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EUGENE CHANG FANCHENG FEI
T U
STELLA IOANNIDOU JONATHAN IZEN
D I
BERNADETTE MA NABILA MORALES
O
S AYESHA GHOSH STEPHANIE HAMILTON
A
M MATTHEW LOHRY ANDREW LUY
P
L RUOMENG WANG RONALD YEUNG
E
B E R L
BERLIN BERLIN’S CHRONICLE AS A CITY IS BEST EXPRESSED AS AN EVOLVING ONE. EXISTING AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN HISTORY AS A DOUBLE CITY, A NETWORK CITY, A COLLAGE OF CITIES, AND A DIVIDED CITY, THE URBAN FABRIC OF BERLIN CANNOT BE EXPRESSED AS CONSTANT. LOCATED ON THE SPREE, THE CITY IS CAST BY NATURAL FEATURES AND BOUNDED BY TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND INDUSTRY. THESE URBAN LAYERS REVEAL THE FRAMEWORK OF THE TOTALITY OF THE CITY AND THE CONSTRUCT FOR SMALLER BOUNDARIES. WITH THE ADDITION OF BUILDING PROJECTS, NEIGHBORHOOD SUBDIVISIONS FORM THE LARGER MUNICIPALITY. THE BERLIN WALL, A PHYSICAL RESPONSE TO POLITICAL TENSION COMPLETELY BISECTED THE CITY INTO WESTERN AND EASTERN DIVISIONS, ISOLATING WEST BERLIN AS ITS OWN ISLAND IN THE CITY. REMOVED AT THE MERCY OF CIVIC BACKLASH, THE WALL REMAINS A TESTAMENT OF A SPATIAL INTERVENTION OF SEPARATION. IN REHABILITATION AND PROTEST, THIS ARCHIPELAGO CITY MUTATED WITH THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. THROUGH CONFLICT AND RESOLUTION, THIS DIVERGENT MULTIPLICITY IS ESSENTIAL TO THE UNIQUE URBAN CHARACTER OF BERLIN.
I N
TRANSPORTATION
WATER
NATURAL FEATURES
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
THE WALL
LINE 1945
1945
1961
1961
1961
1975
1965
1965
1964
1975
1980
1989
2015
WIRE IMPROVED CONCRETE GRENZMAUER FENCE WIRE FENCE WALL 75 1961
1962
1965
1975
LINE 1989
“BETWEEN 1949 AND 1961, SOME 2.5 MILLION EAST GERMANS FLED FROM EAST TO WEST GERMANY. BY AUGUST 1961, AN AVERAGE OF 2,000 EAST GERMANS WERE CROSSING INTO THE WEST EVERY DAY. MANY OF THE REFUGEES WERE SKILLED LABORERS, PROFESSIONALS, AND INTELLECTUALS, AND THEIR LOSS WAS HAVING A DEVASTATING EFFECT ON THE EAST GERMAN ECONOMY. TO HALT THE EXODUS TO THE WEST, SOVIET LEADER NIKITA KHRUSCHEV RECOMMENDED TO EAST GERMANY THAT IT CLOSE OFF ACCESS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST BERLIN.”
THE WALL + UNGERS IBA
ISOLATION ISOLATION WALLS
ISOLATION ISLAND
WALLS BERLIN
URBAN ISLAND
WALLS ISLAND WALLS
GERMANY WALL
URBAN WALLS
WALLS
APARTMENT
ISOLATION WALLS ISLAND
BERLIN WALL
COMMUNITY
IBA BERLIN 1987 THE INTERNATIONAL BUILDING EXPOSITION BERLIN RECONSTRUCTED THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF WEST GERMANY, WHERE MODERNIST AESTHETICS TOOK FORM IN PROJECTS REHABILITATING THE POSTURBAN METROPOLIS. THE RESULTING NETWORK MODEL IS A COMMUNITY OF NEIGHBORHOODS THAT RESHAPED THE CITY. THE EXPOSITION CONSISTED OF SIX DISTINCT NEIGHBORHOODS OR MINI-CITIES, EACH WITH A UNIQUE CHARACTER AND URBAN IDENTITY. FROM THE RURAL SETTING OF TEGEL TO THE MANHATTAN-ESQUE GRID LIKE NEIGHBORHOOD IN KREUZBERG, THE TOTALITY OF THE PROJECTS OF EACH NEIGHBORHOOD BUILT THE COMPLETE APPEARANCE OF THE IBA. SEEMINGLY DISPARATE WHEN SEEN INDIVIDUALLY, THE COLLECTIVE SITES BECAME AN IMPORTANT URBAN NETWORK. THESE PROJECTS REPRESENT AN ESSENTIAL ARCHIPELAGO OF OPPORTUNITY IN THE URBAN RECONSTRUCTION OF BERLIN. WHILE EACH NEIGHBORHOOD, MINI-CITY, OR URBAN ISLAND RETAINS ITS HISTORY, SOCIAL STRUCTURE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS THE RESULTING ARCHITECTURE BECOMES A FEDERATION OF URBAN ENTITIES TO FORM THE WHOLE.
