24 (2): 10-14. Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein, T.O. Pettersen & B. Petterson 2010. Nytt från STERFs bevattningsprojekt: Hur mycket vatten använder gräset? Greenbladet 27 (2): 66-69. Aamlid, T.S., F. Enger, T. Pettersen, A.A. Steensohn & G.
Thorvaldsson 2011. Græsarter- og sorter til golfgreens, 2007-2010. Resultater fra STERF prosjektet. Greenkeeperen 25 (1): 32-33. Aamlid, T.S., F. Enger, T. Pettersen, A.A. Steensohn & G. Thorvaldsson 2011. Resultater fra STERF-prosjektet ‘Grasarter og sorter til golfgreener’. Gressforum 2011 (1): 18-25. Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig, A. Kvalbein & T. Pettersen 2011. Nye forskingsprosjekt 2011. Gressforum 2011(4): 24-25. Aamlid, T.S., T.O. Pettersen & A. Kvalbein 2011. Vanningsprosjektet: Bedre økonomi ved underskuddsvanning to ganger i uka enn ved full rotbløyte. Gressforum 2011(2): 18-21. Aamlid, T.S. & A. Kvalbein 2012. Grasfrø til ulike typer grøn tanlegg. Bioforsk Fokus 7 (2): 187-188. Aamlid, T.S. & A. Nyholt 2008. Vandingsstrategi – under skudsvanding på greens. Greenkeeperen 22 (3): 28-31. Aamlid, T.S. 2013. Nurmikkosiemenet Suomi 2013. http:// www.sterf.org 24 pp. Aamlid, T.S. 2013. Sorter af plænegræs til Danmark 2013. http://www.sterf.org 24 pp Aamlid, T.S. 2013. Sorter av plengras for Norge 2013. http://www.sterf.org 28 pp. Aamlid, T.S. 2013. Sorter för grönytor i Sverige 2013. http://www.sterf.org 28 pp. Aamlid, T.S. 2013. Sorter för grönytor i Sverige 2013. http://www.sterf.org 28 pp. Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein & T. Pettersen 2013. Bättre green och mindre gödselbehov med vädefinerad kompost och dressand. Greenbladet 30(5): 47-49. Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein & T. Pettersen 2013. Kompost i greener er bra. Gressforum 2013(3): 22-24. Aamlid T., A. Kvalbein & T. Pettersen 2013. Kompost i greener är bra. http://www.sterf.org Aamlid T., A. Kvalbein & T. Pettersen 2013. Kompost i greener er bra. http://www.sterf.org Aamlid, T.S. 2013. Vinterskade: Erfaringer og funderinger etter vinteren 2012-13. Gressforum 2013(2): 14-16. Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig & B. Sandström 2013. Vilka svampbekämpningsmedel skall vi använda och hur många bekämpningar är nödvändiga ? Greenbladet 30(5): 36-39. Aamlid T., T. Espevig & B. Sandström 2013. Hvilke soppmidler skal vi bruke høsten 2013 og hvor mange sprøytinger er nødvendig? http://www.sterf.org Aamlid T., T. Espevig & B. Sandström 2013. Vilka svamp-
bekämpningsmedel skall vi använda hösten 2013 och hur många bekämpningar är nödvändiga? http://www.sterf. org Aamlid, T.S. & A.M.D. Jensen 2014. Nye lovende sorter i SCANGREEN. Greenkeeperen 28(2): 12-15. Aamlid, T.S. & K. Sintorn 2014. Nya lovande sorter i STERFs provning av gräs till golfbanor. Greenbladet 31(2): 54-55. Aamlid, T.S, W. Waalen, T. Espevig, T. Pettersen, J. Tangsveen & A. Steensohn 2014. Lovende sortsprøving. Gressforum 2014 (2): 20-22 Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein & T. Pettersen 2014. Veldefineret kompost i rodzonen og topdressing giver bedre greenkvalitet og mindre behov for gødning. Greenkeeperen 28(1): 18-21. Aamlid, T.S. & P. Edman 2014. Vekstregulering med PRIMO MAXX på golfbaneer i norden. STERF Handbook.http:// www.sterf.org. 18 pp. Aamlid, T.S. & P. Edman 2014. Tillväxtreglering med PRIMO MAXX på nordiska golfbanor. STERF Handbook. http:// www.sterf.org. 18 pp. Aamlid, T.S. & P. Edman 2014. Primo Maxx på