A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2021 0007
Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai Student’s Full Name: Elham Al Dweik Thesis Book Title: Baqala: The Social Hypermarket Student Signature: Date: Professor Name: Abdellatif Qamhaieh Professor Signature: Date: 0008
Copyright © 2021 by Elham Al Dweik. Logo Design by Taimaa Barakat.
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A special thank you to my thesis professor, Dr. Abdellatif Qamhaieh, for his encouragement, and all those who supported memost especially, my brother, Younes, Taimaa, Farah, Dheyaa, and Ismael.
thank thank thank thank thank thank thank thank thank
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you you you you
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HOW TO READ THIS BOOK: The entire book reads like a receipt, from left hand side to right, with the exception of some words, which are inverted or deconstructed.
The image on the right is of a
small grocery shop,
nestled between the tight alleyways alongside the Shiva Temple in Al Bastakiya. Intimate and introverted, this Zaroob is a collaged reproduction of parts of the cultural identity that forms that the city of Dubai is based on.
The visuals are overwhelming, reflective of the age of commodity fetishism and cultural acceleration. 00012
The visual absurdity of the grocery sign in this context is what inspired this thesis topic.
the nucleus
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ABSTRACT KEY WORDS: URBANISM – RETAIL – HYPERMARKET – ALIENATION – TRANSIENCE. “The hypermarket has become, according to Baudrillard, a “NUCLEUS”; regarding the relationship between this nuclear hypermarket and the original city center, Baudrillard writes: “The city, even a modern one, no longer absorbs it. It is the hypermarket which establishes an orbit along which suburbanization moves” (Baudrillard, 1981, p77). The existence of the hypermarket has effectively and efficiently
DISMANTLED MUCH OF THE CITY’S URBAN FABRIC.
The rise of the hypermarket warehouse has pushed aside older, “vernacular” stores, which offer more intimate shopping experiences. Coupled with the UAE’s decision to unite smaller grocery shops visually and commercially as a form of chaos-prevention (Sheshtawy, 2019, p140), the hypermarket has reigned within the city of Dubai.
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The loss of these “vernacular” spaces, and the opting for
LARGER, MORE ALIENATING HYPERMARKETS
has quite negatively influenced social relations within the food and commodity network in the city. The global villagization of the hypermarket within neighborhoods has led to
SPRAWL, ALIENATION, AND A LACK OF QUALITY URBAN ELEMENTS.
And while it may be argued that the hypermarket can offer a variety of goods and services not provided by the local grocery shop- “tout sous le meme toit”- it does so at a social and urban expense. Furthermore, many scholars argue that the reign of the hypermarket is ending abruptly. This thesis proposes a new outlook on how the hypermarket can be redefined, the grocery store strengthened, and how the city’s locals and marginalized communities can mainly benefit from this. On a neighborhood scale, the hypermarket will be analyzed and dissected:
A NEW, DEMOCRATIC,
INCLUSIVE SOCIAL SPACE
can assist with promoting identity on a neighborhood level. The new hypermarket, rather than explicitly othering and gentrifying, will be temporary structures, which can be easily built and disassembled, to reinforce participatory design. A new form of urban revival can be actualized by integrating a new form of retail. Furthermore, within the city of transience, establishing new social relations within retail can assist with informally reviving identities within the UAE.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS W E L C O M E T O E L H A M ‘ S T H E S I S B O O K Date : 11/10/2021 9:51pm Trans: 76 description INTRODUCTION
page AND
RESEARCH
Chapter 1.0 Introduction .......................................21 Chapter 2.0 The Metamorphosis of Retail ........................35 2.1. Trade and The History of Urban Forms ......................36 2.2. Historical Trade Routes and Shaping Our Lives .............44 2.3 Economic Factors: Trade as an Empire-Maker .................46 Chapter 3.0: The Hypermarket ...................................58 3.1. History, Culture, Capitalism ..............................58 3.2. Warping the City: Urbanism and The Hypermarket ...........87 3.3. Transnationalism, France, and Neoliberalism ..............98 3.4. Exclusion, Automation, and Logistics: A Compilation of Related Topics ...............................103 Chapter 4.0: Dubai ............................................105 4.1 Dubai: The Birth of a Retail City .........................108 4.2. Variety: A Retail Model ..................................118 4.3. The Social Role of the Market and Retail .................150
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TABLE OF CONTENTS W E L C O M E T O E L H A M ‘ S T H E S I S B O O K Date : 12/08/2021 9:51pm Trans: 77 description ANALYSIS
AND
page SITE
Chapter 5.0 Conceptual Case Studies Analysis ..................167 5.1. Spatial Program and Criteria .............................189 5.2. Spatial Analysis and Dimensions ..........................225 Chapter 6.0 Site Context and Analysis .........................239 6.1. Potential Sites Selection and Premise ....................244 6.2. Comparison Analysis in Urban Scale .......................248 6.3 Site I: ADCB Metro ........................................250 6.4: Site II: Umm Al Sheif Metro ..............................254 6.5: Site III: Mashreq Metro ..................................258 6.6 Site IV: Emirates Towers Metro ............................262 Chapter 7.0 Space and Site Correlations .......................290 7.1. Conceptual Proposals .....................................292 7.2. Summary and Synthesis ....................................302
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research
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1.0: INTRODUCTION
“The current INDUSTRIAL MASS PRODUCTION
of visual imagery
tends to
ALIENATE VISION
from emotional involvement and identification, and to turn imagery into a mesmerizing flow WITHOUT FOCUS
or participation,”
(Pallasamaa, 2012, 25).
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00022
In the past, the market was A SOCIAL SPACE OF MUTUAL EXCHANGE,
and often,
where most INTERPERSONAL INTERACTIONS
took place.
However, after the Industrial Revolution —and further aggravated by the neoliberal policies of the 70sthe market became an incredibly commodified and institutionalized SPACE OF EXCLUSION:
and so, the market’s metamorphosis went from an open, PROCESS-SPECIFIC SPACE
inviting interaction,
interdependence, and involvement to
an isolating, that is
ALIENATING SPACE exclusive and elitist. 00023
00024
00025
RETAIL
followed the footsteps of this
NEOLIBERAL CONSUMERIST MODEL,
and with the rise of
NON-SPACES
HYPERCAPITALIST
such as shopping malls, department stores, and the hypermarket, eventually shaped urban and social synergy. The role the current model the hypermarket plays is an
ALIENATING ONE:
a fragmented
urban fabric,
a dehumanizing,
transient space,
a narcissistic
architectural space and scale, and an economic power driving out variety.
00026
(Clockwise from top): 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4.
00027
And to be redefined,
THE HYPERMARKET
BE DEFINED.
MUST FIRST
Generally, the hypermarket falls under “BIG-BOX RETAIL”,
which has numerous intersecting subcategories. It is characterized by an intense reliance on the automobile, a large scale and quantity of offered products, and economies of scale - a focus on high-volume, low-margin sales (Andreea-daniela, 2013). Secondary traits include a generous parking space, reduced price policies based on partnerships with suppliers, and a self-service method (Investopedia). 00028
1.5.
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Despite the hypermarket’s midlife crisis from a social and urban lens, IT STILL IS AN ECONOMIC POWER,
especially within the context of developed countries. Furthermore, it is this economic hypermarket
MONOPOLY
that drives out other kinds of stores, and crushes competition.
Within the context of the UAE, the competition being driven out is smaller grocery shops, street retail, and door-to-door sellers.
1.6.
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1.7.
00031
00032
In a country whose majority population is TRANSIENT,
this only intensifies social exclusion and anomie. The already-fragmented urban space of the city is FURTHER DISSOLVING
because of these retail conglomerations, which, in turn, is altering our view on how consumer-oriented processes should take place. And so, in a city whose population is TRANSIENT, ALIENATED, AND TEMPORARY,
the role of the new hypermarket can assist with restructuring these
UNEVEN SOCIAL
POWER DYNAMICS. 00033
00034
2.0
THE METAMORPHOSIS OF RETAIL The way historical trade routes shape our lives can be separated into a general rule of three. Three major concepts are interconnected and aligned.
