graphicdesigntheory_bilingual

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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ํ—ฌ๋ Œ ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ ์ง€์Œ ์ด์ง€์› ์˜ฎ๊น€

Graphic Design History :Readings from the field

Edited by HELEN ARMSTRONG with a foreword by ELLEN LUPTON



๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ Graphic Design History :Readings from the field


Graphic Design Theory: Readings form the field by Helen Armstrong copyright (c) 2009 Princeton Architectural press all right reserved ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํŒ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์€ (์ฃผ)ํ•œ๊ตญ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์„ผํ„ฐ(KCC)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์ž์™€์˜ ๋…์ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์ฆˆ์•ค๋น„์ฆˆ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ €์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌด๋‹จ์ „์žฌ์™€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ธˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ๊ฐ๋””์ž์ธํ•™๊ณผ 2011๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„ํ•™๊ธฐ, ๊น€๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ4 ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ œ์ž‘: ํ•œ๊ฒฝํฌ) ํ•œ๊ธ€์€ ์ง์ง€์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ถœ๊ณ ๋”•, sm์‹ ์‹ ๋ช…์กฐ, sm์ค‘๊ณ ๋”•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฌธ์€ Tobias Frere-Jones๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธํ•œ Gotham, Cyrus Highsmith๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธํ•œ Prensa ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Morris Benton๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธํ•œ Franklin Gothic์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ… ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์€ ์ €์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ €์ž์˜ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์—†์ด ๋ฌด๋‹จ ๋ณต์ œ์™€ ์ „์žฌ๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ถฉ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ง์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

This book was published by Kyunghee Han as a part of Graduate Typography 4 with Namoo Kim at the Visual Communication Design, Kookmin University, Jeong-neung, Seoul, Korea, in Winter, 2011. Korean texts were output in the typeface ๊ฒฌ์ถœ๊ณ ๋”•, sm์‹ ์‹ ๋ช…์กฐ, sm์ค‘๊ณ ๋”•, designed by Jikjisoft. English texts were output in the typeface Gotham, designed by H&FJ , Prensa, designed by Cyrus Highsmith and Franklin Gothic, designed by Morris Benton. All rights reserved: No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing by the author. Critics are welcome, of course, to quote brief passages by way of criticism and review.


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„

Graphic Design History :Readings from the field



๋ถ„์•ผ์˜

์„ฑ๊ณต์˜

๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜

์ƒ์„ฑ

๊ธธ๋ชฉ

์„ค๊ณ„

๋ชฉ์ฐจ

์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๋ฝ, ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ

๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๋ฝ, ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๊ธธ๋ชฉ

์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๋ฝ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„

์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ | ์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ | 1928

์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์„ ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด๋‹ค | ํด ๋žœ๋“œ | 1987

๋‚ด ๋ฌด๋ค ํŒŒ๊ธฐ | ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฒ” |

6

14

24

section one: creating the field

section Two: building on success

section three: mapping the future

The New Typography | Jan Tschichold | 1928

Good Design is Goodwill | Paul Rand | 1987

Designing Our Own Graves | Dimitri Seigel | 2006

7

15

25

2006

contents

Creating Field

Building on Sucess

Mapping the Future


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ

์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ

1923๋…„, ์Šค๋ฌผํ•œ ์‚ด์˜ ์ Š์€ ๋…์ผ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํผ ์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋งˆ๋ฅด์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”์šฐํ•˜์šฐ์Šค

์ „์‹œํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ๊ทธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ๋Š” ์ด ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ ์Šˆํ‹ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์Šด ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„

10์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด์˜ค๋˜ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ ฌ์‹ ๋ ˆ์ด์•„์›ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—… ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ‘๊ณ ,

์‹  ๋ชจ๋˜ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ์›€์ง์ž„์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋กœ ์•ž์žฅ์„ฐ๋‹ค.

<์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ>๋ผ๋Š” ์ €์„œ๋Š” ์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์ธ์‡„ ์—…๊ณ„์— ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1928๋…„์— ์“ด ์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์ œ

๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ์˜ ์ €์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋‚ด ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์น˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์—์„œ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•ด ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋ฐ”์ ค๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ

์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ๋Š” ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋’€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ์ฒ ํ•™์ด ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„

๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.

8

In 1923 Jan Tschichold, A twenty-one-year-old german typographer, attend the bauhaus exhibition in we mar, he was mesmerized. The exhibition was bursting with works of art and design influenced by Ed Stijl and constructivism. These vivid examples of the then emerging New Typography changed him. For the next decade Tschichold put aside his classical training, including his affection for symmetrical design, and became a powerful advocate of the new modern typographic movement. In 1928 he wrote his seminal book The New Typography, which opened these ideas to the printing industry in a clear, accessible manner. Theories became rules, while complex experiments became simple, reproducible systems. Tschicholdโ€™s book remains essential to any typographic library. We remember him, though, not just for his passionate argument for the New Typography but also for his equally fervent turn against it. After being imprisoned by the nazis and later escaping to Basel during World War II, Tschichold reconsidered. In the purifying order of the New Typography he sensed and element of fascism. During the latter part of his life he turned back o the classical typography of his early training.


The New Typography

Jan Tschichold

์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ช…๋ฃŒ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ โ€˜์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€โ€™๋งŒ์„ ์ข‡์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๋“ฑํ•œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ์ด ์Ÿ์•„์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์š”์ฆ˜, ์ตœ์†Œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•œ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒน๋“ค๋ฆฌ์—์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž, (์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต๋งŒ ์น˜์žฅํ•œ)

โ€˜์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šดโ€™ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์˜๋ฏธ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋”๋”๊ธฐ(์žฅ์‹)๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ถ™์ธ โ€˜๊พธ๋ฏธ๊ธฐโ€™ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋กœ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—๋„ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ ฌ์„ ์— ํž˜์—†์ด ๋Œ€๋กฑ๋Œ€๋กฑ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋…ธ๋ผ๋ฉด ์š”์ฆ˜ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ง๋๋Š”์ง€ ๋Š๊ปด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™์„ ์— ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ญ‰ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ์›์น™์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ”๋กœํฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ œ๋ชฉ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—†์ด ๋Œ€์ถฉ ๋„๋ ค์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์žฅ์‹์ด ๋ผ์–ด๋“ค์–ด ๋ฌด์ฐธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง“๋ฐŸ๊ธฐ ์ผ์‘ค๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ 4๋ถ„์˜ 1 ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ ์ค„์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์กฐํŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์ฆ˜์—” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ ฌ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•˜์–€ ๊นƒ์„ ๋นณ๋นณ์ด ์„ธ์šด ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ •์žฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๋ฟ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์—ญ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ์Šต๊ณ  ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ทธ์ง€์—†๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ž˜ํ•ด๋„ โ€˜์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ

์ค„์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐโ€™ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด โ€˜ํ˜•ํƒœโ€™๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊พธ๊ฒจ ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ

ํ•ด๋„ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค.

9

The essence of the New Typography is clarity.This puts it into deliberate

opposition to the old typography whose aim was โ€œ beauty โ€ and whose clarity did

not attain the high level we require today. This utmost clarity is necessary today because of the manifold claims for our attention made by the extraordinary amount of print, which demands the greatest economy of expression. The gentle swing of

the pendulum between ornamental type, the (superficially understood) โ€œ beautifulโ€

appearance, and โ€œadornmentโ€ by extraneous additions (ornaments) can never produce

the pure form we demand today. Especially the feeble clinging to the bugbear of arranging type on a central axis results in the extreme inflexibility of contemporary typography.