svenska golfbanor. Greenbladet 31(3): 54-55. Aamlid, T.S. & P. Edman 2014. Så påverkar dagslängden i Norden optimal dos och appliceringsintervall av Primo Maxx. Greenbladet 31(1): 54-55. Aamlid, T.S., T. Espevig, A. Tronsmo & T. Pettersen 2014. Bekjemping av overvintringssopp på greener: Kan mikrobiologiske preparat eller alginater erstatte kjemiske plantevernmidler ? Gressforum 2014(4): 18-20. Aamlid, T.S., K. Paaske & A.M.D. Jensen 2014. Bekæmpelse af microdochium pletter og sneskimmel på greens: Kan mikrobiologiske præparater eller algeekstrakter erstatte ke miske plantebeskyttelsesmidler? Greenkeeperen 28 (4): 46-48. Aamlid, T.S., L. Wiik & P.G. Andersson 2014. Snömögel och fusarioser på golfgreener. Kan alternativ som mikrobiologiska preparat eller alginater ersätta kemiska bekämingsmedel? Greenbladet 31(5): 56-58. Andersson, R. 2013. Hitta rätt med nya gräsguiden. Golf och Affärer nr 1. 2013. http://www.sterf.org Blombäck, K. 2008. En greens åldrande: Förändringar av växtbäddens biologiska, fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaper under en sexårsperiod. Emergo 2008:1. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Avdelningen för biogeofysik och vattenvård.
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Blombäck, K. 2013. Gödslingen och gräsets växtkraft. Greenbladet nr 2, 2013. pp 25-27. Blombäck, K., M. Linde & A. Tronsmo 2013. Påverkas spelkvaliteten av gödslings strategierna? Greenbladet nr 3, 2013. Blombäck, K. & T. Ericsson 2013. STERF:s forskningsprojekt - Skötsel för god invintring och tidig vårtillväxt Greenbladet nr 2, 2013. pp 24-25. Cardner. S. 2012. Integrerat växtskydd kräver nya strategier. Golf och Affärer 1:2012. Colding, J. & S. Lundberg 2009. Golfbanan som våtmarksresurs, Manual för att främja biologisk mångfald i dammar och småvatten på golfbanan. Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation www.sterf. org Colding, J. & S. Lundberg 2012. Golfbanan som våtmarks resurs. Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. 22 pp. http://www.sterf.org Dahl Jensen, A.M. & K.S. Krogholm 2008. Pesticidfri pleje af fairways. Greenkeeperen 2008 (3): 10-13. Dahl Jensen, A.M. & K.S. Krogholm 2008. Pesticidfri skötsel av fairways – nystartat forskningsprojekt i Danmark. Greenbladet 25 (5): 56-58. Dahl Jensen, A.M. 2009. Golf og miljø – faktaark om miljømæsige udfordringer I relation til græspleje. Faktablad Dansk Golfunion. pp. 1-11. Dahl Jensen, A-M. 2010. Får – et miljøvenligt alternativ til bekæmpelse af ukrudt på golfbanen, Videnblad, 5-06-44. Dahl Jensen, A-M. & K. Sintorn 2010. Får et miljøvenligt alternativ til ukrudt bekæmpelse, Greenkeeperen 4: 62-64. Dahl Jensen, A-M. & K. Sintorn 2010. Møde mellem svenske og danske greenkeepere – erfaringsudveksling om pesticidfri pleje, Greenkeeperen 3: 12-15. Dahl Jensen, A-M. & T. Kastrup Petersen 2010. EU får betydning for de danske golfbaner – EU direktiv om bæredygtig anvendelse af pesticider vil sætte standarden på de danske golfbaner, Greenkeeperen 1: 72-74. Dahl Jensen A-M. & K. Sintorn 2010. Svensk/dansk green keeper-utbyte om pesticidfri skötsel, Greenbladet 4: 44-45. Dahl Jensen A-M. & K. Sintorn 2010. Får – ett miljövänligt alternativ som ogräsbekämpning, Greenbladet 4: 56-57. Dahl Jensen, A.M & T.K. Petersen 2011. Mere forskning I Danmark. Greenkeeperen 1: 46-48 Dahl Jensen, A.M. & P. Edman 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Golfbanans vanligaste ogräs. www.sterf.org: 4 pp.
