2019 - 2021 EOP Community Needs Assessment

2019-2021 COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM, INC.

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM, INC. OF CHEMUNG AND SCHUYLER COUNTY 650 Baldwin Street • Elmira, New York 14901 607-734-6174 (Ph.) • 607-733-8126 (F.) www.cseop.org • www.facebook.com/EconomicOpportunityProgram EOP, Inc. Community Needs Assessment 2019-2021

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Community Needs Assessment 2019-2021 Table of Contents

Who We Serve—Our Area

pg. 4

Community Conditions

pg. 10

Literacy levels, infant and child mortality, prevalent health issues, nutrition trends, housing conditions, community partner feedback Priority Issues and Community Assessment Update

pg. 24

Summary

pg. 28

Review of community impact, future areas of focus Appendices:

pg. 37

Agency Survey Process, Survey Type Grid Vaccine Clinics Community/Public Health Partnerships Food Security Partnerships

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Economic Opportunity Program, Inc. Overview

The Economic Opportunity Program, Inc. (EOP), is the Community Action Agency and one of the largest private human services organizations serving Chemung and Schuyler Counties. The agency is committed to helping thousands of residents in the Southern Tier region of New York State. EOP envisions a future where all people in our community will live with dignity and will have the opportunity and ability to live economically productive and satisfying lives (Annual Report). To achieve this vision, EOP’s mission is to provide services that create positive change in individuals, families, and our community; and encourages and facilitates participation by all people who can help make our vision a reality (EOP 2019-2020 Annual Report). At the agency’s heart, the core competencies of EOP’s work in the community are childcare, youth care, family development, and community and economic development to promote self-sufficiency. These core competencies are rooted in a strong set of values including people, family, diversity, active community participation, a living wage, excellence in services, effective and efficient use of resources, integrity, collaborative partnerships, competent and caring staff, recognition of staff, and human resource development (EOP 2019-2021 Annual Report). EOP demonstrates its commitment to the community as the values of the organization shine through the programs and services offered. Programs offered include Head Start, Community Food for Jobs, Summer Feeding, Centers for Excellence, New Day, Literacy Volunteers, Family Support Services, the Ernie Davis Community Center, Music Consortium, the Energy Services Bureau, and the Chemung County School Readiness Project and the Libertad-Elmira Veterans Family Program.

The Economic Opportunity Program has had a strong history of relationships with low-income families in its target community. The organization was incorporated in 1965 to administer the Federal Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 whose corporate purpose is “to eliminate poverty in the midst of plenty in this Nation by opening to everyone the opportunity for education and training, the opportunity to work and the opportunity to live in decency and dignity.”

EOP was designated by the legislatures of both Chemung and Schuyler Counties to be the anti-poverty Community Action Agency serving both counties. Since its incorporation in 1965, EOP has had considerable experience in the financial management of community initiatives through its partnerships at the federal and state levels, contracts and grants. The 2018-2019 budget of approximately $7.5 million (including in-kind) was supported by twenty-eight different funding sources through over one hundred contracts. Through its efforts with a wide variety of funding and programmatic

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sources, the Economic Opportunity Program and its Head Start Program are in a unique position to successfully administer grants to those in need.

To truly assess and analyze the needs of the community, EOP collaborated in other Community Assessments meetings. During the 2016-2019 years, the organization was instrumental in the Empire State Poverty Reduction Initiative and continues in the implementation of the Neighborhood Hubs strategy with a collaboration of the Division of Social Services (DSS) by hosting a DSS Navigator. The organization partnered with the Chemung Health Department Assessment (June 2019), and the New York State After School Network ELNoST Afterschool Consortium. EOP strategically participates and co-facilitates in various community assessments by partnering with other organizations to strengthen community, offer input in relevant areas of programming, gather input on the greatest areas of need and influence outcomes addressing the greatest needs of the community.

In October 2019, after the completion of the TRACS audit, EOP focused on participant, board, and community service by conducting a survey. Three areas of common themes resulted in: the facility of the after-school program, employment, and attending college due to the lack of jobs or living wages. The feedback regarding EOP’s services was positive and its three areas of focus continuing to be as follows: childcare and after school services, career readiness, and health, wellness, housing, and hunger.

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In response to the pandemic, EOP, Inc. repositioned to help reset lives and strengthen the community.

Our #EOPEssential staff and board never stopped serving, our doors never closed. During the pandemic, we refocused on providing series that produced results. Significantly, our COVID-19 emergency response provided more than 50,000 meals @EOPCurbside-breakfast and dinner; provided childcare to essential workers; and supportive care for our homeless veterans @Libertad-Elmira. EOP, Inc. rallied our neighborhoods with local, NYS, and national partners to set-up COVID-19 related clinics and care for our community (Appendix III).

The community assessment process continued to better understand the impact of COVID-19 and the most relevant and appropriate response. Expanded innovative and unique education, social, and business partnerships were garnered with Arnot Health, Excellus BCBS, Elmira-Corning Community Foundation, and Five Star Bank to address the evolving needs of the community. For example, COVID-19 clinics were hosted as a result of the community sharing its need for accessible health services, education, and information (Appendices III & IV). EOP, Inc. was ready, willing, and able to respond to the need. Participation in the NYS Health Equity Taskforce provided more opportunities for outreach and community assessment to help frame and develop a community POD strategy for the distortion of vaccines. As a result, vaccine clinics were hosted at Libertad-Elmira in February 2021.

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Since February 2021, more than 10 vaccine clinics have been hosted at EOP, Inc., facilitating more than 1,000 vaccines to be provided to the community. The vaccination rates are very low for the Census Tracks 7 and 10, which host the highest levels of poverty in the City of Elmira and there are high rates of COVID-19 cases.

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Therefore, as an update, the plan to host ongoing clinics in October/November 2021 with Arnot Health is a viable response to the public health need. In one survey, with more than 100 community participants and partners, 80% want the focus of programs and services to be Public Health and/or addressing COVID-19 related needs.