I.
POWER ACCUMULATION.
Economics, Trade, and Transport.
II. III.
TIME PERIODS.
Past, Present, Future. SCALES.
Urban, Architectural, Social.
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2.1. TRADE AND THE HISTORY OF URBAN FORMS. I.
The City
“No country has grown to middle income without industrializing and urbanizing. None has grown to high income without vibrant cities” (Turok and McGranahan, 2013, p466).
There is an inherent
INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN CITIES AND TRADE:
It is the latter that creates
CONDITIONS FOR URBANIZATION.
00036
The prerequisite for cities is RESOURCESespecially those related to
FOOD SECURITY.
And so, the discovery and application of agriculture, as opposed to being nomadic hunter-gatherers, set the basis for these settlements. The shift to agriculture also meant higher population densities, as well as
SURPLUS PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE (Urbanization and the Development of the City).
00037
Some of these settlements also formed along major trade routes and lines
BLOSSOMING INTO CITIES-
and this process of urbanization was often linked to
ECONOMIC HEGEMONY, among other factors.
The creation of these “concentrated settlements”
- THE CITY-
increased efficiency, costs, transportation, among others, and became a
HOTBED FOR HUMAN COLLABORATION.
This process of urbanization further skyrocketed during the Industrial Age, especially in Europe and North America, in which the shift to the city became more concrete. The contemporary era of globalization and internationalism is also leading to the second huge shift to the urban.
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2.1.
00039
2.1. TRADE AND THE HISTORY OF URBAN FORMS. II. Trade, Transport, Economics “one important measure of economic development (is)
CITY SIZE”.
“One reason that the Middle East and Central Asia thrived for so long relates to the central location of the region with regard to trade routes”. (Blaydes and Paik, 2021, p1,5).
“TRADE WAS AN IMPORTANT DRIVER OF PROSPERITY IN URBAN AREAS”. (Blaydes and Paik, 2021, p6). 00040
“evidence (suggests) a close empirical association between urbanization and income per capita for cities around the world in the pre-industrial period”. (Blaydes and Paik, 2021, p5). 00041
The defining traits of established cities can be related to
TRADE,
TRANSPORT, AND ECONOMICS-
all of which are interconnected with urban development.
GLOBALIZATION,
MODERNIZATION, AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
all gave rise to the accelerated city.
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Trade, the basis for the city, can be defined as the following: “an exchange of products, knowledge and… a way to join together different nations… and it is the expression of the relations of exchange between producers and consumers” (Andreea-daniela, 2013, p690).
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2.2.
HISTORICAL TRADE ROUTES AND SHAPING OUR LIVES.
“TRADE IS A KEY DRIVER OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION & ECONOMIC ACTIVITY” (Nagy,
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2018, p1).
The expansion of the city depended much on trade routes.
Economic gain propelled the city forward in terms of infrastructure, development, investment, technology, and social progress.
The clearest example of how historical trade routes have shaped the city- and, directly, our lives- is the Silk Road, which promoted the sort of cross-border economic activities and processes that propel nations-states. 00045
2.3:
ECONOMIC FACTORS:
Trade as an Empire-Maker. It is important to note that
THE INTER-STATE ACTIVITIES
of the past were
SPECIFIC TO NATION-STATES.
Flows of capital, labor, resources, tourists - and, in extension, culture, ideas, and progresswere limited to nation states.
The 19th century shift towards
INDUSTRIALIZATION
promoted this interaction between countries even further, through inventions related to transportation and infrastructure, which, in turn, influenced logistics and planning. 00046
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However, most notably, over the progress of the last half century or so, through the neoliberal model being appliedwith policies such as privatization, deregulation, and the opening of national economics to foreign firms (Sassen, 2005, p27)have f u r t h e r c a t a p u l t e d the power of trade within the context of
ECONOMIC HEGEMONY AND GLOBAL POWER.
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Furthermore, the cities of the past were categorized as TRADE GIANTSpowerful within the scale of their time and place. The CENTRALIZATION of power in specific cities and areas underwent a dynamic metamorphosisin the contemporary age: “there is no such thing as a single global city” (Sassen, 2005, p30).
The INTERCONNECTEDNESS of economies and trade today, as well as g l o b a l i z a t i o n ,
HAS REDUCED THE POWER OF THE NATION ITSELF in the sense that currently, supra-national entities - things that surpass individual countries and statesreign supreme. 00051
POWER
IS NOW
SCHIZOPHRENIC & DETERRITORIALIZED. And thus, no single city is the global capital; however, certain cities are more globalized than others, and globalization can be defined as, “the integration of national economies into a global economic system” (Beltekian, 2014). 00052
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“THE "DE-NATIONALIZING" OF URBAN SPACE AND THE FORMATION OF NEW CLAIMS
BY TRANSNATIONAL ACTORS, RAISES THE QUESTION:
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WHOSE CITY IS IT?” (Sassen, 2005, p39).
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“There are five main elements that comprise a globalized city: I. Trade and connectivity. II. Openness, diverse, and entrepreneurial populations. III. Innovation and influence. IV. Discovery of new markets. V. Ability to take advantage of geopolitical change” (Brookings.edu)
DUBAI IS A GLOBALIZED CITY. 00056
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3.0:
THE HYPERMARKET Defining the hypermarket is TRICKY. The definition differs depending on country, context, and goods supplied. However, a more general, more encompassing term-
“BOX-BOX RETAIL”will be defined instead, to cover all characteristics and examples.
3.1. HISTORY, CULTURE, CAPITALISM “A city’s common spaces are appropriated by capital that aims to guarantee the conditions necessary for
THE PRODUCTION
-REPRODUCTION OF
CAPITALIST RELATIONS” (Santos Junior, 2014, p146). 00058
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3.1.
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3.1. HISTORY, CULTURE, CAPITALISM
The Big Bang Prior to analyzing the hypermarket, a more general analysis of retail should be considered. The hypermarket falls under what is defined
AS “BIG-BOX RETAIL”-
a phenomenon that began during the modern period.
“The phenomenon of big box retailing is widely regarded as having its roots in the founding of
WAL-MART
by Arkansas businessman Sam Walton
IN 1962”
(Stater and Visser, 2008, p9 ). 00061
3.2.
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To restate the importance and context of big-box retail, the aforementioned
WAL-MART is the largest
corporation in the worldand its relevance extends beyond simply economic hegemony, but it is also a reflection of American
RIGHT-WING POLITICS
(Lichtenstein, 2006).
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And so, it is important to consider not only the fiscal responsibility and influence such large-scale stores bear, but also socioeconomic ones that play into and
INFLUENCE THE ZEITGEIST. 00065
BIG-BOX RETAILING has many characteristics, of which may be applied to
HYPERMARKETS
as well (Hayes, 2021):
-A retail store that occupies a large amount of physical space (often larger than 50,000 sqft). -Economies of scale that focus on large sale volumes. -Lower profit margin per product compared to smaller stores.
-ONE STOP SHOP:
a wide variety of products offered. Secondary traits can include: -An association with a generous parking space. -Reduced price policy based on partnerships with local and international suppliers. -A self-service method. 00066
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3.1. HISTORY, CULTURE, CAPITALISM.
The Essence The term “ h y p e r m arket” was coined by French trade expert, Jacques Pictet (French: hypermarché), in 1968. The term refers to the stores’ increased scale and product range.
A second important aspect of the hypermarket is
“TOUT SOUS LE MEME TOIT”EVERYTHING UNDER ONE ROOF.