Dahl Jensen, A. M. & P. Edman 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Vitklöver. http://www.sterf.org: 3 pp. Dahl Jensen, A.M. & P. Edman 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd. - Skräppor. http://www.sterf.org: 2 pp. Dahl Jensen, A.M. & P. Edman 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Åkertistel. http://www.sterf.org: 3 pp. Dahl Jensen, A.M. & P. Edman 2011.Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd - Ogräsbekämpning /betesdjur. www.sterf.org: 4 pp. Dahl Jensen, A.M. & H.P. Ravn 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Trädgårdsborre. http://www.sterf.org: 3 pp. Dahl Jensen, A.M. 2012. Ukrudtsbekæmpelse på græsarealer - oversigt. Bioforsk FOKUS 5(2): 174-176. Dahl Jensen, A.M. 2012. Bekæmpelse af tidsler. Greenkeeperen 4: 24-26. Dahl Jensen, A.M. & T.K. Petersen 2011. Mere forskning I Danmark – STERF projekter. Greenkeeperen 1: 46-48 Ericsson, T. 2005. Inverkan av behovsanpassad gödsling på golfgräs tillväxt, utseende, och kväveutnyttjande. Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation, http://www.sterf.org Ericsson, T. 2006. Behovsanpassad gödsling. Greenbladet 23 (2): 74-76. Ericsson, E., K. Blombäck & A. Kvalbein 2013. Behovsanpassad gödsling från teori till praktik. Handbok. 19 pp. http://www.sterf.org Ericsson, E., K. Blombäck & A. Kvalbein 2013. Behovstilpasset gødskning - Fra teori til praksis Handbok.19 pp. http://www.sterf.org Espevig, T., A. Tronsmo, T.S. Aamlid, B. Molteberg & A.M. Tronsmo 2009. Hva sier forsøksresultatene om overvintring av hundekvein. Gressforum 2009 (3): 23. Espevig, T., T.O. Pettersen & T.S. Aamlid 2010. Vinteroverlevelse 2009-10 i forsøksfeltene på Landvik Gressforum 2: 6-9. Espevig, T. 2013. Mulighederne for hundehvene på greens i norden, Handbok. 21 pp. http://www.sterf.org Espevig T. & A. Kvalbein 2014. Myntflekk. Ny sykdom på gress i Scandinavia. Gressforum 1:12-13. Espevig T. & A. Kvalbein 2014. Ny sygdom på græs i Skandinavien. Greenkeeperen 2:42-44. Espevig T. & A. Kvalbein 2014. Myntfläck ny sjukdom på gräs i Skandinavien. Greenbladet 3:38-39. Espevig T. & A. Kvalbein 2014. Årsak til vinterskade: Snømugg. Om vinterskader etter vinteren 2012-13 og om spørreundersøkelsen på Gresskurs 2014. Gressforum
1:22-26. Hedlund, A. 2002. Vart tar kvävet vägen.Greenbladet 19 (4). Hedlund, A. & M. Strandberg 2005. Gräsets tillväxt och kvävegödsling i Skandinavien. Greenbladet 22 (2), 30-31. Hellsten, C-M. 2011. EU-direktiv kräver nya strategier. Golf.se Henriksen, V. July 2014. Tråkker til flerebruksanlegg. Frederiksstad Blad. Jensen, A.M.D. 2013. Hvad med vores fairways? Greenkeeperen 3, pp 30-33 Jensen, A.M.D., O.H. Caspersen, F.S Jensen & S. Petersen 2014. Orienteringsløb på golfbanen. Grennekeeperen 1: 10-12 Johansson, F. 2009. Här görs gräset grönare – och tåligare. UNT 2009-04-01, 32–33. Kvalbein, A. 2009. Nordlys er ikke bare Nordlys. Gressforum2009 (2): 36-37. Kvalbein, A. 2010. Grunnleggende begrep om vanning Gressforum 2010 (4): 27-28. Kvalbein, A. 2011. Hva dreper gresset om vinteren? Gressforum 1:12. Kvalbein, A., F. Enger, W. Waalen, T.S. Aamlid & T. Espevig. 