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In order to meet the needs of the community, feedback from staff is crucial and valued. EOP engaged and met monthly through virtual platforms to address employee needs and expanded an interactive format, Soul Talks. Staff comments were positive about communicating ideas and receiving feedback from their supervisors. EOP continues to maintain an open door policy in which staff may communicate through a variety of methods, utilizing Zoom chat boxes and small group trainings and discussions. To better equip the staff, training and development courses with the following topics were attended by supervisors and staff: ACES Trauma Training; Resilience; Change Management; and Managing Crisis during a Pandemic.

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Community Conditions Geographic Location Chemung County is located on the New York and Pennsylvania border and is considered to be a part of the Southern Tier and Finger Lakes regions. According to the 2020 census estimate, Chemung County’s population is 85,740.

Of the total population, the majority of people live within the City of Elmira, which is the County seat. The breakdown by towns and villages within Chemung County is shown in Table 1.

Income Table 1 - County Population The median household income

between 2019-2020 in Chemung

Location

2009

2020

Town of Ashland

1,905

1,568

Baldwin

858

832

Big Flats

7,579

7,414

Catlin

2,698

2,618

Chemung

2,634

2,494

Town of Elmira

6,868

6,848

Erin

2,041

1,832

Horseheads

19,144

18,646

Southport

10,611

9,343

families in Chemung County is

Van Etten

1,478

1,470

Rate for Chemung County was

3,205

3,000

6,289

Not provided

families with children under the

Veteran Village of Horseheads Millport

287

Not provided

age of five is 36.3%. (The State of

the Child in Chemung County).

Village of Van Etten

559

Not provided

For married couples, the

Wellsburg

609

Not provided

Elmira Heights

3,917

Not provided

City of Elmira

29,310

27,110

County is $37,043 (Chemung comparison with the median State which is $43,296 (Census

Poverty & Public Assistance The poverty rate for all 14.8%. In 2020, the Child Poverty 20.8%. (The State of the Child in

percentage living with children examining the rate of single

County Quick Facts). In household income for New York ACS, 2019).

Chemung County). The rate for

under the age of five is 9.7%. In mothers with children under the

age of five, it is the largest

segment of the population with a Source: US Census Bureau rate of 62.4%. Overall, the poverty rate for New York State is 14.6% with the rate for families with children under the age of five is 18.9%. (The State of the Child in Chemung County). It is alarming that the poverty rate for female householders with children under 5 continues to rise significantly. In comparison, between Chemung County and New York State, the numbers for Chemung County are 14.8% compared to 14.6% for the state. Race and Poverty in Chemung county is as follows: Chemung County Poverty Rate is 13.9% White 13.15 %, African American 23.0% Hispanic/Latino42.2% EOP, Inc. Community Needs Assessment 2019-2021

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Gender and Poverty with a High School Diploma Only is Male – Media Earning si $39,654.00 and Female – Median Earning $20,967.00

New York State Community Action Association Report Location Economic Opportunity Program of Chemung and Schuyler Counties

Population Profile Population Change Population changes within the report area from 2000‐2018 are shown below. During the sixteen‐year period, total population estimates for the report area declined by ‐5.95 percent, decreasing from 110,294 persons in 2000 to 103,732 persons in 2018.

Percent Change in Population

Total Report Area

Total

Population, Population, 2018 ACS

Report Location

103,732

2000 Census

Population Change from 2000‐2018

Percent Change from 2000‐2018

Census/ACS

Census/ACS

110,294

‐6,562

‐5.95%

85,740

91,070

‐5,330

‐5.85%

Schuyler County, NY

17,992

19,224

‐1,232

‐6.41%

19,618,453

18,976,457

641,996

3.38%

322,903,030 281,421,906

41,481,124

14.74%

United States

60%

Report Location (-5.95%)

Chemung County, NY

New York

-20%

New York (3.38%) United States (14.74%)

Note: This indicator is compared to the state average.

Data Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey. US Census Bureau, Decennial Census. 2014‐18. Source geography: County

Population, Density (Persons per Sq Mile) by Tract, ACS 2014‐18

%

Over 5,000 1,001 ‐ 5,000 501 ‐ 1,000 51 ‐ 500 Under 51 No Data or Data Suppressed Report Location

View larger map

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Age and Gender Demographics Population by gender within the report area is shown below. According to ACS 2014‐2018 5 year population estimates for the report area, the female population comprised 50.76% of the report area, while the male population represented 49.24%.

Report Area

0 to 4

0 to 4

5 to 17

5 to 17

18 to 64

18 to 64

Over 64

Over 64

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Report Location

3,076

2,914

8,299

7,886

31,729

30,905

7,527

10,492

Chemung County, NY

2,596

2,479

6,951

6,634

26,266

25,495

5,946

8,576

480

435

1,348

1,252

5,463

5,410

1,581

1,916

594,981

568,625

1,521,506

1,456,521

6,093,198

6,314,933

1,165,142

1,758,819

10,146,960

9,689,890

27,438,613

26,277,777

99,617,317

100,493,892

19,630,586

27,457,281

Schuyler County, NY New York United States

Data Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey. 2014‐18. Source geography: County

Median Age by Tract, ACS 2014‐18 Over 45.0 40.1 ‐ 45.0 35.1 ‐ 40.0 Under 35.1 No Data or Data Suppressed Report Location View larger map

Median Age by Tract, ACS 2014‐18 Over 45.0 40.1 ‐ 45.0 35.1 ‐ 40.0 Under 35.1 No Data or Data Suppressed Report Location View larger map

Adult Ages (18 ‐ 65) EOP, Inc. Community Needs Assessment 2019-2021

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Report Area

18 to 24

18 to 24

25 to 34

25 to 34

35 to 44

35 to 44

45 to 54

45 to 54

55 to 64

55 to 64

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Report Location

4,270

4,166

6,541

6,016

6,304

5,764

7,136

7,129

7,478

7,830

Chemung County, NY

3,580

3,579

5,511

5,003

5,363

4,796

5,795

5,776

6,017

6,341

Schuyler County, NY

690

587

1,030

1,013

941

968

1,341

1,353

1,461

1,489

941,241

929,237

1,427,295

1,433,547

1,202,070

1,244,000

1,300,093

1,375,553

1,222,499

1,332,596

New York United States

15,846,667 15,057,052 22,550,492 22,017,484 20,308,605 20,454,605 20,998,089 21,591,484 19,913,464 21,373,267

Hispanic Ages (Male and Female Combined) Report Area

0 to 4

5 to 17

18 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

Over 65

Report Location

311

672

300

585

381

349

185

125

Chemung County, NY

264

635

289

483

374

274

159

117

Schuyler County, NY

47

37

11

102

7

75

26

8

306,843

706,626

407,376

612,703

530,562

466,005

340,217

335,256

5,141,740

13,206,083

6,710,463

9,110,263

8,287,301

6,648,870

4,457,641

3,955,574

New York United States

Race Demographics Population by gender within the report area is shown below. According to ACS 2014‐2018 5 year population estimates, the white population comprised 89.97% of the report area, black population represented 5.32%, and other races combined were

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4.71%. Persons identifying themselves as mixed race made up 2.99% of the population.