And so, the traditional marketspace or “Souq” that is comprised of different competitors,
businesses,
is scrapped, and compiled into one large warehouse.
products, etc.,
3.4.
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It is also important to note the conditions and processes that allowed for the rise of the hypermarket. Retail sales, especially in Western Europe, over a history of 150 years, had many significant structural changes.
HERE ARE THE MOST RELEVANT SIX
(Andreea-daniela, 2013):
I.
MID-19TH CENTURY:
the emergence of large stores.
II. APPROXIMATELY 20 YEARS LATER:
The development of branching.
III.
BETWEEN WW1 AND WW2:
IV.
1950S:
V.
1960S:
VI.
1980S:
The occurrence of popular stores. The creation of supermarkets.
The apparition of hypermarkets. Maximizing services. 00070
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3.1. HISTORY, CULTURE, CAPITALISM.
Past, Present, Future
The big-box retail stores of the past, having originated in the West and then further spreading to other places, formed the basis for
THE STANDARDIZATION OF RETAIL AND CONSUMERISM. Before this industrialization, retail was more
custom, specific, social, and intimate. (Lichtenstein, 2006) 00072
3.5.
00073
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Furthermore, big-box retail expanded exponentially with the advent and rise of
capitalism and neoliberalism. Mass production and Fordist policies set the foundation of the hypermarket. And the hypermarket birthed a new form of competition: online retail.
In general, big-box retail pushed out smaller competitors, shops, and businesses due to their lower price range and a wider variety of goods. The final, idealized form of this led to the rise of online retail: lower prices, more goods, better discounts, more variety, etc.… This trend was only more apparent during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. 00075
And so, current trends being promoted within the context of the hypermarket are creating more SOCIAL SPACES,
SHRINKING total size, and the abandonment of corporate identity for more REGIONAL ones (Amiel, 2016). UAE-specific trends include
LAST-MILE DELIVERY and
embracing the
SHIFT TO DIGITIZATION (Gani, 2020).
Concrete examples of these new trends can include Amazon’s supply chain management, which also recently began deploying neighborhood scale warehouses. Around 1,500 warehouses will be spread around the United States, especially within
A SUBURBAN CONTEXT
(Soper, 2020), to compensate for
INCREASED DEMAND-
especially due the COVID-19 pandemic. 00076
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Amazon has also been using
other creative methods such as drone delivery and building its own cargo airline (Kessler, 2018). Regionally, high commission prices related to last-mile delivery has been slowing down growth prospects, and so a variety of different companies, such as Noon and Careem, have been offering new solutions and business models (Gidwani, 2021).
And so, considering this, perhaps the future of the hypermarket is
ONE,
LARGE, CULTURALLY ACCELERATED
HYPER-DIGITIZED
ONLINE MARKET. 00080
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“With the disappearance of the public place,
ADVERTISING
invades everything - the street, the monument, the market, the stage, language.
(ADVERTISING) DETERMINES ARCHITECTURE and the creation of super-objects such as Beaubourg, Les Halles or La Villette —which are literally advertising monuments (OR ANTI-MONUMENTS) —not so much because they are centered on consumption, but because from the outset these monuments were meant to be a demonstration of the operation of culture, of the CULTURAL OPERATION OF THE COMMODITY and that of the masses in movement.
TODAY
OUR ONLY ARCHITECTURE IS JUST THAT: HUGE SCREENS
upon which moving atoms, particles and molecules are refracted. The public stage, the public place has been replaced by a gigantic circulation, ventilation, and ephemeral connecting space” (The Ecstasy of Communication, 1988, 19-20). 00082
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00084
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3.8.
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3.2. WARPING THE CITY:
Urbanism and The Hypermarket
“The
HYPERMARKET
cannot be separated from the
HIGHWAYS
that surround and feed it, from the parking lots blanketed in automobiles, from the computer terminal - further still, in concentric circles-
FROM THE WHOLE TOWN
as a total functional screen of activities”
(Proto, 2006, p104).
00087
As an entity, the hypermarket has much to offer its users (McPherson, 2021): -One-stop shopping. -Low prices. -Proximity to other typologies within the same space (restaurants, pharmacies, etc). -job-creation on a microscale (within the hypermarket itself). -job-creation on a macroscale (real estate, warehousing, logistics).
00088
“Supermarket retailing has had a huge impact not only on patterns of behaviour, attitudes towards consumption , life style and what constitutes necessities within the UK population, but also on
THE LANDSCAPES OFTOWNS AND CITIES”
(Kirby, 2008, p7). 00089
00090
Due to the
SUBURBAN NATURE OF THE HYPERMARKET,
and its dependence on the automobile,
the urban landscape
shifted on numerous different levels:
3.9.
-The addition of pitstops and gas stations. -Large car parks. -A complete change in road and transportation systemsthe need for large capacity roads. 00091
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00093
And while these are not inherently negative qualities per se, there are numerous urban-scale drawbacks that are associated with the suburban hypermarket. The first and most notable one is, because they depend on the automobile, that they
PROMOTE URBAN SPRAWL.
Urban sprawl is a form of urban growth that takes place over a large area and creates a low-density environment with high segregation (Urban Sprawl: A Growing Problem, 2021).
Issues that also stem from the hypermarket is its superimposition on the site: its high carbon footprint and large spaces. These take away from maximizing the use of the site. 00094
3.11.
00095
“In this way,
the FORDIST CITY - one with an old downtown and set of main shopping streets surrounded by manufacturing plants-
HAS SHIFTED TOWARD
a more
SPATIALLY
POLARIZED URBANISM with more affluent commuters living and working in freeway-dependent suburban or exurban communities, while
remain within a jobless central city”
t h e p o or a n d m i n o rity p o p u l a t i ons
TRAPPED
(Lichtenstein, 2006, 147). 00096
The hypermarket plays into the rupture of the urban fabric and the natural flow of the city. Those who suffer from these reprecussions are often low-income, working class individuals from within the urbanthose who cannot access
the elitist hypermarket.
3.12.
00097
3.3.
TRANSNATIONALISM, FRANCE, AND NEOLIBERALISM. “The twentieth century has witnessed
A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE
in the spatial organisation of retailing”
(International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, 2019).
From the 1960s onwards,
retail has completely redefined itself. It is the spread of the hypermarket to Europe in the 1960s that set the path for the globalization of this phenomenon. In 1963, retail giant Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in St. Genevieve-de-Bois near Paris, France, in 1963. And so, as mentioned previously, the creation of the Western-centric supermarket model is one that largely depended on capitalism and consumerism. 00098
00099
Then, these ideas were imported elsewhere, and reinforced by GLOBALIZATION, international COMPETITION,
AND HUGE AMOUNTS OF PURCHASING POWER. In these cases, the hypermarket is strictly defined by its inherent suburban quality, which consumers chose over the typical city center and local businesses and stores.
3.13.
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3.14.
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An international cross-analysis of the hypermarket is necessary to determine the next step of operation and design.
The success of the hypermarket depends on the country it is operating in:
• In more advanced economies, the role of the hypermarket is declining due to the shift to e-commerce, despite their incredibly strong position in the economy. For example, in Britain, the top four hypermarkets cover 75% of grocery market shares (Shaw, 2006) - a monopoly. • In developing countries, the hypermarket is still in its initial phase, and are quickly growing and expanding along urban routes. 000102
3.4. EXCLUSION, AUTOMATION, AND LOGISTICS:
A Compilation of Related Topics. The intense commercialization and industrialization of products found in the hypermarket are not region-specific- meaning, that this mass production provides no unique culture, products, or identity. In a country like the UAE, which suffers from issues of transience and social exclusion, the hypermarket is a breeding ground for feelings of anomie and alienation. Furthermore, the large scale of the hypermarket, as opposed to the more intimate or familiar smaller grocery shop, only reiterates these feelings of
Otherness. The hypermarket of the future may head towards a full mechanization process. The fourth industrial revolution might push towards this Industrialized Retail to become more even more and more industrialized. And while this may increase efficiency, the loss of the social is further aggravated. Logistics and retail are inherently interconnected: on an international, regional, local, and neighborhood scale. The hypermarket of the future may include a new logistics program that may deal with issues related to delivery and storage. 000103
4.1.