In the old typography, the arrangement of individual units is subordinated to

the principle of arranging everything on a central axis. In my historical introduction I have shown that his principle started in the Renaissance and has not yet been abandoned. Its superficiality becomes obvious when we look at Renaissance or

baroque title pages. Main units are arbitrarily cut up: for example, logical order,

which should be expressed by the use of different type sizes, is ruthlessly sacrificed

to external form. Thus the principal line contains only three-quaters of the title, and

the rest of the title, set several sizes smaller, appears in the next line. Such things

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ฉด ์ค‘์•™์— ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ฉด์˜ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค(์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์€ ์œ„์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค). ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธ€์ค„์€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ •์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ธ€์ค„ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์žก๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ-๊ฐ€์งœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹-์€ ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ชฝ๋•… ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์จ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์กฐํŒ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ์ด์ „ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์™€๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋งŒ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด์„œ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ตต๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์œ„์น˜, ์ƒ‰๊น”, ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋‚ด์šฉ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํผ๋Š” ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์„์ง€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฝํ˜€์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ž„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. [โ€ฆ] ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ

10

์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.

admittedly do not often happen today, but the rigidity of central-axis setting hardly

allows work to be carried out with the degree of logic we now demand. The central axis

runs through the whole like and artificial, invisible backbone: its raison dโ€™ รชtre is today

as pretentious as the tall white collars of Victorian gentlemen. Even in good central-axis

composition the contents are subordinated to โ€œ beautiful line arrangement.โ€ The whole is a โ€œ formโ€ that is predetermined and therefore must be inorganic. We believe it tis wrong to arrange a text as if there were some focal point in the

center of a line that would justify such an arrangement. Such points of course of not

exist, because we read by starting at one side(Europeans for example read from left to

right, the Chinese from top to bottom and right to left). Axial arrangements are illogical

because the distance of the stressed, central parts from the beginning and end of the word sequences is not usually equal but constantly varies from line to line. But not only the preconceived idea of axial arrangement but also all other

preconceived ideasโ€”like those of the pseudo-Constructivistsโ€”are diametrically opposed to the essence of the New Typography. Every piece of typography that

originates in a preconceived idea of form, of whatever kind, is wrong. The New Typography is distinguished from the old by the fact that its first objective is to develop its visible form out of the functions of the text. It is essential to give pure and direct expression to the contents of whatever is printed; just as in the works of technology


์™ผ์ชฝ: ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์˜ˆ.

์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ: ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ

(Munchner Neueste Nachrichten)

์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋””์ž์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ. ์žฅ์‹์ด

ํ•„์š” ์—†๋Š” ์žฅ์‹์„ ์ผ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธ€๊ผด์„

์—†๊ณ  ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ธฐ

์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์กฐํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด

๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ข‹๋‹ค.

์ค‘์•™์— ๋ชฐ๋ ค ์žˆ์–ด ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‚œ์žกํ•˜๋‹ค.

(๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๊ธ€์ž๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ)

(์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ)

left: Newspaper advertisement (Munchner Neueste Nachrichten) Bad, because: unnecessary ornaments, too many kinds of type and type sizes (7), centered design, which makes reading difficult and is unsightly.

right: The same advertisement, redesigned by Jan Tschichold. Good, because: no use of ornament, clear type, few sizes (in all, only 5 different types), good legibility, good appearance.

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields

์ถœ์ฒ˜: The New Typography by Jan Tschichold.

Captions and illustrations from The New Typography by Jan Tschihold.

์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ

โ€œNew Life in Printโ€ 1930

๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ท„๋‹ค ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ชจ๋˜ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.

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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์›”๋“ฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์ด ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ •์ ์ธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์นซํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ง‰์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์„œ ์ •์—ฐํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋  ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ํƒ€์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ๊ธ€์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ธ€๊ผด๋งŒ ์š”๋ž€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋์—†์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง€๋ฉด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ์ž˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ, ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์š”์†Œ์˜ โ€˜๊ทœ๊ฒฉํ™”โ€™๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ ฌ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์žก๋‹คํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ(์žฅ์‹ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธ€๊ผด)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋‹ค ๋ถ™์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ทœ๊ฒฉํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ด ์ ์  ๋” ์ ˆ์‹คํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ˆ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ด€ํ–‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ž„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ 

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The method of New Typography is based on a clear realization of purpose and the best means of achieving it.

and nature, โ€œ formโ€ must be created out of function. Only then can we achieve a

typography that expresses the spirit of modern man. The function of printed text is

communication, emphasis (word value), and the logical sequence of the contents.

Every part of a text related to every other part by a definite, logical relationship of

emphasis and value, predetermined by content. It is up to the typographer to express this relationship clearly and visibly through type sizes and weight, arrangement of

lines, use of color, photography, etc. The typographer must take the greatest care to

study how his work is read and ought to be read.

[โ€ฆ] Working through a text according to these principles will usually result in

a rhythm different from that of former symmetrical typography. Asymmerty is

the rhythmic expression of functional design. In addition to being more logical, asymmetry has the advantage that its complete appearance is fat more optically effective than symmetry.

Hence the predominance of asymmetry in the New Typography. Not least, the liveliness of asymmetry is also an expression of our own movement and that of modern life; it is a symbol of the changing forms of life in general when asymmetrical

movement in typography takes the place of symmetrical repose. This movement must

not, however, degenerate into unrest or chaos. A striving for order can, and must, also


๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€ค ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ

์ „ํ˜€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ โ€˜์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋‚ฎ์€

ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผโ€™๋‹คโ€ค

(์–ด๋Š ์„œ์ ์˜ ํŽธ์ง€์ง€ ๋””์ž์ธ)

์ถœ์ฒ˜: The New Typography by Jan Tschichold.

Centered layout using lightweight sans serif has no visual effectiveness and reaches a โ€œtypographic lowโ€ for today (letterhead for a bookshop). Captions and illustrations from The New Typography by Jan Tschihold.

No modern typography, be it ever so โ€œbeautifulโ€ is โ€œnewโ€ if it sacrifices purpose to form.

be expressed in asymmetrical form. It is the only way to make a better, more natural order possible, as opposed to symmetrical form, which does not draw its laws from within itself but from outside.

Furthermore, the principle of asymmetry gives unlimited scope for variation in

the New Typography. It also expresses the diversity of modern life, unlike central-axis

typography, which, apart form variations of typeface (the only exception), does not allow such variety.

While the New Typography allows much greater flexibility in design, it also

encourages โ€œstandardizationโ€ in the construction of units, as in building.

The old typography did the opposite: it recognized only one basic form, the

central-axis arrangement, but allowed all possible and impossible construction

elements(typefaces, ornaments, etc.) The need for clarity in communication raises the question of how to achieve clear and unambiguous form.

Above all, a fresh and original intellectual approach is needed, avoiding all

standard solutions. If we think clearly and approach each task with a fresh and

determined mind, a good solution will usually result.

The most important requirement is to be objective. This, however, does not

mean a way of design in which everything is omitted that used to be tacked on, as Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields

Jan Tschichold โ€œNew Life in Printโ€ 1930

๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตต๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ์„ธ๋ฆฌํ”„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ ฌ

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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

ํ™•์‹ ์— ์ฐฌ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ž„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ง์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‹œ์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ ˆํ„ฐํ—ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž. p11์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์‹๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋‹ค. โ€˜๋ฉ”๋ง๋ž๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋” ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ณตํ—ˆํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์š”๋ž€ํ•œ ๊ธ€๊ผด๊ณผ ์žฅ์‹์„ ๋นผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์•™์ƒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ ค๋ผ. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‚ด๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์˜จ๊ฐ– โ€˜์žฅ์‹โ€™ ๋“ค์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋””์ž์ธ์— ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ง€๋ชฝ๋งคํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ์žฅ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๋‹ค ๋ถ™์ด๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์— ์ „ํ˜€ ๋„์›€์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

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in the letterhead โ€œDas politische Buchโ€ shown here [see p.9]. The type is certainly

legible and there are no ornaments whatever. But this is not the kind of objectivity

we are talking about. A better name for it would be โ€œmeagerness.โ€ Incidentally this letterhead also shows the hollowness of the old principles: without โ€œornamentalโ€

typefaces they do not work.