White Total

Report Area

American

Black Total

Asian Total

Indian Total

Native

Mixed Race

Hawaiian

Total

Total Report Location

92,796

5,486

325

1,440

10

3,087

Chemung County, NY

75,443

5,262

294

1,333

10

2,842

Schuyler County, NY

17,353

224

31

107

0

245

12,514,949

3,068,099

79,644

1,630,341

8,017

599,183

234,904,818

40,916,113

2,699,073

17,574,550

582,718

10,435,797

New York United States

Data Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey. 2014‐2018. Source geography: County

Race Demographics ‐ Male White Male

Report Area

American

Black Male

Asian Total

Indian Male

Native

Mixed Race

Hawaiian

Male

Male Report Location

45,331

3,468

185

710

0

1,542

Chemung County, NY

36,689

3,337

176

682

0

1,397

Schuyler County, NY

8,642

131

9

28

0

145

6,131,250

1,424,060

39,403

778,619

3,514

293,250

116,135,803

19,555,560

1,338,375

8,343,752

290,789

5,211,268

New York United States

Ethnicity Demographics ‐ Male Report Area

Total Males Hispanic /

Total Males Not Hispanic /

Percent Males Hispanic /

Percent Males Not Hispanic /

Latino

Latino

Latino

Latino

Report Location

1,563

49,972

3.03%

96.97%

Chemung County, NY

1,458

41,098

3.43%

96.57%

105

8,874

1.17%

98.83%

1,826,869

7,692,686

19.19%

80.81%

29,059,591

129,924,599

18.28%

81.72%

Schuyler County, NY New York United States

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%

Race Demographics ‐ Female

Report Area

White

Black

America n

Asian

Female

Female

Indian

Female

Native

Mixed

Hawaiia

Race

n Female

Female

Female Report Location

47,465

2,018

140

730

10

1,545

Chemung County,

38,754

1,925

118

651

10

1,445

8,711

93

22

79

6,383,699

1,644,039

40,241

851,722

4,503

305,933

118,769,015

21,360,553

1,360,698

9,230,798

291,929

5,224,529

NY Schuyler County, NY New York United States

100

Ethnicity Demographics ‐ Female Report Area

Total Females Hispanic /

Total Females Not Hispanic /

Percent Females Hispanic /

Percent Females Not Hispanic /

Latino

Latino

Latino

Latino

Report Location

1,345

50,852

2.58%

97.42%

Chemung County, NY

1,137

42,047

2.63%

97.37%

208

8,805

2.31%

97.69%

1,878,719

8,220,179

18.60%

81.40%

28,458,344

135,460,496

17.36%

82.64%

Schuyler County, NY New York

%

United States

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Households The change in the number of households within the report area from 2000 to 2014/2018 is shown below. Total households for the report area decreased by ‐746 * ‐1, or ‐1.76% in those counties reported in the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS) 5‐year data.

This compares to a statewide increase of 3.68%.

Report Area

Percent Change 2000 2012/2016

Total Households (2000)

Total Households (2018)

Change in Households

Percent Change

Report Location

42,423

41,677

‐746

‐1.76%

Chemung County, NY

35,049

34,373

‐676

‐1.93%

Schuyler County, NY

7,374

7,304

‐70

‐0.95%

7,056,860

7,316,537

259,677

3.68%

Report Location (-1.76%)

105,480,101

112,744,143

7,264,042

6.89%

United States (6.89%)

New York United States

New York (3.68%)

Note: This indicator is compared to the state average.

Data Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey. US Census Bureau, Decennial Census. 2014‐18. Source geography: County

Total Households by Tract, ACS 2014‐18 Over 2,000 1,501 ‐ 2,000 1,001 ‐ 1,500 Under 1,001 No Data or Data Suppressed Report Location

%

View larger map

Families The American Community Survey (ACS) estimated there were 26,289 families in the report area in 2018. Married couple families comprised 73.76% of the total number. Families headed by men without wives comprised 8.43% of the total, while women without husbands headed 17.81% of families.

Report Area

Total Number of Families

Married Couple

Female, no Husband

Male, no Wife

Report Location

26,289

19,391

4,681

2,217

Chemung County, NY

21,610

15,763

4,036

1,811

Schuyler County, NY

4,679

3,628

645

406

4,634,204

3,232,009

1,038,513

363,682

78,697,103

57,816,948

15,058,180

5,821,975

New York United States

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Data Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey. 2014‐18. Source geography: County

Single Parent Households with Children (Age 0‐17), Percent by Tract, ACS 2014‐18 Over 38.0% 32.1 ‐ 38.0% 26.1 ‐ 32.0% Under 26.1% No Households with Children Reported No Data or Data Suppressed Report Location

View larger map

Poverty 2018 poverty estimates show a total of 13,248 persons living below the poverty level in the report area. Poverty information is at 100% of the federal poverty income guidelines

Report Area

All Ages No of

All Ages

Age 0‐17 No of Age 0‐17

Age 5‐17 No of Age 5‐17

Persons

Poverty Rate

Persons

Persons

Poverty Rate

All Ages Poverty Rate

Poverty Rate

Report Location

13,248

12.77%

4,224

19.05%

2,796

17.28%

Chemung County, NY

10,856

13.5%

3,518

20%

2,320

18%

Schuyler County, NY

2,392

13.5%

706

21.1%

476

19.5%

2,603,303

13.7%

751,694

18.8%

511,149

17.8%

41,852,315

12.96%

12,997,532

17.67%

8,930,152

16.62%

New York United States

0%

50%

Report Location (12.77%) New York (13.7%) United States (12.96%)

Note: This indicator is compared to the state average.