2011. Duklegging eller snøfjerning. Gressforum 2:10-12 Kvalbein, A. 2011. Integrerat Växtskydd - Rambeskrivning IPM. http://www.sterf.org: 13 pp. Kvalbein, A., F. Enger, W. Waalen, T.S. Aamlid & T. Espevig. 2011. Duklegging eller snøfjerning. Gressforum 2:10-12. Kvalbein, A. 2013. Dekkeforsøk på Miklagard. Gressforum 4:24. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Gödsling. http://www.sterf.org: 5 pp. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Bevattning. http://www.sterf.org: 5 pp. Kvalbein, A. & T. Espevig 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd - Thatch i gräsmattan. www.sterf.org: 5 pp. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd - Gräs till parker och fotbollsplaner. http:// www.sterf.org 8 pp. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd - Gräs till golfbanor. http://www.sterf.org: 8 pp. Kvalbein, A. 2012. Riktig gjødsling gir sterkt gress. Bioforsk Fokus 7 (2): 182-184. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2012. Riktig gressart. Beskrivelseav gressarter for golf- og fotballbaner. Gressforum 4: 18-29.
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Kvalbein, A. 2012. Gresset & Høstforberedelser. Gressforum 2: 11-13. Kvalbein, A. 2012. Rødsvingel - for alle slags golfbaner. Gressforum 4: 30-31. Kvalbein, A., F. Enger, W. Waalen, T.S. Aamlid & T. Espevig. 2011. Duklegging eller snøfjerning. Gressforum 2:10-12. Kvalbein, A. 2013. Mykorrhiza på greengress. Gressforum 3: 26-29. Kvalbein, A. 2013. Mykorrhiza på greengress. 4pp. http:// www.sterf.org Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2013. Plantenes vannhusholdning. Gressforum 2013(4): 26-27. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2013. Tørrflekker og vannavstøtende jord. Gressforum 2013(3): 12-15. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2013. Vanning av gress på golfbaner. STERF handbok. http://www.sterf.org Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2013. Plantenes vannhusholdning. Gressforum 2013(4): 26-27. Kvalbein, A. & T.S. Aamlid 2014. Tørkepletter og vandafvisende jord. Greenkeeperen 28(1): 62-65. Kvalbein, A. 2014. Høstgjødslingsforsøk. Gressforum 4/2014, page 5 Kvalbein, A. 2014. Förberedelse för vintern. Syngenta Turf Talk, Höst/Vinter 2014, page 7 Kvalbein, A., W. Waalen, T.S. Aamlid & T. Espevig 2014. Vinterskador - en komplicerad sak. Greenbladet 1:28-29. Kvalbein, A. 2014. Förberedelse för vintern. Turf Talk (Swedish edition) Høst/vinter 2014 p. (www.greencast.se) Kvalbeien, A., A-M. Dahl Jensen, P. Rasmussen & T. Aamlid 2014. Rauðvingull á golfvöllum: Leiðbeiningar byggðar á reynslu valinkunna vallarstjóra. Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. 26pp. http:// www.sterf.org Lagerstam, M. 2008. Utvärdering av lokalt greengräs försök i Dalarna 2006-2008. Report to Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation. http://www.sterf.org 36 pp. Larsbo, M., N. Jarvis & T.S. Aamlid 2007. Organisk material och vätmiddel minskar utlakning. Greenbladet (Sverige) 24 (5): 40-42. Lehmuskoski, P. 2009. Viheriöiden talvisuojauskokeen havaintoja, osa II. Bunkkeri-Uutiset 3/09: 6–7. Liljebäck, L.-E. 2008. Ny chans att lära gräs för golfbanor. Agrifack. May. Linde, N. & M. Strandberg 2006. Tre av fyra drabbas av
skador. Greenbladet 23 (4): 37-38. Molteberg, B. & T.S. Aamlid 2005. Utprøving av grasarter og –sorter på golfgreener. Greenbladet 22 (2): 24-28. Molteberg, B. & T.S. Aamlid 2006. Grasarter og sorter til golfgreener. Bioforsk Tema 1 (25): 1-5. Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid & A. Tronsmo 2007. Den norske krypkveinsorten ‘Nordlys’. Gressforum 2007 (1): 20-23. Molteberg, B. & T.S. Aamlid 2007. Nordisk sortsguide for gras til grøntanlegg, 2007. Anbefalte sorter til green, fairway/tee, plen, fotballbane og ekstensiv grasbakke basert på forsøksresultater 1985-2006. Bioforsk Fokus 2 (18): 125 pp. Nilsdotter-Linde, N. 2008. Gräs för golfbanor. Nordisk distanskurs oktober 2008 – februari 2009. Greenbladet 2, 86. Nilsdotter-Linde, N. 2009. Gräs för golfbanor. Nordisk distanskurs oktober 2009 – februari 2010. Greenbladet 2, 85. Nyholt, A. 2014. Hvordan overlever græsset vinteren? Greenkeeperen 4:6-8. Persson, S. 2010. Multifunktionella golfanläggningar – arenor för idrott, naturvård och allmänhet. Greenbladet nr 5/2010. S 54-56. Petersen, K.N. 2014. Resistens in plænegræs mod Rosa sneskimmel (Microdochium nivale). Greenkeeperen 28(4): 36. Petersen, T.K. 2008. Forskning skal sikre fremtidens baner. Dansk Golf 2008 (4): 136 Petersen, T.K. 2008. Greens og fairways til eksamen. Greenkeeperen 2008 (3): 54. Pettersson, B. 2007. Vintertäckning – möjlighet till bättre greenkvalitet tidigare på säsongen. Greenbladet 24 (4): 74-75. Pettersson, B. 2008. Kan vintertäckning vara nyckeln till bättre överlevnad och kvalité på våren? Greenbladet 25 (4): 34-36 Pettersson, B. 2008. Kan vinterdekking være nøkkelen til bedre overlevelse og greenkvalitet om våren? Gress Forum 2008 (4): 12-14 Pettersson, B. 2009. Vintertäckning av greener – något som fler klubbar borde satsa på! Greenbladet 3/09: 80-81 Rannikko, M., P. Lehmuskoski & J. Englund 2008. Viheriöiden talvisuojauskokeen havaintoja. BunkkeriUutiset 3/08: 6–10 . Rannikko, M. & J. Lampela 2010. Viheriöiden talvisuojau skokeen havaintoja, osa III. Bunkkeri-Uutiset 3: 6-9.