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4.0: DUBAI “Capitalism institutes or restores all sorts of
residual and artificial, imaginary, or symbolic territorialities,
thereby attempting, as best it can, to recode, to re-channel persons who have been defined in terms of abstract quantities. Everything returns or recurs: States, nations, families. That is what makes the
IDEOLOGY OF CAPITALISM
“a motley painting of everything that has ever been believed.” The real is not impossible;
IT IS SIMPLY
MORE AND MORE
ARTIFICIAL.”
(L’Anti-Oedipe, 1977, 34).
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4.3.
000107
4.1: DUBAI: THE BIRTH OF A RETAIL CITY “We live in a wonderland… I didn’t come to Dubai for anything “real” …
I’VE ALREADY LIVED IN REAL PLACES.
-White-collar expatriate in Dubai” (Kanna, 2011, p1)
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DUBAI:
GENERAL OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT
000111
"Certainly
SPEED
has impacted contemporary architecture and urbanism in the
United Arab Emirates... The pace of development not only transformed the physical dimensions of cities, but also resulted in
DEMOGRAPHIC IMBALANCES... (Architectural Design, 2015, p11). 000112
000113
000114
THE SOUQ TRANSITION
1894: Dubai as a trading Hub 1970: exemption of foreign traders of taxes 1981: first mall- Al Ghurair Mall 1982: Union Coop established 1990s: Founding of Majid Al Futtaim retail groups Rise of Emirates Airlines
SUPERMODERNITY
1995: Deira City Centre 1996: Dubai Shopping Festival 2003: Burjuman Mall 2005: Mall of the Emirates 2008: Dubai Mall 000115
Majid Al Futtaim on his project, Mall of the Emirates: “I think people looked at him saying,
‘You’re mad, you’re crazy. It’s not going to work. You are out in the middle of nowhere – who is going to come there?’ but we opened and the rest, as they say, is history. He was proven right” (Duncan, 2013).
000116
Jean Baudrillard on the hypermarket and the city's suburban-urban dichotomy, “The city, even a modern one, no longer absorbs (the nuclear hypermarket). It is
the hypermarket
which establishes an orbit along which suburbanization moves” (Baudrillard, 1981, p77).
000117
4.2.
VARIETY: A RETAIL MODEL. “OUR MARKETS,
our shopping avenues and malls mimic a new-found nature of prodigious fecundity.
Those are
OUR VALLEYS OF CANAAN
where flows, instead of milk and honey, streams of neon on ketchup and plastic” (Proto, 2006, p97). 000118
4.4.
000119
“In the vision of the EU, the modern concept of retail concerns trade and distribution activities and involves a large variety of forms (shops, e-commerce, open markets...), formats (from small shops to supermarket), products (food, non-food, medicine with or without a prescription...), legal structures (self-employed, franchised agents, integrated groups...), locations (urban/rural, in the center/ in the suburbs...)” (Andreea-daniela, 2013, 690). 000120
Although the former quote refers to a European context, much of UAE’s retail culture is dependent on Western-centric consumerismand so, the same variety of retail and shops can be applied in the UAE.
000121
Furthermore,
THE UAE HAS AN INCREDIBLY STRONG RETAIL MARKET, with an annual market of $2.5 billion, with the most focus on Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai (Hemalatha and Sivakumar, 2010). “Hypermarkets, superstores and supermarkets,
ACCOUNT FOR NEARLY 50 PERCENT OF ALL RETAIL SALES. Smaller-sized groceries and convenience stores account for the other half”
(Hemalatha and Sivakumar, 2010, 51). 000122
I- INDUSTRIALIZED SHOPPING
the shopping center (mall) different types of big-box retail (hypermarkets and such)
II- INFORMAL SHOPPING
the open market (souq) smaller scale stores (grocery stores). There are other forms of informal retail as well, such as door-to-door goods trading, which will not be elaborated in this thesis. 000123
4.5.
000124
000125
000126
“As the wolf-child becomes wolf by living among them, so are we becoming functional. We are living the period of the OBJECTS: that is we live by their rhythm, according to their incessant cycles. Today, it is we who are observing their birth, fulfilment, and death; whereas in all previous civilizations, it was
THE OBJECT,
INSTRUMENT, AND PERENNIAL MONUMENT
THAT SURVIVED THE GENERATION OF MEN”.
(Proto, 2006, p96).
000127
I.
INDUSTRIAL SHOPPING
A. The Shopping Mall
The shopping centers,
or malls, are scattered all about
DUBAI’S URBAN FABRIC.
In fact, many scholars argue that the mall is the most idealized , and only, form of PUBLIC SPACE within the city. These contemporary interior markets are a solution to the intense weather- however, they are also INTENSELY ELITIST. Some malls are comprised of different regions which are more accessible than others depending on
THE USER’S PURCHASING POWER, such as Fashion Avenue in Dubai Mall. To add to this, the shopping mall’s scale in Dubai allows for a wide variety of different stores and options, and even a whole festival dedicated to this consumerismDubai Shopping Festival. Often, due to their sheer size, these malls offer different big-box retailers within the same space as well, some of which act as anchor stores: “Anchor stores are larger department stores that are used to provide a major point of interest for a shopping mall or center” (Tatum). 000128
4.6.
000129
And, furthermore, they are usually owned by the same retail company, with the clearest example being Majid Al Futtaim’s owning of the large Carrefour store in their shopping center, Mall of the Emirates. And so, the MALL becomes a LARGER,
MORE INTENSE
version of the hypermarket itself, the two interconnected units of the same late-stage capitalist model.
000130
4.7.
000131
I.
INDUSTRIAL SHOPPING
B. The Hypermarket
The role of the hypermarket within the UAE is a very interesting one. On one hand, by offering discounted goods and prices, the hypermarket solves THE ISSUE OF EXPENSIVE INFLATED LIVING
often found in the city
- and on the other, contributes to
FURTHERING THE DECAY OF THE CITY.
However, due to ALREADY EXISTING
urban degradation,
gentrification, and segregation, the cons of the hypermarket LARGELY outweigh the pros.
000132
000133
Furthermore, the hypermarket within the UAE has an incredibly strong presence, however, it is not as often suburban as in the context of the West. The hypermarket can still be found within malls and city centers as big department stores, since they fall under the same companies.
Certain areas, such as AL QUOZ, suffer from the “suburban” hypermarket, negatively influencing SOCIAL DYNAMICS ON A NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE.
The entire space is littered with retail spaces in warehouse typologies, including the hypermarket. To add to this, Al Quoz is an industrial area whose residents face further issues of transportation and infrastructure, as well as
ANOMIE AND TRANSIENCE.
000134
000135
These a priori variables coupled together form a horrible mix: a large, out-of-scale hypermarket store that offers a large variety of goods
- THAT IS ALWAYS EMPTY.
These hypermarkets cannot be reached by residents of the area, and residents of other districts would not visit these spaces. And thus, this new
“NON-SPACE”
simply takes up area, alienates residents, and lets goods go to waste - a perfect example of the negative impact big-box retail can have in a suburban context. 000136
4.8.
000137
II.
INFORMAL SHOPPING
A. The Market
Dubai’s very essence is that of a trade city. And so, naturally, the urban city market has a very strong presence in the region. Different districts, such as Al Naif, Al Bastakiya, Deira, and Satwa. These spaces are
MORE INFORMAL and cater to a variety of different users and consumers. Given that it is
AN INFORMAL SPACE,
compared to the industrialization of retail in hypermarkets and malls,
these areas allow for
MORE HUMAN ELEMENTSHAGGLING,
BARGAINING, PERSONALIZED PRODUCTS, AND A FORM OF IDENTITY. 000138
000139
Outdoor kiosk in Bur Dubai.