Data Source: US Census Bureau, Small Area Income & Poverty Estimates. 2018. Source geography: County

Population Below the Poverty Level, Percent by County, SAIPE 2018 Under 12% 12.01% ‐ 16% 16.01% ‐ 22% 22.01% ‐ 30% Over 30% Report Location View larger map

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%

Households

Data Background The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey designed to provide communities with reliable and timely social, economic, housing, and demographic data every year. The ACS has an annual sample size of about 3.5 million addresses, with survey information collected nearly every day of the year. Data are pooled across a calendar year to produce estimates for that year. As a result, ACS estimates reflect data that have been collected over a period of time rather than for a single point in time as in the decennial census, which is conducted every 10 years and provides population counts as of April 1. The Census Bureau combines 5 consecutive years of ACS data to produce estimates for geographic areas with fewer than 65,000 residents.

These 5‐year estimates represent data collected over a period of 60 months. Because the ACS is based on a sample, rather than all housing units and people, ACS estimates have a degree of uncertainty associated with them, called sampling error. In general, the larger the sample, the smaller the level of sampling error. Data users should be careful in drawing conclusions about small differences between two ACS estimates because they may not be statistically different.

Citation: Citation: U.S. Census Bureau: UNDERSTANDING AND USING AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY DATA: WHAT ALL DATA USERS NEED TO KNOW (2018).

For more information about this source, including data collection methodology and definitions, refer to the American Community Survey data user’s website.

The U.S. Census counts every resident in the United States. It is mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution and takes place every 10 years. The census collects information about the age, sex, race, and ethnicity of every person in the United States.

The data collected by the decennial census determine the number of seats each state has in the U.S. House of Representatives and is also used to distribute billions in federal funds to local communities. For more information about this source, refer to the United States Census 2010 website.

Methodology The data are downloaded in text format from the U.S. Census Bureau's FTP site for the years 2000 and 2010. The text documents are then uploaded into a SQL database. The demographics indicators are mapped using population provided for county area (Sum Level 050). Total populations are derived directly from data provided. The rate of population change is calculated using Total Households (current) ‐ Total Households 2000 = Household Change.

For more information on the data reported in the American Community Survey, please see the complete American Community Survey 2016 Subject Definitions.

Families

Data Background The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey designed to provide communities with reliable and timely social, economic, housing, and demographic data every year. The ACS has an annual sample size of about 3.5 million

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addresses, with survey information collected nearly every day of the year. Data are pooled across a calendar year to produce estimates for that year. As a result, ACS estimates reflect data that have been collected over a period of time rather than for a single point in time as in the decennial census, which is conducted every 10 years and provides population counts as of April 1.

The Census Bureau combines 5 consecutive years of ACS data to produce estimates for geographic areas with fewer than 65,000 residents. These 5‐year estimates represent data collected over a period of 60 months. Because the ACS is based on a sample, rather than all housing units and people, ACS estimates have a degree of uncertainty associated with them, called sampling error.

In general, the larger the sample, the smaller the level of sampling error. Data users should be careful in drawing conclusions about small differences between two ACS estimates because they may not be statistically different.

Citation: Citation: U.S. Census Bureau: UNDERSTANDING AND USING AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY DATA: WHAT ALL DATA USERS NEED TO KNOW (2018).

For more information about this source, including data collection methodology and definitions, refer to the American Community Survey data user’s website.

Methodology Population counts by household type are acquired from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Data represent estimates for the 5 year period 2014‐2018. Mapped data are summarized to 2010 census tract boundaries. A household includes all the people who occupy a housing unit. (People not living in households are classified as living in group quarters.) Households are classified by type according to the sex of the householder and the presence of relatives. Two types of householders are distinguished: a family householder and a nonfamily householder. A family householder is a householder living with one or more individuals related to him or her by birth, marriage, or adoption. The householder and all people in the household related to him or her are family members. A nonfamily householder is a householder living alone or with non‐relatives only. Figures for this indicator are measured as a percentage of total population based on the following formula: Percentage = [Population by Family Type] / [Total Population] * 100 For more information on the data reported in the American Community Survey, please see the complete American Community Survey 2018 Subject Definitions.

Poverty

Data Background The U.S. Census Bureau's Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) provides annual estimates at the state, county, and school district level of income and poverty statistics for the administration of federal programs. This data is used to supplement the income and poverty estimates available from the American Community Survey (ACS), which only releases single‐year estimates for counties and other areas with population size of 65,000 or more. SAIPE data is modeled using estimates by combining survey data (from the American Community Survey) with population estimates and administrative records (from the SNAP Benefit Program and SSA Administration). For school districts, the SAIPE program uses the model‐ based county estimates and inputs from federal tax information and multi‐year survey data.

For more information, please refer to the US Census Bureau's Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates website.

Methodology Indicator data are acquired for 2018 from the US Census Bureau's Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) series.

Estimates are modelled by the US Census Bureau using both American Community Survey (ACS) data, as well as SNAP program data and IRS tax statistics. The SAIPE estimates consider a person to be in poverty when their household income is as at or below 100% of the federal poverty level. Poverty rates are calculated as a percentage of the total population based on the following formula: Percentage = [Poverty Population] / [Total Population] * 100 For more information about the data used in these estimates, please visit the Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates website or view the SAIPE Methodology web page.

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Notes Race and Ethnicity Statistics by race and ethnicity are not provided for this indicator from the data source. Detailed race/ethnicity data may be available at a broader geographic level, or from a local source.

Poverty Rate (ACS)

Data Background The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey designed to provide communities with reliable and timely social, economic, housing, and demographic data every year. The ACS has an annual sample size of about 3.5 million addresses, with survey information collected nearly every day of the year. Data are pooled across a calendar year to produce estimates for that year. As a result, ACS estimates reflect data that have been collected over a period of time rather than for a single point in time as in the decennial census, which is conducted every 10 years and provides population counts as of April 1. The Census Bureau combines 5 consecutive years of ACS data to produce estimates for geographic areas with fewer than 65,000 residents.

