De UML a SQL by E F

Editions systèmes et information

CONCEPTION & REALISATION DES BASES DE DONNEES :

De UML à SQL

Jacques Guyot

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< 21@ 9:// 70< 27 <H<6G= @:86 0 4 @:30 4:== =3<<3:8 2 01593< 0 78 <H<6G= B73 / 76 < 76393< 0 4:== 214036 258< 9 < 45< 2 76393<563:8, 9 < 5A305 59:0< 2 =:2193< 0 9 <H<6G= 5@ 4 2 < 495<< < 2 < 235A05== < 2 1656< 6058<363:8< 2 214:7/ 0 95 4:=/9 C361 27 <H<6G= 8 =:279 < (/54I5A <) 2 214030 9 21/9:3 = 86 27 <H<6G= 258< 4 < 23??10 86< 4:=/:<586<, < 45< 2 76393<563:8 @:86 T60 95 01?10 84 270586 6:76 9 /0:4 <<7< 2 21@ 9:// = 86, 9 < 5A36 2 8 /5< 38@ 86 0 :7 3860:2730 2 < 4:=/:06 = 86< 3=5A381< /50 9 < 38?:0=56343 8<, 5 /0:41270 2 6 <6 < 05 <3=/9 450 39 <7??305 2 <73@0 9 < <418503:< 2 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 6 2 4:860L9 0 B7 9 <H<6G= / 76 < 76393< 0 4:== 39 16536 /01@7, 01412 == 86 8:7< 5@3:8< 1@:B71 B7 8:7< 4N 04N3:8< <563<?530 9 < 4036G0 < 2 4:=/9 C361 2 1@:9763@361 2 3=/91= 865>39361 6 2 0:>7<6 << , :7< 4N 04N:8< 57<<3 23=387 0 95 4:=/9 C361 27 <H<6G= 8 / 0= 66586 57C 76393<56 70< 2 </143?3 0 9 <H<6G= , :7< 9 0 82:8< /97< 4:840 6 450 9 < 76393<56 70< <:86 /97< 4 8601< <70 9 5463:8 B7 <70 9 < 5><605463:8<, 7 21/506 9 < 2 <403/63:8< / 7@ 86 /505]60 =>0:73991 < =53< 57 ?70 6 = <70 2 < 3610563:8< 9 < :>S 463?< 2 4 < 5463:8< @:86 < 21A5A 0, 8 6 0=

2 1@:9763@361 9 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 <:86 >3 8 525/61< 6 <:86 0 4:==5821< /:70 9 < " , 3=/91= 865>39361 8 <6 /5< A505863 =53< 99 < 05 4:8^7 /50 9 < > <:38< C/03=1< 6 A181059 = 86 99 <6 9 01<79656 2 78 2 <403/63:8 2 78 5463:8 B7 C1476 21S 78 76393<56 70, 1?38363:8

5< 2 76393<563:8

4'+(5'40/ 1C6(+*4&,( 1C9+8434',(

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1C(5<<4/,( 8, &@&'>3, 7 9+B,8066,(

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8, &@&'>3, 7 )'484&,(

3A70

;!!

V ' /0:4 <<7< 2 </143?34563:8 2 < > <:38<,

< 45< 2 76393<563:8 <:86 21?383< 5@ 4 78 ?:0=593<= <3=/9 (39< 2:3@ 86 T60 ?5439 = 86 5//03< /50 9 < 76393<56 70<), 9 C3<6 60:3< 4:84 /6< ' • <H<6G= ' 9 < 5A36 27 <H<6G= 2:86 :8 2:36 </143?3 0 9 4:=/:06 = 86 U 39 165>936 95 ?0:863G0 860 9 < 546 70< C6 08 < 57 <H<6G= 6 9 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 386 08 57 <H<6G= U • 546 70 ' 4 <6 9 321593<563:8 2 78 76393<56 70 2 78 /0:4 <<7< :7 2 78 5760 <H<6G= 860586 8 386 05463:8 5@ 4 9 <H<6G= 21?3830 U • 45< 2 76393<563:8 ' 4 <6 78 5463:8 4:8<3<6586 B7 78 546 70 / 76 2149 84N 0 8 @7 2 :>6 830 78 < 0@34 27 <H<6G= , C14763:8 27 45< 2 76393<563:8 <6 / 0^7 4:== 78 6058<5463:8 9:8A7 , 45< 2 76393<563:8 <6 A181059 = 86 214036 8 216539 /50 78 <418503:,

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5 3A70

' <6101:6H/ < 2 < 235A05== < 2 45< 2 76393<563:8,

9 C3<6 9 < 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 860 9 < 4:84 /6< 2 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 ' • 8 546 70 2149 84N 78 45< 2 76393<563:8 U • 8 / 0<:88 /NH<3B7 / 76 T60 5<<:431 /97<3 70< 546 70< (0L9 <) U • 97<3 70< / 0<:88 < /NH<3B7 < / 7@ 86 T60 5<<:431 < 78 546 70 (0L9 A18103B7 ) U • < 45< 860 63 88 86 2 < 0 9563:8< 860 7C, 8 45< / 76 16 820 9 4:=/:06 = 86 2 78 5760 45<, 8 45< / 76 384970 9 C14763:8 2 78 5760 45< U • < <H<6G= < / 7@ 86 76393< 0 2 5760 < <H<6G= <,

()

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- ' 86 05463:8 860 9 < 4:84 /6<,

:70 4N5B7 546 70 :8 2:88 05 78 2 <403/63:8 (6 C6 2 B7 9B7 93A8 <) 2 <:8 0L9 A18103B7 , 8 23<638A7 05 ' • < 546 70< ' 7C B73 76393< 86 9 < < 0@34 < 27 <H<6G= (9 < 493 86<) U • < 546 70< ' 7C B73 <7//:06 86 :7 =53863 88 86 9 <H<6G= (/50 C =/9 9 /:<63 0 9 =/9:H1 2 >58B7 ), 8 23<638A7 05 57<<3 9 < 4:=/:<586< =56103 9< 386 08 < 6 C6 08 < 57 <H<6G= ' • :=/:<586< 386 08 < ' < 23</:<363?< =56103 9< 386 08 < 57 <H<6G= B73 <:86 21231< 9 544:=/93<< = 86 2 < 5463@361< 27 <H<6G= (78 :023856 70 78 453<< 80 A3<60 7< $) U • :=/:<586< C6 08 < ' < 23</:<363?< =56103 9< C6 08 < 57 <H<6G= B73 <7//:06 86 9 544:=/93<< = 86 2 < 5463@361< 27 <H<6G= (78 61914:/3 70 78 /N:6:4:/3 7< 78 <36 Q > $),

544:=/93<< = 86 2 78 5463@361 814 <<36 /50?:3< 9 76393<563:8 2 78 5760 <H<6G= (/50 C =/9 78 <H<6G= 2 /53 = 86 /50 4506 )

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8 0 =50B7 05 B7 ?:0= 99 = 86 9 45< 8 8 <6 /5< 78 814 <<361 2 9 860 /03< , :0< 2 78 0 <6074670563:8 2 9 860 /03< :8 / 76 21432 0 2 <:7< 60536 0 95 /0:27463:8 9 C6103 70 27 <H<6G= (78 8:7@ 9 546 70 <:7< 60536586), 66 =:23?34563:8 8 < 0536 /5< 8:0=59 = 86 / 04 /63>9 /50 9 493 86, 8 ?? 6 9 45< $ 2 =582 9 C3<6 84 2 78 /0:2736 @ 820 39 8 < /01:447/ /5< 2 <:8 =:2 2 /0:27463:8,

9 8:7< /505]6 38610 <<586 2 4:=/50 0 9 < 4:84 /6< 2 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 6 4 7C 2 < 495<< <, 8 45< 2 76393<563:8 <6 9 =:79 2 6:76 < 9 < 386 05463:8< 860 9 546 70 6 9 <H<6G= , 8 546 70 <6 4 973 B73 2149 84N 9 C14763:8 27 45< 2 76393<563:8 6 B73 386 05A36 5@ 4 4 2 083 0, 8 6 0= < 2 495<< 4N5B7 45< <6 2:84 78 495<< 5H586 78 =16N:2 B73 4:00 </:82 57 <418503: 214036 /:70 9 45< 2 76393<563:8, 546 70 <6 78 495<< 5H586 95 /:<<3>39361 2 38@:B7 0 9 < <418503:< 2 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 2 /97< 39 /:<<G2 2 < 38?:0=563:8< 6 2 < =16N:2 < 973 / 0= 66586 2 01/:820 57C <:993436563:8< 2 < <418503:<, 8 6 0= < 2 45<

8 6 0= 2 495<<

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95<< (&*+/5(40)

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déclenche() .... visa() en termes de classe

scénario

3A70

acheter() ...

X ' 4:=/5053<:8 860 95 =:2193<563:8 2 < 495<< < 6 2 < 45<,

8 6 0= < 2 :>S 6< 95 6054 2 9 C14763:8 /01412 86 953<< 05 / 76 T60 9 < :>S 6< 2 95 3A70 , :0< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 2 < 2:881 < 9 <418503: 2 54N56 /0:27305 2 < 2:881 < 2 95 4:==582 , en termes d’objets

J. GUYOT:

Script achat: 13/11/2003

CD Bach:

3A70

' C =/9 2 :>S 6 0 <6586 5/0G< 9 C14763:8 27 <418503:,

43 8:7< 5=G8 =3 7C 21?3830 9 < 0 9563:8< 860 8:< 4:84 /6<, 58< 95 3A70 Z :8 2305 B7 9 546 70 2149 84N 9 45< , 53< 57<<3 B7 401 78 38<6584 27 <418503: 45< , 8 45< 2 76393<563:8 2:36 T60 / 0^7 4:== 78 6058<5463:8 4 <6 230 B7 <:8 <418503: 2:36 T60 210:791 863G0 = 86 S7<B7 78 2 < 6 0=3853<:8< /:<<3>9 <,

@ 5

3A70

Z ' 0 9563:8 2 4:==7834563:8,

8 45< / 76 384970 78 5760 45< 258< <:8 C14763:8, 58< 95 3A70 + 78 38<6584 27 45< / 76 4:=/:06 0 78 38<6584 27 45< V, 43 8:7< / 0= 6 2 214:=/:< 0 2 < 45< 8 <:7< /5063 /:70 1@36 0 2 9 < 0 820 60:/ 4:=/9 C :7 2 /5065A 0 9 <418503: 2 78 45< 258< /97<3 70< 5760 < 45<, 00

3A70

+ ' 0 9563:8 2 38497<3:8,

8 45< / 76 16 820 9 4:=/:06 = 86 2 78 5760 45< :8 2305 B7 39 9 </143593< , 58< 95 3A70 Y 78 38<6584 27 45< 16 82 9 4:=/:06 = 86 27 45< V, :== 258< 95 A1810593<563:8 9 45< N1036 2 < 4:=/:06 = 86< 27 45<V, 00 "

3A70

Y ' 0 9563:8 2 C6 8<3:8,

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< 8 45< 2 76393<563:8 2:36 /0:470 0 78 @59 70 5S:761 9 546 70 B73 9 2149 84N , 3 4 8 <6 /5< 9 45< /:70B7:3 235>9 9 546 70 2149 84N 0536 39 78 5463@361 <58< :>6 830 B7 9B7 4N:< 8 0 6:70

8 93=36 05 9 8:=>0 2 546 70< 2149 84N586 78 45< A18103B7 < <3 814 <<530 ),

78 ( 8 401586 2 < 0L9 <

00 00

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8 93=36 05 9 8:=>0 2 45< 2 76393<563:8 2 78 <H<6G= Y (93=36 /0:/:<1 /50 , 54:><:8), 8:=>0 / 76 < =>9 0 / 636 =53< 39 < =>9 <7??3<586 =T= /:70 214030 78 =79638563:859 , 38:8 :8 ? 05 7<5A 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 38497<3:8 6 2 C6 8<3:8 /:70 0 820 /97< A18103B7 9 < 45< /03=530 <, intérêt pour l'acteur par rapport aux objectifs

par rapport à l'activité de l'entreprise

3A70

levier enjeux (ROI)

risque dépendance SI actuel

V ' 35A05==

8 05250 2 < 4036G0 < 2 4N:3C,

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:8 $ :8 )U 9

• 50 546 70 6:7< 9 < 45< B7 39 2149 84N U • 50 45< 6:7< 9 < 546 70< 4:84 081< U • 50 457<59361 84N5]8 = 86< 2 <1B7 84 2 5463:8<, 58< 9 45< 2 78 0 ?:86 A181059 27 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 9 < 45< / 7@ 86 T60 7639 < /:70 ?3C 0 9 < /03:0361< 2 =3< 8 R 7@0 , 8 / 76 0 6 830 <3C 4036G0 < 2 4N:3C 6 165>930 78 235A05== 8 05250 /:70 0 /01< 86 0 4N5B7 45< 8 ?:8463:8 2 9 70 3=/:06584 ( 3A70 V) < 4036G0 < 0 6 87< <:86 ' • 38610T6 /:70 9 546 70 U • 3=/:06584 6 9 38610T6 /50 05//:06 57C :>S 463?< ?3C1< /50 9 860 /03< U • 9 @3 0 27 0 6:70 <70 38@ <63<< = 86 U • 03<B7 (2 8 /5< 9 ?530 2 =:23?3 0 9 45< $) U • < 8S 7C /50 05//:06 9 5463@361 2 9 860 /03< U • 5 21/ 82584 5@ 4 9 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 5467 9 (B7 99 < < 0:86 9 < 386 0?54 < 860 9 8:7@ 57 6 9 5843 8) :343 B7 9B7 < 0GA9 < /:70 9 < <418503:< ' • , &*+/5(40 9+*(4' 8 5*'4B4'+ % 8 21?3836 J 7:3 <6 ?536 K :8 8 /0143< /5< 9 J 4:== 86 K 50 C =/9 ' 95 6191/N:83<6 @103?3 9 32 86361 27 493 86 :8 8 236 /5< 4:== 86 U • ,&',( &4368, ' 9 < <418503:< 2:3@ 86 0 <6 0 <3=/9 < /5< 60:/ 9:8A, :70 1@36 0 95 4:=/9 C361 214:=/:< 0 5@ 4 9 < 0 9563:8< gg76393< hh 6 gg16 82hh U • )'0/034, ' /5< 2 =1958A /5063 9 860 9 < 45< ( 8 2 N:0< 2 < 0 9563:8< gg76393< hh 6 gg16 82h • '@8, 94(,*' 436+(5'4< ' 8 /5< 953<< 0 2 5=>3A7i61 /5< 2 5//0:C3=563:8 /5< 2 ?9:7 258< 9 < 6 C6 < 2 2 <403/63:8, 93=38 0 9 < 60G< 5< 574:7/ / 7 <:7@ 86 8 A181059 C4 /63:88 99 = 86 $ 450 39 454N B7 9B7 4N:< 2 8:8 </143?31, • , *5& ,&' )/, '(5/&5*'40/ 80/A), ' 39 5 78 21>76 78 ?38 6 :8 210:79 863G0 = 86 9 <418503:, • , *5& 9+8434', 85 <(0/'4>(, 9) &@&'>3, ' 4 B73 <6 566 827 27 <H<6G= /50 9 < 546 70< 6 9 < 38?:0=563:8< C6 08 < /:<<121 < /50 9 < 546 70< 4 B73 <6 386 08 57 <H<6G= 4:== 86 39 0 82 9 < < 0@34 < 6 2:88 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 386 08 < =1=:03<1 < /50 9 <H<6G= , • )'484&,( 9,& 4'+(5',)(& 84/A)4&'4E),& % 258< 95 2 <403/63:8 2 < <418503:< :8 / 76 76393< 0 9 < 4:8<607463:8< <73@586 < '

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besoins acteurs utilisateurs reste en adéquation aux besoins

exprime et découvre

version

raffinement du scénario

valider les règles

cas 1 version -1 version -2

3A70

' 0:4 <<7< 2 </143?34563:8 2 < 45< 2 76393<563:8,

0 8:8< 9 0 <6570586 4:== <H<6G= , < 546 70< A05@36586 576:70 2 4 <H<6G= <:86 9 < 493 86< 6 9 < ?:7083<< 70<, < 493 86< < ?:86 < 0@30 78 0 /5< 6 9 < ?:7083<< 70< @ 82 86 2 < 38A0123 86<, +

5 7

@ 2 3A70

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V, 4N50A1 27 @ <63530 0 2:88 <:8 =586 57 57 493 86, , 493 86 B7366 9 0 <6570586, 8 C5=38586 9 235A05== 2 95 3A70 - :8 / 0^:36 9 5>< 84 2 93 8< 860 9 < 5463@361< 2 < ?:7083<< 70< 6 4 99 < 2 < 493 86<, 58< 95 ?3A70 <73@586 8:7< 5@:8< 4:003A1 4 43 8 5S:76586 2 7C 45< ' • <6 9 45< J 01/50 0 9 < = 87< K B73 /0:27305 95 4506 2 < = 87< 6 B73 2149 84N 05 95 4:==582 < 2 38A0123 86< U • 01/50 0 9 < 0 /5< B73 <6 2149 84N 0 4N5B7 :44700 84 2 0 /5<, 8 4:8<656 B7 95 /01/50563:8 2 < = 87< 01A79 9 ?:8463:88 = 86 27 <H<6G= , 8 ?? 6 95 4506 2 < = 87< 2:36 4:00 </:820 57C 38A0123 86< 54N 61<, 66 4506 <6 4 99 B73 < 05 /0:/:<1 57C 493 86<, 5 /01/50563:8 2 78 /956< 4:84 08 05 2:84 78 /956 2 95 4506 6 39 < ? 05 5@ 4 9 < 38A0123 86< 4:==5821<, +

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1 :70 </143?3 0 4 06538< /0:4 <<7< 39 <6 /50?:3< /97< /0563B7 2 0 /01< 86 0 A05/N3B7 = 86 9 ?97C, 43 <6 /:<<3>9 5@ 4 9 < <6101:6H/ < <73@586 ' *',)( (493 86)

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commande note

apporte

Client

commande préparation

mange service

Client

plats ingrédients

3A70

X ' 4:00 463:8 /5063 9 27 <418503: 27 0 <6570586

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:7< 5@:8< @7 9 < 2 7C /0 =3 0< =:2G9 < 2 6 8:7< 4:=/916:8< 8:60 /01< 86563:8 2 /50 78 <70@:9 2 < 5760 <, 4 <6 <3C =:2G9 <' • :2G9 2 < *5& 9 )'484&5'40/ ' C/03= 0 9 < > <:38< 2 < 76393<56 70S 6S 6S 6< U • :2G9 2 (+584&5'40/ ' C/03= 0 9 0 A0:7/ = 86 6 9 < 78361< 9:A3B7 < 2 01593<563:8 U • :2G9 2 9+6804,3,/' ' C/03= 0 95 01/506363:8 /NH<3B7 2 < 191= 86< 27 <H<6G= , 8 =:2G9 <6 95 2 <403/63:8 4:=/9G6 2 /73< 78 /:386 2 @7 /50634793 0 (4 973 2 < :>S 6< 2 < 386 05463:8< 64,), :70 C/03= 0 78 =:2G9 :8 76393< 2 < 235A05== < '

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> ; :2193< 0 4 <6 544 /6 0 2 /0 820 9 03<B7 2 =:860 0 8 6586 B7 21>76586 78 4 06538 4:8?7<3:8, 9 8 <6 /5< 57<<3 1@32 86 B7 39 8 H /505]6 2 21432 0 <3 B7 9B7 4N:< <6 78 495<< 78 56603>76 78 =16N:2 :7 78 5<<:43563:8, 30 258< 78 4:86 C6 :8 4N:3<305 78 56603>76 6 258< 9 5760 78 495<< , /03:03 39 8 H 5 /5< 2 =:2193<563:8 ?57<< 39 H 5 < 79 = 86 2 < =:2193<563:8< B73 8 0 ?9G6 86 /5< 95 0159361, 5 < 79 ?5^:8 2 J <:0630 2 95 4:8?7<3:8 K 4 <6 2 =:2193< 0 2 /0 820 78 405H:8 78 ? 7399 6 2 544 /6 0 9 < 0GA9 < 2 78 S 7 B73 4:8<3<6 0 /01< 86 0 95 0159361 258< 2 < >:]6 < 0 931 < /50 2 < 93A8 <,

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=:2193<563:8 /:70 5@:30 78 01/:8< ?32G9 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8U 9 < =:23?34563:8< 4:== 86 =:23?3 0 9 4:86 87 2 95 >5< /:70 4:86387 0 0 ?916 0 95 0159361 =:2193<1 U 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 4:== 86 3861A0 0 258< 95 =:2193<563:8 9 < 4:8605386 < 2 A <63:8 / 0^7 < 258< 95 0159361, < /0:>91=563B7 < <:86 5>:021 < <1/501= 86 /73< <3=796581= 86 258< 9 4520 2 < ?:0= < 8:0=59 <, 3859 = 86 8:7< 5>:02:8< 9 6NG= 4:84 08586 9 :/63=3<563:8 2 < 0 B7T6 < 95 <1470361 2 < 2:881 < 6 78 C =/9 38?:0=563B7 2 0 /01< 86563:8 /NH<3B7 2 < 0 9563:8<, < C =/9 < 23@ 0< 3997<60 86 95 6N1:03 6 95 /0563B7 2 , 8 1672 2 45< 4:003A1 /01< 861 4:== C 0434 544:=/5A8 9 9 46 70 95 ?38 2 < 4N5/360 <,

5 /0 =3G0 5//934563:8 2 78 60536 = 86 576:=563<1 2 9 38?:0=563:8 <6 4 99 27 0 4 8< = 86 5=1034538 2 Z+Y c# Vd 0=58 :99 036N = 6 57 /:386 78 =54N38 19 460:=14583B7 45/5>9 2 603 0 6 2 4:=/6 0 2 < 4506 < 8 ?:8463:8 2 < 60:7< B73 H <:86 /01< 86<, 1S 95 <65825023<563:8 <6 /01< 86 95 4506 <6 57 ?:0=56 27 >399 6 2 78 2:9950 (95 ?5>034563:8 2 < 4506 < <6 2:84 5<<701 ), VZZ 60:7< / 7@ 86 T60 ?? 4671<, :0< 27 0 4 8< = 86 9 < 4036G0 < 0 6 87< <:86 6052736< 5@ 4 2 < 60:7< <70 95 P:8 01< 0@1 2 95 4506 4:00 </:82586 4 4036G0 /:70 78 3823@327, N5B7 4036G0 2 =582 05 78 =3993502 2 60:7< /:70 214030 9 < X YYY YYY 2 N5>36586<, 53< /:70 95 /0 =3G0 ?:3< 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 01/:820 2 < B7 <63:8< 6 99 < B7 ' • 8:=>0 2 8?586< 810 2 8?586< @3@5860 2 ?5=399 < /509586 9 58A953<, 5 =16N:2 6 9 < =54N38 < 2 :99 036N ?70 86 78 <744G<, 8 H 0 60:7@ 9 < 38A0123 86< 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < 5467 99 9 < 86361< 9 < /0:/03161< / 0638 86 < 0 6 830 9 < =:2G9 < /NH<3B7 < 9 < 0 B7T6 <, 82586 78 2 =3 <3G49 95 6 4N83B7 27 60536 = 86 2 < 4506 < / 0?:01 < (95 =1458:A05/N3 ) < 05 9 38<607= 86 2:=38586 27 60536 = 86 2 9 38?:0=563:8, 70586 4 66 /103:2 9 :023856 70 < 05 C497<3@ = 86 78 :7639 2 459479, 8 + Y 258< O N ? 2 059 4:=/7638A =54N38 /0:A05=O c Yd 3=5 < /509 2 78 76393<563:8 /:<<3>9 2 78 :023856 70 5H586 /:70 </143?34361 2 544 /6 0 78 A0582 8:=>0 2 2:881 < 8 8601 2 ?? 467 0 / 7 2 :/10563:8< 6 2 /0:2730 78 A0582 B7586361 2 01<79656<, <6 9 21>76 2 78 G0 :a 9 :023856 70 8 <6 /97< 78 :7639 2 <6381 57C <43 863?3B7 < 6 57C =3936530 < =53< 4:== 78 :7639 /:7@586 T60 76393<1 258< 95 A <63:8 2 9 38?:0=563:8, ( + ) < 05 95 =54N38 43@39 6H/ 2 A <63:8 1B73/1 2 3=/03=586 < N576 21>36 6 <7//:06586 S7<B7 23C 9 46 70< 2 >582 < =5A8163B7 <, 70586 95 =T= 214 883 :8 60:7@ 95 " F 4:8^7 /50 1B73/1 2 VYY 9 46 70< 2 >582 < B73 /01?3A70 4 B7 < 05 78