And yet, it is absolutely necessary to omit everything that is not needed. The

old ideas of design must be discarded and new ideas developed. It is obvious that

functional design means the abolition of the โ€œornamentationโ€ that has reigned for centuriesโ€ฆ. Today we see in a desire for ornament an ignorant tendency that our century

must repress. When in earlier periods ornament was used, often in an extravagant

degree, it only showed how little the essence of typography, which is communication, was understood.


๊ฐ€์งœ ๋ชจ๋˜ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ์˜ˆ. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ปด ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ถœ์ฒ˜: The New Typography by Jan Tschichold.

An example of pseudo-modern typography. The compositor has the idea of a prefabricated foreign shape and forces the words into it. But typographic form must be organic. It must evolve from the nature of the text. Captions and illustrations from The New Typography by Jan Tschihold.

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์˜ํ™” <๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น> ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ, 1927๋…„. ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์šฐํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์–‘๋ถ„ ์‚ผ์•„ โ€˜์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผโ€™ ์šด๋™์ด ์ž๋ผ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1928๋…„ ์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ๋Š” ์‹  ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ์šด๋™์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ <The New Typoghraphy>๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ํŽด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ธ์‡„ ์—…๊ณ„์— ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๋ฐ”์šฐํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์ด์ƒ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์น™์œผ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–€ ์น˜ํ™€ํŠธ๋Š” ์ง‘ํ•„ ๋ฐ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields

Poster for the film Napoleon, 1927. A movement called the New Typography emerged frome the Bauhaus search for a universal language and the resulting typographic experimentation. Tschichold codified this movement for the printing industry in his book The New Typography in 1928, which turned Bauhaus ideals into straight-forward rules. Through such texts and designs. Tschichold attempted to establish norms for practicing typography and graphic design.


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

ํด ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ๋‹จ์ˆœ, ๋ช…ํ™•, ์ ˆ์ œ, ํ’ˆ์œ„,

๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„, ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ ์พŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€ 1 ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์˜จ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์ด๋ฏผ 2์„ธ๋Œ€์ธ ํด ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š”

์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์›์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ ค 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ฅ๊ณ  ํ”๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1940๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์ฝ˜์…‰ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์šด๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ

๋ฐ”์ธํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋ฒ ๋ผ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋นŒ ๋ฒˆ๋ฐ”ํฌ ์นดํ”ผ๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ผ ํƒ„์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์•„ํŠธ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์™€ ์นดํ”ผ๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€๊ฐ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋˜

1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ํด ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋กœ๊ณ  ๋””์ž์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…

์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋”ฉ์— ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์Ÿ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ IBM, ์›จ์ŠคํŒ…ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค, ABC ๋กœ๊ณ ๋Š” ํด ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜

๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š”

๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ž„์›๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ค„๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํด ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ณต์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ดํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋น„์ „์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ตณํžŒ ๋ฐ˜์ž‘์šฉ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. Paul Rand, Design, Form, and Chaos ์ค‘์—์„œ โ€œForm and Content,โ€ (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 3.

1

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์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์„ ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด๋‹ค

ํด ๋žœ๋“œ

1987

Paul Rand married creative concept to clarity of form. The purpose of design was, he asserted, โ€œto simplify, to clarify, to modify, to dramatize, to persuade, and perhaps even to amuse.โ€ 1 Guided by European modernist principles, this son of Jewish Viennese immigrants pushed and pounded American graphic design for fifty years. In the 1940s, he led the conceptdriven New Advertising movement in New York. Collaborative teams of art directors and copywriters still emulate the work he did with writer Bill Bernbach at the Weintraub Agency. Beginning in the 1950s he unified then-booming corporations with clean powerful marks, thus kicking off the maelstrom of corporate branding. His timeless logos for IBM, Westinghouse and ABC remain, testifying to the ability of their maker. In the latter half of his career Rand worked alone, preferring to communicate directly with the company presidentโ€”no dilly-dallying with clientsโ€™ committees and middlemen. Ultimately, he forged a relationship between graphic design and corporate America that carried designers to profitable professional heights, but left them dependent, perhaps troublingly, upon clientsโ€™ societal visions and needs. 1 Paul Rand, โ€œForm and Content,โ€ in Design, Form, and Chaos (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 3.


๊ตํ™ฉ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค 2์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ผˆ๋ž€์ ค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ‹ด ์ฒœ์žฅํ™” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฏธ์ผˆ๋ž€์ ค๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ €์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ตํ™ฉ์ด

๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ฒœ์žฅํ™”๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ตํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.โ€ ๋ฏธ์ผˆ๋ž€์ ค๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‹จ๋‘๋Œ€์— ์„œ๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„œ๋‘˜๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด ์ผํ™”๋งŒ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ตํ™ฉ์ด ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฏธ์ผˆ๋ž€์ ค๋กœ์™€ ๊ตํ™ฉ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ์‹œ์ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ(ํ˜น์€ ํ™”๊ฐ€, ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€)์™€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž ์‚ฌ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ’ˆ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜›๋‚  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋” ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ž๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์ •์น˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„์ฃผ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋งจ์ด ๋‹ค ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์Šค์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ฒด์— ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต ๋„๊ตฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ „๋žต ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ œํ’ˆ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์†Œํ†ต, ๊ธฐ์—… ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ.โ€ โ€˜์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ 1940๋…„๊ฒฝ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ์ฏค ๋ชจ๋˜ ์•„ํŠธ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด โ€˜์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ

10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ•˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ œํ’ˆโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋˜ โ€˜์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธโ€™์ด๋ž€

๊ทธ์ € ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ โ€˜๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€โ€™ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ(๋””์ž์ธ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜, ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฐ„์—)๋งŒ์ด

Good Design is Goodwill

Paul Rand

1987

Michelangelo, responding to the demands of Pope Julius II about the completion

of the Sistime Ceiling, replied, โ€œIt will be finished when I shall have satisfied myself in

the matter of art.โ€ โ€œBut it is our pleasure,โ€ retorted the pope, โ€œ that you should satisfy

us in our desire to have it done quickly.โ€ And it was not until he was threatened with

being thrown from the scaffolding that Michelangelo agreed to be more expeditious, On the whole, however, the relationship between Michelangelo and the pope was

reciprocal. Mutual respect, apologies, and ducats were the means of mediation. Today the relationship between designer(painter, writer, composer) and

management shares certain similarities with that of our distinguished protagonists. What has always kept the designer and client at odds is the same thing that has kept them in accord. For the former, design is a means for invention and experiment, for the latter, a means of achieving economic, political, or social ends. But not all

business people are aware that, in the words of a marketing professor at Northwestern

University, โ€œDesign is a potent strategy tool that companies can use to gain a

sustainable competitive advantage. Yet most companies neglect design as a strategy

tool. What they donโ€™ t realize is that design can enhance products, environments, communications, and corporate identity.โ€