These 5‐year estimates represent data collected over a period of 60 months. Because the ACS is based on a sample, rather than all housing units and people, ACS estimates have a degree of uncertainty associated with them, called sampling error. In general, the larger the sample, the smaller the level of sampling error. Data users should be careful in drawing conclusions about small differences between two ACS estimates because they may not be statistically different.

Citation: Citation: U.S. Census Bureau: UNDERSTANDING AND USING AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY DATA: WHAT ALL DATA USERS NEED TO KNOW (2018).

For more information about this source, including data collection methodology and definitions, refer to the American Community Survey data user’s website.

Methodology Population counts for demographic groups and total area population data are acquired from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Data represent estimates for the 5 year period 2014‐2018. Mapped data are summarized to 2010 census tract boundaries. Area demographic statistics are measured as a percentage of the total population based on the following formula: Percentage = [Subgroup Population] / [Total Population] * 100 For more information on the data reported in the American Community Survey, please see the complete American Community Survey 2018 Subject Definitions.

Notes Trends Over Time The American Community Survey multi‐year estimates are based on data collected over 5 years. For any given consecutive release of ACS 5‐year estimates, 4 of the 5 years overlap. The Census Bureau discourages direct comparisons between estimates for overlapping periods; use caution when interpreting this data.

Race and Ethnicity Race and ethnicity (Hispanic origin) are collected as two separate categories in the American Community Survey (ACS) based on methods established by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1997. Indicator race and ethnicity statistics are generated from self‐identified survey responses. Using the OMB standard, the available race categories in the ACS are: White, Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian, and Other. An ACS survey respondent may identify as one race alone, or may choose multiple races. Respondents selecting multiple categories are racially identified as “Two or More Races”. The minimum ethnicity categories are: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino. Respondents may only choose one ethnicity. All social and economic data are reported in the ACS public use files by race alone, ethnicity alone, and for the white non‐Hispanic population.

Data Limitations Beginning in 2006, the population in group quarters (GQ) was included in the ACS. The part of the group quarters population

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in the poverty universe (for example, people living in group homes or those living in agriculture workers’ dormitories) is many times more likely to be in poverty than people living in households.

Direct comparisons of the data would likely result in erroneous conclusions about changes in the poverty status of all people in the poverty universe.

Poverty Rate 200% (ACS)

Data Background The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey designed to provide communities with reliable and timely social, economic, housing, and demographic data every year. The ACS has an annual sample size of about 3.5 million addresses, with survey information collected nearly every day of the year. Data are pooled across a calendar year to produce estimates for that year. As a result, ACS estimates reflect data that have been collected over a period of time rather than for a single point in time as in the decennial census, which is conducted every 10 years and provides population counts as of April 1. The Census Bureau combines 5 consecutive years of ACS data to produce estimates for geographic areas with fewer than 65,000 residents. These 5‐year estimates represent data collected over a period of 60 months. Because the ACS is based on a sample, rather than all housing units and people, ACS estimates have a degree of uncertainty associated with them, called sampling error. In general, the larger the sample, the smaller the level of sampling error. Data users should be careful in drawing conclusions about small differences between two ACS estimates because they may not be statistically different.

Citation: Citation: U.S. Census Bureau: UNDERSTANDING AND USING AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY DATA: WHAT ALL DATA USERS NEED TO KNOW (2018).

For more information about this source, including data collection methodology and definitions, refer to the American Community Survey data user’s website.

Methodology Population counts for demographic groups and total area population data are acquired from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Data represent estimates for the 5 year period 2014‐2018. Mapped data are summarized to 2010 census tract boundaries. Area demographic statistics are measured as a percentage of the total population based on the following formula: Percentage = [Subgroup Population] / [Total Population] * 100 For more information on the data reported in the American Community Survey, please see the complete American Community Survey 2018 Subject Definitions.

Notes Trends Over Time The American Community Survey multi‐year estimates are based on data collected over 5 years. For any given consecutive release of ACS 5‐year estimates, 4 of the 5 years overlap. The Census Bureau discourages direct comparisons between estimates for overlapping periods; use caution when interpreting this data.

Race and Ethnicity Race and ethnicity (Hispanic origin) are collected as two separate categories in the American Community Survey (ACS) based on methods established by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1997. Indicator race and ethnicity statistics are generated from self‐identified survey responses. Using the OMB standard, the available race categories in the ACS are: White,

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Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian, and Other. An ACS survey respondent may identify as one race alone, or may choose multiple races. Respondents selecting multiple categories are racially identified as “Two or More Races.” The minimum ethnicity categories are: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino. Respondents may only choose one ethnicity. All social and economic data are reported in the ACS public use files by race alone, ethnicity alone, and for the white non‐Hispanic population.

Age and Gender Demographics For example, the population by gender within the report area is shown below. According to ACS 20102014 5 year population estimates for the report area, the female population comprised 50.59% of the report area,

Veterans Demographics Report Area

Total Population Veterans Age 18+ Age 18+

% of Veterans Age 18+

Elmira, City

20,059

1,340

6.6%

Chemung County, NY 66,171

5,937

8.9%

New York

15,402,440

655,055

4.2%

United States

254,046,196

17,418,351 6.9%

Data Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Supplemental Estimates 2019

Veterans by Age Report Area

Veteran Age Veteran Age Veteran Age 18-34 35-64 Over 65

Elmira, City

266

605

469

Chemung County, NY 635

1683

319

New York State

232,552

372,233

50,270

Data Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Supplemental Estimates 2019

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Health & Wellness – Health Equity-Covid-19 Response-UPDATE The Economic Opportunity Program, Inc. (EOP), is the Community Action Agency that serves Chemung and Schuyler Counties and is now in its 56th year providing programs and services to the community, including Head Start. The economic impact involves issues surrounding health, mental health and nutrition for school aged-children. The significant challenges that present themselves to the families enrolled, for example, in Head Start and the community as a whole include: • • • • • • •

Public Health-Covid-19 (Appendix III) Lack of affordable housing Crime, including an increase in gunshot victims and increase in Opiate use Lack of sufficient food-Food Insecurity-(Appendix IV) Employment and Education Health-Obesity Poverty

Poverty: It is very alarming that 45.1% of the 5,101 Elmira City School District children live under 185% of the poverty level. At the Annual Meeting in 2021, more than 200 stakeholders were surveyed and asked to rank the Top 3 Priorities for EOP in order to more effective serve the needs of the community. Below are the results:

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Priority Issues/Community Assessment Update In 2016, the City of Elmira was one of sixteen communities selected by New York State to participate in the Empire State Poverty Reduction Initiative (ESPRI). Head Start parents and EOP, Inc. staff continue to participate in monthly focus groups alongside local officials, educators, other agencies, and organizations to try and address the issues. Regarding the lack of affordable housing and people who are homeless or at risk of being homeless, the Catholic Charities Chemung & Schuyler 2018 Annual Report indicates 465 individuals utilized their Emergency Services Shelter. The 85% of those housed were homeless for the first time with 89% being discharged to permanent housing.