A0582 >5< 2 2:881 < (/:70 78 C/:<1 4:=/9 6 930 O78 N3<6:30 2 9 38?:0=563B7 O 2 , "0 6:8 c" +Yd), 50599G9 = 86 57 21@ 9:// = 86 2 < =54N38 < 8:7< 5@:8< 4 973 2 < 958A5A < 38?:0=563B7 <, @ 4 9 958A5A Q ( + ) 2 95 4:=/5A83 83@54 85]6 9 /0 =3 0 958A5A 2 <6381 9 38?:0=563B7 2 A <63:8, 958A5A 2 =582536 21S 78 2 <403/63:8 <1/501 2 < 2:881 < 6 2 < 38<607463:8<, 4:84 /6 ?76 8<736 0 /03< 9:0< 2 95 21?38363:8 27 958A5A " ( +XY), 5 401563:8 2 5//934563:8< /0:A05==1 < 8 " 76393<586 2 < ?34N3 0< 2 2:881 < = 6605 8 1@32 84 2 7C 23??347961< 27 < 95 <6074670 /NH<3B7 2 < 2:881 < B73 2:36 T60 814 <<530 = 86 4:887 /50 9 /0:A05== 70 9:0< 2 9 1403670 27 /0:A05== , 5 /0 =3G0 23??347961 01<32536 258< 9 05//:06 2 21/ 82584 860 95 0 /01< 86563:8 2 9 38?:0=563:8 6 9 <7//:06 /NH<3B7 2 < 38?:0=563:8< (9 < >582 < 9 < 65=>:70< 6 8<736 9 < 23<B7 <), 99 43 0 82536 23??3439 9 6058</:06 2 < 2:881 < 2 78 38<6599563:8 78 5760 , 5 2 7C3G= 23??347961 16536 27 95 0 2:82584 2 < ?34N3 0< 5H586 2 < <6074670 < 23??10 86 < =53< 2 < 38?:0=563:8< 4:==78 < 4 B73 =/T4N536 6:76 4 860593<563:8 6 /5065A 2 < 38?:0=563:8<, N5B7 5//934563:8 /:<<12536 < < /0:/0 < ?34N3 0< 6 < < /0:/0 < /0:A05== <, < 384:=/563>39361< 2 <6074670 93=3653 86 95 4:84 06563:8 9 /5065A 2 < 2:881 < 6 9 605@539 8 1B73/ B73 <:86 814 <<530 < /:70 01593< 0 9 < 23??10 86 < 5//934563:8< 605@5399586 <70 9 < 2:881 < 4:==78 < 78 860 /03< , < ?536< ?70 86 216 0=38586< 258< 95 0 4N 04N 2 4:84 /6< ?5@:03<586 9 3821/ 82584 2 < 60536 = 86< /50 05//:06 57C 2:881 <, < >5< < 2 2:881 < 5//:06 86 78 <:9763:8 4 < /0:>9G= < 8 /0:/:<586 78 958A5A 2 2 <403/63:8 2 < 2:881 < 6 78 958A5A 2 =583/79563:8 2 < 2:881 <U 9 < /0:A05== < / 7@ 86 T60 59:0< 14036< 3821/ 825== 86 2 95 <6074670 /NH<3B7 2 < 2:881 <, 0:3< =:2G9 < ?70 86 950A = 86 76393<1<' • =:2G9 N310504N3B7 U • =:2G9 01< 57 U • =:2G9 0 9563:88 9, 58< 78 ?34N3 0 ( + Y ,,) 9 < 2:881 < 2 78 =T= :>S 6 <:86 21?383 < /50 78 80 A3<60 = 86 /NH<3B7 9 8< =>9 2 < 80 A3<60 = 86< /NH<3B7 < 4:8<6367 9 ?34N3 0, 5 2 <403/63:8 2 9 80 A3<60 = 86 <6 3=/93436 6 99 <6 4:21 258< 9 < /0:A05== < B73 76393< 86 9 ?34N3 0, 3 9 :8 =:23?3 95 <6074670 27 ?34N3 0 :8 <6 2:84 :>93A1 2 =:23?3 0 9 < /0:A05== <, < <H<6G= < 2 >5< 2 2:881 < 4:86:708 86 4 6 384:8@183 86 =5S 70 8 (,/95/' ,?684*4', 85 &'()*')(, 9,& 90//+,& 0 82586 538<3 3821/ 82586< 9 < /0:A05== < 2 95 0 /01< 86563:8 /NH<3B7 , < #" /:<<G2 86 2:84 6:7< 78 2 <403/63:8 C/93436 2 95 <6074670 2 2:881 =53< 39 C3<6 /97<3 70< ?5^:8< 2 214030 9 < 93 8< C3<6586 860 9 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8U :8 /509 59:0< 2 =:2G9 2 2:881 <,

DEPARTEMENT NODPT, NOMDPT EMPLOYE NOEMP, NOMEMP, DATE-EMB

SALAIRE

PROJET NOPJ, NOMPJ,RESP-PJ

3A70

ANNEE, SAL

' C =/9 5@ 4 9 =:2G9 N310504N3B7

58< 9 =:2G9 N310504N3B7 ( +X ,,,) 9 < 93 8< C3<6586 860 9 < :>S 6< <:86 <60346 = 86 50>:0 <4 86<, 8 21/506 = 86 4:863 86 2 < =/9:H10 2:36 T60 76393<1 258< 78 5760 50>:0 <4 84 39 ?57205 95 27/93B7 0, 50 C =/9 /:70 60:7@ 0 6:7< 9 < =/9:H1< 2 78 /0:S 6 39 ?576 <:36 /504:7030 6:76 < 9 < ? 7399 < 2 9 50>0 :7 >3 8 401 0 78 5760 50>:0 <4 84 2:86 95 05438 <6 , 58< 9 /0 =3 0 45< 95 0 4N 04N <6 9:8A 450 CN57<63@ 6 <1B7 863 99 , 58< 9 < 4:82 95 < 4:82 50>:0 <4 84 401 2 < 0 2:82584 < 2 38?:0=563:8 B73 < 0:86 4:[6 7< < 8 /0:A05==563:8, <6 9 C =/9 6H/3B7 2 #" N310504N3B7 , =:2G9 01< 57 ( +X ,,) <6 78 C6 8<3:8 27 =:2G9 /01412 86 9 < 93 8< 860 :>S 6< / 7@ 86 C3<6 0 <58< 0 <603463:8, :70 0 60:7@ 0 78 2:881 258< 78 6 99 =:2193<563:8 39 ?576 4:885]60 9 4N =38 2 544G< (9 < 93 8<) 4 43 0 82 84:0 9 < /0:A05== < 21/ 82586< 2 95 <6074670 2 2:881 <, 8: 72 / 0= 6 2 60:7@ 0 9 < /0:S 6< 2 78 =/9:H1 6 9 < =/9:H1< 2 78 /0:S 6, 43 0 /01< 86 78 5=193:0563:8 450 4 95 <7//03= 95 0 2:82584 , DEPARTEMENT NODPT, NOMDPT EMPLOYE

PROJET

NOEMP, NOMEMP, DATE-EMB

SALAIRE ANNEE, SAL

3A70

NOPJ, NOMPJ,RESP-PJ

EMP-PROJET NOPJ, NOEMP, DUREE

V ' C =/9 5@ 4 9 =:2G9 01< 57

/ 82586 < 39 8 C3<6 /5< 9 4N =38 (93 8) 860 2 7C 8: 72< 8:7< 0 6:=>:8< 258< 9 /504:70< <1B7 863 9 CN57<63?, 50 C =/9 /:70 95 B7 <63:8 OB7 9 <6 9 <59530 =:H 8 2 < 4N ?< 2 /0:S 6<O 39 =58B7 9 93 8 860 9 < 4N ?< 2 /0:S 6< 6 9 < =/9:H1< < 9:A343 9< " 1653 86 2 < #" 2 4 6H/ ,

=:2G9 0 9563:88 9 ( + Y ,,) <6 >5<1 <70 95 8:63:8 2 0 9563:8, 8 0 9563:8 <6 78 8< =>9 2 8 7/9 6< (8 <6 ?3C ) B73 4:00 </:82 86 4N5478 78 /0:/03161 2 9 :>S 6 214030 ,

DEPARTEMENT NODPT NOMDPT

PROJET NOPJ NOMPJ

RESP-PJ

EMPLOYE NOEMP NOMEMP DATE-EMB NODPT N

3A70

NODEPT

EMP-PROJET NOPJ NOEMP DUREE

' C =/9 5@ 4 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9

& <:86 2 < 0 9563:8<, < 93A8 < 2 <<381 < 8 /:3863991 <:86 9 < 93 8< <1=5863B7 < 860 9 < 0 9563:8< =53< 343 39 8 <6 /97< 814 <<530 2 214030 C/93436 = 86 9 < 93 8< 9 < 4N =38< 2 544G< <:86 3821/ 82586< 2 95 =:2193<563:8, 8 60:7@ 05 78 N3<6:03B7 4:=/9 6 2 < =:2G9 < N310504N3B7 < 6 01< 57C 258< c & Xd 6 258< 9 93@0 2 , 9:> 9 6 , 23>5 c ZVd 78 C =/9 <6 605361 258< 9 < 60:3< =:2G9 <, N3<6:30 2 < >5< < 2 2:881 < <6 << 863 99 = 86 78 N3<6:30 2 9 3821/ 82584 2 < 2:881 < 6 2 < 60536 = 86< 99 < /:70<736 5467 99 = 86 5@ 4 4 99 2 < >5< < 23<603>71 < :a 9 2 =582 70 2 38?:0=563:8 < 60:7@ 2 @586 78 >5< 2 2:881 < @3067 99 2:86 95 9:4593<563:8 /NH<3B7 (/0:4 << 70<) <6 23<603>71 <70 78 01< 57,

(

O 8 >5< 2 2:881 < <6 78 8< =>9 <60746701 2 2:881 < 80 A3<601 < <70 2 < <7//:06< 544 <<3>9 < /50 9 :023856 70 /:70 <563<?530 <3=796581= 86 /97<3 70< 76393<56 70< 2 ?5^:8 <19 463@ 6 8 78 6 =/< ://:0678O c ZVd 66 21?38363:8 5063479 9 < 23??10 86< 191= 86< B7 8:7< 599:8< 60536 0' < 90//+,& 2 95 " 0 /01< 86 86 2 < ?536< 2 < 5463@361< :7 2 < 1@18 = 86< 2 9 860 /03< , 5 " 2:36 T60 4:8<32101 4:== 95 =1=:30 2 9 860 /03< , 4 ?536 9 4:86 87 2 95 " 2:36 T60 ' • / 0638 86 (2:881 < 7639 <) U • ?35>9 (2:881 < 4:N10 86 < 6 S7<6 < 258< 9 < 8< 2 @053 /50 05//:06 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8) U • 76393<5>9 (544 <<3>9 57C 60536 = 86<),

< :>S 6< =1=:03<1< 258< 95 " /:<<G2 86 2 < /0:/03161< 4:==78 < / 0= 66586 538<3 2 9 < 0 A0:7/ 0 /50 6H/ 2 :>S 6, 5 <6074670 2 95 " <6 9 B73 / 0= 6605 2 386 0/016 0 9 < 2:881 < <6:4I1 <, 5 A <63:8 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < < ?536 /50 05//:06 4 66 &'()*')(,, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < / 76 4:=/:06 0 B7 9B7 < =3993 0< 2 450546G0 < /:70 78 / 636 >5< <70 =340: :023856 70 2:84 99 / 76 T60 <6:4I1 <70 23<B7 66 :7 >3 8 99 <6 4:8<63671 2 /97<3 70< =3993502< 2 450546G0 < 6 99 2:36 T60 <6:4I1 <70 2 < 78361< 2 23<B7 < 2 78 :023856 70, 59A01 9 < 23??10 84 < 2 65399 < 9 < 6 4N83B7 < 6 9 < 4:84 /6< 76393<1< <:86 <3=39530 <, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < <6 3821/ 82586 2 <:8 &)660(', < 2:881 < =1=:03<1 < <:86 5// 91 < T60 76393<1 < /50 23??10 86< < 0@34 < 2 9 860 /03< 5@ 4 2 < )'484&5',)(& 5//506 8586 /03843/59 = 86 60:3< 4561A:03 <' • < 38?:0=56343 8 <:38< B73 8 <:86 /5< </143?35>9 < (9 < A <63:88530 <) U • < 76393<56 70< E U 2:86 95 6\4N <6 863G0 = 86 </143?35>9 (01/16363@ ) <53<3 2 9 38?:0=563:8 , 5 " <6 <706:76 76393<1 8 386 00:A563:8 9 958A5A 2 386 00:A563:8 <6 2:84 78 191= 86 << 863 9 27 <H<6G= 39 2:36 T60 ' • ?5439 5//0 820 (/:70 9 < 76393<56 70< 5@ 063<) U • =5<B7 0 95 <6074670 /NH<3B7 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < ( 82 C /505=G60 < ,,,) U • 5@:30 78 <1=5863B7 49530 (4:=/0 820 9 < 8< 2 95 B7 <63:8 6 2 95 01/:8< ), 50 6 =/< ://:0678 :8 86 82 B7 <3 9 38?:0=563:8 C3<6 258< 95 " 59:0< :8 / 76 9 :>6 830 258< 78 21953 053<:885>9 (4:706 <3 9 :8 605@5399 2 =583G0 386 05463@ (A734N 6 2 >58B7 ) :7 6 =/< (/:70 /0 820 78 2143<3:8), ,& 0:;,*'4<& 9, 8=0(A5/4&5'40/ 76393<563:8 2 < >5< < 2 2:881 < / 76 57<<3 < 4:8<3210 0 <:7< 9 58A9 :0A583<563:88 9, 5 4:84 /63:8 2 78 5//934563:8 " <6 78 :/10563:8 2 =582586 2 < 0 <<:704 < ?385843G0 < (54N56 2 < :023856 70< 9:A343 9 2 A <63:8 2 " ,,,) 538<3 B7 2 < 0 <<:704 < N7=538 < (4:84 /6 70 /0:A05== 70 :/1056034 < 2 <53<3 ,,,) 39 <6 2:84 3=/:06586 B7 9 :0A583<563:8 C5=38 9 < 5@5865A < B7 99 2:36 8 0 630 0, < 50A7= 86< <73@586< / 7@ 86 =:63@ 0 9 :0A583<563:8' • <3=/93?3 0 78 6\4N 2 9 860 /03393< 0 9 < 0 <<:704 < =56103 99 < 6 N7=538 <, 8 01<7=1 95 " 2:36 4:8< 0@ 0 9 < 2:881 < <60561A3B7 < 2 9 860 /03< /:70 B7 9 :8 /73<< 9 < 76393< 0 2 78 =583G0 :/63=59 , < :>S 463?< 2 9 860 /03< / 7@ 86 < 14N 9:88 0 8 /97<3 70< 165/ < :7 >3 8 1@:97 0 258< 9

6 =/< 2 :a 9 3=/:06584 2 78 4:84 /63:8 6 2 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2 2:881 < ( #" ) 576:03<586 9 < 1@:9763:8< 6 9 < =:23?34563:8<, < :>S 463?< 2 9 :0A583<563:8 2193=36 86 78 *D536 9=56684*5'40/ 258< 95 0159361 2:86 95 " <6 9 0 ?9 6, 165>93<< = 86 2 78 <4N1=5 230 46 70 c ZZd :7 9 < 45< 2 76393<563:8 c +-d / 0= 66 86 2 4 08 0 9 < :>S 463?< 6 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, < 191= 86< ?3857C <:86' • 9 < 60536 = 86< ?? 467 0 U • 9 < 0 B7T6 < 2 386 00:A563:8 C1476 0 U • 9 < 2:881 < 814 <<530 < =1=:03< 0 U • 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 0 </ 46 0, 58< 9 C =/9 B73 8:7< 544:=/5A8 05 258< 4 6 :7@05A /97<3 70< 2:=538 < 2 5//934563:8 <:86 /:<<3>9 < 6 386 021/ 82586<, 5 216 0=38563:8 2 9 5//506 8584 2 78 :>S 6 78 2:=538 < ?536 8 C5=38586 9 < :>S 463?< ?3C1< /50 9 :0A583<563:8, ;+E @; ; 5?;

@N D 5 I ; +; ;+E5 N.

3A70

- ' :=538 < 2 8:60

D;+ N..;I

;.= S=5.

; $$$

C =/9

L6 9

< '(54',3,/'& 2 9 5//934563:8 <:86 21?383< /50 6:76 < 9 < =:23?34563:8< 8@3<5A1 < <70 9 < 2:881 < 2 95 " , 0:3< 6H/ < 2 5463:8< /03=363@ < <:86 /:<<3>9 <' • 5 *(+5'40/U 78 O:>S 6O 8:7@ 57 5//505]6 258< 95 0159361 6 4 973 43 <6 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 2:84 39 2:36 T60 80 A3<601 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 < (78 8:7@ 57 493 86) U • 5 34&, 7 ;0)(U 78 O:>S 6O 21S 80 A3<601 258< 95 " < =:23?3 6 4 43 2:36 T60 0 /:061 258< 95 " (4N58A = 86 258< 95 B7586361 <6:4I1 2 78 506349 ) U • 5 9,&'()*'40/U 78 O:>S 6O 80 A3<601 258< 95 " <:06 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 2:36 2:84 T60 193=381 2 95 " (4N58A = 86 2 5881 4:=/65>9 78 <595031 B7366 9 860 /03< ), < 60536 = 86< / 0= 66 86 2 =:23?3 0 95 " /:70 6 830 4:=/6 2 < 4N58A = 86< 386 0@ 8586 258< 95 0159361 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, :70 9 < 4/',((0A5'40/& 39 < 5A36 2 32 863?3 0 9 < > <:38< 2 4N5B7 76393<56 70 2 @586 54412 0 95 " 8 < /:<586 9 < B7 <63:8< <73@586 <' • 7 99 < <:86 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 2 95 " 814 <<530 < 9 544:=/93<< = 86 2 95 6\4N 2 4 6 76393<56 70 (9 =5A5<383 0 95 014 /63:883<6 2 9 NL6 9)

•

7 99 <6 95 ?01B7 84 2 4 < B7 <63:8< 9 6 =/< 2 01/:8< C3A1 4:7/9 ( YY 0 BWS:70 < 4:82 <) < 05 C5=381 23??10 == 86 2 4 973 ( 0 BW=:3< 258< 95 =56381 ), • 73 / 76 C5=38 0 6 =:23?3 0 9 < 38?:0=563:8< /:386 4:84 08 9 2 A01 2 4:8?32 86359361 6 2 <1470361 2 4N5B7 38?:0=563:8, "réalité" destruction

mise à jour

création

3A70

:23?34563:8 /50 05//:06

champ d'application

95 ?0:863G0 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8

< 90//+,& =1=:03< 0 258< 95 " <:86 4 99 < 21?383 < /50 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, < 60536 = 86< 9 < 401 86 9 < = 66 86 S:70 6 9 < 216073< 86, < 0 B7T6 < 2 386 00:A563:8 9 < 76393< 86 8 9 4670 /:70 01/:820 57C 76393<56 70<, :7< 5@:8< @7 B7 4 <6 258< 9 4520 2 95 21?38363:8 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 B7 95 <19 463:8 2 < 2:881 < < ?? 467 , 4N:3C 2 < /0:/03161< 80 A3<60 0 258< 95 " 2:36 T60 814 <<530 6 <7??3<586 /:70 C1476 0 9 < 60536 = 86< 6 01/:820 57C 0 B7T6 < 2 386 00:A563:8' • /+*,&&54(,' 4:706 6 0= /:70 T60 57<<3 ??3454 B7 9 <H<6G= 0 =/9541 6 =:H 8 6 0= /:70 01/:820 2 8:7@ 99 < B7 <63:8< (B7 9 :8 1@36 2 < /:< 0 450 258< 78 <H<6G= =587 9 99 < <:86 60:/ :810 7< <), • &)<<4&5/'' /:70 1@36 0 2 =1=:03< 0 2 < 38?:0=563:8< B73 < 0:86 / 7 :7 /5< 76393<1 <, :70 78 / 0<:88 8:7< /:7@:8< 95 21?3830 /50 C =/9 ' O8:= /018:= 65399 /0:? <<3:8 520 << 87=10: 2 6191/N:8 0 @ 87 /:32< 5//506 8584 /:9363B7 </:06< /0563B71< 1656 43@39 8:=>0 2 8?586< ,,,,O, N5478 2 4 < /0:/03161< 5 78 < 8< 258< 78 4:86 C6 >3 8 21?383 /50 4:860 99 < <:86 387639 < 258< 78 5760 , N5B7 38?:0=563:8 (4:=/61 8 450546G0 <) 5 78 /03C 4594791 5@ 4 9 < 4:[6< <73@586<' • 4:[6 2 <53<3 (:/1056034 /:<6 2 <53<3 ) • 4:[6 2 <6:4I5A (23<B7 < >582 < 2 504N3@5A ) • 4:[6 2 =583/79563:8 (65399 :023856 70 ,,,)

Z+

< (>A8,& 9=4/'+A(4'+ 0 ?9G6 86 9 < 0GA9 = 86< 2 9 :0A583<563:8 9 O>:8 < 8<O 2 95 0159361, 8 / 76 9 < C/03= 0' • &)( 8,& 90//+,&U 9 ?536 B7 95 " 0 </ 46 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 / 0= 6 2 5<<70 0 78 4 06538 4:N10 84 2 < 2:881 < 2:84 5<<70 57C 76393<56 70< 2 < 38?:0=563:8< 2 B759361 ( 8 4N5=>0 8 <6 01< 0@1 B7 78 ?:3< 9 < B7586361< 27 <6:4I <:86 /:<363@ < 9 < 493 86< :86 /97< 2 Z 58< ,,,), • &)( 8,& '(54',3,/'&U 343 39 < 5A36 2 C/03= 0 9 :020 258< 9 B7 9 2:3@ 86 < ?? 467 0 9 < =:23?34563:8< 2 95 " , :7< /:7@:8< 4:8<656 0 B7 9 < /03843/57C 191= 86< 4361< <:86 386 021/ 82586<, /97< 258< 78 5//0:4N 495<<3B7 c" Xd 4N5B7 191= 86 2:36 605@ 0< 0 /97<3 70< 165/ < 258< 9 /0:4 <<7< 2 4:84 /63:8' • 859H< 2 < > <:38<' /50 05//:06 57C :>S 463?< 2 9 :0A583<563:8 • /143?34563:8' 78 2 <403/63:8 /0143< 2 4N5B7 191= 86 • :84 /63:8 8?:0=563B7 ' 78 2 <403/63:8 2 9 8< =>9 27 <H<6G= 8 6 0= < 38?:0=563B7 < • :25A ' 4N5B7 191= 86 <6 O4:21O 258< 9 958A5A <7//:06586 95 A <63:8 2 95 " • <6 • 5386 8584 :70 5<<3<6 0 9 1B73/ 2 4:84 /63:8 39 C3<6 2 < =16N:2:9:A3 < 6 2 < :7639< 38?:0=563B7 <, 7C 43 / 0= 66 86 2 A732 0 95 4:84 /63:8 2 4:8<60730 2 < /0:6:6H/ < 6 =T= 2 A1810 0 9 4:2 , 70 76393<563:8 <6 2193456 6 99 < 2 =582 86 B7 9 4:84 /6 70 <:36 4:8<43 86 2 < 3=/5<< < 6 2 9 70< 93=36 <, / 82586 99 < / 7@ 86 5<<70 0 78 0L9 2 4:==7834563:8 57 < 38 2 78 1B73/ ,

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<6 9 540:8H= 2 O 6074670 2 7 0H 58A5A O, 9 :03A38 39 8 16536 2 <6381 B7 9 386 00:A563:8 2 < >5< < 2 2:881 < =53< 39 ?76 16 827 95 </143?34563:8 2 < 2:881 < 2 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 6 95 </143?34563:8 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 <, 3<6:03B7 = 86 4 <6 9 506349 2 , , :22 c Yd 27 95>:056:30 2 " 58 :< B73 ?:825 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 8 H C/:<586 95 <3=/934361 2 95 0 /01< 86563:8 2 95 0 9563:8 78 ?:0= 8:0=59 /:70 214:=/:< 0 78 0 9563:8 5?38 2 1@36 0 2 < 0 2:82584 < 6 9 < /03843/57C :/1056 70< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 , 97<3 70< 495<< < 2 958A5A < ?70 86 C/9:01 < 258< 9 < 5881 < B73 <73@30 86 258< 9 < 783@ 0<361< 6 9 < 95>:056:30 < /03@1<, 8 + , , N5=> 0938 /0:/:<5 78 21?38363:8 2 78 958A5A 8:==1 B73 ?76 3=/95861 4N P " 258< 78 /0:S 6 8:==1 ! , 9 ?76 16 827 258< 78 /0:S 6 /97< @5<6 6:74N586 9 8< =>9 2 9 504N36 4670 2 78 #" 9 H<6 = ( + ), <H<6G= ?76 S7<B7 95 ?38 2 < 5881 < Y 78 /956 ?:0=

2 C/103= 86563:8 /:70 " , 82586 95 =T= /103:2 /:70 2 < 053<:8< 91A59 < WV ?76 0 8:==1 , 21>76 2 < 5881 < ZY @ 005 9 5//50363:8 2 /97<3 70< #" 0 9563:88 9< 21?383< 576:70 2 ( 2 0549 84, W 6 "V 2 " # 2 9563:859 4N8:9:AH 84, &" 2 H>5< 84, ,,,) 6 538<3 2 @3 86 78 8:0= 2 ?536 =53< 4N5B7 #" /:<<G2 78 2359 46 2 5@ 4 < < /0:/0 < /506347950361<, /50630 2 +ZV 9 38<63676 8563:859 5=1034538 2 8:0=593<563:8 ( ) < 05 8 4N50A 2 21?3830 78 8:0= B73 < 05 ?38593<1 8 +ZX 95 =T= @ 0<3:8 <6 544 /61 /50 9 :0A583<563:8 386 08563:859 2 < <6582502< ( +Y ) 8 +Z , 8 C6 8<3:8 /:06586 <70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 <6 12361 /50 9 8 +Z+, 8 ++V 78 8:7@ 99 @ 0<3:8 27 <6582502 <6 12361 /50 9 V, 8 +++ 78 @ 0<3:8 ++ 4:00 </:82 95 @ 0<3:8 95 /97< /97< 014 86 , < C =/9 < 2 4 6 :7@05A <:86 14036< 5@ 4 9 27 #" , 58< <5 2 083G0 @ 0<3:8 0549 <6 4:8?:0= 95 8:0= 2 +Z+, :7< 5@:8< 050 = 86 76393<1 9 < C6 8<3:8< 95 8:0= ,

< >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < /0 88 86 05438 258< 60:3< 783@ 0< 23<63846<, 5 8:63:8 2 0 9563:8 <6 165>93 ?:0= 99 = 86 258< 9 < =56N1=563B7 <, =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 <6 78 :7639 / 0= 66586 95 0 /01< 86563:8 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 6 9 < <H<6G= < 2 A <63:8 2 >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < <:86 2 < 9:A343 9< 76393<586 9 < 6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 9 38?:0=563B7 , :7< 5@:8< 60:3< =:82 < 6 /50 4:8<1B7 86 60:3< 23<4:70<, 9 4:8@3 86 2:84 2 T60 /50634793G0 = 86 566 863? /:70 1@36 0 95 4:8?7<3:8 860 9 ?:0= 9 9 =:2G9 6 95 6 4N83B7 , N5B7 =:82 < 21@ 9:// <:8 /0:/0 0H6N= U 9 < 8:63:8< =56N1=563B7 < /:7@586 T60 4:8<32101 < 4:== <65>9 < 9 < /0:/03161< ?:825= 8659 < 2 95 =:2193<563:8 0 9563:88 99 1@:97 86 9 86 = 86 6 9 < 6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 9 38?:0=563B7 < <744G2 86 9 < 78 < 57C 5760 < 05/32 = 86 576:70 27 958A5A <65825023<1, 5 =5]603< 2 4 < 23<4:70< <6 9 /5<<5A :>93A1 /:70 4:=/0 820 9 1@:9763:8 2 < <H<6G= < 2 A <63:8 2 >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < 4 < 2 083 0< 6 82 86 258< 9 70< @ 0<3:8< <744 <<3@ < 2 384:0/:0 0 9 < 54B73< 27 ?:0= 9 6 9 < /0:/03161< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 0 9563:88 99 , <:743 2 93 0 4 < 60:3< 23<4:70< < ? 05 258< 9 < 8< 27 4:840 6 6 0 <6 05 230 46 = 86 931 57C 6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 9 38?:0=563B7 , :7< 599:8< 3997<60 0 4 < /0:/:< /50 78 C =/9 (8 ?536 < /5< 566 863:8 57C 8:6563:8< 99 < < 0:86 4:=/9G6 = 86 21?383 < 796103 70 = 86), 58< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 4:8<32101 39 < 5A36 2 21?3830 95 23<6584 @:9 2 :3< 57 860 2 7C @399 <, 5 0 9563:8 =56N1=563B7 < 012736 57 /0123456 <73@586' .. 3<6584 (C H P).._OP <6 95 23<6584 860 C 6 HO :a P ∈ C H ∈ 399