Outdoor setup near the Shiva Temple in Al Bastakiya.
000140
Shoe mending shop in Bur Dubai.
Alleyways filled with shops in Bur Dubai.
000141
000142
4.9., Collection of images portraying the essence of retail in a past Dubai. A manifestation of souqs, pearls, intimate spaces, human connectivity, and interaction.
000143
II.
INFORMAL SHOPPING
B. The Grocery Shop
The grocery shop has a very strong regional significance. However, recently, the grocery shop within the UAE has been undergoing
A FORM OF VISUAL MONOPOLIZATION. As of 2016 in Dubai - and 2011 in Abu Dhabismall scale grocery stores have been forced to undergo a set of changes in logo, design, interiors, and layout. The aim of this is to have a uniform identity for these stores (de Leon, 2018)
- AN OVERALL DECREASE IN VISUAL ‘CHAOS’.
000144
Religious store next to the Shiva Temple in Bastakiya.
000145
4.10.
A visually acceptable "Baqala": Plays on nostalgia and aesthetics of the past are quite rampant across the city. However, due to their nature, these examples become inherently elitist and gentrifying. 000146
4.11. 000147
Grocery store next to the Shiva Temple in Bastakiya.
000148
There is a form of INTIMACY AND SHARED TRUST
- especially fiscallyfound within the realm of the humble grocery shop that is MISSING in larger-scale hypermarkets.
These
INFORMAL POSSIBILITIES
that exist in appeal to - those that
grocery stores different segments of society
THE HYPERMARKET
DOES NOT AND CANNOT REPRESENT. This explains why, as mentioned previously in the “Past, Present, Future” section, that new approached models of the hypermarket are aiming to be smaller in scale and more socially intimate. 000149
4.3. THE SOCIAL ROLE OF THE MARKET
AND RETAIL
“… Al-Maya Supermarket is the ‘MOST FAVOURITE’ PLACE
because it offers ‘Filipino pork and fish’,
which cannot be found anywhere else in Dubai.
These places also offer SOME COMMUNITY SERVICES,
such as
a monitored advertising board where Filipinos can post advertisements for free. Both stores, indeed, FUNCTION AS COMMUNITY CENTRES
for the neighbourhood’s Filipino population”
(Alawadi, 2014, 360). 000150
4.12.
000151
Market in Al Bastakiya.
000152
In an increasingly alienating, profit-driven society, the social element of retail is being exponentially lost. WHAT WAS ONCE
A SPACE TO
INTERACT, HAGGLE, DISCUSS, AND PROMOTE CREATIVITY
IS NOW
being
INCREASINGLY MECHANIZED, CLASSIST, TRANSIENT, AND DEHUMANIZING.
This is especially true within the context of the 2020 COVID pandemic, in which added measures of social distancing and sanitizing, only desensitized hypermarket users even more.
000153
000154
000155
ISSUES RELATED TO BIG-BOX RETAIL I. URBAN • Gentrification. The visual monopoly of the grocery shop. The "Walmart" Effect. The "Starbucks" Effect. • The Automobile. • Lack of transportation options. • Degradation of Urban Fabric. • A transient space (buy-and-go).
4.13.
II. ARCHITECTURAL
• Lack of ingenuity. • Issues of Scale. • Redundant spaces & infrastructure. Al Quoz is littered with empty, large-scale hypermarkets. • Lack of investment. 000156
III. SOCIAL
• Anomie. Intimacy of sizes and exchange of ideas and goods. • Social exclusion. Interacting on a human scale. • Fiscal concerns. Smaller, community scale grocery shops offer solutions to fiscal restrictions.
4.14.
000157
REFAMILIARIZING THE DE-FAMILIAR:
The scale of the hypermarket causes a RUPTURE.
It is visible in numerous parts of the cityfamiliar typologies, names, logos, and products. However, it does not invite people to sit, laugh, interact, and be, SHIFTING
our concepts of place and memory.
Its flamboyancy in
scale, size, and products shifts the attention away from the
-
CONSUMER AND ONTO THE OB JECTS,
becoming merely a LIMINAL SPACE.
000158
4.15.
“They are DESOLATE
places where poetics of dwelling does not thrive” (Blue State Café, 2009).
According to French thinker Marc Auge, “NON-PLACES” are highlighted by super-modernity and act as contemporary transient spaces. People interact with these spaces ANONYMOUSLY,
and do not comprehend it on an intimate scale.
4.16.
000159
These
NON-SPACES
and their seeming
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
are interconnected with the advent of capitalism, the spread of surveillance in spaces, and the acceleration of time.
THE HYPERMARKET NON-SPACE,
IS ONE SUCH
in which
man is reduced to a consumer and perceiver of goods, rather than of space and architecture. This is a space that
does not reinforce identity nor social references.
Dubai’s transience is only amplified by the hypermarket as a space, as it is one that reinforces
THE FLEETING,
AND THE UNCANNY. 000160
THE TEMPORARY,
4.17.
000161
000162
000163
000164
000165
analysis
000166
5.0
CONCEPTUAL CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSIS “ANY
architectural project we do takes at least four or five years, so increasingly there is a between the and the
DISCREPANCY ACCELERATION OF CULTURE
CONTINUING SLOWNESS
of
ARCHITECTURE.”
-Rem Koolhaas
000167
conceptual case studies
000168
000169
Source: Designboom.
000170
COPENHILL: GENERAL INFO. ARCHITECT:
bjarke ingels group.
PURPOSE:
bigamy: waste-to-energy plant
LOCATION:
copenhagen, denmark
AREA:
41,000 sqm
HEIGHT: 124 m
YEAR:
Designed in 2011 Built in 2013 - 2017
OTHER FUNCTION:
+ an environmental education hub + an urban recreation center: ski slope, hiking trail, climbing wall.
AREA ANALYSIS:
9,000m2 ski terrain. 1,200 m2 climbing wall. 600 m2 education center. 600 m2 après-ski bar (Dezeen). 000171
Source: Designboom.
000172
DRAWINGS
Source: Archeyes
Elevation
Section
Top View
3D View
000173
COPENHILL: DESCRIPTION "Nearly A DECADE in the making, the landmark
COPENHILL
waste-to-energy plant first imagined by Bjarke Ingels Group has finally opened in Copenhagen. Today, the project has fulfilled many of its promises, and CopenHill stands as a modern
ARCHITECTURAL
zeitgeist reflecting BIG's own evolution". (Baldwin, 2019)
SITE MAP 000174
Source: Arquitecturaviva
000175
ZONING
CIRCULATION
Factory
Public Acess
Offices
Vehicular Access
Recreation
Private Horizontal
Tipping Zone
Private Vertical 000176
Source: Arquitecturaviva
000177
000178
Source: Dezeen.
000179
POMPIDOU: GENERAL INFO. ARCHITECT:
renzo piano and richard rogers.
PURPOSE: museums.
LOCATION:
paris, france.
AREA:
75,000m2
HEIGHT: 42m
YEAR:
1971 -1977.
FUNCTION:
museum. urban meeting space.
AREA ANALYSIS:
12,210m2 of modern art. 5,900m2 of temporary exhibitions. 10,400m2 library. 2,600m2 research centre, 2 screening rooms (315 and 144 seats) a performance theatre (384 seats)
a conference room (158 seats) 000180
Source: Frenchmoments.
000181
POMPIDOU: DESCRIPTION "President Georges Pompidou had the idea of a space dedicated to the culture of the 20th and 21st centuries, bringing together visual arts, literature, music, cinema, and design in one
UNIQUE
MULTICULTURAL INSTITUTION.