OM UNGERS
LUISENSTADT
HANS KOLLHOFF + ARTHUR OVASKA
SÜDLICHES TIERGARTENVIERTEL
KURT ACKERMANN + PETER JAEGER
KREUZBERG SO36
ALVARO SIZA
PRAGER PLATZ
CARLO AYMONINO
TEGEL
JOHN HEJDUK
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IBA NEIGHBORHOODS
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SÜDLICHES FRIEDRICHSTADT
A BRIEF HISTORY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN KREUZBERG
1987
COMPLETION OF BLOCK 1 BY OM UNGERS, A PART OF IBA-NEUBAU A. DESIGNATED RENEWAL AREA OF KREUZBERG
1984
IBA EXHIBITION
B. BERLIN PLANNERS WITH MODEL OF NEW KREUZBERG
1978
A SERIES OF ARTICLES IN THE BERLINER MORGENPOST BY ARCHITECT JOSEP PAUL KLEIHUES AND PUBLISHER WOLF JOBST SIEDLER CONVINCED THE BERLIN COUNCIL TO HOLD THE IBA, A RESULT OF CONSISTENT FRICTION BETWEEN URBAN PLANNERS AND UPSET CITIZENS
1977 1978
"STRATEGIES FOR KREUZBERG" COMPETITION HELD BY CITY COUNCIL TO PLACATE GROWING MILITANCY IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD, MEANT TO REFLECT THE RESIDENT'S VALUES
1972
URBAN PROPOSAL TO CREATE AN URBAN FREEWAY NETWORK AT ORANIENPLATZ IN KREUZBERG (EVENTUALLY DROPPED DUE TO PUBLIC OUTCRY)
1971
A PRIEST IN KREUZBERG BEGINS ORGANIZING PUBLIC OPPOSITIONS TO THE DISMANTLING OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD'S SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL INTEGRITY
1970
CIVIC OPPOSITION TO URBAN RENEWAL POLICIES GROWS
1969 1974
REDEVELOPMENT OF THE KREUZBERG AREA PLANNED, PROPOSAL TO DEMOLISH 84% OF EXISTING HOUSING AND DISPLACE TENS OF THOUSANDS OF RESIDENTS
C. PHOTOMONTAGE OF FREEWAY AT ORANIENPLATZ
D. KREUZBERG PROTESTERS ATTACKING URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTS
E. POSTER FOR 1977 RENEWAL COMPETITION
F. KREUZBERG SQUATTERS AND RESIDENTS AT STREET FESTIVAL
THE PERIMETER BLOCK IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The Perimeter Block Context The The The Perimeter Perimeter Perimeter Block Block Block ininin Historical Historical inHistorical Historical Context Context Context
CHINESE COURTYARD HOUSE, CHINA (1027 BC) Chinese Courtyard House, China (1027 Chinese Chinese Chinese Courtyard Courtyard Courtyard House, House, House, China China China (1027 (1027 (1027 BC) BC)BC) BC)
PACIFIC COLONY, MEXICO (1885)
Pacific Colony, Mexico (1885) Pacific Pacific Pacific Colony, Colony, Colony, Mexico Mexico Mexico (1885) (1885) (1885)
NEW HARMONY COMMUNITY, INDIANA (1824) New Harmony Community, Indiana (1824) New New Harmony New Harmony Harmony Community, Community, Community, Indiana Indiana Indiana (1824) (1824) (1824)
O.M. UNGERS BLOCK 1, BERLIN (1987)
O.M. Ungers Block 1,1,Berlin (1987) O.M. O.M. Ungers O.M. Ungers Ungers Block Block Block 1,1,Berlin Berlin Berlin (1987) (1987) (1987)
FORMATION OF ISLANDS
Unit
Islands
Meander
1X1
8X1/8
30X1/30
Adding
Subtracting
The “Neue Stadt” of Köln (1961-1964), O.M.Ungers
IBA Block1 (1986), O.M.Ungers
IN UNGERS’ EARLY PROJECT, THE “NEUE STADT” OF KÖLN (1961-1964), A SINGLE UNIT SEEMS TO BE THE STARTING POINT OF DESIGN. AGGREGATION THEN HELPED TO FORM ISLANDS, AND FINALLY THE WHOLE MASSING. ROOMS ARE LINKED BY ROOMS INSTEAD OF CORRIDORS. ON THE MASTER PLAN, THE FINAL MASSING DEVELOPED IN SUCH MANNER DOESN’T HAVE A RIGID BOUNDARY. UNGERS MIGHT HAVE USED A TOTALLY OPPOSITE STRATEGY TO TACKLE SMALL BLOCK SITE. SUBTRACTION HELPED TO DIVIDE SPACE WITH IN A MASSING DOWN TO UNIT SIZE AND ROOM SIZE. UNIT AREA, ROOM SIZES AND LAYOUTS ARE MORE RATIONALLY DECIDED WITH THE HELP OF GRID.