5 =:2193<563:8 0 9563:88 99 8034N36 95 0 /01< 86563:8 /50 05//:06 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8 93=36586 95 <:704 2 < 38?:0=563:8< 9 5695< 6 8 /0143<586 9 78361 2 = <70 , 8 4N 04N 57<<3 C/93436 0 9 < 93 8< C3<6586< 860 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 191= 86530 <, 8 / 76 230 /50 C =/9 B7 3<6j 8j%= 21/ 82 ?:8463:88 99 = 86 2 1/506 6 2 003@1 , 3<6584 ( 1/506 003@1 3<6j 8j%=) :=538 ( 1/506)_ :=j2 j 399 j2 j=:8j 695< :=538 ( 003@1 )_ :=j2 j 399 j2 j=:8j 695< :=538 ( 3<6j 8j%=)_ 7=103B7 863 0 cY,,VY YYYd .. 3<6584 ( 1/506 003@1 3<6j 8j%=).._O 3<6j 8j%= <6 95 23<6584 8 %= 860 95 @399 2 1/506 6 95 @399 2 003@1 O :020 2 401563:8 2 95 65>9 258< 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < 8 < /01:447/ B7 2 < B7 <63:8< 2 0 /01< 86563:8 38?:0=563B7 6 2 95 @5932563:8 <70 9 386 0@599 2 95 23<6584 , < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < 21?383<< 86 59:0< 95 491 2 95 0 9563:8, CREATE TABLE Distance( Depart char(12) not null, Arrivee char(12) not null, Dist_en_Km number(5) Check (Dist_en_Km between 0 AND 20000), primary key (Depart, Arrivee)) :70 0 /01< 86 0 B7 9B7 < 2:881 < 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 76393< 0 95 8:63:8 2 65>9 ' 3<6584 +65('

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8 =56N1=563B7 :8 /509 2 8< =>9 < 6 2 /01234569 < 4:9:88 < 450546G0 < 8:=>0 < 491< 2 65>9 , 66 45<452 2 6058<?:0=563:8< 8:7< ?536 /5<< 0 2 < 5><605463:8< /70 < 2 < =56N1=563B7 < 78 4:840163<563:8 <:7< ?:0= 2 78 <H<6G= 38?:0=563B7 , :70<73@:8< 8:60 C =/9 5@ 4 78 /0:/03161' 5 23<6584 /504:7030 860 9 5003@1 6 9 21/506 <6 32 863B7 4 99 27 21/506 9 5003@1 ,

8 =56N1=563B7 :8 /509 05 2 4:==76563@361 B7 9 :8 8:6 05' ∀C ∀H 3<6584 (C H P) ↔ 3<6584 (H C P) 58< 95 =:2193<563:8 4 66 4:==76563@361 < 05 / 0^7 4:== 78 0GA9 2 3861A0361 B7 2 @0:86 @5932 0 9 < 2:881 <' 03 ) ∀0 ∈ 3<6584 ∀ 0 ∈ 3<6584 <3 (0, 003@1 _0 , 1/506)∧(0, 1/506_0 , 003@1 ) 59:0< 0, 3<6j 8j%=_0 , 3<6j 8j%= 3=/9586563:8 38?:0=563B7 2 4 66 0GA9 / 76 T60 8@3<5A1 2 23??10 86 < =583G0 3 8 8 80 A3<60 0 B7 95 =:3631 2 95 65>9 6 / 0= 660 9 76393<56 70 78 386 00:A563:8 <70 95 6:659361, :60 /504:70< <73@05 78 363810530 860 95 6N1:03 9 < 4:84 /6< 6 95 =3< 8 : 7@0 C/93436586 9 < 93 8< 576586 B7 /:<<3>9 , 43 / 0= 6605 57 9 46 70 2 < 0 820 0 9563@ = 86 3821/ 82586 2 < ?7670 < 1@:9763:8< 2 < 6 4N8:9:A3 < 2 9 38?:0=563:8 B73 8 6:74N 0:86 /5< <:8 45/3659 2 4:8853<<584 < 4:84 /67 99 <,

@ A "2.18 Ce que chaque tableau, de quelque forme que ce soit doit avoir de commun avec la réalité, pour absolument pouvoir la représenter - justement ou faussement - c'est la forme logique, c'est à dire la forme de la réalité" (Ludwig Wittegenstein - Tractatus logico-philosophicus)

:>S 463? 2 4 4N5/360 <6 2 197432 0 95 21?38363:8 2 95 0 9563:8 (2:881 8 6 0= < =56N1=563B7 <), :7< 8 3860:2730:8< B7 9 < 8:63:8< =56N1=563B7 < 814 <<530 < 95 4:=/01N 8<3:8 4 66 2 083G0 , 1?38363:8' 8 , <6 21?383 <70 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 < 2:=538 < 2 8 4:8<6367586< ?:0=586 9 8< =>9 ; 6 2 78 /0123456 8:61 .. .. 2:86 9 < @5035>9 < 93>0 < 4:00 </:82 86 57C 4:8<6367586< 2 ; 6 /0 88 86 9 70< @59 70 258< 9 < 2:=538 < 2 4 < 4:8<6367586<, 66 21?38363:8 <6 931 57C 8< =>9 < 57C /0:/:<363:8< 9:A3B7 < 6 57C /0123456< 9:A3B7 < 2:86 8:7< 599:8< 0 @:30 9 < 21?38363:8< ?:825= 8659 <, 8<736 57 ?70 6 = <70 8:7< 23<<1B7 0:8< 95 21?38363:8 2 95 0 9563:8, < :7@05A < 2 01?10 84 /:70 4 4N5/360 <:86 c -d 6 c Z+d,

% 8 2:=538 21<3A8 78 8< =>9 2 @59 70<, 9 <6 <3=39530 95 8:63:8 2 6H/ B7 9 :8 60:7@ 258< 9 < 958A5A < 2 /0:A05==563:8, < @59 70< < 0:86 /03< < /50 9 < 2:881 < 2 8:60 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 1?38363:8' 8 <6 78 8< =>9 8:8 @32 ?383 :7 218:=>05>9 8 2305 B7 5 <6 78 $ 2 <3 5 ∈ C =/9 < 2 2:=538 ' :=538 j2 <j4:79 70< _ D@ 06 S578 >9 7 0:7A E :=538 j2 <j8:=>0 <j 863 0< _ D V ,,,, 8 ,,,E :=538 j2 <j1656<j2 <j/:06 < _D:7@ 06 < ? 0=1 <E :=538 j2 <j/5H< _D 73<< 0584 585=5 ,,,E :=538 j2 <j1656<j9:A3B7 < _ D@053 ?57CE 8 8< =>9 <6 218:=>05>0 <3 9 :8 / 76 4:=/6 0 9 532 2 < 863 0< 85670 9< , :6:8< B7 9 < 8:=>0 < 01 9< 8 <:86 /5< 218:=>05>9 < =53< 9 70 0 /01< 86563:8 258< 9 < :023856 70< 16586 ?383 39< 2 @3 88 86 218:=>05>9 <, 8 /:7005 2:84 9 < 76393< 0 4:== 2:=538 b

:=538 j2 <j6360 <j2 j93@0 _ DO4:=/0 820 95 9:A3B7 =:2 08 O OM N56 3< 6N 85= :? 6N3< >::IO O /50?7=O ,,,E :=538 j2 <j6H/ <j2 j/9586 _ D50>0 ?9 70 45461 ,,,E :=538 j2 <j?9 70< _ D0:< 45=1935 =50A7 036 ,,,E :=538 j2 <j/0:2736< _ D/50?7= =5B73995A 40G= <:9530 ,,,E :=538 j2 <j256 < _ D 5@039 ++V V- 2 4 VYYY ,,,,) < 2:=538 < <:86 863G0 = 86 21/ 82586< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 258< 9 B7 9 :8 605@5399 , ??:06 2 =:2193<563:8 4:== 84 /50 78 195>:0563:8 4:=/9G6 2 < 2:=538 <, 58< c ZZd :8 60:7@ 78 6H/:9:A3 2 < 2:=538 <, 4N5B7 6H/ 2 2:=538 <6 5<<:431 9 < :/10563:8< B73 <:86 576:03<1 <, :7< 2:88:8< 4 66 6H/:9:A3 258< 95 3A70 X <:7< ?:0= 2 78 50>0 :a 4N5B7 8: 72 N1036 2 < :/10563:8< 27 8: 72 /01412586, 6H/ 21?3836 9 < 2:=538 < :a 57478 :/10563:8 8 <6 /:<<3>9 39 < 5A36 2:84 2 78 2:=538 /70 = 86 38?:0=563?, 2:=538 2 < 520 << < / 76 T60 4:8<32101 4:== 5//506 8586 57 6H/ 6 C6 , 9 < 05 23??3439 2 01/:820 <[0 = 86 95 B7 <63:8 O4:=>3 8 2 / 0<:88 < N5>36 86 78 5@ 87 O, 8 ?? 6 9 6 C6 16586 6:659 = 86 93>0 95 <53<3 5705 / 0=3< 2 < 5>01@3563:8< 6 57<<3 2 < 00 70<, 93> 991 2 78 1403670 4:=/65>9 <6 57<<3 27 6H/ 6 C6 <5 @59 70 8:7< / 0= 6 2 4:=/0 820 9 :>S 6 2 9 1403670 =53< 8 / 76 /5< T60 76393<1 /:70 4:885]60 95 <:== 2 < ?54670 < /5H1 < 57C ?:7083<< 70<, N5B7 ?:3< B7 9 :8 5<<:43 4 6H/ 78 2:=538 :8 0 8:84 76393< 0 4 2:=538 /:70 2 < :/10563:8< 2 <19 463:8, 6H/ 21?3836 9 < 2:=538 < :a 9 < :/10563:8< 2 1A59361 :7 2 381A59361 <:86 /:<<3>9 <, < 2:=538 < 2 < 8:=< 2 < /018:=< 2 < / 0<:88 < <:86 5<<:431< 4 6H/ , 9 < 5A36 2:84 2 2:=538 < :a 39 C3<6 78 4036G0 B73 / 0= 6 2 165>930 <3 78 @59 70 5//5063 86 :7 8:8 4 2:=538 , :70 01/:820 95 B7 <63:8 <70 9 < O/53 = 86< 2 78 ?:7083<< 70O :8 / 76 5<<:43 0 4N5B7 1403670 4:=/65>9 78 A 80 2 1403670 B73 /0 8205 < < @59 70< 258< :=538 j2 <jA 80 < _D 5H = 86j :7083<< 70 053<jA181057C ,,,E, :70 /5<< 0 27 6H/ 6 C6 57 6H/ =:6 39 ?576 2:84 C/93436 0 9 38?:0=563:8 4:86 87 3=/93436 = 86 258< 9 6H/ 6 C6 , 6H/ <6 78 6H/ =:6 <70 9 B7 9 78 0 9563:8 2 :020 <6 21?383 , 3 9 < @59 70< <:86 0 /01< 861 < 5@ 4 2 < 450546G0 < 39 C3<6 /50 21?576 78 :020 9 C34:A05/N3B7 B73 / 0= 6605 78 603 2 9 38?:0=563:8 (:7 2 4N 04N 0 9 < @59 70< /97< / 636 < /97< A0582 < 5@586 5/0G< ,,,), :70 4 06538< 6H/ < =:6 4 6 :020 2:36 T60 2:881 C/93436 = 86U /50 C =/9 /:70 :02:88 0 9 :=538 j2 <j4:79 70< :8 /:7005 4N:3<30 95 9:8A7 70 2 :82 5<<:431 4N5478 ,

texte ≠) mot(=,≠ booléen (et,ou,non, ...)

date

mot ordonné (<,>)

horaire

entier(div,mod,..)

numérique (+,-,*,/)

flottant(sqrt,...)

3A70 X ' 10365A 2 < :/10563:8< 258< 95 6H/:9:A3 2 < 2:=538 <, 6H/ ) 576:03< 9 < :/10563:8< 5036N=163B7 < 2 9 522363:8 2 95 <:7<605463:8 2 95 23@3<3:8 6 2 95 =7963/934563:8, 9 < 23@3< 8 2 7C <:7< 6H/ <' 9 < 863 0< 6 9 < 01 9< 4N5478 /:<<12586 < < :/10563:8< /0:/0 <, 6H/ 6% <:86 2 < 2:=538 < /0:/0 < 95 A <63:8, 6H/ " <6 78 6H/ <70 9 B7 9 <:86 21?383< 9 < :/10563:8< 9:A3B7 < ( 6 :7 8:8 ,,,), 4N:3C 27 6H/ 2 2:=538 <6 << 863 9 450 39 216 0=38 9 < :/10563:8< 2 4:=/5053<:8 6 2 =583/79563:8 2 < 2:881 < B73 < 0:86 5<<:431 < 4 6H/ , 4N:3C < ?536 57 =:= 86 2 95 =:2193<563:8 450 57 =:= 86 2 95 =3< 8 : 7@0 38?:0=563B7 9 < #" 5<<:43 86 6:7< 4 < 6H/ < 2 7C 4561A:03 <' 9 < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 < 6 9 < 8:=>0 <, 8 5705 2:84 0 4:70< 2 5760 < =14583<= < /:70 5<<70 0 95 @5932361 2 < 2:881 < /50 05//:06 9 70< 2:=538 <,

8 <6 78 8< =>9 2 2:881 < 5H586 78 /0:/03161 6 78 4:=/:06 = 86 N:=:AG8 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 5 <3A83?34563:8 2 < 2:881 < 01<32 258< 9 5//506 8584 4 66 495<< , 5 2:881 O O < 05 386 0/0161 4:== 78 /018:= <3 99 <6 78 @59 70 27 4:8<6367586 4:== 78 </G4 2 ?9 70 <3 99 <6 78 @59 70 27 4:8<6367586 4:== 78 4:79 70 <3 99 <6 78 @59 70 27 4:8<6367586 , 4:8<6367586 <6 5<<:431 78 32 863?3456 70 ( j j ), 4:8<6367586 <6 5<<:431 78 6 78 < 79 2:=538 B73 21?3836 9 < @59 70< B7 / 76 /0 820 4 66 /0:/03161, 5 ?:8463:8 5<<:43 78 4:8<6367586 <:8 2:=538 ' 8< =>9 2 < 4:8<6367586< ' 8< =>9 2 < 2:=538 <

2:= ' → 2:=( )_ 8 5 /50 C =/9 ' 2:=( j ) _ :=538 j27j459 8203 0, :70 386 0/016 0 78 @59 70 39 <6 3823</ 8<5>9 2 4:885]60 <:8 4:8<6367586 <5 @59 70 < 79 8 <7??36 /5<, O - 8:@ =>0 +ZYO <6 4 78 256 2 853<<584 :7 78 256 2 1403670 4:=/65>9 4:8<6367586 2:88 <:8 < 8< 95 @59 70 9 2:=538 165>936 9 < @59 70< 576:03<1 <, 9 < 0536 /:<<3>9 2 =:23?3 0 6:7< 9 < 2:=538 < 2 78 =:2193<563:8 /50 C =/9 8 9 < 605273<586 258< 78 5760 958A7 <58< 5?? 46 0 9 386 0/016563:8 2:881 /50 9 < 4:8<6367586<, < /0:/03161< 2 78 =:2193<563:8 < 0:86 165>93 < 796103 70 = 86 /50 9 < 93 8< <1=5863B7 < C3<6586 860 9 < 4:8<6367586<,

(

58< c Z+d :8 / 76 930 ' O95 9:A3B7 8 4:8<32G0 4:== /0:/:<363:8< B7 2 < /N05< < <7<4 /63>9 < 2 T60 B(54,& 0) <5)&&,&U 4 43 14506 2 =>91 6:76 < 9 < ?:0= < (=:259 <) 2 95 /03G0 2 9 386 00:A563:8 27 4:==582 = 86 27 <:7N536 ,,, 79 < 8 /03843/ <:86 0 4 @5>9 9 < /0:/:<363:8< 9+*85(5'4B,&# 9,&*(46'4B,&# ,364(4E),& 4 <6 230 2 78 ?5^:8 A181059 9 < /0:/:<363:8< B73 94&,/' E),8E), *D0&, 5) &);,' 9, 85 (+584'+ 6 2:86 9 5??30=563:8 <6 57 =:38< 6N1:03B7 = 86 @103?35>9 V,O (/) O 8 2:=538 <6 78 8< =>9 O <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053 (B) O < 576074N < @:9 86O <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 ?57<< (0) O :7< 93367 99 = 86 8:61 /50 9 < 9 660 < / B 0 < ,,, 8 < /01:447/ /5< 2 9 5859H< 27 4:86 87 2 95 /N05< <5 6:659361 <6 1@5971 @053 :7 ?57C, 5 <6 ?:0=1 2 /0:/:<363:8< <3=/9 < 4:88 461 < /50 2 < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 < ( 6 1@ 867 99 = 86 2 < /50 86NG< < /:70 L6 0 9 < 5=>3A7i61<), < :/1056 70< 4:705== 86 76393<1< <:86' 5 ' ( 6 9:A3B7 8:61 ∧)' / ∧ B < 05 1@5971 @053 <3 / <6 @053 6 <3 B <6 @053, 5 ' (:7 9:A3B7 38497<3? 8:61 ∨) / ∨ B < 05 1@5971 @053 258< 60:3< 45<' / @053 6 B ?57C / @053 6 B @053 / ?57C 6 B @053, (O 3 / 59:0< BO 8:61 →) / → B < 05 1@5971 @053 258< 60:3< 45<' / @053 6 B @053 / ?57C 6 B @053 / ?57C 6 B ?57C, " (O 3 6 < 79 = 86 <3O 8:61 ↔) / ↔ B < 05 1@5971 @053 258< 2 7C 45<' / @053 6 B @053 / ?57C 6 B ?57C, 5 (8:61 ¬) ¬/ < 05 1@5971 @053 <3 / <6 ?57C,

3< 8 1@32 84 /50 9 576 70

3 / 6 B 4:00 </:82 86 57C /0:/:<363:8< 21?383 < /01412 == 86 8:7< 570:8< 9 C/0 <<3:8 / ∧ B 1@5971 ?57C (O 8 2:=538 <6 78 8< =>9 O 6 O < 576074N < @:9 86O), 1@597563:8 2 < /0:/:<363:8< 4:=/:<1 < / 76 T60 :>6 87 8 4:8<6073<586 78 65>9 2 @10361 /:70 9 < :/1056 70< ∧,∨,→,↔,¬ 8:7< :>6 8:8< 95 65>9 2 @10361 2 95 3A70 X V, E E 2 2

∧< E 2 2 2

< E 2 E 2

∨< E E E 2

→< E 2 E E

↔< E 2 2 E

¬ 2 2 E E

3A70 X V' 65>9 2 @10361 2 < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 < 4:70586< 8 6576:9:A3 <6 78 C/0 <<3:8 B73 <6 6:7S:70< 1@5971 @053, 50 C =/9 ' / ∨ ¬/ 9 /03843/ 27 63 0< C497 <6 78 6576:9:A3 , 8 6576:9:A3 <6 78 C/0 <<3:8 B73 4:=/:06 B7 2 < @053< 258< <5 65>9 2 @10361, /

¬/

/∨¬/

3A70 X ' 65>9 2 @10361 / ∨ ¬/ < 9:A343 8< 0 4N 04N 86 4 < 2 < 5C3:= <,

(

C/0 <<3:8< 450

99 < <:86 2 < 6N1:0G= < :7

5 9:A3B7 2 < /0123456< < /0:/:< 2 5859H< 0 9 < /0:/:<363:8S 463? /03843/59 2 < /0123456< <6 2:84 9 5859H< 2 < /0:/:<363:8<, 8 9:A3B7 2 < /0:/:<363:8< :8 5 9 8< =>9 <73@586 2 /0:/:<363:8< 9 < 576074N < @:9 86 ' ?57C 9 < =:38 57C @:9 86 ' @053 9 < /3 < @:9 86 ' @053 9 < /38A:738< @:9 86 ' ?57C 64 /0123456 @:9 (C) B73 5<<:43 /:70 4N5B7 C /03< 258< 9 8< =>9 3< 57C 95 @59 70 @053 :7 ?57C / 0= 6 2 5859H< 0 9 < /0:/:<363:8< /01412 86 <, @:9 ' 3< 57C → D@053 ?57CE 8 /0123456 :7 ?:0=79 :7@ 06 <6 78 C/0 <<3:8 2:86 95 @59 70 2 @10361 0 <6 38216 0=381 450 99 4:863 86 2 < @5035>9 <, G< B7 6:76 < 4 < @5035>9 < <:86 0 =/9541 < /50 78 @59 70 59:0< 99 2 @3 86 @053 :7 ?57<< , 8 ?? 6 4 6 38<6586 9 /0123456 < <6 6058<?:0=1 8 /0:/:<363:8,

C =/9 ' 3 (C) <3A83?3 J C 863 0 8:8 879 <6 3=/530 K ( ) 6 ( ) <:86 @053<, (V) 6 (-YYV) <:86 ?57C, 3 (C) <3A83?3 J C 863 0 8:8 879 <6 /530 K ( ) 6 ( ) <:86 ?57C, (V) 6 (-YYV) <:86 @053<, 5760 /:<<3>39361 2 6058<?:0= 0 78 /0123456 8 /0:/:<363:8 <6 2 B75863?3 0 < < @5035>9 <, 9 C3<6 2 7C /:<<3>39361<, 50 95 ) $ B73 <7><6367 95 @5035>9 6:7< 9 < 191= 86< 2 9 783@ 0< 4:8<32101 :7 2:=538 2 386 0/016563:8 4 /0123456, :36' ∀C ?(C) B73 < 936' /:70 6:76 C :8 5 ?(C) 8 5 /50 C =/9 ∀C (C) <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 ?57<< 450 6:7< 9 < 8:=>0 < 8 <:86 /5< 3=/530<, 2:=538 2 386 0/016563:8 <6 343 9 8< =>9 2 < 863 0 /:<363?< (/:70 <3=/93 0 95 8:6563:8 8:7< 4:8<3210 0:8< 9 2:=538 2 386 0/016563:8 4:== 3=/93436 = 86 21?383) B75863?3456 70 783@ 0< 9 <6 1B73@59 86 14030 95 4:8S:8463:8 2 6:76 < 9 < /0:/:<363:8< :>6 87 < 5@ 4 78 /0123456 <:36 258< 8:60 C =/9 ' ∀C (C) ≡ ( ) ∧ (V) ∧ ( ) ∧ (-) ∧ ,,,, 50 95 ) B73 <7><6367 95 @5035>9 57 =:38< 78 2 < 191= 86< 2 9 783@ 0< 5<<:431 4 /0123456, :36' ∃C ?(C) B73 < 936' 39 H 5 78 C 6 9 B7 ?(C) 8 5 /50 C =/9 ∃C (C) <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053 450 VV- <6 78 8:=>0 /530, B75863?3456 70 C3<6 863 9 <6 1B73@59 86 14030 95 23<S:8463:8 2 6:76 < 9 < /0:/:<363:8< :>6 87 < 5@ 4 78 /0123456 <:36 258< 8:60 C =/9 ' ∃C (C) ≡ ( ) ∨ (V) ∨ ( ) ∨ (-) ∨ ,,,, 459479 2 < /0123456< / 0= 6 2:84 2 =583/79 0 2 < C/0 <<3:8< /0:/:<363:88 99 < 2 9:8A7 70 38?383 (218:=>05>9 ), 8 / 76 16 820 9 < /0123456< 8 76393<586 9 < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 < @7< /01412 == 86, 8 5705 /50 C =/9 9 < C/0 <<3:8<' ∀C ( (C) ∨ (C)) B73 <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053 (6:76 C <6 /530 :7 3=/530) ¬∃C ( (C) ∧ (C)) B73 <6 78 /0:/:<363:8 @053 (39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 C 3=/530 6 /530) 8 / 76 16 820 9 < /0123456< 8 76393<586 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 5@ 4 /97<3 70< @5035>9 <, 50 C =/9 ' 3<6584 (C H P) :a OP <6 95 23<6584 860 C 6 HO 5 6058<?:0=563:8 2 78 /0123456 8 ?:8463:8 <6 21?383 2 95 ?5^:8 <73@586 ' 8 /0123456 8 5H586 /97< 57478 $ " " 2 @3 86 78 /0:/:<363:8, 8 @5035>9 <6 " <3 99 8 <6 /5< 931 , 99 <6 /50' 78 <7><636763:8 5@ 4 78 @59 70 /50 78 B75863?34563:8,

:7< 5@:8< 21S @7 B7 9 < /0123456< 2:86 6:76 < 9 < @5035>9 < <:86 931 < 2 @3 88 86 2 < /0:/:<363:8< 860 9 < 8< =>9 < 6 95 9:A3B7 2 < /0:/:<363:8< 39 C3<6 78 3<:=:0/N3<= (93=361) B73 =14583B7 = 86 / 0= 6 2 6058<?:0= 0 78 /0:/03161 27 459479 2 < 495<< < 8 78 6N1:0G= 27 459479 2 < /0:/:<363:8< 6 @34 @ 0<5, 8 5//93B7 9 < <7><636763:8< <73@586 < <70 9 < @5035>9 < 6 9 < :/1056 70<' ↔/ ∪↔∨ "↔B ∩↔∧ ↔0 −↔¬ ∅ ↔ 57C ↔ 053 6 3<:=:0/N3<= <3A83?3 ' 4 <6 @053 /:70 9 < 8< =>9 < <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 4 <6 @053 /:70 9 < /0:/:<363:8<, 8 5 /50 C =/9 ' 5 23<603>763@361 2 ∩ <70 ∪ :36' ∩ (" ∪ ) _ ( ∩ ") ∪ ( ∩ ) 2 @3 86 95 23<603>763@361 2 ∧ <70 ∨, /:70 9 459479 2 < /0:/:<363:8< :36' / ∧ (B ∨ 0) _ (/ ∧ B) ∨ (/ ∧ B), /03843/ 27 63 0< C497 / ∨ ¬/ _ @053 (450 78 6576:9:A3 ) 2 @3 86 95 ?:0=79 <73@586 ∪( )_ , 6 3<:=:0/N3<= <6 93=361U 9 459479 2 < /0:/:<363:8< <6 /97< /73<<586 B7 9 459479 <70 9 < 8< =>9 < /50 4:860 95 8:63:8 2 8< =>9 3860:2736 2 < 1656< 5760 < B7 @053 6 ?57C (6:76 :7 03 8), < 8< =>9 < 6 9 < /0123456< <:86 931< /50 9 /03843/ 2 5><605463:8 B73 </143?3 B7 /:70 6:76 /0123456 <6 5<<:431 57 =:38< 78 8< =>9 , /0123456 2 @3 86 95 ?:8463:8 /0:/:<363:88 99 2 9 8< =>9 , 8 5 2:84' 3 <6 9 8< =>9 216 0=381 /50 9 /0123456 ?(C) 39 <6 1B73@59 86 /:70 6:76 C 2 230 B7 OC <563<?536 95 ?:8463:8 ?(C)O :7 B7 O C <6 191= 86 2 O, :36' ∀C (?(C) ≡ C ∈ ) 43 <6 @053 /:70 9 < /0123456< 78 @5035>9 95 21?38363:8 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8 @5 8:7< / 0= 660 2 95 0 820 @053 /:70 78 /0123456 8 @5035>9 <, 1?38363:8' :36 6 " 2 7C 8< =>9 < × " <6 9 2 /50 " 6 21?3836 9 8:7@ 9 8< =>9 <73@586' × " _ D(5 >) . (5 ∈ ) ∧ (> ∈ ")E

