204
frameworks which do not include the costs of formal urbanization. Low-income population are incapable of acquiring real property because of the high cost of real estate and have no choice but to participate in the informal housing market. Housing projects were generally discontinued due to the high cost and units not going to the intended population. Low Income Housing Developments The sector in between not being able to afford formally urbanized lots and yet not squatting in barriadas either, the main characteristics usually violates legal codes. This sector is mainly operated by genuine businessman, who break the law when; 1. Selling land that is restricted to agricultural uses. 2. Selling land without municipality consent. 3. Selling land for urban use without setting aside areas for proper infrastructure. 4. Selling individual lots without recording a deed. 5. Selling land that does not legally belong to the seller or sell the same lot to more than one person. -With current availability of formerly agricultural land, illegal sales on the market for low-income developments have accelerated. The cost of housing to the low-income demand sector in the metropolitan area, whose average income is $406, is 10% of its disposable income, while the same sector would pay 28% of its disposable income for housing obtained on the formal market. 2.2 History The name ‘City of Hope’ came because Shining Path was not able to maintain a stronghold in Huaycán. The name was the community’s answer not to be associated with the terrorism. The idea of self-management was aimed to fill the gap of government, overarching or bridging the community and Municipality of Lima. Zone and UCV Each Zone has many UCVs. A UCV contains around 60 families. They are represented by a president and two delegates that are elected by the people in a zonal assembly. UCV organization is all the same but some leaders don’t have the political experience, direction or charisma to reach their objectives. Furthermore, their objectives differ depending on the times. There exists a great need of capacity building in the leadership of the community. They are all united by the same idea but share different personal ones. Most leaders have aspirations but lack ambition. Initially the zones were to be farms, but due to urban encroachment zonal restrictions had to be changed. Each zone received two options for planning and enumeration. Every 3 to 4 times a year there is a zonal plenary where the community participates. For example, Zone J has 29 UCVs, in the plenary there must be at least 90 attendees. Usually the women are more present than the men. Women has been considered the glue that holds them together in their zone because the usually fight for their rights, and their needs. The UCVs leaders and
MSc ESD Student Report 2012/2013
presidents have meetings often; however presidents and delegates meet with more frequency. 2.3 COP and COFOPRI Constancia de Posesion (Certificate of Procession) is given to the family by the municipality through the UCV leadership. Once COP is awarded land title can be processed, but it is valid for only 6 months and it can take 7 years for the family to receive this certificate. When the family receives the COP the requests for basic services can be initiated such as water. COFOPRI is responsible for processing the land titling; this title can also take more than 5 years for the family to receive it. 2.4 Zone R Profile History / General information Zone R, UCV 205F is an expansion from UCV 205C that came from UCV 205. UCV 205C was originated around 1991 to 1992, fourteen years later UCV 205F was funded. Initially the people from UCV 205F contributed to communal work of the UCV 205C, but they could not benefit from it; therefore they stopped working with UCV 205C. There are around 50 families living in UCV 205F Zone R nowadays and 100 plots which some are found empty or abandoned. The community worked and contributed on the making of stairs to connect the top of the hills to the bottom. It was an every weekend communal work until accomplished. Land Titling The people that live in UCV 205F Zone R do not have land titling, they will only obtain that once they have solved all risk hazards according to Civil Defence’s project. Extensions and invasions differ because, invasion is a planned housing in non-risky area, sometimes it is for the children from the families that is already living in Huaycán or other family members. Invasion on the other hand is an unplanned housing occupation where the original plan is ignored and in high-risk areas. The previous president’s (Alan Garcia) political manoeuvring: a false promise to citizen that the place they occupy for housing would be formalised; but never happened. Risk Management The risk management is essential to receive the land entitlement. Barrio Mio project for contention walls and staircases were planned for the UCV but it is on hold. An international NGO ‘Isolem’ invested in infrastructure works in the area, with the help of the community. Water and Sanitation During Alan Garcia’s government, Zone R had trouble