The expression โ€œgood designโ€ came into usage circa 1940, when the Museum of

Modern Art sponsored the exhibit โ€œuseful Objects of American Design under Ten

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields

17


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํƒ„์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ €์งˆ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ํŒ์น˜๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ, ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์ฒœ์žฌ์  ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ ํƒ“์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์งง์ง€๋งŒ, ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ˆœํƒ„์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์€ ์ œ์ณ๋†“๊ณ , ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด, ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ, โ€˜์ƒˆ๋กœ์šดโ€™(ํ”ํžˆ โ€˜๋…์ฐฝ์ โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”) ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ํ—ค๋งค๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์†์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ๋งŒ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ค ์ธ์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค). ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณต์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ฆ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค(์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์˜์—ญ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค). ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ตํ˜€์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€์‹์ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ„์—, ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ข‹๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€๊ณผ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฃฐ ๋•Œ, ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ์ถœ์ƒ ํ†ต์ง€์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ฅ์™ธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ํŒ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ , ์…ฐ์ต์Šคํ”ผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์†Œ๋„คํŠธ์˜ ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผˆ๋กœ๊ทธ

ํด ๋žœ๋“œ

18

โ€œLogosโ€ฆ Flagsโ€ฆ Street Signsโ€ 1990

์ฝ˜ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ์ƒ์ž์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋””์ž์ธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€๊ณผ

๋กœ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.

Dollars.โ€ The intention, of course, was to identify not just โ€œgoodโ€ design but the best,

that which only the most skillful designer(trained or untrained) could produce. Over the years designers of both products and graphics have created and impressive collection of distinguished designs. Yet ironically, this body of good work makes one

painfully aware of the abundance of poor design and the paucity of good designers.

Talent is a rare commodity in the arts, as it is in other professions. But there is more

to the story than this.

Even if it does not require extensive schooling, design is one of the most

perplexing pursuits in which to excel. Besides the need for a God-given talent, the

designer must contend with encyclopedic amounts of information, a seemingly endless stream of opinions, and the day-to-day problem of finding โ€œnew โ€ ideas

(popularly called โ€œcreativity โ€).

Yet as a profession it is relatively easy to enter. Unlike those of architecture and

engineering, it requires no accreditation (not that accreditation is always meaningful

in the arts). It entails no authorization from official institutions, as do the legal and medical professions. (This is equally true of other arenas in the business world,

for example, marketing and market research.) There is no set body of knowledge

that must be masters by the practitioners. What the designer and his cline have in common is a license to practice without a license.

Many designers, schooled or self-taught, are interested primarily in things that


์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๊ฒƒ์— โ€˜์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธโ€™์ด๋ž€ ํ˜ธ์นญ์ด ๋ถ™๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋‹ค. ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ

์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ–์ท„๋‹ค๋ฉด โ€˜์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธโ€™์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์€ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ ์ œ๊ณผ ์—…์ฒด์ธ ๋ฐœ์„ผ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ(1930๋…„๊ฒฝ)์€ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ธ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œํ•˜๋…ธ๋ฒ„ ์ง€์—ญ ์ œ๊ณผ ์ œ์กฐ ์—…์ž์ธ H. ๋ฐœ์„ผ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.โ€ ๋ฐœ์„ผ์€ โ€˜๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์„ ์ „

์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ํŒ€, ํ˜น์€ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒ€์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์ทจ์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ , ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ž‘์—… ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง„๋‹ค. ํŒ€ ์ž‘์—…์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋•Œ๋ก  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ธฐํšŒ์กฐ์ฐจ ์–ป๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์••๋ฐ•์€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋…์ž์ ์ผ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€๋•์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ข‹๊ณ  ๋‚˜์จ์ด ํŒ๊ฐ€๋ฆ„ ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์„ผ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์™€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋”ํ•  ๋‚˜์œ„ ์—†์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. โ€œํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์„ผ์˜ ํฌ์žฅ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ…” ์Šˆ๋น„ํํ…๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ…”์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์˜๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋†’์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์˜€๋‹ค.โ€

look good and work well; they see their mission realized only when aesthetics and

practical needs coalesce. What a designer does is not limited to any particular idea or

form. Graphic design embraces every kind of problem of visual communication, from

birth announcements to billboards. It embodies visual ideas, from the typography of a Shakespearean sonnet to the design and typography of a box of Kelloggโ€™s Corn Flakes.

What might entitle these items to the โ€œgood designโ€ accolade is their practicability and their beauty, both of which are embodied in the idea of quality. The Bahlsen

design (circa 1930) meets both goals admirably. โ€œH. Bahlsen, the biscuit maker of

Hanover, was a manufacturer who combined art and his work in the most thorough

fashion.โ€ He was one of those rare businessmen who believed that โ€œart is the best

means of propaganda.โ€ Design is a personal activity and springs from the creative impulse of an

individual. Group design or design by committee, although occasionally useful,

deprives the designer of the distinct pleasure of personal accomplishment and self-

realization. It may even hinder his or her thought processes, because work is not

practiced under natural, tension-free conditions. Ideas have neither time to develop

nor even the opportunity to occur. The tensions encountered in original work are different from those caused by discomfort or nervousness. The relationship that exists between the designer and management is

dichotomous. On the one hand, the designer is fiercely independent; on the other,

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields

Paul Rand โ€œLogosโ€ฆ Flagsโ€ฆ Street Signsโ€ 1990

A logo derives its meaning from the quality of the thing it symbolizes, not the other way around.

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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ตฌ์• ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์กฐ์žฌ ์ด์œ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ฑ„์ฐ์งˆ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ž€ ๋†ˆ์€ ์›Œ๋‚™ ๊ณ ์ง‘์ด ์„ธ์„œ ์ œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ƒค์›Œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋•Œ, ์•„์นจ ์ผ์ฐ, ํ•œ๋ฐค์ค‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๋“  ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ง์›์ด๋“  ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ข‹๊ณ  ๋‚˜์จ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋” ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์€, ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋งŒ ํ•  ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์ €์งˆ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ ์  ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ผฝ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. (1) ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ

๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์˜ ๋ฌด์ง€, (2) ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์˜ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๊ด€์—ฌ, (3) ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ ํ˜น์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ.

์‹œ๊ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ๊ฒฝํ˜, ๋””์ž์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ํšŒํ™”๋‚˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ผ๋‹จ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›Œ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์™€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ†ต๊ณ„์™€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์™€ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ถ€์„œ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ด์œค ์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฝ ์ฝ”ํ‹€๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ถ€์„œ ์ž„์›์ด ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€œ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ณด๋‹ด์ด

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he or she is dependent on management for support against bureaucracy and the caprice of the marketplace. I believe that design quality is proportionately related

tot eh distance that exists between the designer and the management at the top. The closer this relationship between the designer and the chief executive of Bahlsen was, undoubtedly, very close. โ€œ Whit a very few exceptions, all the Bahlsen wrappers

are the work of a woman artist, Martel Schwichtenberg. In a masterly manner she contrived to keep the designs up to their original high standards.โ€

Design is less a business than a calling. Many a designerโ€™s workday, in or out

of the corporate environment, is ungoverned by a timesheet. Ideas, which are the

designerโ€™s raison dโ€™ รชtre, are not produced by whim or on the spur of the moment.

Ideas are the lifeblood of any form of meaningful communication. But good ideas are

obstinate and have a way of materializing only when and where they choose--in the shower or subway, in the morning or middle of the night. As if this werenโ€™ t enough,

and infinite number of people, with or without political motives, must scrutinize

and pass on the designerโ€™s ideas. Most of these people, in management or otherwise, have no design background. They are not professionals who have the credentials to

approve or disapprove the work of the professional designer, yet of course they do. There are rare exceptions--lay people who have and instinctive sense for design. Interestingly, these same people leave design to the experts.