Logique des classes

Logique des Propositions ∧∨→↔¬

⊆∩∪

f(a)=vrai

a ∈A

f(x) ∀∃ Logiques des Prédicats

3A70 X -' 8< =>9 < /0:/:<363:8< 6 /0123456< 8 ? 7399 2 5A 825 <6 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 A 825 _ :70 × 70 :a :70 _ D97823 =5023 ,,,, 23=584N ) 6 70 _ D N ZN ,,,, +NE 8 14N3B73 0 <6 78 /0:2736 45061<3 8' 4N3B73 0 _ D5 > 4 ,,, NE × D V ,,, ZE 6 >3 8 <[0 9 < 4::02:881 < 45061<3 88 <' _ ℜ×ℜ×ℜ 8 / 76 16 820 95 8:63:8 2 /0:2736 45061<3 8 × V× × ,,, × 8 _ ∏ 3 3_ ,,8 _D(5 5V ,,, 58) . (∀ 53 53 ∈ 3) 3_ ,,8 E

:70 6

70 ,

8 8< =>9 <'

38<3 78 /0123456 /:06586 <70 /97<3 70< @5035>9 < 2 @3 86 95 ?:8463:8 /0:/:<363:88 99 2 78 8< =>9 4:86 87 258< 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 9 783@ 0< 2 4N5B7 @5035>9 , 5 3A70 X - 01<7= 9 < 93 8< C3<6586 860 9 < 60:3< ?:0=593<= <'

:7< 5@:8< 2:84 =5386 8586 6:7< 9 < 191= 86< /:70 4:=/0 820 95 21?38363:8 2 95 0 9563:8, 8 0 9563:8 (:7 <4N1=5 2 0 9563:8) <6 4:=/:<1 ; • 2 78 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< 6 • 2 78 ?:0=79 .. .. 5// 91 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8 2:86 9 < @5035>9 < 93>0 < <:86 C546 = 86 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 ,

8 0 9563:8 <6 78 0 9563:8 /:06586 <70 8 @5035>9 9 < , ; _D V ,,,, 8E 21?3836 9 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8 ; ∏ 2:=( 3) 3_ ,,8 21?3836 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 < 2:=538 <, 9 3 ∈ 21?3836 2:84 95 &'()*')(, 2 95 0 9563:8, .. ( V ,,,, 8).. 21?3836 9 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8, 9 21?3836 95 &+35/'4E), 2 95 0 9563:8, 997<60:8< 4 95 5@ 4 9 < C =/9 < <73@586<'

5 (,85'40/

; _ D# .. _ (#

E ;

)

85 (,85'40/ ;

_D :=

0 8:= C 03A38 56 j 53<<584 E 2:=( :=) _ =:6 D 7/:86 70586 ,,,E 2:=( 0 8:=) _ =:6 D 58 503 ,,,E 2:=( C ) _ =:6 D :== == E 2:=( 03A38 ) _ =:6 D 73<< 0584 7G2 ,,,E 2:=( 56 j 53<<584 ) _ 256 6 8:7< 5@:8< 9 /0123456 <73@586' .. (8 / < : 2).. ' O 5 / 0<:88 /:06586 9 8:= / 6 9 /018:= 6 <6 2 < C & 2 :03A38 0 6 99 <6 81 95 256 9 6 99 <6 5467 99 = 86 78 16723586 2 9 83@ 0<361 2 # 8G@ O 58< 4 2 083 0 C =/9 9 /0123456 < 012736 78 C/0 <<3:8 56:=3B7 4 <6 230 8:8 214:=/:<5>9 4:=/0 8586 78 <H=>:9 2 /0123456 C/03=1 8 958A7 85670 99 O 5 / 0<:88 /:06586 9 8:= / 6 9 /018:= 6 <6 2 < C & $ O 6 2 < @5035>9 <, 66 ?:0=79 8 <6 /5< 1@5975>9 ?:0= 99 = 86 =53< 214036 >3 8 9 386 863:8 2 95 0 9563:8 99 ?:70836 95 <1=5863B7 2 4 66 0 9563:8, 3 9 :8 56603>7 2 < @59 70< 57C @5035>9 < 78 / 0<:88 4:8853<<586 9 2:=538 2 5//934563:8 /:7005 1@597 0 4 66 ?:07=79 @053 :7 ?57C, 5 ?:0=79 21?383<<586 78 0 9563:8 < 012736 95 /97/506 27 6 =/< 4 66 ?:0= 5 0 9563:8 8 =56N1=563B7 <6 /:<363:88 99 (95 /0 =3G0 < 4:82 64 @5035>9 27 /0123456), 8 8:==586 9 < @5035>9 < 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 9 5??0584N30 2 95 /:<363:8 2 95 @5035>9 538<3 258< 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 95 /:<363:8 2 78 4:8<6367586 <6 <58< 3=/:06584 , < 2 7C 0 9563:8< <73@586 < <:86 1B73@59 86 <' 3<6584 ( 1/506 003@1

3<6j 8j%=) ≡ 3<6584 ( 3<6j 8j%= 003@1

1/506)

/01234563@ 2 >5< <57? /:70 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 99 < B73 <:86 O4594795>9 <O 4 <6 /:70B7:3 :8 5 4N:3<3 2 9 5// 9 0 /0123456, :7< @ 00:8< B7 5@ 4 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 :8 / 76 :>6 830 2 < 0 9563:8< 2:86 9 /0123456 < 05 4:=/:<1 /50630 2 < /0123456< 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 21/506, :70 78 0 9563:8 39 8 C3<6 B7 78 < 79 /0123456 2:84 B7 78 < 79 386 0/016563:8 /:<<3>9 2 < 2:881 < 78 38<6586 ?3C1, 2:=538 2 386 0/016563:8 <6 <:7@ 86 3=/93436 343 9 < 16723586< 2 9 783@ 0<361 2 # 8G@ , 8 8:6 C (:7 6H/ ( )) 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 < 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586 2 ; <:36 C _ ∏ 2:=( 3) 3 ∈ ; 3_ ,,8, 9 21?3836 2:84 95 &'()*')(, 2 95 0 9563:8, 1?38363:8' 8 , <6 78 191= 86 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8 <:36 ' 0 ∈ ∏ 2:=( 3) 3 ∈ ; 8 <6 78 8 7/9 6 2 6 9 B7 .. ..(0) <6 @053 ; 6 0 78 86361 2 59:0< :8 8:6 0,! 95 :36 78 0 9563:8 ! ⊆ @59 70 B7 0 /0 82 /:70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 ! classes ∏ dom(Ci) n-uplet (C1,C2,....,Cn)

proposition vrai

faux

entité

||R(C1,C2,....,Cn)|| interprétation du prédicat

3A70 X

' 386 0/016563:8 2 95 0 9563:8

8 7/9 6 <6 78 191= 86 2 78 0 9563:8 5H586 2 < @59 70< /03< < 258< 9 < 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< =53< 2:86 :8 8 236 03 8 <70 9 /0123456, 9 5//5063 86 783B7 = 86 57 /0:2736 45061<3 8, 50 4:860 9 86361 @103?3 9 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8, :7< 5@:8< /50 C =/9 ' 8 7/9 6 (O 7/:86O O 579O O :== O O 0584 O X Z X ) /:70 95 0 9563:8 6 <3 O 5 / 0<:88 /:06586 9 8:= )60/' <6 9 /018:= !5)8 <6 2 < C $ 033, 2 :03A38 O (5/*,O 6 99 <6 81 95 256 1 1 6 99 <6 5467 99 = 86 78 16723586 2 9 83@ 0<361 2 # 8G@ O 59:0< 4 <6 78 86361 2 95 0 9563:8,

3 0 <6 9 86361 /01412 86 6 !_D 0 8:= :=) 59:0< 0,! _ (O 7/:82O O 579O) N5B7 8 7/9 6 <6 2:84 78 /0:/:<363:8 1@5971 @053 :7 ?57C, 79 < 9 < 86361< 8:7< 38610 << 86 99 < ?:0= 0:86 9 38<6584 2 95 0 9563:8, 1?38363:8' 8 <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 86361< 2 4 66 0 9563:8 (8:61 3 )' 3 _ D0 0V ,,, 08E :7< 23<638A7:8< 2:84 95 0 9563:8 B73 <6 21?383 /50 <5 <6074670 6 <:8 /0123456 2 9 38<6584 B73 <6 78 386 0/016563:8 27 /0123456 /:70 9 < @59 70< 576:03<1 < /50 95 <6074670 , 66 23<638463:8 8:7< 4:82736 57C 21?38363:8< <73@586 <' 8 =:2193<563:8 2 <6 78 8< =>9 2 0 9563:8< <:36' 2_D V ,,, 8E 8 >5< 2 2:881 < 3 2 4:00 </:82 78 38<6584 2 =:2193<563:8 2 <:36 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 4 66 =:2193<563:8 2 <:36' 3 2 _ D3 3 V ,,, 3 8E 3 2 4:00 </:82 78 386 0/016563:8 /:70 78 2:=538 2 386 0/016563:8 2:881 (9 < 16723586< 2 ":<6:8) 78 38<6586 ?3C1 (N3 0 VN -), modélisation

||R(C1,C2,....,Cn)||

∏ dom(Ci)

interprétation

structure

sémantique

syntaxe

base de données

3A70 X X ' 7 =:2G9

9 38<6584

5 =:2193<563:8 /:<<G2 2 7C 5</ 46<, 78 /506 8:7< 5@:8< 95 <6074670 214036 8 6 0= < 2 /0:2736< 45061<3 8< 2 4:8<6367586< 21?383< /50 9 70 2:=538 6 2 5760 /506 95 23= 8<3:8 <1=5863B7 21?383 /50 9 < /0123456< 2 < 0 9563:8<, 38<6584 2 78 =:2193<563:8 <6 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 4 <6 230 9 8< =>9 2 < 86361< 5//506 8586 95 <6074670 6 @103?3586 9 < /0123456<, < <H<6G= < 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2:881 < <:86 << 863 99 = 86 <6074670 9<,

58< 9 < 4N5/360 < <73@586< 8:7< @ 00:8< 4:== 86 8:7< /:7@:8< 165>930 2 < =:2193<563:8< 5?38 B7 9 70 =3< 8 : 7@0 5@ 4 2 < <H<6G= < 38?:0=563B7 < <:36 95 /97< ?32G9 /:<<3>9 ,

1 )

0:7@ P 9 < 2:=538 < 6 9 6H/ 2 < 2:=538 < 2 4N5B7 4:8<6367586, 403@ P 78 /0123456 /:70 9 < 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 2:86 9 386 0/016563:8 4:00 </:82 9 18:841, 1N3479 (8: N5<<3< 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8) H/ (=:2G9 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:32<) N57?? 70(8: N57?? 70 8:= /018:= 520 << 8: 6563:8)

:=538 2 < 4:8<6367586<' 520 << 6 C6 576:=563B7 >::91 8 4561A:03 =:6 ( " "V ,,,) 2 <403/63:8 6 C6 N 70 863 0 cY,,V d I39:= 605A 863 0 /:<363? 9360 < 01 9 cY,, YYd =3< 8 0@34 256 =:2G9 =:6 (= 04 2 < YY 5723VYY 450ZY/9 ,,,) 8> 954 < 863 0 c-,,ZYd 8: N5<<3< 863 0 /:<363? 8: N57?? 70 863 0 /:<363? 8: :70 863 0 c ,, XXd 8:= =:6 ( 7/:86 70586 ,,,) 8: 95B7 863 0 c ,,++++d 8: 6563:8 863 0 c ,,Xd 8:F:8 863 0 c ,,++d /:32< 863 0 c YY,, YYYd /018:= =:6 ( 58 503 ,,,) 6 =/< 504:70< 863 0 /:<363? ( 8 =3876 <) 60584N :0530 =:6 ( " ) 6H/ 50>70586 =:6 (<7/ 0 8:0=59 <58</9:=> 23 < 9) P:8 863 0 c ,,++d

P:8 863 0 c ,,++d 0123456 2 < 0 9563:8< 1N3479 (8: N5<<3< 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8) .. 1N3479 (84 8/ < = 8<).. ' O @1N3479 /:06586 9 87=10: 2 N5<<3< /* 6 3==56034791 /6 5 161 =3< 8 < 0@34 9 & 39 <6 27 =:2G9 3 6 5//5063 86 95 <6563:8 /&O H/ (=:2G9 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:3<) .. H/ (= < 4 64 5 /).. ' O =:2G9 3 2 @1N3479 / 76 4:86 830 & / 0<:88 < /G< 6 cIAd 4:8<:== 27 450>70586 '* 95 >:]6 @36 << <6 5 9 / 0=3< * <6 814 <<530 /:70 9 4:82730 O N57?? 70(8: N57?? 70 8:= /018:= 520 << 8: 6563:8) .. N57?? 70(84N 8 / 5 8<).. ' O 4N57?? 70 /:06586 9 8:= / 6 9 /018:= 6 N5>36 5, 39 <6 32 863?31 /50 9 87=10: /*D 6 39 <6 5<<3A81 95 <6563:8 /&O 8 0 =50B7 B7 9 0 69 4 < 60:7@ 86 258< 2 7C 0 9563:8< 6 B7 9 70 < 8< 21/ 82 27 4:86 C6 4 <6 230 2 95 0 9563:8 258< 95B7 99 39< < <367 86,

B ,

! !

"Il n'y a pas de pensée sans langage symbolique. Les syntaxes et les grammaires nous imposent, certes, une médiation qui est autant une traduction qu'une déformation. Mais ce biais et cet éloignement du réel offrent des contreparties. Il y a en effet une fécondité surprenante de l'activité symbolique." (Philippe Quéau - Eloge de la simulation)

:7< 21<30:8< C/03= 0 8:60 =:2193<563:8 3821/ 825== 86 27 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2 2:881 < B7 8:7< 599:8< 76393< 0, 4 66 ?38 8:7< 21?3830:8< 78 958A5A 2 2 <403/63:8 2 =:2193<563:8 ( ), 66 2 <403/63:8 <6 </143?31 9 532 2 235A05== < <H865C3B7 <, :7< 2:88 0:8< 2 7C C =/9 < 2 =:2193<563:8 2 78 =T= 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 8?38 8:7< 21?3830:8< 95 <H865C 27 958A5A 2 2 <403/63:8 2 < 2:881 < ( ) B73 <6 9 =:H 8 2 6052730 /:70 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2 2:881 < 95 =:2193<563:8,

< 235A05== < <H865C3B7 < <:86 78 =:H 8 <3=/9 6 A05/N3B7 /:70 0 /01< 86 0 2 =583G0 ?:0= 99 95 A05==530 2 78 958A5A , 9< <:86 78 596 08563@ 2 <403/63:8 " "54I7< 570 :0=U 27 8:= 2 < 2 7C 576 70< 5H586 21?383 # XY c X d, 8< 8 %, 6 , Q306N :86 0 827 9 < 235A05== < <H865C3B7 < /:/79530 < 8 9 < 76393<586 /:70 95 21?38363:8 27 c d, N5B7 0GA9 2 A05==530 <6 21?383 /50 78 235A05== , 8 235A05== <6 4:=/:<1 2 < <H=>:9 < 6 0=3857C 4:86 87< 258< 2 < >:]6 < 57C 4:38< 0:82< 6 2 <H=>:9 < 8:8 6 0=3857C 4:86 87< 258< 2 < >:]6 < 0 4658A79530 <, < <H=>:9 < 6 0=3857C 216 0=38 86 2 < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 < B73 5//5053<< 86 258< 78 /N05< 27 958A5A 6 9 < <H=>:9 < 8:8 6 0=3857C 0 8@:3 86 78 5760 0GA9 , 06538< <H=>:9 < 9 C3457C 4:== 9 < 32 863?3456 70< 6 9 < 8:=>0 < <:86 4:8<32101< 4:== 2 < 8:8 6 0=3857C, 58< 4 45< 39< 0 8@:3 86 95 0GA9 9 C3459 ,

958A5A / 0= 6 2 21?3830 78 =:2193<563:8 4 <6 230 78 8< =>9 2 0 9563:8<, 8 0 9563:8 <6 21?383 /50 <:8 8:= <5 93<6 2 4:8<6367586< <:8

/0123456, 8 4:8<6367586 <6 21?383 /50 <:8 2:=538 , <:86 4 7C @7< /01412 == 86, =:2193<563:8

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8 /0 =3G0 =:2193<563:8 2 L6 9 (@ 0<3:8 ) Hôtel(NumChambre, NumClient, Nom, Prenom, Adresse, Prix, NbrLit, NbrPers, DateArr, DateDep, Confort, Equipement) predicat: "||Hôtel(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l)|| Le client, portant le numéro b nommé d,c habitant e arrivant le i et partant le j, a réservé la chambre portant le numéro a qui contient g lits et peut loger h personnes, ayant pour confort k et équipement l et coûte f francs par nuit" NumChambre dom numérique entier [1..50] NumClient dom numérique entier [1..999999] Nom dom mot (Dupont, Durand, ...) Prenom dom mot (Jean, Marie, ...) Adresse dom texte Prix dom numérique réel [100..1000] NbrLit dom numérique entier [1..3] NbrPers dom numérique entier [1..3] DateArr dom date DateDep dom date Confort dom mot ordonné (wc,douche,bain) Equipement dom mot (sans,TV) 66 86361 ( V YY 7/:86 579 O 07 2 95 @:303 O VY V :@ +V X :@ +V Q ) <6 9 386 0/016563:8 27 ?536 'O 493 86 /:06586 9 87=10: 8:==1 )60/'# !5)8 N5>36586 L (), 9, 85 B04(4,L 5003@586 9

:@ +V 6 /506586 9 X :@ +V 5 01< 0@1 95 4N5=>0 /:06586 9 87=10: B73 4:863 86 936< 6 / 76 9:A 0 / 0<:88 < 5H586 /:70 4:8?:06 2 6 1B73/ = 86 " 6 4:[6 ?0584< /50 8736O, :7< 599:8< @:30 78 2 7C3G= =:2193<563:8 27 =T= 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 ( 0<3:8 V)' Chambres(NumChambre, Prix, NbrLit, NbrPers, Confort, Equipement) predicat:"||Chambres(a,b,c,d,e,f)|| La chambre portant le numéro a qui contient c lits et peut loger d personnes a pour confort e et équipement f et coûte b francs par nuit" Clients(NumClient, Nom, Prenom, Adresse) predicat:"||Clients(a,b,c,d)|| Le client portant le numéro a se nomme c,b et habite d" Réservation(NumChambre, NumClient, DateArr, DateDep) predicat:"||Réservation(a,b,c,d)|| Le client, portant le numéro b arrivant le c et partant le d, a réservé la chambre portant le numéro a" NumChambre dom numérique entier [1..50] NumClient dom numérique entier [1..999999] Nom dom mot (Dupont, Durand, ...) Prenom dom mot (Jean, Marie, ...) Adresse dom texte Prix dom numérique réel [100..1000] NbrLit dom numérique entier [1..3] NbrPers dom numérique entier [1..3] DateArr dom date DateDep dom date Confort dom mot ordonné (wc,douche,bain) Equipement dom mot (sans,TV) ?536 C/03=1 /01412 == 86 2 @3 86 343 9 < 60:3< 86361< <73@586 <' 8 86361 2 93 86< ( YY 7/:86 579 O 07 2 95 @:303 O) C/03=586 9 ?536' (), O 493 86 /:06586 9 87=10: < 8:== )60/'# !5)8 6 N5>36 9, 85 B04(4,O , 8 86361 2 N5=>0 < ( V VY V Q ) C/03=586 9 ?536' O 5 4N5=>0 /:06586 9 87=10: B73 4:863 86 936< 6 / 76 9:A 0 / 0<:88 < 5 /:70 4:8?:06 2 6 1B73/ = 86 " 6 4:[6 ?0584< /50 8736O, 6 78 86361 2 1< 0@563:8 ( V YY :@ +V X :@ +V) C/03=586 9 ?536 'O 493 86 /:06586 9 87=10: 5003@586 9 1 0B1 6 /506586 9 1 0B1 5 01< 0@1 95 4N5=>0 /:06586 9 87=10: O, < 2 7C =:2193<563:8< < =>9 86 230 95 =T= 4N:< ( 99 < <:86 >5<1 < <70 9 < =T= < 4:8<6367586<) 6 /:706586 99 < <:86 <6074670 99 = 86 23??10 86 < 9 78 214:=/:< 9 8< =>9 2 < 4:8<6367586< 8 78 0 9563:8 9 5760 8 60:3<, < /0:>9G= < <:86 4 86057C 9:0< 27 /0:4 <<7< 2 =:2193<563:8, 58< 9 4N5/360 <73@586 8:7< @ 00:8< 4:== 86 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 6052730 9 235A05== 2 < 495<< < 8 78 <4N1=5 2 0 9563:8, :70 9 38<6586 C5=38:8<

4:== 86 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2:881 < /:70 78 #" ,

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:70 23??10 843 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 2 4 99 < =583/791 < /50 78 #" 8:7< 5// 9:8< 4 < 2 083G0 < 65>9 <, 5 <6074670 2 65>9 <6 1B73@59 86 /:70 78 0 9563:8 57 /0:2736 45061<3 8 27 2:=538 2 < < 4:8<6367586<, N5B7 4:9:88 2 95 65>9 < 05 78 4:8<6367586, < @59 70< /:<<3>9 < 258< 78 4:9:88 <:86 4 99 < 27 2:=538 2 4 4:8<6367586, 4:86 87 2 95 65>9 <6 1B73@59 86 78 38<6584 2 , 8 93A8 2 95 65>9 <6 1B73@59 86 78 86361 2 , :7< @:H:8< 343 9 < /0 =3 0< 235A05== < <H865C3B7 < 2 /:70 95 401563:8 2 < 65>9 <, :7< 3823B7:8< 9 < 23??10 84 < /03843/59 < 5@ 4 9 <6582502 258< 9 < 8:6 < 2 >5< 2 /5A , 01563:8 2 <6074670 2 65>9 @32 -' :8 3823B7 9 8:= 2 95 65>9 (1@ 867 99 = 86 /014121 27 8:= 2 9 76393<56 70) 6 95 93<6 2 < 2 <403/63:8< 2 4:9:88 <, :7< 0 @3 820:8< <70 9 < 8:63:8< 2 4:8605386 < 258< 9 4N5/360 <70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361,

< 4957< < (65>9 <6:05A /5< <65825023<1 <,

6 497<6 0) 4:84 08586 95 ?5^:8 2 =1=:03< 0 9 < 65>9 < 8 <:86

M 4:97=8 93<6 ' 78 4:9:88 <6 </143?31 /50 <:8 8:= 6 <:8 6H/ 6 1@ 867 99 = 86 /50 78 @59 70 /50 21?576 2:881 95 401563:8 2 78 86361

25656H/ X'9 < 6H/ < 2 2:881 < <:86 60G< 495<<3B7 = 86 4 7C B7 9 :8 60:7@ 258< 9 < 958A5A < 2 /0:A05==563:8 5@ 4 78 0 2:82584 (<58< 2:76 27 95 8:0=593<563:8) B73 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 /97<3 70< =583G0 < 9 =T= 6H/ ,

4N50546 0 6H/ ' / 0= 6 2 21?3830 78 450546G0 (4N50546 0) 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < (93=361 V /:70 4N50)

256 6H/ ' 78 256 21?383

95 < 4:82 /0G<

?9:56 6H/ ' 2 < 8:=>0 < 8 @30A79 ?9:66586 (8:6563:8 <43 863?3B7 )

2 43=59 6H/ ' 2 < 8:=>0 <

@30A79 ?3C ( 8 4:=/65>39361)

386 A 0 6H/ ' 2 < 8:=>0 < 863 0<

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<6582502 8 = 863:88 /5< 2 @59 70 /50 21?576 # Q 8 <:86 /5< 2 < 6H/ < <65825023<1< 9 70 76393<563:8 93=36 /:<<3>39361< 2 =583/79563:8 2 < 0 9563:8< B73 9 < 4:863 88 86,

9 <

8 < 0 <60 3A8586 95 4957< O87=> 0O 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 214950 0 6:7< 9 < 6H/ < 87=103B7 <' 87=> 0' 78 8:=>0 01 9 87=> 0(=)' 78 8:=>0 863 0 2 = 4N3??0 < 87=> 0(= 8)' 78 8:=>0 2143=59 2 = 4N3??0 < 5@ 4 8 2143=59 < :a =k8 4N:3C 2 < 9:8A7 70< 2 < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 < 21/ 82 863G0 = 86 27 4N5=/< 2 5//934563:8 95 9:8A7 70 =5C3=7= 2 < <H=>:9 < 2 4N5B7 2:=538 <6 78 >:08 544 /65>9 , /0 8:8< 8:60 2 7C3G= =:2193<563:8 <6 605273<:8< 95' CREATE TABLE CLIENTS ( NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6) not null , NOM CHAR (20), PRENOM CHAR (20), ADRESSE CHAR (40)) CREATE TABLE CHAMBRES ( NUM_CHAMBRE NUMBER (2), PRIX NUMBER (8,2), NBR_LITS NUMBER (1), NBR_PERS NUMBER (1), CONFORT CHAR(6), EQUIPEMENT CHAR(3)) CREATE TABLE RESERVATIONS ( NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6), NUM_CHAMBRE NUMBER (2), DATE_ARR DATE, DATE_DEP DATE ) 8 <:7= 66586 4 < 60:3< 214950563:8< 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< < 2 2:881 < 60:3< <6074670 < 2 65>9 < @32 < < 0:86 4011 <, 58< 4N5478 39 < 05 /:<<3>9 2 38<10 0 2 < 86361< 4:00 </:82586 95 0159361 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 5 2 <403/63:8 2 2:881 < 8 4:84 08 B7 95 /5063 <607467059 2 95 =:2193<563:8, 8 65>9 <6 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 < 2:=538 < 2 4N5B7 4:8<6367586 03 8 8 <6 </143?31 <70 9 /0123456 2 < 0 9563:8<, 8 ?? 6 9 /0123456 4:84 08 783B7 = 86 95 <1=5863B7 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 =:2193<1, 3 9 :8 60:7@ 258< 78 <H<6G= 2 A <63:8 2 >5< 2 2:881 < 95 65>9 <73@586 ' CREATE TABLE PERSONNES ( NUM_PERSONNE NUMBER (6) not null , NOM CHAR (20), PRENOM CHAR (20), ADRESSE CHAR (40)) 5A36 39 2 < / 0<:88 < B7 S 4:8853< 2 4 99 < B73 <:86 =/9:H1 < /50 78 860 /03< 2 4 99 < B73 <:86 <70@ 3991 < /50 95 ,,, 79 95 =:2193<563:8 6 /97< /0143<1= 86 9 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8 / 76 8:7< 2:88 0 4 66 38234563:8, 8 60:7@ 05 /50 C =/9 '

