XV.
EMPEROR LICINIUS (308 - 324 A.D.) Gold leaf, late 3rd – early 4th century A.D. H: 14 cm, W: 147.78 g
A small bust in hammered gold leaf, in all likelihood originally fixed to a wooden support. It represents a man, still young, with shaved hair, wearing a thin moustache and an unshaped beard that does not cover the cheeks. He wears the paludamentum or military coat, fastened on the right shoulder by a round fibula. Beneath, he wears a cuirass, the leather straps (ptérugès in Greek) of which can be seen passing over the same shoulder.
accompanied the troops on a campaign : in the camps, it compensated for the absence of the emperor and helped to ensure the loyalty of the soldiers. Exclusively reserved for images of the sovereign, gold portraits have survived in a very small number until today because they were melted down to recover the precious metal.
The physiognomy of the figure is expressed by a large, creased forehead, prominent superciliar arches, elongated eyes, a slightly aquiline nose and a small mouth with full lips. The expression of his gaze is particularly intense. Wearing the hair short was in vogue from the rise of the soldier- emperors (253 A.D.) until the end of the Tetrarchy (311 A.D.). It is, thus, to this period that this portrait has to be dated. Greater precision in the identification can be made through the details of the moustache, which is barely indicated, and the smooth chin, characteristics of the portraits of Licinius. Native to Illyria, this general became the master of the entire Orient in 313 A.D. But the conflict with Constantine the Great, who ruled the western part of the Empire, never ceased growing : war between the two factions broke out in 324 and after several lost battles, Licinius was exiled to Thessaloniki. Accused of conspiring with the Goths to regain the power, he was assassinated the following year on Constantine’s orders. Such a valuable effigy, in this small scale, often
PROVENANCE Ex-private collection, Geneva, Switzerland.
PUBLISHED IN WASMER L. and GEBHARD R. (ed.), Gold, Magie, Mythos, Macht. Gold der Alten, Exhibition Catalog, Munich, Museum für Vor-und Frühgeschichte, Nov. 30, 2001-April 2, 2002, Stuttgart, 2001, p. 295, n. 198 (ill.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY On portraits of Licinius: Costantino il Grande, La civiltà antica al bivio tra Oriente e Occidente, Milan, 2005, p. 208, n. 7 (with earlier bibliography). L’ORANGE H.-P., Das Spätantike Herrscherbild von Diokletian bis zu Konstantin-Söhnen 284-361 n. Chr., Berlin, 1984.