The Samaritan Center, a Division of Catholic Charities of the Southern Tier, operates the homeless shelter and provides a one-stop shop model of service delivery for families that utilize their services. These programs are working hard at keeping families in their homes or helping

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them obtain adequate and affordable shelter. Lack of sufficient food: Catholic Charities reported that 5,012 adults and children received emergency food.

EOP Birth to Five School Readiness Program distributes the Snack Pack program to encompass all 5 sites due to the increasing reports of families suffering from unhealthy and/or lack of food. Each child receives a snack pack filled with basic nutritional food and products to make a home cooked meal. This data backs up the anecdotal information Family Advocates receive from the families in the Birth to Five School Readiness Program, which is why at the start of the 2013 program year, the Snack Pack Program expanded to include all sites.

With 45.1% of the 5,101 Elmira City School District children living under the 185% poverty level, the Elmira City School District can provide all elementary and middle school children with free breakfast and lunch.

In the area of advancement to the community, it has been an extremely exciting year for Chemung County. A variety of new businesses opened. There is now much more of a sense of community and collaboration within the area. Now with the impact of COVID-19 and business closures, it will take time to see the impact on the community with a focus to stabilize. Below are key thematic areas from the Community Assessments: Medical: •

Public Health and COVID-19-Social Determinants of Health-(Appendix IV).

•

Southern Tier Pediatrics was bought out by the Guthrie system.

•

Telehealth program (recently extended 6 months with reorganization & expansion).

•

The Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM) opened in July of 2020.

•

Elmira College/Binghamton University School of Pharmacy partnership.

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•

Finger Lakes Audiology opened in November of 2019.

•

St. Joseph’s Hospital merged with Arnot Health.

•

Southern Tier Plastic Surgery opened in downtown Elmira, NY.

•

Mondovi Dental opened in Elmira, NY.

Transportation: •

The Elmira Corning Regional Airport renovation.

•

Allegiant Airways flight expansion from Elmira to Myrtle Beach.

•

United Airlines flight expansion from Chemung County to Washington D.C.

Immigration: •

Journey/s Edge Immigration Legal services are now easily accessible and the Economic Opportunity Program in Elmira, NY hosts staff so that families can come personally speak with the representatives with no fear, or host virtual meetings.

Housing: •

The Libertad-Elmira housing complex with supportive care Veteran services provided by the Economic Opportunity Program; 91 units with 20 serving homeless veterans.

•

115 apartments on property adjacent to Elmira College to meet the needs of medical students attending LECOM in Elmira, NY.

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The goal of the Libertad-Elmira Veteran and Family Program is to offer housing and a supportive program to 20 veterans who are homeless. Since October 2019, the veterans have been housed in a supportive care environment and are given a psychological/vocational evaluation and assigned a Therapeutic Life Coach (TLC). The TLC provides therapy and case management. The TLC, armed with the evaluation, meets weekly with the veteran to set goals, connect with resources, work through obstacles, & support self-sufficiency. The program is at 95% occupancy and is evidence of continued community need. A comfortable home-like atmosphere with a focus on wellness provide areas for group meetings, socialization & optional activities.

Businesses: •

The Arnot Mall Event Center hosts major athletic events and conferences.

•

ILL EAGLE Tap House just opened in October 2019. It is located at 200 East Church Street, Elmira, NY 14901.

•

Park Grove Realty also opened in Elmira. It is located at 100 West Water Street in Elmira.

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•

Journey Fitness has relocated and renovated another old building and now has opened a centrally located improved fitness center located just off the Clemens Center in Elmira.

•

Gallery 421 is a new gallery that opened in August 2019. It is located at 421 West Church Street.

•

Nutmeg Upcycling is another business that has brought new innovation to the area with its combination of an art gallery, an antique shop and a second-hand store where it recycles products and makes them into new products. It is located at 149 West Gray Street in Elmira.

Significantly, pre-COVID-19, the area was in a revitalization era and continues to attract new businesses and major advancements in the area of medical facilities such as LECOM. Summary of Agency Survey Process As stated in our Agency Survey Process, evaluative information is gathered formally through surveys, phone calls and focus groups. Several types of surveys are used as well. In response to COVID-19, the Zoom platform was utilized to conduct and update the community assessment process. Virtual surveys, focus groups and polling of diverse stakeholders and participants was the result. The Zoom platform supported larger numbers of stakeholder feedback and ongoing opportunities to gather feedback and prioritize the strategic focus for 2020-20201. Some surveys are distributed agency-wide while others are program specific. It is not always possible to determine which program(s) is/are being utilized by respondents unless the survey is program specific. The actual number of program respondents is underestimated as this does not include the anonymous agency-wide surveys. Included in Survey Type Grid (Appendix II) is the type of survey used along with the number of respondents. Summaries of several survey groups are provided below.

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Trends captured in the 2019-2020 NYSCCA Needs Assessment Survey – Community Members-Cities Rise (Anti-Displacement-Homeless), N=75 Cities Rise Focus Group – All Council Districts and Landlord Association Meetings were hosted on several dates throughout the summer/fall 2019 and notices were sent.

Each time a focus group was hosted, an average of 5-10 people were in attendance with guests from NY Law and Code Enforcement.

Each Focus group went through the exercise for Neighborhood Conditions and Code Enforcement Challenges.