SITE MAP The 60s-90s were the age of the superstructure, and the Pompidou is a reflection of that... The 60s-90s also saw the rise of the hypermarket and big-box retail. The two are interrelated.
000182
For Georges Pompidou personally, it was critical that
ALL FORMS OF ARTISTIC EXPRESSION
should be given prominence in the new centre.
He didn't want it to become
YET ANOTHER EXCLUSIVE PRESERVE
for the Parisian art elite.
These
POPULIST AMBITIONS
sparked intense debate, and a standoff ensued between those who were in favour of a celebration of popular culture, and those of a more traditional mindset, the established cultural elite" (Come To Paris).
000183
DRAWINGS
Section
Top View
Source: ResearchGate.
Elevation
000184
3D Visualization
000185
000186
ZONING
CIRCULATION
Art Collections
External Stairs- Vertical
Design Centre
Interior stairs- Vertical
Parking
Horizontal Circulation
Library
Vehicular Access
Offices 000187
spatial analysis
000188
5.1 SPATIAL PROGRAM AND CRITERIA “Architecture
is the art
of how to
WASTE SPACE.” -Philip Johnson
000189
000190
Source: Archdaily.
000191
Source: Archdaily.
000192
BOSTON PUBLIC MARKET:
GENERAL INFO ARCHITECT:
architerra.
FUNCTION: market.
LOCATION:
boston, usa.
AREA:
28000 ft²
HEIGHT:
1 STORY
YEAR:
2015.
FUNCTION:
public market urban space platform for public education building reuse haymarket subway station parking garage New Registry of Motor Vehicles 000193
BOSTON PUBLIC MARKET: DESCRIPTION "The design of the
FIRST PUBLIC MARKET IN THE COUNTRY
to feature local, sustainable food reflects the triumph of place-making and architectural creativity over mind-boggling infrastructure complexity, transforming the ground floor of a previously vacant state office building into a vibrant destination that anchors a growing market district". (Archdaily, 2016).
SITE MAP 000194
DRAWINGS
PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE
Site View
MASS VERSUS VOID
Source: Archdaily.
Section
000195
ZONING
CIRCULATION
Vertical Circulation Public Subway
Vertical Circulation Private
Market
Horizontal Circulation
Parking
Main entrances 000196
000197
Source: Archdaily.
000198
Source: Archdaily.
000199
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
000200
Public: Private 6212.3 : 1621.2 = approximately 4:1
m2
Urban Space (Total Area)........................7833.52 Metro Station...................................454.64 Retail..........................................1304.90 Vertical Circulation............................152.14 Public Spaces...................................246.16
PUBLIC
Public Bathrooms................................47.38 Parking Related.................................170.38 Main Lobby......................................141.14 Offices...........................................136.36
PRIVATE
BOH I...........................................287.87 BOH II..........................................977.92 Storage.........................................219.07 000201
000202
THANOPOULOS SUPERMARKET I: GENERAL INFO ARCHITECT: KLAB.
FUNCTION:
supermarket.
LOCATION:
Kifisia, Greece.
AREA:
1600 ft².
HEIGHT:
15.20 m.
YEAR:
2017.
FUNCTION:
Renovation Program. Luxury Supermarket. 000203
DRAWINGS
Basement
Ground Floor
Elevation I
Source: Archdaily.
Elevation II
000204
MASS VERSUS VOID
Basement
Ground Floor
CIRCULATION
Basement
Ground Floor
Vertical Circulation Public Vertical Circulation Private Horizontal Circulation Main entrances 000205
Source: Archdaily.
000206
Source: Archdaily.
000207
Source: Archdaily.
000208
Source: Archdaily.
000209
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
000210
m2 Whole Space................................2236.32 Public Bathrooms...........................34.61 Parking Space..............................103.10 Check Out..................................78.10 Non-Perishable Goods.......................177.22 Perishable Goods...........................17.55 Leisure....................................33.23 House......................................127.80 Fridged Goods..............................80.70
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
Counters and Prep..........................30.40 Cafeterias.................................34.22 Vertical Circulation.......................67.13 BOH I......................................15.30 BOH II.....................................23.62 000211
000212
THANOPOULOS SUPERMARKET II: GENERAL INFO ARCHITECT: KLAB.
FUNCTION:
supermarket.
LOCATION:
Kifisia, Greece.
AREA:
2600 ft².
HEIGHT:
15.20 m.
YEAR:
2013.
FUNCTION:
Renovation Program. Luxury Supermarket. 000213
DRAWINGS
Source: Archdaily.
000214
Source: Archdaily.
000215
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
000216
AREA BREAKDOWN Whole Space................................2600 Public Bathrooms.............................Parking Space................................Check Out..................................198.21 Non-Perishable Goods.......................269.93 Perishable Goods...........................37.67 Leisure....................................229.31 House......................................237.05 Fridged Goods..............................268.35
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
Counters and Prep..........................63.65 Cafeterias.................................32.17 Vertical Circulation.......................157.23 BOH I......................................372.64 BOH II..........................................000217
architectural standards
000218
NEUFERT: HYPERMARKETS SPATIAL ANALYSIS
000219
Typical layout of a hypermarket at 30,000m2 Circulation counts for approximately 10%
000220
m2
Whole Space................................27,499.29 Public Bathrooms...........................79.99 Parking Space..............................525 cars Check Out...................................Non-Perishable Goods.......................618.48 Perishable Goods...........................398.60 Leisure....................................1812.65 House......................................1490.00 Fridged Goods..............................355.14
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
Counters and Prep..........................425.92 Cafeterias.................................207.76 Vertical Circulation.......................1,000.00 BOH I......................................4158.77 BOH II.....................................407.49 000221
BAQALA: IDEAL SPATIAL PROGRAM
Non-Perishable Goods, House, Leisure.
Perishable Items and Fridged Goods
Public Access and Goods: FOH.
Private Access: BOH. Typical Floorplan.
000222
BAQALA: PROPOSED PROGRAM
m2
Whole Space................................10,000 Public Bathrooms...........................219.94 Parking Space................................Check Out....................................Non-Perishable Goods.......................1700.77 Perishable Goods...........................1096.12 Leisure....................................4984.67 House......................................4097.41 Fridged Goods..............................976.61
PRIVATE PUBLIC
Counters and Prep..........................1245.50 Cafeterias.................................571.32 Vertical Circulation.........................BOH I......................................1143.32 BOH II.....................................1120.58 000223
000224
5.2. SPATIAL ORGANIZATION AND DIMENSIONS “All
ARCHITECTURE
has a
public nature,
I believe, so I would like to make
A PUBLIC SPACE.”
-Tadao Ando
000225
TYPES OF SPATIAL LAYOUTS
Forced-Path Store Layout
Straight Store Layout
Grid Store Layout
Diagonal Store Layout
000226
Loop Store Layout
Source: Retail Store Layout Design and Planning.
Angular Store Layout
Geometric Store Layout
Free-Flow Store Layout
Boutique Store Layout
Mixed Store Layout
000227
NEUFERT: HYPERMARKETS STANDARDS
000228
000229
NEUFERT: HYPERMARKETS STANDARDS
Typical Layout of a hypermarket.
000230
Typical Two-Story Hypermarket.