Personnes(Num_Personne, Nom, Prenom, Adresse) predicat:"||Personnes(a,b,c,d)|| Le membre du club de Football de Rouen portant le numéro a se nomme c,b et habite d" 6 B7 230 2 95 65>9 <73@586 ' CREATE TABLE R1 ( C1 NUMBER (6) not null , C2 CHAR (20), C3 CHAR (20), C4 CHAR (40)) 43 9 < 8:=< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 8 8:7< A732 86 8 03 8, 95 / 76 T60 78 65>9 2 / 0<:88 < 78 8:= 8495670 2 /3G4 < 21654N1 78 N 0>3 0 ,,, 9 <6 3823</ 8<5>9 2 4:885]60 95 =:2193<563:8 /:70 /:7@:30 386 0/016 0 78 65>9 , 50 78 =T= <6074670 2 65>9 / 76 4:00 </:820 78 =7963672 2 /0123456< /:<<3>9 <, /97< 39 <6 ?:06 = 86 0 4:==5821 2 2:88 0 2 < 8:=< 49530< 57C 4:8<6367586< 2 < 65>9 < 9 < 0 B7T6 < 57C #" 2 @3 88 86 /97< 9:8A7 < 14030 =53< 99 < A5A8 86 <706:76 8 93<3>39361, 6C modélisation

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interprétation

concrétisation

3A70

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-' 9 < 60:3< 165/ < /:70 78 >5< 2 2:881 <

:7< 5@:8< 01<7=1 258< 95 3A70 - 9 < 4:84 /6< =583/791< /50 9 195>:0563:8 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 <, /50630 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 /50 9 /0:4 <<7< 2 =:2193<563:8 (45< 2 76393<563:8 235A05== 2 495<< < 60527463:8 8 0 9563:8<) 8:7< :>6 8:8< 9 =:2G9 2, =:2G9 / 76 < 4:840163< 0 258< 78 8< =>9 2 38<6584 < (95 >5< 2 2:881 <), < 38<6584 < <:86 :>6 87 < 8 386 0/016586 9 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 /50 05//:06 57 /0123456 2 95 =:2193<563:8,

1 :7< 0 /:06:8< 9 < C 0434 < 4:84 08586 4 4N5/360 57 4N5/360 <73@586 b

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« Il joue de mieux en mieux car l’inquiétude est venue nuancer son caractère trop ingénu et optimiste » L’empreinte de l’ange – Nancy Huston

4N5/360 <6 9 /:386 2 S:8463:8 860 9 < 2 7C =:2G9 <, :70 4:84 /67593< 0 8:7< 76393<:8< 9 =:2G9 :>S 6 /:70 <6:4I 0 8:7< 76393<:8< 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9, 58< 4 4N5/360 8:7< 599:8< 2:88 0 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 < <3=/9 < /:70 /5<< 0 2 78 =:2G9 9 5760 , /5<<5A 2 9 :>S 6 57 0 9563:88 9 <6 ?? 4671 9:0< 2 9 3=/91= 86563:8 2 78 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 4N =38 38@ 0< 27 0 9563:88 9 9 :>S 6 < ?? 467 <70 2 < <H<6G= < 2 38?:0=563:8 8 5H586 /5< 1653 86 4:8^7< 5@ 4 78 5//0:4N :>S 6, 9 < 5A305 258< 4 45< 2 0 60:7@ 0 78 386 0/016563:8 :7 2 2:47= 86 0 4 66 5//934563:8, 5// 9:8< 9 < 4:84 /6< 2 < =:2G9 < 76393<1<, =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 8:60 43>9 76393< <6074670 99 = 86 60:3< 4:84 /6< ' • 5 0 9563:8 B73 0 A0:7/ 78 8< =>9 2 56603>7676 B73 <6 21?3836 <70 78 2:=538 U • 2:=538 B73 <6 21?3836 <70 8< =>9 2 @59 70<, :7< 953<<:8< 2 4:61 9 /0123456 2 95 0 9563:8, 5 8:63:8 2 2:=538 <6 32 863B7 4 99 2 6H/ /:70 9 < 235A05== < 2 495<< <, :7< 76393< 0:8< 2:84 2 < 2:=538 < 32 863B7 <, :60 60527463:8 27 =:2G9 :>S 6 @ 0< 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9 2:36 2:84 6 830 B7 2 2 7C 4:84 /6< 95 0 9563:8 6 9 < 56603>76<,

(

5 0GA9 <6 5<76 2 95 495<< 2 2 @3 86 78 56603>76 2 95 0 9563:8, 58< 9 C =/9 <73@586 /:70 95 495<< 8:7< 570:8< 78 0 9563:8 5@ 4 2 7C 56603>76< 950A 70 6 N576 70, 8 6 0= < 8:7< 5@:8< ' Create Table Rectangle ( largeur number, hauteur number)

#$ !" 4 , 47 4 )( 89 4 / 89 4 , 89 4 , 89

:== 86 32 863?3 0 9 < :>S 6< 258< 78 0 9563:8 58< 9 =:82 2 < :>S 6< 39 C3<6 /50 21?38363:8 78 32 ( >S 46 32 863?3 0) /:70 6:76 :>S 6, 8 <6 /5< 9 45< /:70 9 < 0 9563:8<, :36 39 C3<6 78 491 85670 99 /50 C =/9 78 87=10: 2 =/9:H1 (:7 78 A0:7/ 2 56603>76<) 59:0< :8 4N:3<305 4 < 56603>76< 4:== 491 2 95 0 9563:8, 38:8 :8 5S:76 78 491 5063?343 9 95 0 9563:8, 58< 8:60 C =/9 2 95 495<< 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 491 (:8 / 76 >3 8 <[0 4N:3<30 950A 70 6 N576 70 4:== 491), 9 <6 2:84 814 <<530 2 5S:76 0 78 56603>76 <7//91= 86530 95 0 9563:8, 8 8 /0:?36 /:70 3823B7 0 A <63:88530 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < B7 4 6 56603>76 <6 95 491 /03=530 8 5S:76586 2 003G0 95 214950563:8 2 6H/ 9 < =:6< 3 F 3, :7< :>6 8:8< 2:84 95 214950563:8 <73@586 ' Create Table Rectangle ( Id_rectangle integer primary key, largeur number, hauteur number)

)

9 8 C3<6 /5< 2 <:9763:8 783B7 /:70 9 < =16N:2 <, 5@5865A 2 95 /0:A05==563:8 :>S 6 <6 2 05//0:4N 0 9 < 2:881 < 2 < 60536 = 86<, 58< 9 45< 2 < #" 0 9563:88 9< 9 < 60536 = 86< 2:3@ 86 T60 214036 258< 78 958A5A /0:4127059 6 9 B7 3<759 "5<34 W :7 5@5, < 60536 = 86< / 7@ 86 T60 C6103 70< 95 >5< 2 2:881 < :7 <6:4I1< 258< 9 < 0@ 70 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, :7< 2:88:8< 343 60:3< /:<<3>39361< /:70 60536 0 2 < =16N:2 < <58< ?530 5// 9 2 < 60536 = 86< /0:4127057C,

:70 9 < =16N:2 < B73 8 =:23?3 86 /5< 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6 6 2:86 >76 <6 2 0 6:708 0 78 @59 70 <70 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 0 820 <6563B7 4 < =16N:2 < 8 9 70 <7><6367586 78 56603>76 B73 4:00 </:82 95 @59 70 2 9 :>S 6, :70 8:60 C =/9 8:7< :>6 8:8< 95 214950563:8 <73@586 ' Create Table Rectangle1 (

Id_rectangle integer primary key, largeur number, hauteur number) surface number, perimetre number, diagonal number) 384:8@183 86 2 4 4N:3C 01<32 258< 9 5</ 46 <6563B7 , :0< 2 =:23?34563:8 2 < 56603>76< 2:86 21/ 82 86 4 < =16N:2 < 39 ?576 = 660 S:70 9 < 56603>76< 4:00 </:82586< 57C =16N:2 <, 58< 8:60 45< <3 9 :8 =:23?3 95 950A 70 2 78 0 4658A9 39 ?576 = 660 S:70 9 < 56603>76< ,

:7< 4:8<540:8< 78 4N5/360 4:=/9 6 57C @7 <, 53< 21< =5386 8586 8:7< /:7@:8< <:793A8 0 B7 9 < @7 < / 7@ 86 T60 78 <:9763:8 2H85=3B7 57C =16N:2 < B73 8 =:23?3 86 /5< 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6 6 2:86 >76 <6 2 0 6:708 0 78 @59 70 <70 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6, 8 / 76 230 B7 95 @7 @5 <3=79 0 78 65>9 < =>95>9 4 99 2 , 53< 9 < 56603>76< < 0:86 4594791< 4N5B7 ?:3< B7 95 65>9 < 05 0 B73< 258< 78 <19 463:8, Create vue Rectangle2 as Select Id_rectangle, largeur, hauteur largeur*hauteur surface, 2*(largeur+hauteur) perimetre sqrt(largeur*largeur+hauteur*hauteur) diagonal) from Rectangle

:7< 4:8<540:8< 57<<3 78 4N5/360 95 =3< S:70 2 < 0 9563:8<, 6 4 66 6 4N83B7 / 76 T60 /50?:3< 76393< 0 /:70 14030 2 < <403/6< 2 =3< S:70 4:00 </:82586 78 =16N:2 =:23?3586 9 1656 2 9 :>S 6, 58< 860 0 258< 9 < 216539< 8:7< /:7@:8< 6058<4030 95 =16N:2 " 2 258< 95 0 B7T6 <73@586 ' Update Rectangle Set largeur=2*largeur, hauteur=2*hauteur Where num_rectangle= â&#x20AC;Ś :7< @ 00:8< B7 39 C3<6 /0563B7 = 86 6:7S:70< 78 <:9763:8 95 6058<403/63:8 2 < =16N:2 < B7 9 76393<563:8 2 78 958A5A /0:4127059 / 0= 6

2 60536 0 6:7< 9 < 45<, 53< 4 43 8 0 =/954 =16N:2 < <706:76 258< 9 < 5</ 46< 2 N10365A b

/5< 4:=/9G6 = 86 9 <

:>S 463? <6 2 =1=:03< 0 9 < 93 8< 860 9 < :>S 6< 2 6 2 ", 5 <:9763:8 4 66 =1=:03<563:8 21/ 82 2 95 45023859361 2 9 5<<:43563:8 B73 93 6 " /97< C546 = 86 2 < < =5C3=7=<, 5

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Conjoint number references Personne(Id_personne)) < :>S 6< 6 9 < 93 8< 2 <:7< 95 ?:0= <73@586

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:7< 401:8< 2 5>:02 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 6($ Create Table Auteurs( Id_auteur number primary key, Nom varchar(20),

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Prenom varchar(20)) Create Table Livres( ISBN number primary key,, Titre varchar(20)) 8<736 8:7< 401:8< 95 0 9563:8 8 /:70 6058<4030 9 5<<:43563:8, =50B7:8< B7 95 491 /03=530 2 4 66 0 9563:8 <6 ?:0=1 /50 9 8< =>9 2 4 < 56603>76<, Create Table EcritPar( Id_auteur number references Auteurs, ISBN number references Livres, primary key(Id_auteur, ISBN)) /0 8:8< 9 C =/9 2 95 495<< 8 , 43 57<<3 9 5S:76 2 78 56603>76 8 0 9563:8 B7 8:7< 8:==:8< 2 G

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Create Table Ami_de( Id_personne number references Personne, Id_ami number references Personne(id_personne), primary key(Id_personne, Id_ami)) 6 82:8< 9 C =/9 2 :>S 6< 6 2 93 8<, :7< =:860:8< 258< 95 65>9 4:== 86 8:7< 2 @:8< 6 830 4:=/6 2 < 93 8< 2 5=3631<,

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Create Table Personnes( Id_personne number primary key, Nom varchar(20), Prenom varchar(20), DateNaiss date) Create Table Villes( NomVille varchar(20) primary key, Population number) Create Table Travailler_a( Id_personne number references Personnes, NomVille varchar(20) references Villes, Depuis date, Jusqua date, primary key(Id_personne, NomVille))

3 ! 5A01A563:8 6 95 4:=/:<363:8 < 60536 86 4:== 9 < 5<<:43563:8<, ( 5 21/ 82584 860 9 < 495<< < <6 <:7@ 86 78 38234563:8 /:70 9 76393<563:8 27 /:70 /97< 2 216539 @:30 9 4N5/360 <70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361), 58< 9 C =/9 <73@586 9 < /:9HA:8 < <:86 4:=/:<1< 2 /:386< 6 8 /97< 39 C3<6 78 4:8605386 2 :020 <70 9 < /:386< 9 /0 =3 0 < 4:82 64, /:386 27 /:9HA:8 <, 66 4:8605386 2 :020 <6 6052736 /50 78 56603>76 G B73 / 0= 6 2 :02:88 0 9 < /:386<, 8 0 =50B7 05 57<<3 B7 95 0 9563:8 :386< 8 /:<<G2 /5< 2 491 /0:/0 95 491 <6 ?:0=1 /50 9 < 56603>76<, ; 8 3 6 G

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Create Table Polygones( IdPolygone number primary key, Couleur varchar(20)) Create Table Points( IdPolygone number references Polygones, num_ordre number, x number, y number, primary key (IdPolygone, num_ordre))

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create table Général( Id_général number primary key, genre varchar(20), -- valeurs possibles G, P1, P2 attributs_de_général …, … attributs_de_particulier1…,

… attributs_de_particulier2…, …) < 56603>76< 8:8 76393<1< <:86 953<<1< , 8 / 76 401 0 78 @7 /:70 4N5B7 495<< /:70 0 60:7@ 0 C546 = 86 95 2 <403/63:8 2 78 495<< /50634793G0 , 9 3=/:06586 2 @:30 B7 4 66 <:9763:8 4:00 </:82 4:84 /67 99 = 86 57 ?536 B7 9 :8 4:8<32G0 9 < 495<< < 7 8 6 8 = 4:== 78 < 79 495<< , 66 5A01A563:8 ?536 / 020 2 95 ?38 << 95 =:2193<563:8 <706:76 <3 9 < <:7< 495<< < 860 6 853 86 2 < 5<<:43563:8< B73 9 70< 1653 86 /0:/0 <,

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create table Général( id_général number primary key, genre varchar(20), -- valeurs possibles G, P1, P2 attribut_de_général …) create table Particulier1( id_général number references Général, attribut_de_particulier2 …) create table Particulier2( id_général number references Général, attribut_de_particulier2 …) 43 9 /0:>9G= 2 @3 86 4 973 2 9 14956 = 86 2 9 38?:0=563:8, 8 / 76 57<<3 401 0 78 @7 /:70 4N5B7 495<< /:70 0 60:7@ 0 C546 = 86 95 2 <403/63:8 2 78 495<< /50634793G0 , 9 3=/:06586 2 @:30 B7 4 66 <:9763:8 4:00 </:82 4:84 /67 99 = 86 57 ?536 B7 9 :8 4:8<32G0 9 < 495<< < 7 8 68 = 931 < /50 2 < 5<<3:43563:8<, 66 <7><636763:8 ?536 / 020 2 95 ?38 << 95 =:2193<563:8 =53< <3 9 < <:7< 495<< < 860 6 853 86 2 < 5<<:43563:8< B73 9 70< 1653 86 /0:/0 < 4 99 < 43 0 <6 86 23<63846 <, C5=38:8< 9 C =/9 <73@586 5@ 4 9 < 2 7C <:9763:8<

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@ 4 95 <:9763:8 6:76 258< 78 8:7< 0 60:7@:8< 6:7< 9 < 56603>76< 258< 95 0 9563:8 > , 5<<:43563:8 <6 931 =5386 8586 230 46 = 86 ":3<<:8 39 < 0536 2:84 /:<<3>9 2 2:88 0 95 4:=/:<363:8 2 78 594::9, :70 < /01< 0@ 0 2 4 43 39 ?57205 5S:76 0 2 < 4:8605386 <, Create table Boissons( Nom_boisson varchar(20) primary key, Commentaire varchar(1000), Genre char(7), -- Boisson, Eau, Alcool Source varchar(20), Teneur_en_alcool number) Create table Sel_mineral( Nom_sel varchar(20) primary key, Formule varchar(100)) Create table Composition( Nom_boisson varchar(20) references Boissons, Nom_sel varchar(20) references Sel_mineral, Quantite_mg number, primary key (Nom_boisson, Nom_sel)) :7< 586343/:8< 78 / 7 <70 9 4N5/360 2 < @7 < 6 8:7< 2:88:8< 78 C =/9 2 @7 B73 / 0= 6 2 0 4:8<6367 0 9 4:84 /6 2 495<< ' Create view Eaux as Select Nom_boisson, Commentaire, Source From Boisson Where genre =â&#x20AC;&#x2122;Eauâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

5 <:9763:8 4N5478 <5 /954 8:7< 5//:06 78 0 9563:8 /:70 4N5B7 495<< , 5<<:43563:8 <6 931 =5386 8586 230 46 = 86 57C 39 8 <6 2:84 /97< /:<<3>9 2 2:88 0 95 4:=/:<363:8 2 78 594::9, 50 4:860 78 >:3<<:8 2:36 < A10 0 258< /97<3 70< 0 9563:8< 4 B73 4:=/9 C3?3 95 A <63:8 2 < =:23?34563:8< 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, Create table Boisson( Nom_boisson varchar(20) primary key, Commentaire varchar(1000), Genre char(7)) -- Boisson, Eau, Alcool Create table Eaux( Nom_boisson varchar(20) references Boisson, Source varchar(20), primary key Nom_boisson) Create table Alcools ( Nom_boisson varchar(20) references Boisson, Teneur_en_alcool number, primary key Nom_boisson) Create table Sel_mineral( Nom_sel varchar(20) primary key, Formule varchar(100)) Create table Composition( Nom_boisson varchar(20) references Eaux, Nom_sel varchar(20) references Sel_mineral, Quantite_mg number primary key (Nom_boisson, Nom_sel)) Exemple de vue: Create view Mineral as Select m.Nom_boisson, b.Commentaire, m.Source From Boisson b, Mineral m Where m.nom_boisson=b.nom_boisson

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6603>76 9563:8 (@:30 95 45023859361 2 9 5<<:43563:8) 6603>76 (;@59 70 8799) 9563:8 6603>76 (;@59 70 8799) 9563:8

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1N3479 (8: N5<<3< 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8) /0 23456' O.. 1N3479 (84 8/ < = 8<).. @1N3479 /:06586 9 87=10: 2 N5<<3< /* 6 3==56034791 /6 5 161 =3< 8 < 0@34 9 & 39 <6 27 =:2G9 3 6 5//5063 86 95 <6563:8 /&O H/ (=:2G9 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:32<) /0 23456' O.. H/ (= < 4 64 5 /).. =:2G9 3 2 @1N3479 / 76 4:86 830 & / 0<:88 < /G< 6 cIAd 4:8<:== 27 450>70586 '* 95 >:]6 @36 << <6 5 9 / 0=3< * <6 814 <<530 /:70 9 4:82730 O N57?? 70(8: N57?? 70 8:= /018:= 520 << 8: 6563:8) /0 23456' O.. N57?? 70(84N 8 / 5 8<).. 4N57?? 70 /:06586 9 8:= / <6 9 /018:= 6 N5>36 5, 39 <6 32 863?31 /50 9 87=10: /*D 6 39 <6 5<<3A81 95 <6563:8 /&O 50>70586(8: 95B7 8: :70 I39:= 605A 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586) /0 23456' O.. 50>70586(8/ S I 9 64).. S:70 ; 9 @1N3479 3==56034791 /6 5 ?? 4671 78 /9 38 2 8 9360 < 2 '* 450>70586 5/0G< 5@:30 0:791 G I39:=G60 <O 860 63 8(8: N5<<3< 8: :70 2 <403/63:8) /0 23456' O.. 860 63 8(84 S 2).. S:70 ; 9 @1N3479 5@ 4 87=10: 2 4N5<<3< /* 5 <7>3 9 860 63 8 9O 0=3<(8: N57?? 70 4561A:03 ) /0 23456' O.. 0=3<(84N 4).. 4N57?? 70 /:06586 9 87=10: /*D /:<<G2 78 / 0=3< *O 958838A(8: N57?? 70 8: N5<<3< 8: :70 60584N :0530 )

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! 8 4:== 84 /50 2:88 0 78 2:=538 O O 4N5B7 4:8<6367586' 520 << 6 C6 @504N50(ZY) 576:=563B7 >::91 8 4N50( ) 4561A:03 =:6 ( " "V ,,,) 4N50(V) 2 <403/63:8 6 C6 @504N50(V-Y) N 70 863 0 cY,,V d 87=> 0(V) I39:= 605A 863 0 /:<363? 87=> 0 9360 < 01 9 cY,, YYd 87=> 0( ) =3< 8 0@34 256 256 =:2G9 =:6 (= 04 2 < YY ,,,) @504N50( V) 8> 954 < 863 0 c-,,ZYd 87=> 0(V) 8: N5<<3< 863 0 /:<363? 87=> 0 8: N57?? 70 863 0 /:<363? 87=> 0 8: :70 863 0 c ,, XXd 87=> 0( ) 8:= =:6 ( 7/:86 ,,,) @504N50(V-) 8: 95B7 863 0 c ,,++++d 87=> 0 8: 6563:8 863 0 c ,,Xd 87=> 0( ) 8:F:8 863 0 c ,,++d 87=> 0(V) /:32< 863 0 c YY,, YYYd 87=> 0( ) /018:= =:6 ( 58 503 ,,,) @504N50(V-) 6 =/< 504:70< 863 0 /:<363? 87=> 0( ) 60584N :0530 =:6 ( " ) 4N50( ) 6H/ 50>70586 =:6 (<7/ 0 ) @504N50( V) P:8 863 0 c ,,++d 87=> 0(V) P:8 863 0 c ,,++d 87=> 0(V) CREATE TABLE Vehicule( noPlaque miseEnService modele noStation

noChassis number, number, date, varchar(12), number(1))

CREATE TABLE Type(

varchar(12), number(2), char(2), char(12), char(1), number(5))

modele nbPlaces categorie typeCarburant automatique poids

CREATE TABLE Carburant( noJour kilometrage litres typeCarburant

noPlaque number, number(3), number, number(3), varchar(12))

CREATE TABLE Entretien( noJour description

noChassis number, number(3), varchar(240))

CREATE TABLE Chauffeur( nom prenom adresse noStation

noChauffeur number, varchar(24), varchar(24), varchar(80), number(1))

CREATE TABLE Permis( noChauffeur categorie

number, char(2))

CREATE TABLE Planning( noChassis noJour trancheHoraire

noChauffeur number, number, number(3), char(1))

CREATE TABLE Station( noZone noStation

number(2), number(1))

CREATE TABLE Distance( zoneDe zoneA tempsParcours

heure number(2), number(2), number(2), number(3))

CREATE TABLE Situation( noZone

noChassis number(2))

number,

F 3 "Le processus de la pensée dans son ensemble nous est encore relativement mystérieux, mais je crois que toutes les tentatives de création de machines pensantes nous seront d'une grande aide pour découvrir comment nous pensons nous-mêmes" Alan Turing Cité par Andrew Hodges dans Alan Turing ou l'énigme de l'intelligence

@586 2 C5=38 0 9 386 00:A563:8 8 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < 8:7< 599:8< 21?3830 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 2 78 /506 450 99 <6 9 ?:82 = 86 2 < =14583<= < =3< 8 : 7@0 258< 9 386 00:A563:8 , 5760 /506 450 99 8:7< / 0= 6605 2 C/93436 0 <3=/9 = 86 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 9:0<B7 8:7< 5>:02 0:8< 4 4N5/360 , 783:8 95 23??10 84 95 /0:S 463:8 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 6 95 <19 463:8 <:86 9 < 438B :/10563:8< 2 >5< <70 9 < 0 9563:8< B73 21?383<< 86 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 , 8 2 < /0:/03161< 2 78 59AG>0 <6 B7 <3 9 :8 76393< 78 :/10563:8 2 4 99 43 <70 2 < 191= 86< /:70 95B7 99 99 <6 21?383 9 01<79656 <6 57<<3 78 191= 86 2 4 6 783@ 0<, 58< 8:60 45< 4 95 <3A83?3 B7 9 01<79656 2 78 C/0 <<3:8 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 21?383 <70 2 < 0 9563:8< <6 57<<3 78 0 9563:8, 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 8:7< / 0= 6 2:84 2 =583/79 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 6 2 :>6 830 2 8:7@ 99 < 0 9563:8<, 38610T6 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 01<32 258< 9 ?536 B7 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < / 7@ 86 T60 386 0/0161 < 4:== 95 </143?34563:8 2 386 00:A563:8 <70 78 >5< 2 2:881 <,

2 !