If asked to pinpoint the reasons for the proliferation of poor design, I would


์ ์€ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹๊ฒฌ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์†Œ์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ด์ต๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์— ๋” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์Ÿ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋กœ ๊พธ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๋งค์ผ ์ตœ์†Œ 8์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ž„์›๋“ค์ด ๋ง‰์ƒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘์—๋Š” ์žฅ์‹์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ์ง„์—ด์žฅ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋†“๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์ตœ์‹  ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ๋น„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ข…์ข… ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ผ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ• ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ์ธ์ง€ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋งจ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋„ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค(๋น„๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐ‹๋ฐ‹ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ˆ์œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค). ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์—๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฅ์‹ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์œผ๋ ˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฌผ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘์—ญ์ด ์ง‘์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜น ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์น˜์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์ธํ„ฐ๋ ˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฑด, ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑด ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ทนํ•œ์— ์น˜๋‹ฌ์•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋๋Š”์ง€, ํ›„์ž๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ข‹๊ณ  ๋‚˜์จ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ โ€˜์‹ค์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋™๋–จ์–ด์ง„โ€™ ๋‚˜์•ฝํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ

์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด โ€˜์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š”

ํ–‰์œ„โ€™๋ผ๊ณ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. 1850๋…„๋Œ€์— ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์ „ํŒŒํ•œ ๋ฒค ํ”ผํŠธ๋งจ์€ โ€œ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊พธ๋ฏผ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ง์—…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋˜ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ฐจ ์—†์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•จ์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ

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probably have to conclude, all thing being equal, that the difficulties lie with: (1)

managementโ€™s unawareness of or indifference to good design, (2) market researchersโ€™ vested interests, (3) designersโ€™ lack of authority or competence. Real competence in the field of visual communication is something hat only

dedication, experience, and performance can validate. The roots of good design lie in aesthetics: painting, drawing, and architecture, while those of business and market

research are in demographics and statistics; aesthetics and business are traditionally

incompatible disciplines. The value judgments of the designer and the business

executive are often at odds. Advertising executives and managers have their sights set

on different goals: on costs and profits. โ€œ They are trained,โ€ says [Philip] Kotler, quoting

a personnel executive, โ€œ in business schools to be numbers-oriented, to minimize risks,

and to use analytical detached plansโ€”not insight gained from hands-on experience. They are devoted to short-term returns and cost reduction, rather that developing

long-term technological competitiveness. They prefer servicing existing markets

rather than taking risks and developing new ones.โ€ Many executives who spend time in a modern office at least eight hours a day may very well live in houses in which the latest audio equipment is hidden behind the doors of a Chippendale cabinet. Modern surroundings may be synonymous with work, but not with relaxation. The preference is for the traditional setting. (Most people are

conditioned to prefer the fancy to the plain.) Design is seen merely as decorationโ€”a Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์™€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์ฒœ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚ญ๋น„๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ, ์กฐ๊ฐ, ํŒํ™”๊ณ  ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋ฒฝ์ง€, ์นดํŽซ, ์‹ค๋‚ด ์žฅ์‹์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’คํ‹€๊ณ  ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๋Š”, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹คโ€ฆ. ๋„๋•์„ฑ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€, ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋‹ค.โ€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์—…๋ฌด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์‚ฌ๋ช…์„ ๋ค ์‚ถ ์ž์ฒด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•  ์‹ ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธˆ์š•์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์— ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€, ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€, ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋˜ ์ด์ƒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—๋‹ฅ ์นดํ”„๋งŒ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด๋ž€ โ€œํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต์—… ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์Šนํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€ ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋ง์— ์„œ๋ฆฐ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€์˜€๋˜ ๋ฅด ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋ท”์ง€์—๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ์œ ํ–‰์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จผ์ € ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€ [โ€ฆ] ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋™์€ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ ์ข‹์ง€

ํด ๋žœ๋“œ

22

โ€œLogosโ€ฆ Flagsโ€ฆ Street Signsโ€ 1990

์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ, ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋น„์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ์šฐ์Šต๊ฒŒ

๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์• ๋งค๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ž๋ฉธ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆ„๊ธธ์ด๋‹ค.

legacy of the past. Quality and status are very often equated with traditional values,

with costliness, with luxury. And in the comparatively rare instance that the business

executive exhibits a preference for a modern home environment, it is usually the

super modern, the lavish, and the extremely expensive. Design values for the pseudo-

traditionalist or super-modernist are measured in extremes. For the former it is

how old, for the latter how new. Good design is not based on nostalgia or trendiness.

Intrinsic quality is the only real measure of good design.

In some circles art and design were, and still are, considered effeminate,

something โ€œremoved from the common affairs of men.โ€ Others saw all artists

โ€œperforming no useful function they could understand.โ€ At one time, design was even

considered a womanโ€™s job. โ€œLet men construct and women decorate,โ€ said Benn Pitman, the man who brought new ideas about the arts from England to the United States in the 1850s. To the businessman whose mind-set is only the bottom line, andy reference

to art or design is often an embarrassment. It implies waste and frivolity, having

nothing to do with the serious business of business. To this person, art belongs, if

anywhere, in the home or museum. Art is paint gin, sculpture, etching; design is

wallpaper, carpeting, and upholster patterns.

โ€œArt,โ€ says Henry James, โ€œ in our Protestant communities, where so many thing

have got so strangely twisted about, is supposed, in certain cycles, to have some

vaguely injurious effect on those who make it an important considerationโ€ฆ. It is


ํด ๋žœ๋“œ Logos: Westinghouse, 1960; IBM, 1962; UPS, 1961

Paul Rand Logos: Westinghouse, 1960; IBM, 1962; UPS, 1961

assumed to be opposed in some mysterious manner to morality, to amusement, to

instruction.โ€

To many designers, art /design is a cultural mission in which life and work are

inseparable. Clean surfaces, simple materials, and economy of means are the designerโ€™s

articles of faith. Asceticism, rather than โ€œ the good life,โ€ motivates good designersโ€”in keeping with the ideals of the modern painters, architects, and designers of the early

part of this century, and with the beliefs, as expressed later by Edgar Kaufmann:

good design is a :โ€ thorough merging of form and function and an awareness of human

values, expressed in relation to industrial production for a democratic society.โ€

Not just good design but the implication of its modernity needs to be stressed,

Le Corbusier, the great and influential architect and theorist, commented: โ€œ To be

modern is not a fashion, ti is a state. It is necessary to understand history, and he who

understands history know how to find continuity between that which was, that which

is, and that which will be.โ€ [โ€ฆ]

Design no less than business poses ethical problems, A badly designed product

that works is no less unethical than a beautiful product that doesnโ€™ t. The former

trivializes the consumer, that latter deceives him. Design that lacks ideas and depends entirely on form for its realization may possess a certain kind of mysterious charm;

at the same time it may be uncommunicative. On the other hand, design that depends

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields

Paul Rand โ€œLogosโ€ฆ Flagsโ€ฆ Street Signsโ€ 1990

A design that is complex, fussy, or obscure harbors a self-destructive mechanism.