000231
NEUFERT: HYPERMARKETS STANDARDS
Programmatic Analysis
000232
000233
000234
000235
sites and selection
000236
000237
000238
6.0
SITE CONTEXT AND ANALYSIS “THE SUN
does not realise
HOW WONDERFUL IT IS room is made".
until after a -Louis Kahn
000239
000240
6.1. SITES SELECTION AND PREMISE How may B a q a l a , or the social hypermarket be idealized as a space? Democratic
Accessible
Inclusive
Representative
Informal
Sustainable
The location needs to be as accessible to as many people as possibleespecially pedestrians, celebrating the origin and intimacy of old souqs and stores. 000241
Baqala may be approached from DIFFERENT LENSES. Firstly, the NON-SPACE of a hypermarket may be complimented with an urban non-spacea compatible couple. Secondly, to offer the same low prices and discounts that a hypermarket may offer, Baqala needs to be placed in an
UNDERUTILIZED PUBLIC SPACE. Thirdly, it needs to be
ACCESSIBLE,
and so some intermodal location would be ideal. Fourthly, spatially it should be reminiscent of the LINEARITY of the more intimate, more human, retail spaces of the past. 000242
Plots that relate to the metro are, thus, ideal: •
• •
using spaces in and around the metro would appeal to the largest amount of people. the space underneath the metro line is a nonspace. the metro bridge is intimate in shape and size, and has a souqlike linearity. 000243
community
-
000244 sustainable
informal
representative
inclusive
accessible
democratic
individual
6.1.
SITES SELECTION AND PREMISE
economic availability
intermodal transportation strong sense of community urban renewal
the site accessibility can be maximized by being placed within the vicinity of a
METRO STATION
000245
DUBAI METRO The site proposal, beyond being democratic, accessible, inclusive, representative, informal, and sustainable,
needs to match the
HEIGHT AND AREA REQUIREMENTS
of a project.
Underground metro stations, ones that do not meet height requirements, and stations that do not have any empty plots in the surroundings are
IMMEDIATELY ELIMINATED.
GGICO, Stadium, and Max metro stations were shortlisted as well, but the selected to be analyzed are:
MASHREQ
EMIRATES TOWERS DUBAI FINANCIAL CENTRE UMM AL SHEIF AND ADCB.
000246
000247
6.2.
COMPARISON ANALYSIS IN URBAN SCALE
ADCB EMIRATES TOWERS/ DIFC UMM AL SHEIF MASHREQ
000248
6.1.
000249
6.3: SITE I: ADCB METRO AL KARAMA is a residential district of DUBAI located on the western banks of the
DUBAI CREEK
and one of the older communities of the city. Characterized by the regularity of its
LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS, tight grid system, high population density, and accessibility.
000250
Metro Line & All Roads
6.2: Image of a neighborhood in Al Karama.
000251
Metro Line & Main Road
Metro Line
Active Streetfront Empty Plots
Mass versus Void
SITE ANALYSIS
000252 6.3.
Building Heights Building Use 0-8m 6.4.
Administrative
12m
Residential
16m
Mixed-Use
20m
Commercial
20+m 000253
6.4: SITE II: UMM AL SHEIF METRO UMM AL SHEIF developing, affluent residential community
is a
with villas and town houses.
primarily conforms to the
The local road system
GRID PLAN,
however, residential communities are divided typically into lots.
AL QUOZ consists of a mainly
RESIDENTIAL AREA in the northeast and an
INDUSTRIAL AREA
in the southwest.
000254
Shot outside of the metro station, towards the Gold and Diamond Park.
Metro Line & All Roads
Metro Line & Main Road
Metro Line
SITE ANALYSIS
000255
Active Streetfront Empty Plots
Mass versus Void
SITE ANALYSIS
000256 6.5.
Building Heights Building Use 0-4m 8m 12m
Administrative Residential Mixed-Use Commercial
6.6.
Industrial 000257
6.5 SITE III: MASHREQ METRO AL BARSHA
is a collection of
SUB-COMMUNITIES in Dubai. Al Barsha is one of the newer residential developments, and is located in west Dubai. The space is
CHARACTERIZED by
a wide variety of different schools, residential typologies, and commercial hotels. Barsha is also home to "Mall of the Emirates"one metro station AFTER Mashreq.
000258
View from in front of the metro station.
Metro Line & All Roads
Metro Line & Main Road
Metro Line
SITE ANALYSIS
000259
Active Streetfront Empty Plots
Mass versus Void
SITE ANALYSIS
6.7.
000260
Building Heights Building Use 0-20m 24-36m
Residential
40-52m
Mixed-Use
56-68m
Commercial
164m
6.8.
Administrative
Civic 000261
6.6 SITE IV: EMIRATES TOWERS METRO centre of Dubai,
Located southwest of the historic
EMIRATES TOWERS station lies between Bur Dubai and many of the city's larger new developments. The area is
CHARACTERIZED by
monumental high-rises, the highwaySheikh Zayed RoadAn abundance of Lights and Signs, Dubai Metro, and a bustling streetfront. All of which are to be analyzed. Nearby, at a distance of 700m away, there is the
FINANCIAL CENTRE METRO STATION. 000262
View from the metro station.
Metro Line & All Roads
Metro Line & Main Road
Metro Line
SITE ANALYSIS
000263
Active Streetfront
6.9.
000264
Empty Plots
Mass versus Void
Building Heights Building Use 0-40m 44-80m
Administrative Residential
84-120m
Mixed-Use
124-180m
Commercial
180+m
Parking 000265
The space for bikes has a high density of people.
Views around the DIFC metro site.
000266
Views around the DIFC metro site.
Rampant bike use around the area.
000267
View of the metro site.
Views around the Emirates Towers metro site.
000268
Views around the Emirates Towers metro site.
Rampant bike use around the area.
000269
MONUMENTALITY “Instead of an existentially grounded plastic and spatial experience, architecture has adopted the psychological strategy of advertising and instant persuasion; buildings have turned into image products detached from existential depth and sincerity.” (Pallasmaa, 2012, p33)
000270
6.10.
000271
Buildings are viewed from below by pedestrians. 000272
The buildings characterized monumentality architectural
are by their and varied styles. 000273
MATERIALITY: TEXTURES AND FACADES The reflective city: Glass and Steel are quite common building materials.
6.11.
000274
THE CITY OF SIGNS
The space around and between DIFC metro station and the Emirates Towers station is littered with advertisements. 000275
000276
Brands, Deals, Discounts, Corporate Identities, "Open 24-Hours", Signs. 000277
ACTIVE STREETFRONT
Men sitting down on the stairs due to a lack of public seating.
000278
Pedestrians making use of the walkway, which is often crowded.
Men sitting down on the floor, waiting for the bus.
Workering men sitting down in this empty plot.
000279
ACTIVE STREETFRONT
Pedestrians walking away from the Emirates Towers station at rush hour (5.30 pm).
000280
Workering men sitting down in an empty plot, waiting for transportation.
000281
ACTIVE STREETFRONT
A crowd forming on the left, next to the drop-off zone.
000282
People emerging from the alleyways between the highrises.
000283
METRO SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Space underneath the metro line.
Bus zone next to the metro's exit.
000284
Space underneath the metro's bridge.
Space above the highway.
000285
METRO SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Another bus zone.
Wide, empty space underneath the metro.
000286
Space underneath the station.
Space underneath the metro line.
000287
concepts
000288
How can program, concept, ideology, be translated into a site-specific form?
000289
7.0 SPACE AND SITE CORRELATIONS
The plots
are characterized by their
DOMINANT LENGTH: 30m x 15m. 10m x 100m. 103m x 16m. 25m x 100m. 14m x 65 m.
000290
The conceptual proposal aims to promote a new interconnectedness between the two sides of the metro, the metro bridge itself, and the surrounding plots.
THROUGH BAQALA. 000291
7.1 CONCEPTUAL PROPOSALS
parasitic.
A
superimposed shape forcing itself on the metro line, across the highway, and on the high-rises.
Organic. Free-flowing. Decorative.
modularity.
A
the spaces,
gently nestled, modular, plug-in system inteconnecting maleable for future use.
Utilitarian. Democratic. Functional.
linearity.
A
linear block
against the highway.
placed above, and in concrete opposition
000292
Linear. Narcissistic. Honest.