(

:7< 76393<:8< /:70 9 < C =/9 < 9 < 2 7C 38<6584 < 2 0 9563:8 <73@586 <' " 5

< :/10563:8< 59AG>03B7 < :86 78 01<79656 B73 <6 78 0 9563:8, 9< <:86 2:84 21?383< < 9:8 9 < 2 7C 23= 8<3:8< 9 78 <607467059 B73 3823B7 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 9 < 4:8<6367586< 6 9 < 2:=538 < 27 01<79656 6 9 5760 <1=5863B7 B73 </143?3 9 /0123456 27 01<79656, < 21?38363:8< <:86 >5<1 < <70 9 < 0 9563:8< 3=/93B71 < 258< 9 :/10563:8,

8 =56N1=563B7 39 8 H 5 /5< 2 23<638463:8 860 95 0 9563:8 6 <:8 38<6584 , 5 21?38363:8 2 < :/10563:8< 59A1>03B7 < <6 /:<363:88 99 /50 05//:06 57C 4:8<6367586< 0V 21?3836 9 V 3G= 4:8<6367586 2 95 0 9563:8 , * ; ; 4:00 </:82 95 45023859361 2 <:36 ' . ., 58< 8:60 45< 50361 2 62 <6 1A59 , 5 45023859361 2 95 0 9563:8 4:00 </:82 57 8:=>0 2 86361< B7 99 4:863 86 (8:61 . .), 5 45023859361 2 <6 6 4 99 2 <6 V,

"/ 1?38363:8' ; :36 6 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 99 < B7 = ; (=T= 50361) 9:0< _ ∪ 218:6 9 0 :a ) 63 ∈ ; 6 9 B7 2:=( 63)_ 2:=( 03) ∪ 2:=( <3) V) Τ = ∨ 8 0 8:==586 9 < 4:8<6367586< < 39< <:86 23??10 86< 258< 6 , C =/9 ' _ ∪ 5

5 45023859361 27 01<79656 <6 .3 . ≤ .3 . ; .3 ., 7 83@ 57 2 < 38<6584 < :8 5705 ' 8 8 7/9 6 6 < 05 78 86361 2 ∪ <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 (.. .. ∨ .. ..)(6) _ @053 4 2 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 .. .. (6) _ @053 ∨ .. .. (6) _ @053 2:84 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6 <6 78 86361 2 :7 78 86361 2 , 8 2 5760 6 0= < ' :8 :>63 8205 9 38<6584 2 ∪ 4:00 </:82586 8 ?53<586 3 ∪ 3 , < 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< 27 01<79656 <:86 ?:0=1< /50 9 783:8 2 < 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 < :/10582 < ( 8 0 </ 46586 9 70 /:<363:8), /0123456 27 01<79656 </143?3 B7 9 < 86361< <:86 2 < 86361< 5//506 8586 /97< 4 99 < 5//506 8586 , 783:8 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 8:7@ 99 < 0 9563:8< B73 :86 /:70 /0123456 9 9:A3B7 2 < /0123456< 2 < 0 9563:8< :/10582 <, 50 C =/9 9 < / 0<:88 < 5>< 86 < <:86 9 < / 0<:88 < =5952 < :7 9 < / 0<:88 < 8 @54584 < <:36' j " _ j ∪ j j

1?38363:8'

'# ; :36 6 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 99 < B7 = 9:0< _ − 218:6 95 0 :a ) ;_ ; V Τ = ∧l C =/9 ' _ −

;

(=T= 50361)

" 5

5 45023859361 27 01<79656 <6 .3 . ≤ .3 . :70 9 < 38<6584 < :8 5' 3 _ 3 m 3 < 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< 27 01<79656 <:86 9 < 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< 27 /0 =3 0 :/10582 , /0123456 27 01<79656 </143?3 B7 9 < 86361< <:86 2 < 86361< 5//506 8586 6 8 5//506 8586 /5< , 5 23??10 84 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 8:7@ 99 < 0 9563:8< B73 @103?3 86 9 /0123456 9:A3B7 27 /0 =3 0 :/10582 6 B73 8 @103?3 86 /5< 4 973 27 2 7C3G= , 50 C =/9 9 < /9586 < 8:8 4:= <63>9 < <:86 2 < /9586 < <57? 4 99 < B73 <:86 4:= <63>9 < <:36' j " _ j "

1?38363:8' :36 78 0 9563:8 !_D ! $ !I E 6 ! ⊆ ; 9:0< _ c!d 218:6 95 ' 6 :a ) ;_ ! V) Τ = ∃ ! $ !I , .. .. C =/9 ' _ c d 5

=50B7 <' 5 45023859361 27 01<79656 <6 .3 . ≤ .3 . :70 9 < 38<6584 < :8 5 ' 3 _ D6 ∈ × . ∃ 0 ∈ 3 , 0,! _ 6 E, 5760 8:6563:8 4:70586 ' c! !V ,,,!8d _ π! ! ,,,! ( ) V 8

< 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< 27 01<79656 <:86 1B73@59 86< 4 7C 2 95 0 9563:8 :/10582 , /0123456 27 01<79656 <6 0 <60 386 57C 4:8<6367586< 2 95 /0:S 463:8, 5 /0:S 463:8 / 0= 6 2 4:8< 0@ 0 9 < 4:8<6367586< O38610 <<586<O, 50 C =/9 O9 < 4:79 70< 2 < /9586 < 4:= <63>9 <O <6 21?383 /50 95 /0:S 463:8 2 < /9586 < 4:= <63>9 < <70 9 4:8<6367586 ( 8 <7//:<586 B7 39 C3<6 ) <:36 j j " _ j " c d 50 C6 8<3:8 :8 / 76 76393< 0 9 :/1056 70 2 /0:S 463:8 <70 78 86361, 0,c!d <6 1B73@59 86 0,! ,

" 1?38363:8' :36 6 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 99 < B7 ; ∩ 9:0< _ × 218:6 9 + :a ) ;_ ; ∪ ; V) Τ = Τ = ∧ C =/9 ' _ ×

=∅ 0

;

" 5

5 45023859361 27 01<79656 <6 .3 . = .3 .`.3 . 38<6584 3 2 _ × 4:00 </:82586 57C 38<6584 3 63 2 6 <6 D6 ∈ × . 6, ; ∈ 3 ∧ 6, ; ∈ 3 E, < 4:8<6367586< 27 01<79656 <:86 ?:0=1< /50 9 783:8 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 < :/10582 <, /0123456 27 01<79656 </143?3 B7 9 < 86361< /0:S 61 < <70 ; <:86 2 < 86361< 5//506 8586 6 /0:S 61 < <70 ; <:86 2 < 86361< 5//506 8586 , /0:2736 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 < 8:7@ 99 < 0 9563:8< B73 <:86 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 2 7C 5760 < 0 9563:8<, 50 C =/9 78 5A 825 < 05 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 < S:70< 2 95 < =538 6 2 < N 70 < :7@05>9 < <:36' # _ j × j "

1?38363:8' :36 78 0 9563:8 6 78 ?:0=79 4:=/0 8586' 3) 2 < :/10582 < (2 < 8:=< 2 4:8<6367586< 2 ;) 33) 2 < :/1056 70< 2 4:=/5053<:8 (g h _ ,,,) 333) 2 < 4:88 46 70< 9:A3B7 < (∧,∨) 9:0< _ (` ) 218:6 95 5Z :a ) ;_ ; V) = =∧ C =/9 ' 343 95 ?:0=79 <19 463:88 9 < 86361< 2:86 95 /0:S 463:8 <70 " <6 1A59 O>O (` "_ > ) " 5

5 45023859361 27 01<79656 <6 .3 . ≤ .3 ., 8 5 /:70 9 38<6584 3 3 _ D6 ∈ 3 , (6)E < 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< 27 01<79656 0 9563:8 :/10582 , /0123456 27 01<79656 0 <60 386 95 ?:8463:8 2 <19 463:8, 5 <19 463:8 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 8:7@ 99 86361< 2 95 0 9563:8 :/10582 /50 78 4:8<6367586<, 50 C =/9 9 < /9586 < @ 4:79 70 <6 @ 06 <:36' j _ (` _@ 06 )

<:86 1B73@59 86< 4 7C 2 95 <6 4 973 2 95 0 9563:8 :/10582 < 0 9563:8< B73 0 <60 3A8 86 9 < ?:8463:8 2 <19 463:8 <70 < < 06 < <:86 2 < /9586 < 2:86 95

G :7< 5@:8< @7 9 < 438B :/10563:8< 2 >5< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 8:7< 599:8< C5=38 0 2 5760 < :/10563:8< 2103@1 < 2 4 99 < 43, :/10563:8 2 ' <6 9 :/10563:8 95 /97< ?:825= 8659 258< 95 =583/79563:8 2 < 0 9563:8< 99 / 0= 6 2 5<<:43 0 2 7C 0 9563:8< /50 2 < 4:8<6367586< 5H586 78 =T= <1=5863B7 , 58< 9 < C =/9 < B73 <73@ 86 8:7< 76393< 0:8< 95 0 9563:8 6 <73@586 < (9 < 4:8<6367586< <:86 382341< /50 9 8:= 2 95 0 9563:8)' " 5 Z5760

8:6563:8 4:70586 ' (` )

2 _

( )

" Θ0

X >

! .0

1?38363:8' :36 6 9:0< _

2 < 0 9563:8< 6 99 < B7 ; ∩ ; = ∅ 218:6 95 Θ ' 0 Θ Θ <6 78 :/1056 70 9:A3B7 2 4:=/5053<:8 (_ g h ,,,) :a ) ;_ ; ∪ ; θ V) = ∧ ∧ C =/9 ' 9 < <:86 <60346 = 86 /97< / 636< B7 9 < _

" 5

5 45023859361 27 01<79656 <6 .3 . ≤ .3 .`.3 . < 4:8<6367586< 27 01<79656 <:86 ?:0=1< /50 9 783:8 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 < :/10582 <, /0123456 27 01<79656 </143?3 B7 9 < 86361< /0:S 61 < <70 ; <:86 2 < 86361< 5//506 8586 6 /0:S 61 < <70 ; <:86 2 < 86361< 5//506 8586 6 2 /97< B7 9 < 86361< @103?3 86 95 4:82363:8 Θ /:70 9 < 4:8<6367586< </143?31<, 5 Θ S:38670 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 78 8:7@ 99 0 9563:8 2:86 9 < 86361< 0 </ 46 86 78 4:82363:8 <70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 S:38670 , 50 C =/9 <7//:<:8< B7 9 4:8<6367586 <:36 4:==78 57C 0 9563:8< 6 # 59:0< 95 Θ S:38670 2 # 6 /50 05//:06 9 1A59361 2 258< 4N5478 5705 /:70 01<79656 6:76 < 9 < /9586 < 4:=/563>9 < 5@ 4 9 <:9 2 78 01A3:8 <:36' j # _ # = # 8 / 76 C/03= 0 95 Θ S:38670 _ (` Θ Θ

9 532 2 < :/10563:8< 2 >5< ' )( × )

8 / 76 16 820 95 4:82363:8 /97<3 70< 4:8<6367586<, 2:3@ 86 59:0< @103?3 0 6:76 < 9 < 4:82363:8<' ( )∧( V Θ V)∧ ... ( 8 Θ 8) Θ

< 86361< 27 01<79656

9 C3<6 /97<3 70< @503563:8< 2 95 S:38670 , 70 95 >5< 2 9 38@ 86530 ?? 4671 /50 , 3<N05 6 , , 34N c +Vd 8:7< 8 2:88 0:8< 78

21?38363:8 1B73@59 86 0 9563:88 99 ,

8 6 0=

2 < :/1056 70< 2

>5<

9 59AG>0

( .0 :/1056 70 Θ 9 /97< 4:705= 86 76393<1 <6 4 973 2 9 1A59361U 9 :/10563:8 <6 59:0< 5// 91 ) ,' , 1B73 S:38670 ' _ n nn "

1B73 S:38670

<6 1B73@59 86 _ (` = =

9 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 ' )( × )

G < 4:9:88 < S:386 < :86 6:7S:70< 78 4:86 87 32 863B7 :8 / 76 2:84 8 <7//03= 0 78 (4 99 2 95 2 7C3G= 0 9563:8), 58< 4 45< 9 :/10563:8 <6 5// 91 ' B7 9 :8 8:6 ` 39 ?576 4 / 82586 B7 9 < 4:8<6367586< S:3820 /:06 86 9 =T= 8:=, S:38670 85670 99 ' _ ` " 5

; 8 5// 99 % 4 0 9 386 0< 463:8 2 ; 6 ; 8:61 :36 9 < 4:8<6367586< (382341<) 5//506 8586 95 4N5083G0 ' ; ; _D _D V ,,, 8E 6 4 7C 2 V ,,, 8E 5 S:38670 85670 99 <6 1B73@59 86 9 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 ' ` _ (`( )∧( V = V)∧ ... ( 8 = 8) ( × ))c( ; ∪ ;) =

;

58< 95 S:38670 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 258< 95 < =3 S:38670 < 79< 4 7C 2

62 <:86 /01< 86< 258< 9 01<79656 <:86 4:8< 0@1< 99 <6 8:61 '

Θ < =3 S:38670 ' "

5 < =3 S:38670

<6 1B73@59 86

_ (`

9 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 ' )( × )c ;d

58< 95 S:38670 78 4 06538 8:=>0 2 86361< 8 <:86 /5< /03< < 8 4:8<3210563:8, 5 S:38670 C6 08 / 0= 6 2 05S:76 0 57 01<79656 9 < 86361< 2 78 2 < 2 7C 0 9563:8< (4 43 / 0= 6 2 605@5399 0 5@ 4 2 < 2:881 < 384:=/9G6 < 5H586 2 < @59 70< 8799 <), 8 23<638A7 05 95 ' % 8:61 _ B73 5S:76 9 < 86361< 2 4:=/9161 < /50 2 < @59 70< 8799 < /:70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 U 95 ' 8:61 _ B73 5S:76 9 < 86361< 2 4:=/9161 < /50 2 < @59 70< 8799 < /:70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 6 ' 4 8:61 _ _ B73 5S:76 9 < 86361< 2 6 2 4:=/9161 < /50 2 < @59 70< 8799 < /:70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 0 </ 463?< 8:8 21?383<, < =3 S:38670 A574N ' _ _ "

5 S:38670 _

C6 08 A574N <6 1B73@59 86 _ ((` = )( × )) ∪ ⊥

⊥

9 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 +'

! (

:7< 5@:8< @7 3<:91= 86 4N5B7 :/10563:8 @:H:8< =5386 8586 4:== 86 8:7< /:7@:8< ?:0= 0 2 < C/0 <<3:8<, :7< 2:88:8< /0 =3G0 = 86 9 @:45>79530 2 8:< C/0 <<3:8< 6 8<736 95 21?38363:8 2 C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < >3 8 ?:0=1 <, :45>79530 ' 60:3< 4561A:03 < 2 <H=>:9 < 5//5053<< 86 258< 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < 3) 9 < 8:=< 2 < 0 9563:8< 5//506 8586 95 =:2193<563:8 D V ,,, =E= 2, +

:70 21?3830 ?:0= 99 = 86 4 66 :/10563:8 39 ?576 16 820 95 21?38363:8 2 9 783:8 57 60536 = 86 2 < @59 70< 8799 <, ⊥ 218:6 95 0 9563:8 16 827 57C 4:8<6367586< 2 5@ 4 2 < @59 70< 8799 <,

33) 9 < 8:=< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 4:86 87< 258< ∪ 3; 3_ ,,= 333) 9 < ?:0=79 6 99 B7 ' ) 9 < 4:8<6586 < 6 9 < 8:=< 2 4:8<6367586< <:86 2 < 56:= < V) 95 ?:0= O( 56:= θ5 56:= )O <6 78 ?:0=79 :a θ5 ∈ Dg h _ o ,,,E ) 95 ?:0= O( ?:0=79 θ9 ?:0=79 )O <6 78 ?:0=79 :a θ9 ∈ D∧, ∨E -) 95 ?:0= O( ¬ ?:0=79 )O <6 78 ?:0=79 ) 03 8 2 5760 8 <6 78 ?:0=79 ; 21<3A8 9 8< =>9 2 < 4:8<6367586< 76393<1< 258< 78 ?:0=79 8 236 B7 78 C/0 <<3:8 (59A1>03B7 ) <6 >3 8 ?:0=1 ( >?) <3 99 :>6 87 /50 9 < 0GA9 < <73@586 <' 3) 78 8:= 2 0 9563:8 <6 78 >?, 33) <3 6 V <:86 2 < >? 59:0< ; ; ) ( ∪ V) ( ∩ V) 6 ( V) <:86 2 < >? <3 . ._. V . V) ( × V) <6 78 >? <3 ;∩ V;= ∅ )( (` ) V) <6 78 >? <3 ;⊆ ;∪ V; 6 ;∩ V;=∅ -) ( c!d) <6 78 >? <3 ! ⊆ ; ) ((` ) ) <6 78 >? <3 ; ⊆ ;

333) 03 8 2 5760 8 <6 78 >? =50B7 <' 8 / 76 <7//03= 0 9 6 <6 2 9 386 0< 463:8 @32 860 2 7C 0 9563:8< <3 9 :8 38234 9 8:= 2 6:7< 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 78 0 9563:8, 8 / 76 <7//03= 0 2 < /50 86NG< < <3 95 <1=5863B7 2 9 >? <6 <58< 5=>3A7i61

! ( *

:7< 5@:8< <7AA101 B7 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < <:86 95 0 /01< 86563:8 2 B7 <63:8< B7 9 :8 / 76 ?:0=79 0 <70 78 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, C5=38:8< 9 /0:4 <<7< 2 386 00:A563:8, 58< 9 32159 8:7< 2303A 03:8< 230 46 = 86 @ 0< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8:60 386 00:A563:8 8 @7 2 :>6 830 78 01/:8< =53< 95 0159361 <6 0 9563@ = 86 O=7 66 O, :7< 5@:8< =:2193<1 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8 @7 2 H ?? 467 0 2 < 459479< <H=>:93B7 < 39 ?576 2:84 6058<?:0= 0 8:60 386 00:A563:8 /:06586 <70 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8 78 386 00:A563:8 /:06586 <70 95 =:2193<563:8, 66 386 00:A563:8 4:00 </:82 78 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 , 9 <7??36 59:0< 2 4:840163< 0 4 66 C/0 <<3:8 8 95 459479586 5@ 4 9 < @59 70< 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 9 01<79656 <6 78 38<6584 B73 2:36 T60 386 0/0161 4:== 95 01/:8< 2 95 B7 <63:8 3836359 <70 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 5 B759361 2 4 66 01/:8< 21/ 82 2 < 60:3< 165/ < <73@586 <' • 95 =:2193<563:8 <6 ?32G9 258< 9 4:86 C6 2 95 B7 <63:8

• 9 < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< <:86 2 < 386 0/016563:8< 4:00 46 < 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 • 95 ?:0=79563:8 2 9 386 00:A563:8 <6 <1=5863B7 = 86 4:00 46 , 8 ?? 6 78 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 >3 8 ?:0=1 4:00 </:82 78 386 00:A563:8 =53< /5< ?:041= 86 9 386 00:A563:8 3836359 , C =/9 2 386 00:A563:8 :70 ?543936 0 95 ?:0=79563:8 2 < 386 00:A563:8< 8:7< /:7@:8< 0 /01< 86 0 8:60 =:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7 = 86, 7C 6H/ < 2 8R 72< <:86 0 /01< 861<' 9 < 4:8<6367586< 6 9 < 0 9563:8<, < 50T6 < 8:8 :03 861 < 93 86 9 < 4:8<6367586< 95 0 9563:8 2:86 39< ?:86 /5063 , :70 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 L6 9 8:7< :>6 8:8< 9 A05/N 2 95 3A70 + V, réponse du CA

interrogation

@$5$ Formulation interprétation

expr. algébrique calcul avec les instances

+ $$$ +

3A70 +

' 386 00:A563:8 5@ 4 78

résultat

C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7

/0:4 <<7< 2 =:2193<563:8 2 9 386 00:A563:8 <736 9 <4N1=5 <73@586' • </143?3 0 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 <19 463:8 • </143?3 0 9 < 4:8<6367586< 27 01<79656 (/0:S 463:8) • 9 < 165/ < 5) 6 >) 21?383<< 86 9 < 0 9563:8< 3=/93B71 < 258< 9 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 , • 21?3830 9 < S:38670 < 860 9 < 0 9563:8< ) < 4N5=>0 < 5@ 4 >538 6

D+;.N

D+ M

. I

. D;+

.N @P5

@I ;. 5 +;

;

@N.2N+ ;S= D; ;.

.= G@I ;.

.= G@P5

+; ;+E5 N. 5 ;G ;D

5 ;G5++

3A70 + V '=:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7 2 < 38?:0=563:8< >538 6 5//5063 88 86 0 </ 463@ = 86 57C 2:=538 < 2 < 4:8<6367586< :8?:06 6 B73/ = 86 9 01<79656 <6 21?3836 /50 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8 N5=>0 <, 79 95 0 9563:8 4N5=>0 <6 3=/93B71 258< 4 66 386 00:A563:8 2:84 8:7< 8 </143?3:8< /5< 2 S:38670 , :7< :>6 8:8< 2:84 9 C/0 <<3:8 <73@586 ' (` (( :8?:06_>538)∧( B73/ = 86_ ))) N5=>0 < V) < 87=10:< 2 < 4N5=>0 < 6 9 70 45/54361 79 < 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 7=4N5=>0 6 >0 0< 8:7< 38610 << 86, :7< :>6 8:8< 2:84 9 C/0 <<3:8 <73@586 ' ( N5=>0 < c 7= N5=>0 >0 0<d) ) < 8:=< 2 < 493 86< 5H586 01< 0@1< 78 4N5=>0 /:70 9 V V Z+ 5 <19 463:8 /:06 <70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 56 00 6 56 / 2 95 0 9563:8 1< 0@563:8, 4:8<6367586 27 01<79656 := 5//5063 86 95 0 9563:8 93 86<, 9 ?576 2:84 21?3830 9 93 8 860 9 < 0 9563:8< 93 86 6 1< 0@563:8 8:7< 76393<:8< 343 95 S:38670 85670 99 /:06586 <70 9 4:8<6367586 7= 93 86 4:==78 57C 2 7C 0 9563:8<, (`(( 56 00 g_ V V Z+)∧( 56 / hV V Z+))( 93 86<` 1< 0@563:8))c :=d

U.N V @I ;.

B .= G@I ;. +; ;+E5 N. 5 ;G ;D03 !

3A70 + -)

5 ;G5++ 1 !

'=:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7 2 95 B7 <63:8' 5H586 01< 0@1< 78 4N5=>0 /:70 9 V

< 8:=< 2 < 493 86< V Z+

8:= 2 < 493 86< 6 9 4:8?:06 2 < 4N5=>0 < B7 39< :86 01< 0@1< U.N V @P5

@I ;.

B .= G@I ;.

B .= G@P5

U@N.2N+ V

+; ;+E5 N.

3A70 + - '=:2193<563:8 A05/N3B7 2 95 B7 <63:8' 8:= 2 < 493 86< 6 9 4:8?:06 2 < 4N5=>0 < B7 39< :86 01< 0@1< 4:8<6367586 27 01<79656 := 5//5063 86 95 0 9563:8 93 86< 6 9 4:8<6367586 :8?:06 5//5063 86 N5=>0 <, 9 ?576 2:84 21?3830 9 93 8 860 9 < 0 9563:8< 93 86< 6 N5=>0 < /:70 4 95 39 ?576 57<<3 3=/93B7 0 95 0 9563:8 1< 0@563:8, :7< 76393<:8< 343 95 S:38670 85670 99 /:06586 <70 9 4:8<6367586 7= 93 86 4:==78 57C 0 9563:8< 93 86< 6 1< 0@563:8 8<736 ,8:7< 76393<:8< 343 95 S:38670 85670 99 /:06586 <70 9 4:8<6367586 7= N5=>0 4:==78 9 C/0 <<3:8 /01412 == 86 4594791 6 95 0 9563:8 N5=>0 <, (( 93 86< ` 1< 0@563:8) ` N5=>0 <)c := :8?:06d ) 5 45/54361 6N1:03B7 2 5447 39 2 9 NL6 9 :70 01/:820 4 66 B7 <63:8 39 <6 814 <<530 2 ?? 467 0 95 <:== 2 6:76 < 9 < @59 70< 2 >0 0< 21?383 /:70 4N5B7 4N5=>0 , :60 958A5A 59A1>03B7 8 / 76 /5< C/03= 0 78 6 99 C/0 <<3:8, C/0 <<3:8 2 4 66 386 00:A563:8 <6 2:84 0 =3< 57 4N5/360 <73@586,

1 )

) 65>930 9 A05/N 2 0 9563:8< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 2 V) C/03= 0 9 < 386 00:A563:8< <73@586 < 5@ 4 78 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 8 <73@586 9 <4N1=5 21?3836 /97< N576, • 5 P:8 :a <6 <3671 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V-, • /958838A 27 4N57?? 70 8:==1 O 7/:86O, • 5 93<6 2 < 860 63 8< ?? 4671< <70 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V-, • 5 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2:86 9 /9 38 5 161 ?? 4671 5@ 4 78 6H/ 2 450>70586 B73 8 16536 /5< 4 973 </143?31 /50 9 =:2G9 27 @1N3479 , • 5 93<6 2 < 4N57?? 70< /:7@586 4:82730 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V-, • 5 93<6 2 < 4N57?? 70< /:7@586 4:82730 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V- 6 B73 5//5063 88 86 95 =T= <6563:8 B7 4 @1N3479 ,

A05/N 2 0 9563:8< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 2 :7< 5@:8< 0 A0:7/1 :F:8 F:8 F:8 450 39 < 5A36 2 <H8:8H= < C/03=586 95 =T= 8:63:8, 50 4:860 8:7< 5@:8< 4:8<32101 B7 : :70 B73 5//5053<<536 258< /97<3 70< 0 9563:8< 0 4:7@0536 2 < 8:63:8< 23??10 86 9 = 86 5<<:431 <, 8 ?536 860 63 8 ` 50>70586 / 0=76 86 6:7< 9 < 860 63 8< 6 6:7< 9 < /9 38< ?? 4671< 9 =T= S:70, C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 5) 5 P:8 :a <6 <3671 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V-, 5 ) (((` :4N5<<3<_ V-) 1N3479 ) ` 367563:8)c :F:8 d 9 <6 38610 <<586 2 @:30 B7 /50 9 < /0:/03161< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 95 <19 463:8 / 76 T60 /9541 5@586 95 S:38670 :7 5/0G< (5V) <58< =:23?3 0 9 01<79656 5V) ((` :4N5<<3<_ V-)( 1N3479 ` 367563:8))c :F:8 d 8 5760 S:38670 (5 ) / 0= 6 57<<3 2 5<<:43 0 9 < :F:8 6 9 < : N5<<3< =53< 9 :F:8 5 78 < 8< 4:=/9G6 = 86 23??10 86 39 < 5A36 2 95 P:8 27 @1N3479 B7582 39 <6 A501 <5 <6563:8, 5 ) ((` :4N5<<3<_ V-)( 1N3479 ` 6563:8))c :F:8 d >) /958838A 27 4N57?? 70 8:==1 O 7/:86O, > ) ((` :=_ 7/:86 )( N57?? 70 ` 958838A))c 958838A;d

39 C3<6 /97<3 70< 7/:86 258< 95 4:=/5A83 /958838A 2 < 7/:86, noJour description

noJour kilometrage litre

Entretien

8:7< 599:8< 60:7@ 0 9 <

Carburant

typeCarburant

noPlaque noChassis

Véhicule

Type

modèle

nbPlaces automatique poids

miseEnService

Situation

noZone

Station

zoneDe zoneA

Distance Planning

heure tempsParcours

noJour trancheHoraire

Chauffeur noChauffeur

noStation

catégorie nom prénom adresse

Permis

3A70 +

'=:2193<563:8

4) 5 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2:86 9 /9 38 5 161 ?? 4671 5@ 4 78 6H/ 2 450>70586 B73 8 16536 /5< 4 973 </143?31 /50 9 =:2G9 27 @1N3479 , 4 ) ((`6H/ 450>70586 50>70586o6H/ 450>70586 1N3479 ) (( 50>70586 ` 1N3479 ) ` H/ ))c 50>70586;d 2) 5 93<6 2 < 4N57?? 70< /:7@586 4:82730 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V2 ) ((` :4N5<<3<_ V-) ((( 1N3479 ` H/ )` / 0=3<)` N57?? 70))c N57?? 70;d ) 5 93<6 2 < 4N57?? 70< /:7@586 4:82730 9 @1N3479 5H586 9 8: 2 4N5<<3< V- 6 B73 5//5063 88 86 95 =T= <6563:8 B7 4 @1N3479 :70 01/:820 4 66 B7 <63:8 39 ?576 </143?3 0 78 4:82363:8 <7//91= 86530 <70 2 ) 2 ) ((` :4N5<<3<_ V-)∧( : 6563:8 1N3479 _ : 6563:8 N57?? 70) ((( 1N3479 ` H/ )` / 0=3<)` N57?? 70))c N57?? 70;d

;)" "Le jour l'aurore les arbres tremblent comme un délire le langage le monde ne nous appartiennent pas" Patrick Laupin - Le jour l'aurore

:7< 599:8< 165>930 95 4:00 </:82584 860 9 958A5A 59A1>03B7 6 9 < 214950563:8< 2 <19 463:8 8 , 43 8:7< 2:88 05 78 /0 =3 0 =:2G9 2 78 =54N38 B73 459479 0536 9 01<79656 2 95 <19 463:8 /50630 2 < 65>9 <, 8<736 8:7< C5=38 0:8< 95 <H865C 4:=/9G6 2 95 <19 463:8 8 6 57 ?70 6 = <70 8:7< 16 820:8< 9 =:2G9 2 95 =54N38 57C 23??10 86 < 4957< <, 5 =54N38 <6 78 =:2G9 B73 8:7< / 0= 6 2 216 0=38 0 2 ?5^:8 <[0 9 01<79656 2 78 0 B7T6 2 386 00:A563:8,

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95 0 B7T6 <6 ?:0=1 /03843/59 = 86 2 60:3< =:6< 491< 2$ /0 =3 0 216 0=38 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 65>9 01<79656, < 4:82 216 0=38 9 < 65>9 < 3=/93B71 < 258< 95 0 B7T6 , 2 083 0 3=/:< 78 4:82363:8 <70 9 < 86361<, :7< /:7@:8< 2:84 165>930 9 < 4:00 </:82584 < <73@586 < 860 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < 6 9 < 0 B7T6 < , 5 0 9563:8 ≡ ` V ,,, 8 5 /0:S 463:8 c!d :a !_D V ,,, 8E c!d ≡ 5 <19 463:8 (` ) (` ) ≡ ∗∗ ≡ /0:2736 ∗∗ 5 Θ S:38670 2

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<73@586 '

783:8

<6 1B73@59 86

9 C/0 <<3:8 59A1>03B7 <73@586 '(` ) × V × ,,, × 8 c V ,,, =d

01<79656 8:7< 2:88 9 =:2G9 2 95 =54N38 ( 3A70 Y )' • ?530 9 /0:2736 45061<3 8 2 6:76 < 9 < 0 9563:8< 4361 < 5/0G< 9 5 C ! • <19 463:88 0 9 < 86361< <563<?53<586 95 4:82363:8 214036 5/0G< H : • /0:S 6 0 <70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 4361< 5/0G< 9 0 ( R1

...