Tenants Focus Groups-Neighborhood Conditions: We received responses of abandoned houses, neighbors not keeping up with their housing, high rents and condition of rental housing. There were some concerns about vacant lots and housing because of the tax base eroding. The tenants and landlords had some of the same concerns which was a good sign that all are concerned.

Code Enforcement: There was concern about not having enough staff to get to the things that need to be fixed in housing. Code just driving by, but not inspecting at times.

Some of the ideas that were consistent throughout the meetings were tenant associations in the district and possibly neighborhood driven associations. Yearly neighborhood clean-ups that would involve community not just focused in one area, but city wide at different times during the summer. For Empty Lots/ Preapproved houses through the appropriate entities to build on those lots.

Landlords:

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The Final Landlord meeting was informative and talked about tenants that did take responsibility for their apartments and that trash them, code enforcement concerns on properties, landlords having a way to possibly get assistance on fixing properties. Furniture dumping and landlords being sighted to have it removed when they did not create the dumping. We had Amanda Wandell from Arbor Housing come to speak about the Ambassador’s program. They were also concerned about the eviction process which came up quite a bit. They identified the area that they wanted to focus on, which is Tenant Responsibility.

As a result: Tenants - Associations in the districts and/or neighborhood associations to identify neighborhood conditions.

Landlord – Identifying Tenant Responsibility and working on how to work with tenants and their properties. The ultimate would be to have a coalition of Code, Landlords, Tenants, DSS, NY Law to work through the challenges of tenant challenges, housing conditions challenges, and law.

SUMMARY OF 2019 SURVEY INFORMATION There were 97 surveys returned by a variety of community members in Chemung and Schuyler Counties. These surveys were filled out by community members, community agency partners, program participants, and EOP Board Members. Three overarching findings are evident. First, the need in our community continues to be great. Second, the Programs at EOP are both highly regarded and relevant to the needs in our area. Third, there are areas where EOP can be more intentional in investigating both need and response.

The rates of poverty reported as well as need for basic care in areas such as literacy, heating, food and physical and dental health continue to be high. These unacceptable numbers

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continue to motivate the staff at EOP to provide excellent care. To that end, the positive responses to EOP programs are encouraging and validating. However, much work remains.

EOP has been able to provide effective child care, offer meaningful afterschool programs and literacy programs, and partner with area agencies. Its ability to forecast the need for nutritional sustenance has fueled the development of CFJP/Bistro Programs, the Back Pack Weekend Program, and is informing development of future community projects. EOP job fairs, literacy support, First Choice Program and partnership with communities such as Workforce New York have addressed the need for job training and employment.

The areas of crime and alcohol/drug abuse were highly rated concerns. While EOP does not provide programs that address these issues directly, it does work with community partners whose mission is to provide recovery programs. However, inherent in the work of EOP is its mission to ameliorate causes of both crime and drug abuse, namely poverty and the obstacles to meeting one’s life’s goals including the belief that one can. Continuing to strengthen our programs and collaborations with strong community partners, along with educational initiatives such as Early Head Start, and community wellness and food programs, will ultimately strengthen our community and increase capacity for resource coordination.

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Trends captured in the 2021 Focus Group – Head Start Policy Council and Community Partners, N=17

Question#1-Have any of you ever experienced any of the following housing insecurities issues; unfairly and unlawfully evicted?

Summary of Comments: ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢

Evicted for difficulties paying rent on time Forced to leave because City Code condemned the property Relocated voluntarily due to unhealthy and unsafe housing conditions Relocated voluntarily due to unsafe building or neighborhood Denied housing due to discrimination Denied housing due to criminal history/background Experienced temporary or long-term homelessness Wanted to buy a home, but was unable to access bank financing I have not personally experienced any of these housing challenges before

Parent #1 shared an experience of someone she knows that may be evicted December 31, 2020, that since COVID-19 has had some heart health complications and is in no way able to move and had lost income due to this situation.

Question #2 -What has been your biggest challenge during COVID-19?

A grandparent shared that her house of two became a home to 6 and sometimes 7 people.

She is definitely loving having her loved ones close, and knowing that they are all safe within her walls.

Parent #3 shared that not working and having to homeschool has been a huge struggle and several others shared that they are also struggling with homeschooling children, internet being sketchy, equipment school provides not working or not provided, and difficulties trying to keep their children focused.

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Parent #4 shared she is also struggling trying to keep after 3 kids on Zoom, and one has an IEP. Keeping her child’s therapies as well as regular class.

Parent #5 shared that her youngest missed a whole week of school due to not having enough staff in the classroom. She did not understand why this was an issue. EOP staff explained that some of the staff have their own children at home, and have had to stay home to work with their own children. But they are working on this and will keep us updated. The parent also shared that she has been homeschooling her older children since this all began, she admitted that it does help that her college degree is in education, and she offered to help if anyone needed her. She did share that their biggest struggle since COVID-19 was adopting her youngest daughter. But they did end up finally completing the adoption over Zoom and they couldn’t be happier.

A community partner also shared about a family she knows that had a fire last night.

They are a family of 13 and she will get sizes needed to EOP staff and then will contribute that information to all that asked for it.

Question #3- Have you ever wanted to contact Code Enforcement/City of Elmira about safety issues in your own rental unit but didn’t because you were afraid of retaliation by your landlord?

(No comments) EOP staff asked if themselves or anyone they knew had any quarantine displacement. A community partner shared that her niece had to move in with other family members while her husband who had contacted COVID-19 was at home recovering to keep herself and her children safe.

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Question #4 -Have you ever utilized Legal Aid services, which are free to low-income and vulnerable tenants,for housing related concerns (example: code violations, potential eviction)?

A community partner shared that years ago she had utilized them when she had issues with a landlord that she used to have. They helped her with that situation and also helped her find safe housing.

Economic Opportunity Program, Inc. Annual Meeting, Board of Directors and Stakeholder Virtual Polling- 2/23/21 -N=200

Trends captured in the 2021 EOP Virtual Surveys, N = 351

The session is the third of a 3-part series of education and communication webinars entitled, “COVID-19-Critical Conversations” in partnership with the Economic Opportunity Program, Inc. and underwritten by Excellus BCBS and Arnot Health.