CONCEPT I: PARASITIC.
Perspective
000293
Perspective
000294
Perspective
000295
CONCEPT II: MODULARITY.
000296
Perspective
Perspective
000297
Top View
000298
CONCEPT III: LINEARITY.
Perspective
000299
Perspective
000300
Top View
000301
7.2 SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS
000302
In conclusion,
Baqala,
or, the social hypermarket, deconstructs retail, and gives back to the residents of the city. 000303
000304
000305
000306
000307
bibliography
000308
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list of figures
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1.1. Hopper, Edward. (1927). Automat [Painting]. Retrieved from https://artanddesigninspiration.com/edward-hoppers-portray als-of-alienation/ 1.2. Hopper, Edward. (1952). Morning Sun [Painting]. Retrieved from https://artanddesigninspiration.com/edward-hoppers-portray als-of-alienation/ 1.3. Hopper, Edward. (1953). Office in a Small City [Painting]. Retrieved from https://artanddesigninspiration.com/edward-hoppers-portray als-of-alienation/ 1.4. Hopper, Edward. (1947). Summer Evening [Painting]. Retrieved from https://artanddesigninspiration.com/edward-hoppers-portray als-of-alienation/ 1.5. Carpenter, J. (Director). (1988). They Live [Film]. Alive Films. 1.6. Warhol, Andy. (1961-1962). Campbell’s Tomato Soup Cans [Painting]. Retrieved from https://culttvgirl.blogspot.com/2020/05/genial-when-did-andy-war hol-paint.html 1.7. Warhol, Andy. (1986). The Last Supper [Painting]. Retrieved from https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79072. 2.1. Rigamonti, Jorge. (1967). Fluidica Urbana 2 (Urban Fluidity) [Paper on Cardboard Collage]. Retrieved from https://www.behance.net/gallery/12271737/ Urban-Collages-(1966-1971) 3.1. Walmart (1964-1981). [Walmart Logo]. Retrieved from https://fabrikbrands.com/walmart-logo-history-what-does-thewalmart-symbol-mean/ 3.2. Walmart (1962). [Walmart Ad]. Retrieved from https://www.rd.com/list/first-walmart-store/
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3.3 Walmart’s Sam Walton [The Walmart Museum Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.redbookmag.com/life/g28170861/evolution-of-walmartin-photos/?slide=8 3.4. [Photograph of shoppers]. (1960). Retrieved from https://www.carrefour.com/en/group/history 3.5. [Photograph of Khan Al Khalili, Cairo, Egypt]. Retrieved from https://www.connollycove.com/delving-secrets-khan-al-khalili/ 3.6. [Magnolia Pictures/ Ringer Illustration]. Retrieved from https://www.theringer.com/movies/2021/2/2/22262119/glitch-in-thematrix-documentary-rodney-ascher-room-237 3.7. (1934). Palazzo Braschi, Headquarters of Mussolini’s Italian Fascist Party. Retrieved from https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/headquarters-fascist-party-1934/ 3.8. Cornella, Joan. (2019). Buy More Crap [Painting]. Retrieved from https://www.artsy.net/artwork/joan-cornella-crap-nation 3.9. Blanz, Hubert. (2009). Roads from Hell [Collage]. Retrieved from https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/hellish-road-junctions-roadsfrom-hell-by-hubert-blanz 3.10. Yeung, Andy. (2015). Urban Jungle Series [Photographs]. Retrieved from https://www.demilked.com/drone-photos-show-immense-size-hongkong/ 3.11. Pink Floyd, Animals [album]. London: Harvest. (1976). 3.12. [Women Working]. Retrieved from https://shitartclub.com/deep-space-radio/2020/4/15/deep-space-ra dio-transmission-1-wwwmass-productionart
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3.13. Masr Cola (circa 1954). [Masr Cola Ad, Egypt]. Retrieved from https://vintageegypt.tumblr.com/post/16372485651 3.14. Mars. [Mars Ad, Egypt]. Retrieved from https://www.youm7.com/story/2014/11/22/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8 4%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8% AF%D9%89/1961124#.VqnMjvl97IV 4.1. K., Hiwa. (2018). My Father’s Color Period [Mixed Media]. Retrieved from http://hiwak.net/projects/my-fathers-color-period/ 4.2. K., Hiwa. (2018). My Father’s Color Period [Mixed Media]. Retrieved from http://hiwak.net/projects/my-fathers-color-period/ 4.3. Yi Ting, Ting. (2013). Untitled (Missing Values). Retrieved from https://shihlun.tumblr.com/post/49077030870/frenchtwist-untitledmissing-values-by-ting-yi 4.4. Warhol, Andy. (1963-1964). Heinz Tomato Ketchup Box [Prototype]. Retrieved from https://www.moma.org/collection/works/81559 4.5. Eyerman, J.R., (1953). “Full Frame of Movie Audience” [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://aphelis.net/cover-debord-society-spectacle/ 4.6. Herron, Ron. (1966). Walking City [Render]. Retrieved from http://walkingthecityupolis.blogspot.com/2011/03/guest-postarchigrams-walking-city.html
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4.7. [Caricature in Emarati Newspaper]. Retrieved from https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/2/9/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8 A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9% 85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%89%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D8% AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9/4624666 4.8. Jose Silva, Bruno. (2015). Non-Places [Installation]. Retrieved from https://brunojosesilva.com/NON-PLACES 4.9. [Collection of Historical Images of the UAE]. Retrieved from https://scoopempire.com/dubai-photos-now/ 4.10. [Image in Alserkal Avenue, Al Quoz, Dubai, UAE]. Retrieved from Instagram: @NotSoGuilty. 4.11. [Caricature in by Saudi artist, Abdelsalam Al Haleel]. Retrieved from https://karektair.com/t6666.html 4.12. Fozouni, Farhad. Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/502503270933715755/ 4.13. [Woman in front of Mcdonald’s]. Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/502503270933714403/ 4.14.Draxler, Jesse. (2018). Misophonia [Mixed Media]. Retrieved from https://www.sacredbonesrecords.com/collections/books/products/ sbb006-jesse-draxler-misophonia 4.15.The Rodina. (2015). “Itch My Ha Ha Ha” Festival [Digital Art]. Retrieved from https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/the-rodina-itch-my-ha-ha-hashowcase-festival-260416?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=so cial&utm_campaign=intsocial
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4.16.Pot, Bertjan. (2013). Face Masks [Mixed Media]. Retrieved from https://design-milk.com/friday-five-with-petrus-palmer-of-hem/ 4.17. [Illustration: Riba Kit.]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/ryba_kit/7194324138/sizes/o/in/ faves-joecrogan/ 5.1. Karborn, John. Evidence of Time Travel. Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/985231156672280/ 6.1. [Dubai Metro Map]. Retrieved from https://www.dubai-online.com/transport/metro/map/ 6.2, 6.3, 6.4. [Photograph of Al Karama]. Retrieved from https://www.c40reinventingcities.org/en/students/winning-proj ects/al-karama-1487.html 6.5, 6.6. [Photograph of Al Barsha]. Retrieved from https://www.bayut.com/area-guides/al-barsha-1/ 6.7. [Photograph of Al Quoz]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Al_quoz_industrial_ area_4_-_Dubai_-_United_Arab_Emirates_-_panoramio.jpg 6.8. [Photograph of Alserkal]. https://thehuntr.com/mag/wp-content/endurance-page-cache/alser kal-avenue-galleries-night-2019/_index.html 6.9. [Photograph of Emirates Towers]. Retrieved from https://www.booking.com/hotel/ae/emirates-tower.html 6.10. Hausmann, Raoul. [Collage]. Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/108438303501676663/ 6.11.[Photograph of Museum of the Future]. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com/2021/03/30/museum-of-the-future-dubai-kil la-design-buro-happold-arabic-calligraphy/ 000323