Sandberg, O.R. 2012. Kulturlandskap, kulturminner og allmenn tilgjenglighet på golfbaner. Institutt for landskapsplanlegging, Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap, UMB, Ås, Norge. 69 pp. Sandberg Rømer, O. 2012. Kulturlandskap, kultur minner og allmenn tilgjengelighet på golfbaner et kartleggingsverktøy. Forskningsrapport, Institutt for Landskapsplanlegging, Universitetet for Miljø- og Biovitenskap, UMB, Ås, Norge. 68 pp. www.sterf.org Schmidt, K. 2013. Ny handbok för att rädda livet i våra dammar. Greenbladet nr 1, 2013. pp 34 Schmidt, K. 2013. Hitta ditt bästa gräs i sortslistorna. Greenbladet nr 2, 2013. pp 30-31. Schmidt, K. 2013. Forskningsprogram och konferens om multifunktionella golfanläggningar. Greenbladet nr 3 2013. pp 39. Schmidt, K. 2013. Kreativa diskussioner om framtida forskning. Greenbladet nr 4, 2013. pp 34-35. Schmidt, K. 2014. Ny handbok från STERF; ”Behovsanpassad gödsling - från teori till praktik”. Greenbladet nr 1, 2014. Skarin, O., M. Strandberg & K. Schmidt 2014. Inspiration och idéer för lokal samverkan – Erfarenheter från Sigtuna projektet. Handbok, Scandinavian Turfgrass Research Foundation. http://www.sterf.org. 16 p. Sörensson, M. 2010. Solitärbin och andra insekter på Kristianstads Golfklubbs golfbanor i Åhus - inventering och förslag på riktiade skötselåtgärder. Vattenriket i fokus 2010:03. 47 pp. Strandberg, M. 2009. Gräs för golfbanor – ny kunskap och beprövad erfarenhet. Greenbladet 5: 82. Strandberg, M. et al. 2011. Multifunktionella golfanlägg ning-ar – en outnyttjad resurs. STERF, Box 84, 182 11 Danderyd. http://www.sterf.org. 31 pp. Strandberg, M. et al. 2011. Opin svæði á golfvöllumvannýtt auðlind. STERF, Box 84, 182 11 Danderyd. http:// www.sterf.org. 31 pp. Strandberg, M. et al. 2011. Multifunksjonelle Golfanlegg – En uutnyttet ressurs. STERF, Box 84, 182 11 Danderyd. http://www.sterf.org. 31 pp. Strandberg, M. & K. Schmidt 2011. EU:s direktiv om inte grerat växtskydd kräver nya strategier. Greenbladet 4: 48-49. Strandberg, M. 2011. Nytt från SGF. Praktiska råd och rekommendationer – besök kunskapsbiblioteket.
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Svenska golfförbundets nyhetsbrev. December 2012. Strandberg. M. & K. Schmidt 2012. Nytt verktyg med praktiska råd och rekommendationer. Greenbladet 1: 2012. Strandberg, M. & T.S. Aamlid 2012. Moderna växtskyddsmedel – en del av integrert växtskydd. Greenbladet 29(2): 52-53. Strandberg, M. 2012. Nya projekt ska ge nya växtskyddsmedel. Golf och Affärer 3: 17. Strandberg, M., K. Schmidt, A.M. Dahl Jensen, C. Wettemark, I. Sarlön Herlin, O. Hjort Caspersen & T. Kastrup Petersen 2013. Forsknings och utvecklingsprogram inom multifunktionella golfanläggningar. 23 pp. http://www.sterf.org Tronsmo, A. 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Övervintringssjukdomar. http://www.sterf.org. 6 pp. Tronsmo, A. 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Pythium. http://www.sterf.org. 2 pp. Tronsmo, A. 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd -Rödtrådssjuka & Pink patch. http://www.sterf.org. 2 pp. Tronsmo, A. 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Antraknos. http://www.sterf.org. 2 pp. Tronsmo, A. 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd - Ringar i gräsmattan. http://www.sterf.org. 2 pp. Tronsmo, A. 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd – Häxringar. http://www.sterf.org. 2 pp. Tronsmo, A. 2011. Faktablad Integrerat Växtskydd -Abiotiska skador. http://www.sterf.org 6 pp. Wernersson, L. 2009. Kulturhistorisk analys av Kristianstads Golfklubbs golfbanor i Åhus. Biosfärkontoret Kristianstads Vattenrike. Vattenriket i fokus 2009:04. 33 pp. Wettemark, C. 2012. Mer än en golfbana – ta tillvara banans natur- och kulturvärden. Vattenriket i fokus 2012:02. ISSN 1653.9338. www.vattenriket.kristianstad.se 12pp. Åsgård, O. 2014. Låt golfen ta plats i samhället. Vi gillar Golfnyttan. Golf och Affärer 1/2014: 11-17.
Layout: Karin schmidt Linguistic revision: Mary McAffe
Address P.O.Box 84, SE-182 11 Danderyd, SWEDEN Visiting address Kevingestrand 20 PHONE +46 8 622 15 00 E-MAIL MARIA.STRANDBERG@golf.se Internet www.sterf.org