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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ํ›„์ž๋Š” ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋น„ํ•œ ๋งค๋ ฅ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•ด ์•Œ๋งน์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์ œ์ณ๋†“๊ณ  ๋‚ด์šฉ๋งŒ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋‹จ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค.โ€ ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ์žฌ๋‹จ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๋“ฏ์ด. ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๋กœ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„ ์žƒ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ ์˜๋งˆ์ € ์ €๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธธ์žก์ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์œ„์„ ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์•ž์žก์ด๋กœ ์ „๋žตํ•  ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋š ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•„์š”์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์นด๋กœ์šด์ € ์•ˆ๋ฝ์˜์ž(a)๋Š” ๋ฏธ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‚ด๋˜์ง„ ์ฑ„ ์˜ค์ง ํŽธ์•ˆํ•จ๋งŒ์„ ์•ž์„ธ์šด ์˜ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์žฅ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ˆ๋ฝ์˜์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ํŽธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. 1907๋…„, ๋…์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋ถ„ํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ์ œ์กฐ ์—…์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฌถ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„, ์†๋ฌผ๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€์ง€, ๋˜ โ€˜๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์ œ์กฐ

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entirely on content will most likely be so tiresome that it will compel viewing. โ€œIdea

and the form,โ€ says James, โ€œare the needle and thread, and I never heard of a guild of tailors that recommended the use of thread without the needle or the needle without the thread.โ€ Good design satisfies both idea and from, the needle and the thread. A company โ€™s reputation is very much affected by how the company appears

and how its products work. A beautiful object that doesnโ€™ t work is a reflection on the company โ€™s integrity. In the long run, it may lose not only customers but their

goodwill. Good design will function no longer a s the harbinger of good business

but as the herald of hypocrisy. Beauty is a byproduct of needs and functions. The

Barcalounger is extremely comfortable, but it is an example of beauty gone astray. A consumer survey that would find such furniture comfortable might find it to be beautiful as well, merely because it is easy to conclude that if something works it must also be beautiful and vice versa. Ugliness is not a product of market research but of

bad taste, of misreading opinions for analysis and information for ideas.

In 1907 the German Werkbund was formed, and organization whose purpose it

was to forge the links between designer and manufacturer. It was intended to make

the public aware of the folly of snobbery and to underscore the significance of the โ€œold

ideals of simplicity, purity, and quality.โ€ Its aims were also to make producers aware of โ€œa new sense of cultural responsibility, based on the recognition that men are molded


์—…์ž๋“ค์ด โ€œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐโ€์„ ์ผ๊นจ์šฐ๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€, ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผํ” ๋์—†์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ด‘๊ณ , ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€, ์ œํ’ˆ, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ทจํ–ฅ์— ์ข‹์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์˜์‹์„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Š ๋ฌธํ™”๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจํ•˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—… ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ข‹์€ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

*์—ญ์ฃผ (a) ์ด ์˜์ž๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฟ ์…˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ”๊ฑธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ›์ด๊ฐ€ ์ –ํžˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฐœํŒ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

25

by the objects that surround them.โ€

From little buckslips to big buildings, the visual design problems of a large

corporation are virtually without end, It is in the very solution of these problemsโ€”

well-designed advertisements, packaging, products, and buildingsโ€”that a corporation

is able to help shape its environment, to reach and to influence the taste of vast

audiences. The corporation is in a singularly strategic position to heighten public

awareness. Unlike routine philanthropic programs, this kind of contribution is a day-

to-day activity that turns business strategy into social opportunity and good design

into goodwill.

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

26

IBMํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ. 1981๋…„ ํด ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” IBM์‚ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. IBM ์ธก์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ด ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

Eye, Bee, M poster. 1981, Rand originally designed this rebus for an in-house IBM event, The Golden Circle Award, IBM forbid distribution, at first, worried that the design threatened their established graphic standards.


์™ผ์ชฝ ์œ„: Westinghouse ๊ด‘๊ณ . 1962๋…„. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์œ„: IBM ํฌ์žฅ ๋””์ž์ธ. 1979๋…„. ์•„๋ž˜: ์ปค๋ฏผ์Šค์—”์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์• ๋‰ด์–ผ ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋””์ž์ธ. 1979๋…„. ํด ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—… ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋‹ค. ํด ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ—ˆ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์˜จ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋””์ž์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ 1950๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 60๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‰ด์š• ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ณ„๋Š” โ€˜์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์ค‘์‹ฌโ€™์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค˜๋‹ค.

27 Clockwise from top left: Westinghouse advertisement, 1962; IBM packaging, c. 1980; Cummins Engine annual report cover, 1979. These three layouts reflect some of Randโ€™s best-known corporate design programs. American designers like Rand and Bauhaus immigrant Herbert Bayer used the almost scientific objectivity of Swiss design systems to position graphic design as a professional practice of value to corporate design away from the more intuitive โ€œbig ideaโ€ approach of New York advertising of the 1950s and 1960s.

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฒ”์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ค๋ฌด์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋‹ค. โ€˜๋””์ž์ธ ์˜ต์ €๋ฒ„โ€™ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋งค์ฒด์— ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฒˆ ์•„์›ƒํ”ผํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ์–ธํ„ฐ๋ž™ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจํ—˜์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์•ˆํ…Œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— <์•„๋‚˜ํ…Œ๋งˆ>์ง€์˜ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„ํŠธ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜

๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ƒ์—… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝโ€™์—์„œ

๊ตณ๊ฑดํžˆ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€œ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด๋‹คโ€ 1

๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ โ€˜๋””์ž์ธ ์˜ต์ €๋ฒ„โ€™์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ ๊ธ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ผ๋Š”

๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ƒ์—… ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” DIY๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด โ€˜์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด โ€˜์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๋Š”โ€™ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฒด์ œ ์†์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 1 Dimitri Siegel, โ€œContext in Critique (review of ร‰migrรฉ No. 64, Rant),โ€ Adbusters (septemberOctober 2003): 79-81.

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Dimitri Siegel epitomizes the new generation of design thinkers. He is a pragmatic intellectual who approaches curial graphic design issues from the working field. While contributing essays regularly to the influential blog Design Observer, as well as myriad other publications, Siegel is the creative director for interactive and video for Urban Outfitters, a partner in the publicity venture Ante Projects, and creative director for the magazine Anathema. He is also on the faculty of the Art Center College of Design and has taught at University of the Arts in Philadelphia. Siegel stands solidly on the โ€œsilver of land suspended between culture and commerce,โ€ a situation he once described as โ€œthe defining characteristic of graphic design.โ€1 In the Design Observer entry printed below, he takes on the emerging cultural and economic model of consumer as producer. Siegel describes this new DIY style of consumerism as โ€œprosumerism--simultaneous production and consumption.โ€ Where, he asks, does the graphic designer fit within the new model? Who do we work for, if everyone is โ€œdesigning-it-themselvesโ€? 1 Dimitri Siegel, โ€œContext in Critique (review of ร‰migrรฉ No. 64, Rant),โ€ Adbusters (septemberOctober 2003): 79-81.