From .... Produit catésien n-uplet Where .... prédicat entité select .... projection relation

3A70

' :2G9

=:2G9 <3=/93?31 2 95 =54N38

:70 8:< C =/9 < 8:7< 76393< 0:8< 9 C =/9 O L6 9O 5@ 4 9 < 38<6584 <73@586 < 2 < 0 9563:8< B7 8:7< :>6 8:8< 5@ 4 9 < 0 B7T6 < <73@586 <' SELECT * FROM CHAMBRES NUM_CHAMBRE PRIX NBR_LITS NBR_PERS CONFOR ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----10 80 1 2 WC 20 80 1 2 WC 30 80 1 2 WC 40 80 1 2 WC 11 90 2 2 WC 21 90 2 2 WC 31 90 2 2 WC 41 90 2 2 WC 12 100 2 2 DOUCHE 22 100 2 2 DOUCHE 32 100 2 2 DOUCHE 42 100 2 2 DOUCHE 13 120 1 2 BAIN 23 120 1 2 BAIN 33 120 1 2 BAIN 43 120 1 2 BAIN 14 140 2 2 BAIN 24 140 2 2 BAIN

EQU --NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON TV TV

! 34 44 15 25 35 45

140 140 180 180 180 180

2 2 3 3 3 3

2 2 4 4 4 4

BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN

TV TV TV TV TV TV

SELECT * FROM CLIENTS NUM_CLIENT ---------1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1007 1006 1009 1008

NOM ---------GASCON DUPONT DUFOUR ZORO EINSTEIN DUMAS NOBODY ROMULUS AGDA CHADOK

PRENOM ---------GASTON PIERRE JEAN DIEGO ALBERT ALEXANDRE FRANCOISE BERNADETTE BRUNO AMELIE

ADRESSE -------------------------------12 av. du Général 1239 ICI 12 ch. des hirondelles 1238 LABAS 10 av. de la gar 1300 AILLEURS 10 ch des voleurs Los Angeles 10 rt la relativité 1004 PLUS-LOIN 10 route du moulins LE-SUD 403 route de l inconnu 75000 Paris 241 route de rome 1409 Lion 10 route de l impossible 1508 TEXAS 25 rue de la rame 1456 Tombouctou

SELECT * FROM RESERVATIONS NUM_CLIENT NUM_CHAMBRE DATE_ARR DATE_DEP ---------- ----------- --------- --------1000 11 11-JAN-90 15-JAN-90 1001 21 10-JAN-90 1002 34 20-DEC-89 27-DEC-89 1003 44 24-DEC-89 27-DEC-89 1005 45 23-DEC-89 28-DEC-89 1006 14 01-DEC-89 28-DEC-89 1007 23 01-DEC-89 02-DEC-89 1007 23 08-DEC-89 09-DEC-89 1007 23 15-DEC-89 16-DEC-89 1007 23 22-DEC-89 23-DEC-89 1007 23 29-DEC-89 30-DEC-89

/0 8:8< 9 < C =/9 < 27 4N5/360 /01412 86' ) < 4N5=>0 < 5@ 4 >538 6 (` (( :8?:06_>538)∧( B73/ = 86_ )) N5=>0 < 2 @3 86 8 SELECT * FROM CHAMBRES WHERE confort='BAIN' AND equipement='TV' NUM_CHAMBRE PRIX NBR_LITS NBR_PERS CONFOR ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----14 140 2 2 BAIN 24 140 2 2 BAIN 34 140 2 2 BAIN 44 140 2 2 BAIN 15 180 3 4 BAIN 25 180 3 4 BAIN 35 180 3 4 BAIN 45 180 3 4 BAIN

EQU --TV TV TV TV TV TV TV TV

< 87=10:< 2 < 4N5=>0 < 6 9 70 45/54361 ( N5=>0 < c 7= N5=>0

>0 0<d) 2 @3 86 8 SELECT Num_chambre, nbr_pers FROM CHAMBRES NUM_CHAMBRE NBR_PERS ----------- ---------10 2 20 2 30 2 40 2 11 2 21 2 31 2 41 2 12 2 22 2 32 2 42 2 13 2 23 2 33 2 43 2 14 2 24 2 34 2 44 2 15 4 25 4 35 4 45 4

)

< 8:=< 2 < 493 86< 5H586 01< 0@1< 78 4N5=>0 /:70 9 V (`(( 56 00 g_ V 2 @3 86 8

V Z+)∧( 56

/ hV

V Z+

V Z+))( 93 86<` 1< 0@563:8))c :=d

SELECT Nom FROM CLIENTS,RESERVATIONS WHERE Date_Arr<=to_date('25-dec-89') AND Date_Dep> to_date('25-dec-89') AND Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client NOM -------------------DUFOUR ZORO DUMAS ROMULUS

8 0 =50B7 B7 95 S:38670 85670 99 2 9 C/0 <<3:8 <6 C/934361 258< 95 0 B7T6 , -)

8:= 2 < 493 86< 6 9 4:8?:06 2 < 4N5=>0 < B7 39< :86 01< 0@1 < (( 93 86< ` 1< 0@563:8) ` N5=>0 <)c := :8?:06d 2 @3 86 8

SELECT Nom, Confort FROM CHAMBRES, CLIENTS, RESERVATIONS WHERE Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client AND Chambres.num_chambre=Reservations.num_chambre NOM -------------------GASCON ROMULUS DUPONT NOBODY NOBODY NOBODY NOBODY NOBODY DUFOUR ZORO DUMAS

CONFOR -----WC BAIN WC BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN

) 5 45/54361 6N1:03B7 2 5447 39 2 9 NL6 9 66 B7 <63:8 8:8 ?:0=795>9 5@ 4 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < 60:7@ </143?34563:8 <73@586 '

SELECT sum(nbr_pers) FROM CHAMBRES SUM(NBR_PERS) ------------56

;

;)"

:7< 5@:8< C5=381 95 60527463:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 59A1>03B7 < 8 , :7< 599:8< C5=38 0 =5386 8586 <H<61=563B7 = 86 6:76 < 9 < 0GA9 < 2 9 C/0 <<3:8 2 <19 463:8 , 66 /0 =3G0 0GA9 <6 78 / 7 4:== 78 65>9 2 < =563G0 < 27 O O 8 8:7< H 60:7@:8< 9 < /5063 < <73@586 <' • 94&685@,9 *08)3/ ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 95 85670 27 01<79656 (95 /0:S 463:8 6 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 4594791 <) • &,8,*',91'5:8, ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 3=/93B71 < 258< 95 0 B7T6 (9 /0:2736 45061<3 8) • 0/94'40/ ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 95 4:82363:8 2 <19 463:8 • 0//,*'1 85)&, ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 78 /504:70< 6 78 4:82363:8 50>:0 <4 86< • (0)61 85)&, ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 0 A0:7/ = 86< /:70 9 459479< 2 < ?:8463:8< 5A01A563@ < • ,'1 85)&,' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < :/10563:8< 8< =>93<6 < • (9,(1 85)&, ' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 4036G0 < 2 603 <70 9 01<79656 • 695',1 85)&,' / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 4036G0 < 2 @ 00:73995A /:70 95 4:84700 84 4:==582

8 2 < 23??10 84 < 860 95 0 9563:8 6 95 65>9 (9 3=/9586563:8 38?:0=563B7 2 95 0 9563:8) <6 B7 258< 78 0 9563:8 78 86361 8 / 76 T60 /01< 86 B7 78 ?:3< (/50 21?38363:8) 59:0< B7 258< 95 65>9 78 058A1 / 76 5//505]60 /97<3 70< ?:3<, 8 /509 59:0< 2 2:7>9:8<, :70 193=38 0 4 < 2:7>9:8< 27 01<79656 2 78 0 B7T6 :8 2:36 9 </143?3 0 5@ 4 9 =:6 01< 0@1 94&'4/*' 66 193=38563:8 2 =582 78 4:=/5053<:8 2 7C 2 7C 2 < 058A1 < 27 01<79656 :8 / 76 5441910 0 4 66 4:=/5053<:8 8 603586 9 < 058A1 <, 4:[6 2 9 193=38563:8 2 < 2:7>9:8< 4:00 </:82 2:84 4 973 27 603 2 95 65>9 27 01<79656, 58< 9 C =/9 B73 <736 :8 @ 76 6:7< 9 < 6H/ < 2 4N5=>0 < 4 <6 230 9 < 23??10 86 < 5<<:43563:8< B73 C3<6 86 860 9 4:8?:06 6 9 < 1B73/ = 86< 8 76393<586 23<63846 :8 193=38 9 < 2:7>9:8<, SELECT confort, equipement FROM CHAMBRES CONFOR -----WC WC WC WC WC WC WC WC DOUCHE DOUCHE DOUCHE DOUCHE BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN

EQU --NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON NON TV TV TV TV TV TV TV TV

SELECT distinct confort, equipement FROM CHAMBRES CONFOR -----BAIN BAIN DOUCHE WC

EQU --NON TV NON NON

=:6 01< 0@1 588 </143?3 B7 9 :8 21<30 6:76 < 9 < 058A1 < 27 01<79656 /50 21?576 :8 :>63 86 6:76 < 9 < 86361< 8 </143?3586 N :8 :>63 86 6:76 < 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 6:76 < 9 < 65>9 < 2 95 4957<

58< 4 66 4957< 8:7< </143?3:8< 95 85670 2 < 4:9:88 < 27 01<79656, 01<79656 / 76 T60 95 6:659361 2 < 4:9:88 < 2 78 65>9 78 4:8<6367586 /50634793 0 9 01<79656 2 78 C/0 <<3:8 5036N=163B7 :7 9 01<79656 2 78 ?:8463:8 2 5A01A563:8 (0 A0:7/ = 86) 23</95H 2 4:97=8

:7< /:7@:8< :>6 830 6:76 < 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 78 65>9 8 </143?3586 '5:8,1 /53, N, :0< 2 95 401563:8 2 78 65>9 9 #" =1=:03< 5@ 4 95 65>9 9 32 863?34563:8 27 /0:/0316530 2 95 65>9 , :7< @ 00:8< 796103 70 = 86 4:== 86 4 < 38?:0=563:8< <:86 76393<1 < 258< 9 < =14583<= < 2 <1470361, 8 /01?3C586 78 65>9 2 9 32 863?3456 70 27 /0:/0316530 :8 3823B7 57 #" B7 9 :8 21<30 95 65>9 4011 /50 4 /0:/0316530 , 9 <6 538<3 /:<<3>9 B7 /97<3 70< 76393<56 70< /:<<G2 86 2 < 65>9 < 5H586 2 < 8:=< 32 863B7 <, 58< 8:60 C =/9 9 /0:/0316530 <6 5<<:431 57 8:= 27 /0:S 6 O O, < 60:3< 0 B7T6 < <73@586 < <:86 2:84 1B73@59 86 < SELECT * FROM CHAMBRES SELECT CHAMBRES.* FROM CHAMBRES SELECT HOTEL.CHAMBRES.* FROM CHAMBRES

alias / 0= 6 2 2:88 0 78 6360 78 4:9:88 C/0 <<3:8< :7 <3=/9 = 86 2 0 8:== 0 78 4:9:88 , C =/9 ' /03C /50 / 0<:88 2 < 4N5=>0 < 5H586 78

258< 9

45< 2 <

SELECT num_chambre "Numéro de Chambre", prix/nbr_pers "prix par pers" FROM Chambres WHERE equipement='TV' Numéro de Chambre prix par pers

----------------- ------------14 70 24 70 34 70 44 70 15 45 25 45 35 45 45 45

1 C/0 <<3:8

8 C/0 <<3:8 <6 78 6 0= :7 78 <736 2 6 0= < 4:88 461< /50 9 < :/1056 70< 5036N=163B7 < ; :7 , 8 6 0= <6 78 ?546 70 :7 78 <736 2 ?546 70< 4:88 461< /50 9 < :/1056 70< 5036N=163B7 < ` :7 W, 0=

8 ?546 70 5//5063 86 57C 4561A:03 < <73@586 <' • 95 4:8<6586 8:8 <3A81 B73 <6 78 8:=>0 (12.43, 324, 1.56E-23) :7 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < ('bain'), < 4N5]8 < 2 450546G0 < / 7@ 86 T60 4:8456181 < 5@ 4 9 :/1056 70 O||O ('bain'||' et WC') • 95 @5035>9 B73 <6 78 8:= 2 4:9:88 , @ 867 99 = 86 /01?3C1 /50 9 8:= 2 95 65>9 258< 9 45< :a 4 8:= 5//5063 86 /97<3 70< 65>9 < =583/791 < 258< 78 =T= 0 B7T6 (numchambre, Chambres.numchambre), • 78 ?:8463:8 5@ 4 < < /505=G60 < 2 5// 9' power(taux_annuel, nombre_annees), < ?:8463:8< 23</:83>9 < 21/ 82 86 27 #" 76393<1, :7< 2:88:8< 8 588 C 78 5// 0^7 2 9 16 827 2 4 99 < 43, • 78 ?:8463:8 2 0 A0:7/ = 86 5@ 4 < < /505=G60 < 2 5// 9' count(*), avg(prix/nbpers), :7< 2:88:8< 78 C/934563:8 21653991 258< 95 4957< 2 0 A0:7/ = 86, • 78 C/0 <<3:8 860 /50 86NG< < 5?38 2 L6 0 9 < 5=>3A7i61<' (a+b)*(c+d) 546:0

5 <H865C / 0= 6 2 4:8<60730 2 < C/0 <<3:8< <58< 93=36563:8 2 4:=/9 C361' (-a*sum(power(a,b)+c)*d)), 97< 9:38 258< 95 <H865C 8:7< 76393<:8< 8:7@ 57 95 8:63:8 2 C/0 <<3:8, :7< ?53<:8< 01?10 84 59:0< C/0 <<3:8 6 99 B7 8:7< @ 8:8< 2 95 21?3830,

< 0 9563:8< 8:==1 < 258< 95 4957< FROM <:86 4 99 < B73 < 0:86 3=/93B71 < 258< 9 459479 2 95 0 B7T6 , < 8:=< 2 < 4:9:88 < 5//5053<<586 258< 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 2:3@ 86 5//506 830 4 < 65>9 <, < 9 46 2 65>9

5 65>9 <6 <3=/9 = 86 8:==1 99 <6 1@ 867 99 = 86 /01?3C1 /50 9 8:= 2 <:8 /0:/0316530 , 5935< / 0= 6 2 0 8:== 0 78 65>9 5?38 2 973 2:88 0 78 8:= /97< 4:706 :7 >3 8 78 5760 8:= 258< 9 45< :a 78 65>9 <6 76393<1 /97<3 70< ?:3< 258< 78 =T= 0 B7T6 , 43 / 0= 6 9 576:S:38670 /50 C =/9 O9 < 4N5=>0 < 5H586 9 =T= 4:8?:06 6 9 =T= 1B73/ = 86 B7 78 5760 4N5=>0 =53< 5H586 78 /03C 38?103 70 2 Ye 4 99 43O SELECT distinct c1.num_chambre FROM CHAMBRES c1, CHAMBRES c2 WHERE c1.confort=c2.confort AND c1.equipement=c2.equipement AND c1.prix*1.1<c2.prix NUM_CHAMBRE ----------10 14 20 24 30 34 40 44

58< 4 45< 9 " ,

5A36 4:== < 39 C3<6536 2 7C 38<6584 < 32 863B7 < 2

5 4957< WHERE <6 5<<:431 78 4:82363:8 B73 C/03= 78 /0123456 <70 9 < 058A1 < 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8, N5B7 191= 86 2 4 66 4:82363:8 <6 1@5971 @053 :7 ?57C, 8 6 0= / 76 T60 831 /50 /50 9 =:6 491 not, < 6 0= < / 7@ 86 T60 4:88 461< /50 9 O:7 9:A3B7 38497<3?O 9 532 27 =:6 491 OR, :82363:8

8 6 0= 9:A3B7 <6 78 ?546 70 :7 2 < ?546 70< 4:88 461< /50 9 O 6 9:A3B7 O 9 532 27 =:6 491 AND, < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 < <:86 32 863B7 < 4 7C 214036< 258< 9 4N5/360 2 < 05// 9< <70 95 9:A3B7 ,

C =/9 ' < 4N5=>0 < 4:[6586< 57 =5C, ZY ?0584< :7 5H586 78 >538 6 @59586 57 =5C, VY SELECT num_chambre, prix, confort FROM CHAMBRES WHERE (prix<=80) OR ((confort='BAIN') AND (prix<=120)) NUM_CHAMBRE PRIX CONFOR ----------- ---------- -----10 80 WC 20 80 WC 30 80 WC 40 80 WC 13 120 BAIN 23 120 BAIN 33 120 BAIN 43 120 BAIN

8 ?546 70 9:A3B7 5//5063 86 57C 4561A:03 < <73@586 <' • 78 4:=/5053<:8 860 2 7C C/0 <<3:8< (=,>,<, ...) • 78 6 <6 2 5//506 8584 78 8< =>9 (in) • 78 6 <6 2 5//506 8584 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < (like) • 78 6 <6 2 5//506 8584 78 386 0@599 (between), • 78 4:=/5053<:8 5@ 4 95 @59 70 null • 78 /0123456 B75863?31 (exists, all, any) • 78 4:82363:8 860 /50 86NG< < 5?38 2 L6 0 9 < 5=>3A7i61<, 9:A3459 ?546:0

1 1 < :/1056 70< 2 4:=/5053<:8 <:86' • exp1 = exp2 U 9 1A59361 27 01<79656 C/ 6 C/V • exp1 < exp2 ; C/ <6 <60346 = 86 38?103 70 C/V • exp1 <= exp2 ; C/ <6 38?103 70 :7 1A59 C/V • exp1 > exp2 ; C/ <6 <60346 = 86 <7/103 70 C/V • exp1 >= exp2 ; C/ <6 <7/103 70 :7 1A59 C/V • exp1 <> exp2 ; C/ <6 23??10 86 2 C/V (57<<3 8:61 != :7 ^=) < C/0 <<3:8< <:86 27 6H/ 2 4 99 < @7 < /01412 == 86 9 C497<3:8 2 < ?:8463:8< 2 5A01A563:8 (B73 ?:86 9 :>S 6 2 78 4957< </14359 having), 01<79656 2 78 C/0 <<3:8 <6 78 8:=>0 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < :7 78 256 , 5 0 9563:8 2 :020 76393<1 <6 21?383 8 ?:8463:8 27 01<79656, 58< 9 45< :7 9 < 01<79656< 5//5063 88 86 2 < 6H/ < 23??10 86< 39 ?576 76393< 0 9 < ?:8463:8< 2 4:8@ 0<3:8 2 6H/ , 3 78 2 < 2 7C C/0 <<3:8< <6 1@5971 95 @59 70 8799 59:0< 9 01<79656 2 95 4:=/5053<:8 <6 6:7S:70< ?57C, (8799_8799 <6 57<<3 1@5971 ?57C), :70 9 1A59361 8:7< 5@:8< 9 65>9 57 <73@586' " X 3

W "

X / " / "

3 / " / "

3 9 C3<6 2 7C /:<<3>39361< /:70 21?3830 9 8< =>9 5@ 4 9 B7 9 :8 2:36 6 <6 0 9 5//506 8584 2 78 191= 86, 78 4:8<3<6 187=1= 0 C/93436 = 86 9 < 191= 86< 2 9 8< =>9 U :8 4:8<6367 538<3 78 93<6 2 4 < 191= 86<, 5760 4:8<3<6 21?3830 9 < 191= 86< /50 78 <:7< 0 B7T6 , 3 9 8< =>9 <6 {c1,c2,c3, ... cn} 59:0< 9 < 4:82363:8< <73@586 < <:86 1B73@59 86 <' Exp1 in (c1,c2,c3, ... cn) (Exp1 = c1) AND (Exp1 = c2) AND ...(Exp1 = cn)

C/ < 6

C =/9 <' N5=>0 < 5@ 4 78 =:H 8 2 < 95@ 0 SELECT num_chambre FROM CHAMBRES WHERE confort in ('BAIN','DOUCHE') NUM_CHAMBRE ----------12 22 32 42 13 23 33 43 14 24 34 44 15 25 35 45

4 66 27 V 214 =>0

+Z+

SELECT sum(prix) FROM CHAMBRES Ch WHERE num_chambre in SELECT num_chambre FROM Reservations R WHERE date_arr<='25-dec-89' AND date_dep>'25-dec-89' SUM(PRIX) ---------600

8 6 <6 343 <3 78 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < 0 << =>9 78 , 43 <6 /50634793G0 = 86 7639 <3 9 :8 2:36 ?? 467 0 2 < 0 4N 04N < <70 78 4:8<6367586 2:86 9 2:=538 2 =:2193<563:8 <6 27 6H/ 6 C6 , 8 ?? 6 39 / 0= 6 2 ?? 467 0 78 <19 463:8 9 386103 70 =T= 2 < 4N5]8 <, 7C /560:8< <:86 23</:83>9 <, e B73 <6 <7><63675>9 8 3=/:06 B7 99 4N5]8 2 450546G0 < H 4:=/03< 95 4N5]8 @32 , j (<:793A81) B73 <6 <7><63675>9 78 < 79 450546G0 ,

=564N <6038A

C =/9 <' := 27 493 86 4:== 8^586 /50 O

SELECT nom FROM CLIENTS WHERE Nom like 'DU%' NOM -------------------DUPONT DUFOUR DUMAS

:= 27 493 86 5H586 78 OYO /:70 B75603G= 9 660 SELECT nom FROM CLIENTS WHERE Nom like '___O%' NOM -------------------DUPONT DUFOUR ZORO NOBODY

5 4957< between <6 78 ?5439361 2 1403670 , <:86 1B73@59 86 <'

< 2 7C 4:82363:8< <73@586 <

exp1 between exp2 AND exp3 (exp2 <= exp1) AND (exp1 <= exp3)

C =/9 ' 8:=>0 2 4N5=>0 < 2:86 9 /03C <6 860 Z SELECT count(num_chambre) FROM CHAMBRES WHERE prix between 85 AND 120 COUNT(NUM_CHAMBRE) -----------------12

6 VY ?0584<

null

5 4957< 3< 8799 / 0= 6 2 6 <6 0 <3 78 C/0 <<3:8 <6 3821?383 , 8 5@536 @7 /01412 == 86 B7 9 :/1056 70 2 1A59361 05= 8536 6:7S:70< 95 @59 70 ?57<< , 01<79656 2 9 1@597563:8 <6 2:881 258< 9 65>9 57 <73@586' " X 3

" / "

< 2 7C 4:82363:8< <73@586 < <:86 1B73@59 86 <' not (exp1 is null) exp1 is not null

C =/9 ' 93 86< 8 5H586 /5< ?3C1 9 70 256 2 21/506 SELECT Nom FROM ClIENTS, RESERVATIONS WHERE ClIENTS.num_client=RESERVATIONS.num_client AND date_dep is null NOM -------------------DUPONT

(

5 4957< exists / 0= 6 2 6 <6 0 < 39 C3<6 57 =:38< 78 058A1 4:00 </:82586 57 /0123456 2 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 , :== 39 < 5A36 2 6 <6 0 783B7 = 86 9 C3<6 84 2 4 06538 < 058A1 < 9 < @59 70< 2 < 4:9:88 < 2 4 < 2 083G0 < <:86 <58< 3=/:06584 :8 / 76 2:84 </143?3 0 78 4:8<6586 4:== 01<79656 <:36' Exists (SELECT 'Vrai' FROM .... WHERE ...)