East Berlin
West Berlin
20’
16’ 33’
50’
62’
x4
x4
One Bedroom L6, 900sqf
Two Bedrooms L6, 1022.5sqf 33’
33’
COLLAGE OF CITIES AND COLLAGE OF ROOMS AT THE TIME, BERLIN SUFFERED FROM HUGE DEPOPULATION COST BY THE AT THE TIME, OF BERLIN SUFFERED FROM DEPOPULATION COST BY TO THE WAR. INSTEAD REFRESHING THE CITY,HUGE UNGER PROPOSED A METHOD INTENSIFY THE HISTORICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CERTAIN DISTRICT BERLIN. WAR. INSTEAD OF REFRESHING THE CITY, UNGERS PROPOSED A IN METHOD THE THEN TURNS INTO A COLLAGE OF CITIES, EACH HAS ITSDISTRICT OWN IN TOCITY INTENSIFY THE HISTORICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CERTAIN APPEARANCE, WHILE THE IN-BETWEEN SPACES TRANSFORM INTO GREEN BERLIN. THE CITY THEN TURNS INTO A COLLAGE OF CITIES, EACH HAS ITS SPACES. THIS IDEA IS ALSO CLEARLY SHOWN IN HIS PROPOSAL OF IBA BLOCK OWN APPEARANCE, WHILE THE IN-BETWEEN SPACES TRANSFORM INTO NO.1. EIGHT TYPICAL UNITS COLLAGE INTO ONE MASSING. JUST LIKE CITY GREEN SPACES. THIS IDEA IS ALSO CLEARLY SHOWN IN HIS PROPOSAL OF IBA ISLANDS IN THE CITY, EIGHT UNITS SIT SEPARATELY SURROUNDING THE BLOCK NO.1. EIGHT TYPICAL UNITS COLLAGE INTO ONE MASSING. JUST LIKE COURT YARD, WHICH LINKS THEIR ENTRANCES. CITY ISLANDS IN THE CITY, EIGHT UNITS SIT SEPARATELY SURROUNDING THE COURT YARD, WHICH LINKS THEIR ENTRANCES.
33’
One Bedroom L3, 810sqf
33’
One Bedroom L4/5, 760.7sqf
30’
x8
x8
Three Bedrooms L4/5, 1308.2sqf 33’
33’
x8
33’
38’
x4
30’
Two Bedrooms L4/5, 1046sqf 33’
33’
x4
x4
Three Bedrooms Duplex L1~2, 1644.9sqf
Two Bedrooms L3, 2152sqf
33’
x4
Five Bedrooms Duplex L1~2, 1076sqf
1.
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS UNGERS RESERVES THE PARCEL DIRECTLY TO THE SOUTHEAST FOR RESIDENT LEISURE. THIS PERMITS DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION WITHIN THE PARK AND PREVENTS THE HOUSING BLOCK FROM CASTING SHADOWS ON PUBLIC RECREATION SPACE.
A MONUMENTAL HOMAGE TO THE CUBE AT FIRST GLANCE, WE SEEK TO PROVE THAT BLOCK 1 IS FUNDAMENTALLY SITE-ORIENTED.
IN THE PARK, UNGERS MIRRORS THE GEOMETRY OF THE BUILDING TO DIVIDE GROUND-LEVEL PROGRAM. EACH QUADRANT IS ASSIGNED A USE BY CHANGING THE GROUND MATERIAL AND PLACEMENT OF PUBLIC FURNITURE. THE INTERIOR COURTYARD, HOWEVER, HAS AN UNASSIGNED PROGRAM SINCE IT CONTAINS A SINGLE TREE AND NO FURNITURE. THIS SUGGESTS THAT UNGERS INTENDS THE COURTYARD TO ACT AS A VENT AND LIGHT WELL FOR LOWER-LEVEL APARTMENTS AND NOT A SPACE FOR GROUND-LEVEL RECREATION.
2.