๋‚ด ๋ฌด๋ค ํŒŒ๊ธฐ

๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฒ” 2006


์ฑ…๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ƒค ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ(a)์˜ ์ƒˆ ์žก์ง€ <๋ธ”๋ฃจ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ>๊ฐ€ โ€˜์‚ถ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ!โ€™ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง„๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์™ธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์‹ถ๋”๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ ์˜†์— ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์นด๋ฆผ ๋ผ์‹œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์“ด <์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ>๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ด ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€. ๋‘ ์ฑ…์€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ๋ŸฝํŠผ์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋‚ด๋†“์€ <DIY! ๋””์ž์ธ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ>(๋น„์ฆˆ ์•ค ๋น„์ฆˆ)์™€ ํ•ฉ์„ธํ•ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๋””์ž์ธ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์—ดํ’์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ๋ŸฝํŠผ์€ ๋ผ์‹œ๋“œ์˜ ์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์นด๋ฆผ ๋ผ์‹œ๋“œ์‹ ๋””์ž์ธ๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.) ์ง‘์„ ์žฌ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ด์–ดํ‹ฐ ์‡ผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ณต์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ž๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋จน๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋์€ ์–ด๋””์ผ๊นŒ? ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ ์Šค์บ”๋žœ์€ ์ด์ผ€์•„(b) ์ฑ…์žฅ์„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•ด ์žฅ๋ก€์‹ ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์—ดํ’์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์‚ด์ง ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์Šค์บ”๋žœ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์—๋Š” โ€˜์‚ถ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™์™€ โ€˜์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐโ€™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋‚˜? ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ด€์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ ์–ด๋†“๊ธฐ๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ? ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์—ดํ’์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์—ฝ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋„“์€ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” โ€˜์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ทจ๋ฏธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ•œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜

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A recent coincidence caught my eye while at the bookstore. A new book by Karim Rashid called Design Your self was sitting on the shelf next to a new magazine from Martha Stewart called Blueprint, which bore a similarly cheerful entreaty on its cover. โ€œDesign your life!โ€ These two publications join Ellen Luptonโ€™s recent DIY: Design It

Yourself to from a sort of mini-explosion of literature aimed at democratizing the

practice of design (never mind that, as Lupton has noted, Rashidโ€™s book is actually

more about designing his self than yours).

With the popularity of home improvement shows and self-help books, our society

is positively awash in do-ti-yourself spirit. People donโ€™ t just eat food anymore, they

present it; they donโ€™ t look at pictures, they take them; they donโ€™ t but T-shirts, they

sell them. People are doing-it-themselves to no end. But to what end? The artist Joe Scanlan touches on the more troubling implications of the DIY explosion in his brilliantly deadpan piece diy, which is essentially instructions for making a perfectly

functional coffin out of IKEA bookcase.

Scanlanโ€™s piece accepts the basic assumption of โ€œDesign your lifeโ€ and Design Your

Self: that design is something that anyone can (and should) participate in. But what is behind all this doing-it-ourselves? Does that coffin have your careerโ€™s name on it? The design-your-life mind-set is part of a wider cultural and economic

phenomenon that I call prosumerismโ€”simultaneous production and consumption.

Designing Our Own Graves Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields

Dimitri Seigel 2006


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ทจ๋ฏธ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ปค(c)์™€ ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋œฏ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์›๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์ „๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•๋Œ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ธ ์š”์นด์ด ๋ฒคํด๋Ÿฌ๋Š” <๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์žฌ์‚ฐ>์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๋’ค์ง‘ํžŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ โ€˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ณด์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋Œ€ํ•ด์กŒ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ง•ํ›„๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ โ€˜์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ํ™œ๋™โ€™์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋ˆˆ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๋“ ์ง€ ์ผ๋‹จ โ€˜์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์„œ์‹โ€™์ด ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋“ค ๋•Œ ์†์žก์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋“ฏ์ด ์„œ์‹์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด, ํƒœ๊ทธ, ์ˆœ์œ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฑ™๊ธด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ข… ์„ค์ •์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„์›Œ์ง„ ํ‹€์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ€๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐโ€™์™€ ๋ณ„๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ์นดํ”ผ๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ต๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์Ÿ์•„๋‚ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์Šต๊ด€์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ํ„ฐ์ง„ ๋ฐ์—๋Š” โ€˜๋ฌด๋ฒ„๋ธ” ํƒ€์ž…โ€™ (d)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ปท๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฒ„๋ธ” ํƒ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.

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๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฒ” โ€˜๋‚ด ๋ฌด๋ค ํŒŒ๊ธฐโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 2006

์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์›น์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ

๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ํฐ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตํ™˜ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ค„ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

The confluence of work and leisure is common to a lot of hobbies, from scrap-booking to hot-rodding. But what was once a niche market has exploded in the last decade.

Prosumerism is distinctly different from purchasing the tools for a do-it-yourself

project. The difference can be seen most clearly in online products like Flickr and

Wikipedia. These products embody and emerging form of inverted consumerism

where the consumer provides the parts and the labor. In The Wealth of Networks,

Yale Law School professor Yochai Benkler calls this inversion โ€œsocial productionโ€œ and says it is the first potent manifestation of the much-hyped information economy.Call it what you will, this โ€œnon-market activity โ€ is changing not just the way people share

information but their definition of what a product is.

This evolving consumer mentality might be called โ€œ the templates mind.โ€ The

templates mind searches for text fields, metatarsi, and rankings like the handles on a suitcase. Data entry and customization options are the way prosumers grip this

new generation of products. The templates mind hungers for customization and the

opportunity to add their inputโ€”in essence to do-it-themselves. The templates mind trusts the result of social production more than the crafted messages of designers and copywriters. And this mentality is changing the design of products. Consider Movable

Type, the software behind the bolt revolution in general and this site in particular. This prosumer product has allowed hundreds of thousands of people to publish


๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด โ€˜๋ฌด๋ฒ„๋ธ” ํƒ€์ž…โ€™๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณ„์ƒ๊ฐ ์—†์ด ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ๋‹จ๋‹ค. ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™ ์–‘์‹์„ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์‹์„ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€์ด ํผ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ดํ•€๋‹ค. ์„ค์ • ์˜ต์…˜์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™” ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ณ , ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค(e)์—์„œ ์˜ํ™” ํ‰์ ์„ ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์‹œ๋”” ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•ด์„œ ์•„๋งˆ์กด์— ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์‹์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋จผ์ €๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ… ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ž. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ฑ… ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์— ํฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์š”์ฆ˜์€ ์ฑ…์˜ ์™ธํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ, ์ถ”์ฒœ, ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์Ÿ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ž…์†Œ๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ”ผ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋  ์ •๋„๋‹ค. ์›น์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ž…์—์„œ ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ์‹œ๋”” ์ปค๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 72dpi ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋†“๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ทธ ์„ฑํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๋ˆ์ด ์š”์ฆ˜์€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰

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themselves on the web. For millions of people, their unconscious image of a website

has been shaped by the constrained formats allowable by Movable Type templates. They unconsciously orient themselves to link and commentsโ€”they recognize the

handiwork of a fellow prosumer. Any designer working on a webpage has to address

that unconscious image. And it does not just impact designers in terms of form and style. As the template mentality spreads, consumers approach all products with the

expectation of work. They are looking for the blanks, scanning for fields, checking for

customization options, choosing their phone wallpaper, rating movies on Netflix, and

uploading pictures of album art to Amazon. The template mentality emphasizes work over style or even clarity.