We began sessions with an Opening and Greeting by the EOP CEO, sponsors and then the Keynote Speakers for example: Secretary of State Rosado provided the keynote lecture about COVID-19; its impact to the community; the vaccine options; efficacy; boosters; and herd

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immunity. The CEO moderated a Q & A in the Chat box response. The bios of the two other panelists representing our sponsoring partners-Dr. Fitzpatrick-Excellus BCBS and Dr. NasticoArnot Heath-were included as well as community links and resources in the Virtual Gallery.

COVID-19 Summary: Audience: New York State reach; national and global attendees; Business partners; medical and health administrators; doctors; corporate business leaders; human service leaders, and staff; and community members. Demographics-mostly female; ages 45-55.

4/26/2021 - "COVID 19: Critical Conversations for the Community" - 75 live attendance and over 260 reached through recorded video on Facebook.

"The session was fantastic. Dr. Zama's directness and bold simplicity of uncomplicating high risk was worth having them (family) hear. I wasn't sure if I should invite family members and friends to yet another workshop (invited 3 so far) but I am glad I did especially for those in Brooklyn, NY. There is some fatigue in hearing the message and some have turned off their hearing aids to listen to either pro or against messages. Thank you for the session and I will not hesitate in the future."

5/19/2021 - "COVID 19: Mental and Behavioral Health" - approximately 150 live attendance and over 450 reached through recorded video on Facebook.

6/ 23/2021 - “COVID-19 and Beyond” - 126 attendees. With 66 on the Facebook Livestream, and 60 on Zoom. Specifically, we had more Likes, and a 3.5% higher viewing than the last webinar. Over 150 people have engaged with the webinar since posting; 3.0 x more average view time; and over 153 more people have watched the webinar since posting. A polling survey was conducted with the following data: “We are all learning things that we never thought we would have to learn! Rossana Rosado said she never thought she would have to be an expert on vaccinations and infectious diseases!”

“This was a tremendously helpful session! Thank you all!”

“Absolutely enjoyed the Zoom call this morning. Very educational.”

“I enjoyed learning new things in the program today. It was very valuable!”

46% attended all three sessions, giving feedback

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80% plan to attend future sessions and want the focus to be Public Health and/or COVID-19 related For reference, below we included a few feedback comments from attendees; an article about the webinar, written by the local TV news station WENY:

https://www.weny.com/story/44165229/reaching-herd-immunity-in-the-community

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Appendices Appendix I: Agency Survey Process

Agency Survey Process As a part of our Needs Assessment/Satisfaction Survey for EOP, surveys are distributed for the purpose of understanding participant needs throughout the community and gaps in services.

•

Each division is required to distribute yearly surveys for their specific programs and services in which to analyze the effectiveness. The following surveys were completed: Head Start, N=,-181---- October 2019 EOP Agency, N=78-------, September 2019 Literacy Volunteers, N=11, 2019 ESB, N= 20 COE N= 44 – 2019 Board Staff and Volunteers – N=52 Partners N=20 (Surveys including Participants, Community Members and Board Members)

•

The programs will utilize the surveys to gather the information to determine if there needs to be revision, expansion or new programming.

•

Each division should have a goal of at least a 50-70% return to analyze the information.

•

Once the information is compiled, a written result will be completed as additional information for the Needs Assessment that is conducted every three years.

•

In addition to surveys, focus groups and interviews are part of EOP’s ongoing process of data collection to obtain essential and meaningful information for our needs assessment.

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•

For the Needs Assessment 2017-2019, the following were surveyed utilizing the NYSCAA partner survey:

Elmira City School District – Hilary Austin Schuyler Housing Opportunity Council – Community Partner The ARC of Chemung County – Community Partner (People with Disabilities); Executive Director Sean Eagan The survey results from the report are as follows: Positives: 1. Collaborative Partnerships, Local Scenery, Positive Impact and Small Town 2. Living 3. Area Negatives: 1. High Taxes 2. Mental Illness 3. High Rates of Hunger 4. Limited Employment 5. Lack of Good Employer Opportunities Highest Needs: 1. Job Skills Employment Training 2. Mental Health Services 3. Childcare Services that Do Not Meet the Demand: 1. Childcare 2. Family Counseling 3. Financial Assistance 4. Mental Health Services 5. Safe Affording Housing 6. Youth Programs The Top 3 that Do Not Meet the Demand: 1. Childcare 2. Transportation 3. Financial Assistance 4. Housing

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5. Mental Counseling The Most Challenging Community Issues that low income households in our county will fact in the next three years are: 1. Jobs Skills/Employment 2. Substance Abuse Assistance 3. Parent Education 4. Financial Assistance/Childcare

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Appendix II: Survey Type Grid Survey Type

Population Surveyed

EOP Monkey Survey EOP Monkey Survey

Chemung County EOP Head Start Chemung County EOP Client & Partner

NYSCCA Survey NYSCCA Survey

Schuyler County Community Member Chemung County Literacy Volunteer Clients

NYSCCA Survey

Schuyler County Partners • Community Based Org. • Public Sector

Date

79

2019

3

2019

8

2019

Board of Directors

7

2019

Gold Ring Medical Student Program Arnot Ogden Medical Ct.

25

2019

NYSCCA Survey NYSCCA Survey

Grand Total

EOP Monkey Survey Clients N = 52

All EOP Monkey Surveys N = 99

2019

2019 2019

Chemung County Partners •

Totals

2019

1 20

NYSCCA Survey

EOP Annual Meeting

No. of Respondents 181

Community Stakeholders Board Members

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February 2021

N=200

All EOP Program Surveys N=52 Polling; Focus Group N-200

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B25 Policy Council Members EOP Staff Corporate Business Sponsors Covid-19 3-part series of Response education and Webinar communication Series” in webinars entitled, partnership “Covid-19-Critical with Excellus Conversations” BCBS and Arnot Health

N=351

4/26/2021 N-75 5/19/2021 N=150 6/23/2021 N-126

N=351 46%-attended all three sessions giving feedback; 80%-would attend future sessions; want focus to be public health and/or COVID-19 related All Surveys Combined N = 863

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Appendix III. EOP, Inc. and Arnot Health Vaccine Clinics Marketing:

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Appendix IV. Community and Public Health Partnerships:

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Appendix V. Food Security Partnerships:

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