INSIDE THE HOUSING BLOCK EACH APARTMENT IS FUNDAMENTALLY UNIQUE. BASED ON THE LOCATION OF EACH UNIT, WINTER GARDENS AND BEDROOMS ARE ORIENTED TOWARDS THE SOUTH AND EXTERIOR EDGES. ONLY WHEN NECESSARY, THESE PROGRAMS FACE THE COURTYARD. UTILITARIAN SPACES SUCH AS BATHROOMS, LAUNDRY, AND KITCHEN ARE PRIMARILY CLUSTERED TO NORTHERN WALLS AND TOWARDS NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS WHERE WINDOWS RECEIVE LESS SOLAR GAIN AND VIEWS OF GREEN SPACE.
12’
38’
12’ 125’ 32 ’ 125’
3.
VEHICULAR ACCESS TO THE BLOCK OCCURS IN THE NORTHERN ALLEY AND IN THE SOUTHERN GARAGE. THIS LEAVES PEDESTRIAN THROUGHFARES UNOBSTRUCTED BY CARS, ALLOWING RESIDENTS SAFE ACCESS TO THE PARK.
FIF
TH
FLO
OR
FL 5 (TERRACE)
FO
UR TH
FLO
OR
TH
IRD
FLO
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FL 3
GR OU
ND
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EC
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DF
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R
METRICS ONE BEDROOMS: 16 TWO BEDROOMS: 16 THREE BEDROOMS: 12 FIVE BEDROOMS: 4 TOTAL BEDROOMS: 104 TOTAL NUMBER OF UNITS: 48
SQUARE FOOTAGE PER UNIT TYPE: TWO BEDROOM: 25383.6 THREE BEDROOM: 19073.6 FOUR BEDROOM: 10883.6 TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE: 55340.8 SQ FT
THIRD FLOOR
SIXTH FLOOR
GROUND FLOOR
FOURTH FLOOR
Third Floor
Ground Floor
Six Floor
Fourth Floor
CO
RE
CIR CU
LA TIO
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SP
INT
EC
IAL
RA
-UN
IT
CIR CU
LA TIO
N
CIR CU
LA TIO
N
UNGERS FRACTAL RULE
A
B
C
D
E
F
A. BUILDING SCALE B. COURTYARD SCALE C. APARTMENT UNIT SCALE D. BUILDING CORE SCALE E. FLOOR PATTERN SCALE F. FURNITURE SCALE
HUMAN FACTOR
A
B
C
D
E
A. BUILDING SCALE B. COURTYARD SCALE C. APARTMENT UNIT SCALE D. BUILDING CORE SCALE E. FLOOR PATTERN SCALE F. FURNITRE SCALE
F
NATURE VS. UNGERS
TREE
KOCHSNOWFLACK SNOWFLAKE KOCH
RIVER 6 54
IBA
3 2
6
5
4 3 6
2
6 5 4
5 4 3
3 2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1 2
1 2
2
2
3
3 3
4
4 5
4
5 6
3
6
5 6 4 5
6
1
FRACTAL
"A CLOUD IS MADE OF BILLOWS UPON BILLOWS UPON BILLOWS THAT LOOK LIKE CLOUDS. AS YOU COME CLOSER TO A CLOUD YOU DON'T GET SOMETHING SMOOTH, BUT IRREGULARITIES AT A SMALLER SCALE.” -BENOIT MANDELBROT
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
RULES OF NATURE: SELF SIMILARITY
0X
10X
20X RIVER
TREE
BROCCOLI
NEURON
BRICK + WINDOW + PAVER
78.7”
78.7”
0
PAVER
78.7”
78.7”
0
WINDOW
4.7” 9.8” 4.7” 0
BRICK
B R BRICKS
I C K S
A BRICK IS A SINGLE UNIT OF TYPICALLY KNEADED CLAY-BEARING EARTH, FIREHARDENED OR AIR-DRIED, USED IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION. TYPICALLY USED TO CREATE THE WALLS OF BUILDINGS, RETAINING WALLS, AND BUILDINGS, BRICKS HAVE BEEN FOUNDATIONAL FOR CONSTRUCTING ARCHITECTURE ALL OVER THE WORLD FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. TAKEN FROM THE GROUND AND PACKAGED INTO EFFICIENT BLOCKS FOR HANDLING, BRICKS MUST BE SMALL ENOUGH AND LIGHT ENOUGH TO BE PICKED UP THE BRICKLAYER USING ONE HAND. ONE BY ONE, THE BRICKLAYER CAN REPEATEDLY PLACE EACH UNIT DOWN TO EVENTUALLY BUILD UP A WALL THAT WILL CREATE A PHYSICAL SEPARATION BETWEEN THE INSIDE FROM THE OUTSIDE.
S
EUGENE CHANG FANCHENG FEI
T U
STELLA IOANNIDOU JONATHAN IZEN
D I
BERNADETTE MA NABILA MORALES
O
S AYESHA GHOSH STEPHANIE HAMILTON
A
M MATTHEW LOHRY ANDREW LUY
P
L RUOMENG WANG RONALD YEUNG
E
B L O C K
1
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