This shift in emphasis has the potential to marginalize designers. Take book covers The rich tradition of cover design has developed because publishers have believed that a cover could help sell more books. But now more and more people are

buying books based on peer reviews, user recommendations, and rankings. Word of

mouth has always been a powerful marketing force, but now those mouths have access to sophisticated networks on which their words can spread faster than ever before. Covers are seen at 72 dpi at best. The future of the medium depends on how it is

integrated into the process of social production. The budget that once went to design fees is already being redirected to manipulating search criteria and influencing Google

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์€ ์ฑ… ํ‘œ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ฑ… ํŒ๋งค์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์Œ์•… ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œํŒ์ด ์‹œ๋””๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์•„์ง„ ํฌ๋งท ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ปค๋ฒ„ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๊ณง ์‚ฌ์–‘๊ธธ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 15๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ •๋ง ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€ ์‹ถ๋‹ค. MP3 ํŒŒ์ผ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋”” ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ์ •๋„๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์•…ํ‹ฑ ๋ฉํ‚ค์ฆˆ, cyhsy, ๋‚ ์Šค ๋ฐ”ํด๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ์— ์—…๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•…ํ‹ฑ ๋ฉํ‚ค์ฆˆ์™€ cyhsy๋Š”

์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งˆ์ด์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ ์Šค๋ฐ”ํด๋ฆฌ์˜

ํžˆํŠธ์†ก์ธ โ€˜ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด์ง€โ€™๋Š” ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด MP3๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ์œ ํ–‰๊ฐ€์š” ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ƒ๊ท€๊ถŒ์— ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—ผ์„ ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์˜ˆ์˜ˆ์Šค ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์•จ๋ฒ” ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜„๋ž€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์Œ์•… ํŒŒ์ผ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ธ€์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ด์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์˜ โ€˜์ถ”์ฒœ ์Œ์•… ๋ชฉ๋กโ€™๋„“์ด์— ์ž˜ ๋งž๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งค์ฒด์—์„œ MP3 ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋””์ž์ธ์€ 200ํ”ฝ์…€ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ฐŒ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ๋กœ๋ง์ด์˜€๋˜ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์ด ์ž‘์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. M&Co.๊ฐ€ ํ† ํ‚นํ—ค์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  โ€˜๋„ˆ์‹ฑ ๋ฒ— ํ”Œ๋ผ์›Œ์ฆˆ(Nothing But Flowers)โ€™ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์•„์ดํŒŸ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด๋ผ. ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ชฉ๋ก๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•… ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋œ ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ „ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” 6ํ”ฝ์…€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง์—…์ด ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค.

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The surprising by-product of this democratization of distribution is

rankings. A good book core can still help sell books, but it is up against a lot more

competition for the marketing dollar.

Prosumerism is also changing the role of graphic design in the music industry.

When the music industry made the shift to compact discs in the late 1980s, many

designers complained that the smaller format would be the death of album art. Fifteen years later those predictions seem almost quaint. The MP3 format makes compact

disc packaging seem like the broad side of barn.The โ€œ itโ€ bands of the last few yearsโ€”

Arctic Monkeys, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, and Gnarls Barkley to name just a fewโ€” have all broken into the popular consciousness via file sharing. Arctic Monkeys and cyhsy

generated huge buzz on MySpace before releasing records, and Gnarls Barkley โ€™s

irresistible hit โ€œCrazy โ€ made in to the top of the UK pop charts before it was even

released, based entirely on MP3 downloads The cover art for the new album from the

Yeah Yeah Yeahs was the result of a do-it-yourself flag project the band ran online. The public image of musician or band is no longer defined by an artfully staged photo or eye-popping album art. A file name that fits nicely into the โ€œ listening toโ€ field in

the MySpace template might be more important. The MP3 format and the ubiquity

of downloading has shrunk the album art canvas to a 200 x 200-pixel jpeg. Music

videos, once the ultimate designer dream gig, have shrunk as well. Imaging trying to watch M& Co.โ€™s โ€œNothing But Flowersโ€ video for the Talking Heads on a video iPod.


<์ œ3์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ>์„ ์“ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ•™์ž ์•จ๋นˆ ํ† ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ํ•˜์ด๋”” ํ† ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” <๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜>๋ผ๋Š” ์ €์„œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๋ง์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์งš์–ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์†๋ฐ•์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์  ๋” ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ’€๋ ค๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์š”์นด์ด ๋ฒคํด๋Ÿฌ๋„ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž์œจ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒคํด๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํžˆ ์šฐ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ปค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ณ„์ •์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊ฟ”๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ? ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ปค, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ, ๋งˆ์ด์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ์นด๋ฆผ ๋ผ์‹œ๋“œ์™€ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ๋ŸฝํŠผ์€ โ€˜์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋””์ €์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.

As playlists and favorites become the currency of the music industry, the album as

and organizing principle may disappear entirely. Soon graphic designers may only be

employed to crate 6 x 6-pixel favicons.

In Revolutionary Wealth, veteran futurists Alvin and Heidi Toffler (Future Shock,

The Third Wave) paint a very optimistic picture of prosumerism. They rightly make

the connection between the do-it-yourself ethos and the staggering increases in wealth

that have occurred around the world in the last century. They describe a future where people use their extraordinary accumulated wealth to achieve greater and greater

autonomy from industrial and corporate production. Benkler also spends a great deal of

time celebrating the increased freedom and autonomy that social production provides. But is the unimpeded spread of this kind of autonomy really possible? Benkler raises serious concerns about efforts to control networks through private ownership

and legislation. Wikipedia is not a kit that you buy; you do no own your Flickr account

and you never will. When you update a MySpace accout you are building up someone elseโ€™s asset. The prosumer model extracts the value of your work in real time, so that you are actually consuming your own labor.

And what would be the role of the designer in a truly do-it-yourself economy?

Looking at Flickr or YouTube or MySpace, it seems that when people do it themselves, they need a great deal less graphic design to get it done. The more that our economy

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields

Dimitri Siegel comment from โ€œDesigning Our Own Gravesโ€ 2006

that the production/consumption cycle has splintered into millions of tiny exchanges.

33


๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๋””์ž์ธ ์ด๋ก : ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„

a. Martha Stewart. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์‡ผ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž์ด์ž ์ž‘๊ฐ€. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์…€๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. b. IKEA. ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์‹ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ c. Flickr. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ด๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ. d. Movable type. Six Apart์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ์ œ์ž‘ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ. e. Netflix. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท DVD ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์—…์ฒด.

34

runs on people doing it themselves, the more people will demand opportunities

to do so, and the more graphic designers will have to adapt their methods. What

services and expertise do designers have to offer in the prosumer market? Rashid and

Lupton have provided on answer (the designer as expert do-it-yourselfer), but unless

designers come up with more answers, they may end up designing-it-themselvesโ€ฆand little else.


๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค ํ—ˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์‹ค์€ Russian Art in

Translation, 2007. ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ด์ƒ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฒ”์€ ์˜ˆ์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค ํ—ˆ๋งŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ Ante Project ๋ผ๋Š” ์ถœํŒ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

Design for Nicholas Herman et al., Russian Art in Translation, 2007. This book is a catalog of emerging and established artists whose practive engages Russian identity and its complex legacy as a (failed) radical utopian state. Siegel produced this book through his publishing venture Ante Projects, which he founded with Herman in 2002 while they were students at the Yale University School of Art.

35

Urban Outffiters ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ, 2008. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ํšก ์Šคํฌ๋กค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ฒซ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ. ๋„์‹œ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ ค์ง„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฒ”์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ํš์ผํ™”๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฒ”์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ํฌ๋งท์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ โ€˜์ƒ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜โˆ’์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Urban Outffiters Blog, 2008. The UO blog is the first horizontal scrolling blog in the history of the Internet. It compiles brand inspiration from around the world that can be easily filtered by city of keyword. Siegel designed the site to emphasize the uniqueness of authentic local โ€œscenes,โ€ attempting to subvert the homogenizing tendency of many digital social networking sites. Bolg fromats like this illustrate what Siegel terms โ€œpostsumerismโˆ’the simultaneous production and consumption of content.โ€

Graphic Design History : Reading from the fields


๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ œ๊ณต

9, 11, 12, 13 Jan Tschichold, ยฉ University of California Press, by permission of University of California Press. 21, 22, 23 Paul Rand, reprinted courtesy Marion Rand.



www.graphicdesigntheory.net

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