5 4957< all / 0= 6 2 6 <6 0 <3 6:76 < 9 < 058A1 < 4:00 </:82586 57 /0123456 2 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 @103?3 86 78 4 06538 4:82363:8, 50 C =/9 <3 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...) 2:88 /:70 01<79656 {c1,c2,c3, ... cn} 59:0< 9 < 4:82363:8< <73@586 < <:86 1B73@59 86 < (:a Θ <6 78 :/1056 70 2 4:=/5053<:8 _ g h ,,,)' Exp1 Θ all (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...) (Exp1 Θ c1) AND (Exp1 Θ c2) AND ...(Exp1 Θ cn)

5 4957< any / 0= 6 2 6 <6 0 <3 57 =:38< 78 058A1 4:00 </:82586 57 /0123456 2 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 @103?3 78 4 06538 4:82363:8, 50 C =/9 <3 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...) 2:88 /:70 01<79656 {c1,c2,c3, ... cn} 59:0< 9 < 4:82363:8< <73@586 < <:86 1B73@59 86 < (:a Θ <6 78 :/1056 70 2 4:=/5053<:8 _ g h ,,,)' Exp1 Θ any (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...) (Exp1 Θ c1) OR (Exp1 Θ c2) OR ...(Exp1 Θ cn)

5 4957< 38 6 58H <:86 1B73@59 86 < /:70 9 :/1056 70 2 :7< 5@:8< 9 1B73@59 84 <73@586 '

4:=/5053<:8 _,

Exp1 in (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...) Exp1 = any (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...)

5// 9:8< B7 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 /5<< 0 27 B75863?3456 70 783@ 0< 9 9 C3<6 863 9 /50 78 2:7>9 81A563:8' ∀C ( (C)) ≡ ¬∃C (¬ (C)) 66 1B73@59 84 <6 57<<3 5//9345>9 57C 4:82363:8< 2 , :36' Exp1 Θ all (SELECT col1 FROM ... WHERE ...) not Exists (SELECT 'Vrai' FROM .... WHERE ... AND not(exp1 Θ col1))

B75863?3 2 ?546:0

8 /:<6?3C586 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 78 65>9 /50 (;) C6 08 5@ 4 4 66 65>9 , 3 57478 058A1 2 4:82363:8< 2 <19 463:8 59:0< 9 #" = 6 2 < @59 2 4 66 65>9 , C =/9 ' 5??34N 0 6:7< 9 < 87=10:< 2 4N5=>0 6 01< 0@1 95 4N5=>0 /:70 9 V 214 =>0 +Z+,

:8 </143?3 78 S:38670 95 65>9 8 <563<?536 9 < 70< 8799 /:70 9 < 4:9:88 < 9 87=10: 27 493 86 5H586

SELECT Ch.num_chambre, num_client FROM Chambres Ch,Reservations R WHERE Ch.num_chambre=R.num_chambre AND date_arr<='25-dec-89' AND date_dep>'25-dec-89' NUM_CHAMBRE NUM_CLIENT ----------- ---------14 1006 34 1002 44 1003 45 1005

SELECT Ch.num_chambre, num_client FROM Chambres Ch,Reservations R WHERE Ch.num_chambre=R.num_chambre(+) AND date_arr(+)<='25-dec-89' AND date_dep(+)>'25-dec-89' NUM_CHAMBRE NUM_CLIENT

----------- ---------10 11 12 13 14 1006 15 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 31 32 33 34 1002 35 40 41 42 43 44 1003 45 1005

39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 01< 0@563:8 /:70 78 4N5=>0 99 < 05 4:=/:<1 5@ 4 78 86361 O?3463@ O 2 1< 0@563:8 8 5H586 B7 2 < @59 70< 8799 <,

;

. (I

<:7< 0 B7T6 / 0= 6 2 21?3830 78 8< =>9 2 86361<, 99 / 0= 6 2 C/03= 0 78 4:82363:8 :7 78 C/0 <<3:8 /50 05//:06 57 4:86 87 2 < 65>9 <, 99 < 05 57<<3 76393<1 /97< 9:38 /:70 38<10 0 2 < 058A1 < 258< 78 65>9 /:70 38363593< 0 78 65>9 (Insert, CREATE) 6 /:70 21?3830 9 16 827 2 78 =:23?34563:8 (Update, Delete) 7>B7 0H C =/9 ' /03C =:H 8 2 < 4N5=>0 < 5H586 9 493 86 : YYX

=T=

4:8?:06 B7

SELECT avg(prix) FROM Chambres WHERE Confort = (SELECT Confort FROM Chambres, Reservations WHERE Chambres.num_chambre =Reservations.num_chambre AND num_client=1006) AVG(PRIX) ---------146.666667

4 99

...

From .... Produit catésien n-uplet Where .... prédicat T1

...

From .... Produit catésien n-uplet Where .... prédicat

entité select .... projection relation

3A70

Y V ' :2G9

=:2G9 5@ 4 9 < <:7< 0 B7T6 < 2 95 =54N38

5 <:7< 0 B7T6 <6 3=>03B71 258< 78 5760 0 B7T6 , 58< 78 <:7< 0 B7T6 :8 / 76 ?530 01?10 84 2 < @5035>9 < 21?383 < 78 83@ 57 <7/103 70, 9 ?576 59:0< 9 < 4:8<3210 0 4:== 2 < /505=G60 < B73 <:86 =:23?31< /:70 4N5B7 058A1 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8 27 83@ 57 <7/103 70, C =/9 ' 4N5=>0 5H586 78 /03C Ye 38?103 70 95 =:H 88 /:70 78 =T= 4561A:03 2 4:8?:06 SELECT Num_chambre,confort FROM Chambres a WHERE prix < (SELECT avg(prix)*0.90 FROM Chambres b WHERE b.confort=a.confort) NUM_CHAMBRE ----------13 23 33 43

CONFOR -----BAIN BAIN BAIN BAIN

5 <:7< 0 B7T6 459479 9 /03C =:H 8 2 78 4N5=>0 5H586 9 4:8?:06 ?3C1 /50 95 @59 70 a.confort /03< /50 95 058A1 2 95 0 B7T6 27 83@ 57 <7/103 70,

:7< 2 @:8< 2:84 =:23?3 0 8:60 =:2G9 2 =54N38 /:70 6 830 4:=/6 2 < <:7< 0 B7T6 <, 99 < 43 < 38<G0 86 258< 9 =:279 2 95 4957< Q , 99 < H 3860:273< 86 95 01470<3@361 450 4N5B7 4957< Q / 76 4:86 830 2 < <:7< 0 B7T6 < ( 3A70 Y V)

< 66 4957< / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 0 A0:7/ = 86 2 78 4 06538 8:=>0 2 86361< < 9:8 78 4036G0 2 /5063:88 = 86 5?38 2 1@597 0 78 ?:8463:8 5A01A563@ , 01<79656 8 2:88 2:84 B7 78 < 79 86361 /:70 4N5B7 0 A0:7/ = 86, < /03843/59 < ?:8463:8< 2 5A01A563:8 <:86' • avg ' 459479 0 95 =:H 88 2 78 93<6 • count ' 218:=>0 0 9 < 191= 86< 2 78 93<6 • min ' 216 0=38 0 9 191= 86 =383=7= 2 78 93<6 • max ' 216 0=38 0 9 191= 86 =5C3=7= 2 78 93<6 • sum ' 459479 0 95 <:== 2 78 93<6 < /505=G60 < 2 95 ?:8463:8 <:86 78 C/0 <<3:8 B73 / 76 T60 /01?3C1 /50 9 < =:6< 491 all 6 distinct, 50 21?576 all <6 76393<1; 258< 4 45< 6:76 < 9 < @59 70< 2 95 93<6 <:86 /03< < 8 4:8<3210563:8, @ 4 distinct < 79 < 9 < @59 70< 23??10 86 < <:86 4:8<32101 <, < @59 70< 8799 8 <:86 /5< <19 463:881 <, / 82586 Count(`) / 0= 6 2 218:=>0 0 78 93<6 8 6 8586 4:=/6 2 4 < 2 083G0 <, C/0 <<3:8 2 95 4957< GROUP BY 216 0=38 9 /5063:88 = 86, 973 43 <6 ?? 4671 <70 9 < 058A1 < B73 <:86 <19 463:881 < /50 95 4957< WHERE, < 058A1 < 193=381 < /50 95 4:82363:8 2 <19 463:8 8 /506343/ 86 2:84 /5< 9 5A01A563:8, C/0 <<3:8 2 0 A0:7/ = 86 2:36 T60 1B73@59 86 6:76 < 9 < C/0 <<3:8< 4:=/:06586 2 < @5035>9 < 5//5053<<586 258< 9 01<79656, /0:4 <<7< 2 0 A0:7/ = 86 386 0@ 8586 5/0G< 95 <19 463:8 2 < 058A1 < 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 C/03= 0 78 4:82363:8 2 <19 463:8 <70 9 < @59 70< 5A01A1 < 258< 95 4:82363:8 2 95 4957< having, 5 4957< having / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 4036G0 <70 9 < 86361< 0 A0:7/1 < 5 4957< WHERE / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 4036G0 <70 9 < 86361< 386 0@ 8586 258< 9 0 A0:7/ = 86 #0:7/ 957<

C =/9 <' 03C =:H 8 2 < 4N5=>0 < /50 6H/ 2 4:8?:06' SELECT Confort,AVG(Prix) "prix moyen" FROM Chambres GROUP BY Confort CONFOR prix moyen ------ ---------BAIN 146.666667 DOUCHE 100

## WC

03C =383=7= 6 =5C3=7= 2 < 4N5=>0 < /50 6H/ 2 4:8?:06' SELECT Confort,Min(Prix),Max(Prix) FROM Chambres GROUP BY Confort CONFOR MIN(PRIX) MAX(PRIX) ------ ---------- ---------BAIN 120 180 DOUCHE 100 100 WC 80 90

...

From .... Produit catésien n-uplet Where .... prédicat

select .... projection

Group by .... regroupement et calcul

Having ... prédicat

relation

3A70

' :2G9

=:2G9 5@ 4 9 < 0 A0:7/ = 86< 2 95 =54N38

03C =383=7= 6 =5C3=7= 2 < 4N5=>0 < /50 6H/ 2 4:8?:06 =53< 2:86 9 /03C 38 <6 /97< / 636 B7 YY' SELECT Confort,Min(Prix),Max(Prix) FROM Chambres GROUP BY Confort Having Min(Prix)<100 CONFOR MIN(PRIX) MAX(PRIX) ------ ---------- ---------WC 80 90

:7< 2 @:8< 2:84 =:23?3 0 8:60 =:2G9 2 =54N38 /:70 6 830 4:=/6 2 < 0 A0:7/ = 86<, 7C 43 < /954 86 5/0G< 9 6 <6 27 /0123456' 78 /0 =3 0 =:279 / 0= 6 9 < 0 A0:7/ = 86< 6 9 459479 2 < ?:8463:8< 5A01A563@ < 8<736 :8 ?? 467 78 <19 463:8 <70 9 < @59 70< /03< < /50 9 < ?:8463:8< 5A01A563@ <,

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 ?? 467 0 2 < 0 B7T6 < 8 76393<586 9 < :/1056 70< 8< =>93<6 <' union Y intersect minus ( 3??10 84 ) :86 9 < 8< N5>367 9, < :/10582 < 9 01<79656 2 <19 463:8 2 4 < :/1056 70< 2:3@ 86 5@:30 95 =T= 50361 (8:=>0 2 4:8<6367586<) 6 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2:3@ 86 T60 1A57C 8 6H/ /5< ?:041= 86 8 65399 , 76393<563:8 2 4 < :/1056 70< 3=/93B7 3=/93436 = 86 95 4957< 2:84 9 193=38563:8 2 < O2:7>9:8<O, 3 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 < 23??10 86 < <19 463:8< <:86 32 863B7 < 59:0< 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 ?? 467 0 78 < 79 <19 463:8 8 76393<586 9 < :/1056 70< 9:A3B7 <, 6 957<

C =/9 ' < 6 0= < =/9:H1< /:70 78 4N5=>0 SELECT confort "Termes" FROM CHAMBRES union SELECT equipement FROM CHAMBRES Termes -----BAIN DOUCHE NON TV WC

3 :88 46 957<

66 4957< N310504N3B7 , Y

/ 0= 6 2 /504:7030 78 5 4957< prior 2:36 T60

0 9563:8 8 ?3C586 78 :020 76393<1 /:70 ?3C 0 95 0 9563:8

/ 0= 6 2 ?530 9 783:8 /50 4:845618563:8 2 < 01<79656<,

/50 86 8?586 /:70 9 /504:70< 2 9 50>0 (95 /0:?:82 70 =5C3=7= 2 9 50>0 <6 93=361 V X), 4L61 A574N 21?3836 9 /50 86 6 9 4L61 20:36 9 8?586 <3 95 4957< /03:0 /014G2 9 C/0 <<3:8 6 9 38@ 0< <3 99 95 <744G2 , 5 4957< start with 21?3836 95 05438 2 9 50>0 (:7 9 < 05438 <) C =/9 ' :36 95 0 9563:8 =/( := 7=j =/ 7=j 585A 0 59530 )' O.. (5 > 4 2).. 5 / 0<:88 /:06586 9 87=10: : 6 < 8:==586 5 5 78 =585A 0 /:06586 9 87=10: * 6 / 0^:36 9 <59530 9O 5@ 4 9 38<6584 <73@586 ' NOM NUM_EMP NUM_MANAGER SALAIRE ------------ ---------- ----------- ---------DOMINIQUE 1 10000 MARIE 2 1 6000 JEAN 3 1 5000 PAUL 4 2 5000 MARTINE 5 2 5000 VINCENT 6 4 5500 HENRI 7 4 4000 MADELEINE 8 3 4000 ANNE 9 3 3000

65>930 78 93<6 2 < 8:=< 2 / 0<:88 /50 :020 N310504N3B7 , SELECT lpad('-',3*level)||Nom "Hiérarchie" FROM EMP Connect by prior Num_Emp=Num_Manager Start with Num_Manager is NULL Hiérarchie ---------------------------DOMINIQUE -MARIE -PAUL -VINCENT -HENRI -MARTINE -JEAN -MADELEINE -ANNE

5 ?:8463:8 9 @ 9 3823B7 9 83@ 57 2 78 8: 72 258< 9 50>:0 <4 84 , ?:8463:8 9/52 / 0= 6 2 38<10 0 2 < >9584< A574N (4520 0 20:36 ) 5760 < C =/9 < 5@ 4 9 < ?:8463:8< /01234563@ <' 73 <6 0 </:8<5>9 2 =/9:H1< SELECT Nom FROM EMP E1 WHERE exists (SELECT * FROM EMP E2 WHERE E1.num_emp=E2.num_manager) NOM -----------DOMINIQUE MARIE

X+

JEAN PAUL

73 <6 4N ? 2 78 =/9:H1 =3 7C /5H1 B7 973 =T= SELECT Nom FROM EMP E1 WHERE E1.salaire< any (SELECT salaire FROM EMP E2 WHERE E1.num_emp=E2.num_manager) NOM -----------PAUL

73 <6 N ? O5><:97O 57478 =/9:H1 =3 7C /5H1 B7 973 =T= SELECT Nom FROM EMP E1 WHERE exists (SELECT * FROM EMP E2 WHERE E1.num_emp=E2.num_manager) AND E1.salaire> all (SELECT salaire FROM EMP E2 WHERE E1.num_emp=E2.num_manager) NOM -----------DOMINIQUE MARIE JEAN

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 603 0 78 0 9563:8 5?38 2 9 5??34N 0 258< 78 :020 2:881, 79 95 0 /01< 86563:8 C6 08 <6 5?? 461 /50 4 603, 603 <6 </143?31 /50 78 93<6 2:86 9 < 191= 86< 9 < /97< A574N <:86 9 < /97< <3A83?34563?< 258< 9 603, :70 4N5B7 191= 86 9 603 / 76 T60 40:3<<586 (asc) :7 2140:3<<586 (desc), 50 21?576 39 <6 40:3<<586, 8 191= 86 <6 78 C/0 <<3:8 2 95 4957< SELECT, 9 / 76 57<<3 T60 78 8:=>0 3823B7586 9 87=10: 2 95 4:9:88 603 0, 6H/ 2 </143?34563:8 27 4036G0 2 603 <6 :>93A56:30 258< 9 45< :a 9 01<79656 <6 :>6 87 /50 76393<563:8 2 78 :/1056 70 8< =>93<6 ( 8 ?? 6 9 < 4:9:88 < /0:@3 88 86 2 0 B7T6 < 23??10 86 <) 02 0 957<

:06 2 2 ?

C =/9 ' SELECT nom, adresse FROM Clients ORDER BY nom asc NOM ADRESSE -------------------- ---------------------------------------AGDA 10 route de l impossible 1508 TEXAS

% CHADOK DUFOUR DUMAS DUPONT EINSTEIN GASCON NOBODY ROMULUS ZORO

25 rue de la rame 1456 Tombouctou 10 av. de la gar 1300 AILLEURS 10 route du moulins LE-SUD 12 ch. des hirondelles 1238 LABAS 10 route de la relativité 1004 PLUS-LOIN 12 av. du Général 1239 ICI 403 route de l inconnu 75000 Paris 241 route de rome 1409 Lion 10 ch des voleurs Los Angeles

;)"

3859 = 86 8:7< :>6 8:8< 9 =:2G9 2 95 3A70 Y -/:70 95 =54N38 < 0 9563:8< 2 78 :/10563:8 8< =>93<6 <:86 4594791 < 3821/ 825= 86, 603 <6 ?? 4671 8 2 083 0 <70 9 01<79656 ?3859, R1

...

From .... Produit catésien n-uplet Where .... prédicat

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relation Union, intersect, minus ....

Order by .....

Opérations ensemblistes

Tri du résultat

3A70

Y - '=:2G9 4:=/9 6 2 95 =54N38

=:2G9 8 5 2 7639361 B7 2 216 0=38 0 9 01<79656 2 78 0 B7T6 , :0< 2 9 C14763:8 01 99 2 78 0 B7T6 9 #" @5 :/63=3< 0 95 0 B7T6 5?38 2 1@36 0 2 605@5399 0 <70 9 < 8 7/9 6< 27 /0:2736 45061<3 8, 66 :/63=3<563:8 (605361 /97< 9:38) 76393< 2 78 /506 9 < /0:/03161< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 6 2 5760 /506 9 < <6074670 < 2 2:881 < 544:=/5A8586 9 < 65>9 < =1=:03<1 <,

(

< #" <:86 /0563B7 = 86 6:7< =783< 2 78 386 0?54 A05/N3B7 /:70 9 386 00:A563:8 2 < 2:881 <, :70 9 76393<56 70 :445<3:88 9 4 66 <:9763:8 <6 60G< ??3454 450 3867363@ = 86 39 / 76 </143?3 0 78 0 B7T6 <58< < /01:447/ 0 2 95 <H865C , / 82586 /:70 2 < 0 B7T6 < 4:=/9 C < 4 66 5//0:4N A05/N3B7 / 76 2 @ 830 /97< 4:=/9 C B7 95 </143?34563:8 6 C67 99 2 95 0 B7T6 ,

3A70

'=:2G9 4:=/9 6 2 95 =54N38

58< 95 3A70 Y 8:7< =:860:8< 78 0 B7T6 A05/N3B7 ?? 4671 5@ 4 44 << 2 340:<:?6, :7< @:79:8< 78 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < J 23 < 9 K 5@ 4 95 4561A:03 2 / 0=3<, :84 /67 99 = 86 39 ?576 /0:412 0 2 95 =T= =583G0 4 <6 230 216 0=38 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 27 4:86 C6 2 95 0 B7T6 , 58< 8:60 45< 39 < 5A36 2 . % 62 3 5/0G< 9 < 5@:30 <19 463:881 < 258< 78 93<6 9 <H<6G= 9 < /01< 86 <70 95 <70?54 2 605@539, 8 76393<586 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <70 9 < 56603>76< 6 9 < 45023859361< 9 <H<6G= /0:/:< 2 4:=/:< 0 9 < 2 7C 0 9563:8< /50 9 56603>76 4 , 8 493B7586 <70 9 < 4N5=/< :4N5<<3< 6H/ 50>70586 6 456 A:03 8:7< 9 < ?53<:8< 5//505]60 258< 9 65>9 57 38?103 70, 58< 4 =T= 65>9 8:7< 599:8< /0143< 0 9 < 4036G0 < 2 <19 463:8 2 /0:S 463:8 2 603 6 1@ 867 99 = 86 2 <19 463:8

3A70

Y X '=:2G9 4:=/9 6 2 95 =54N38

6:76 =:= 86 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 :>6 830 2 5760 < @7 < 2 95 0 B7T6 , 99 2 9 C14763:8 ( 3A70 Y X) 6 4 99 2 <5 60527463:8 8 ( 3A70 Y ),

3A70

'=:2G9 4:=/9 6 2 95 =54N38

1 )

:7< 5@:8< 9 < 38<6584 < <73@586 < 2 < 0 9563:8<' SELECT * FROM Vehicule NOCHASSIS NOPLAQUE MISEENSER MODELE NOSTATION ---------- ---------- --------- ------------ ---------100001 121 11-DEC-91 TAXI1 1 100002 122 24-JAN-92 TAXI2 1 100003 123 14-DEC-91 TAXI1 2 100005 125 20-DEC-91 TAXI2 2 100004 124 13-OCT-91 BUS 2

SELECT * FROM Type MODELE NBPLACES CA ------------ ---------- -TAXI1 5 V TAXI2 7 V BUS 35 PL

TYPECARBURAN -----------ESSENCE DIESEL DIESEL

A POIDS - ---------N 850 Y 1200 N 6500

SELECT * FROM Carburant NOPLAQUE NOJOUR KILOMETRAGE LITRES TYPECARBURAN ---------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -----------121 1 300 30 ESSENCE 122 1 300 20 DIESEL 123 1 300 30 ESSENCE 124 1 300 60 DIESEL 125 1 300 20 DIESEL 121 2 310 30 ESSENCE 122 2 320 20 DIESEL 123 2 300 31 ESSENCE 124 2 300 62 DIESEL 125 2 300 21 DIESEL 121 3 310 31 ESSENCE

122 123 124 125 125

3 3 3 3 4

320 300 300 300 10

21 32 58 22 1

DIESEL ESSENCE DIESEL DIESEL ESSENCE

SELECT * FROM Entretien NOCHASSIS NOJOUR DESCRIPTION ---------- ---------- -----------------100001 1 VIDANGE 100001 1 BOITE A VITESSE 100002 2 VIDANGE 100003 3 VIDANGE 100004 1 VIDANGE

SELECT * FROM Chauffeur NOCHAUFFEUR ----------1 2 3 4

NOM ---------DUPONT MAX BOL PASBOL

PRENOM ----------JEAN MAXIM PAUL PAUL

ADRESSE NOSTATION --------- ---------ici 1 ici1 1 labas 2 labas2 2

SELECT * FROM Permis NOCHAUFFEUR ----------1 2 3 4 1 3

CA -V V V V PL PL

SELECT * FROM Planning NOCHAUFFEUR NOCHASSIS NOJOUR T ----------- ---------- ---------- 1 100001 1 A 2 100002 1 A 3 100003 2 A 4 100005 1 A 1 100001 1 B 4 100003 2 A 1 100004 3 A

SELECT * FROM Station NOZONE NOSTATION ---------- ---------10 1 12 2

SELECT * FROM Distance HEURE ZONEDE ZONEA TEMPSPARCOURS ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------10 10 20 5 11 10 20 6 12 10 20 10 13 10 20 5

% 10 11 12 13 10 11 12 13 10 11 12 13 13

20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20

5 6 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SELECT * FROM Situation NOCHASSIS NOZONE ---------- ---------1000001 10 1000002 20 1000003 20 1000005 20

:88 P 78 0 B7T6 /:70 4N5B7 /:386 43 2 <<:7< 76393< P 9 A05/N 2 0 9563:8 /:70 ?? 467 0 9 < S:38670 <'

) V) ) -) ) X) ) Z) +)

93<6 2 < @1N3479 < /50 87=10: 2 4N5<<3< 40:3<<586 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 6 9 70 4561A:03 2 / 0=3< 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2 /97< 2 VY /954 < 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 860 6 Z /954 < 93<6 27 /:32< 6:659 2 < @1N3479 < (/:32< 27 @1N3479 ; X IA /50 / 0<:88 ) 93<6 59/N5>163B7 2 < 4N57?? 70< 6 2 9 70 / 0=3< 93<6 2 < /018:=< /5065A1< /50 /97<3 70< 4N57?? 70< 8 76393<586 4:786() 93<6 2 < /018:=< /5065A1< /50 /97<3 70< 4N57?? 70< 8 76393<586 ! 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 78 87=10: 2 /95B7 4:== 8^586 /50 78 6 78 8 60:3<3G= /:<363:8 Y) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 78 860 63 8 2:86 9 93> 991 4:=/:06 <744 <<3@ = 86 9 < =:6< " 6 ) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < B7 / 76 4:82730 9 4N57?? 70 : - (5@ 4 9 ) V) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < B7 / 76 4:82730 9 4N57?? 70 : - (5@ 4 2 < S:38670 < < 79 = 86) ) 216 0=38 0 <3 78 @1N3479 5 161 0 =/93 5@ 4 78 450>70586 8 4:00 </:82586 /5< <:8 =:2G9 -) 4:8<:==563:8 6:659 2 4N5B7 @1N3479 6031 /50 6H/ 2 450>70586 ) 4:8<:==563:8 6:659 /50 S:70 /50 <6563:8 /50 6H/ 2 450>70586 X) 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 2 4N5B7 @ N3479 /:70 YY I= ) 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 S:708593G0 2 4N5B7 @1N3479 /:70 YY I= Z) 93<6 2 < /9 38< 58:0=57C (VY e 2 /97< B7 95 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 27 @1N3479 ) +) 9 /958838A 27 4N57?? 70 : 6031 /50 S:70 6 60584N N:0530 VY) /:70 78 493 86 5// 9586 2 /73< 95 P:8 Y N 70 2:88 P 95 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 38:447/1< /50 :020 2 /0:C3=361,

) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < /50 87=10: 2 4N5<<3< 40:3<<586 SELECT * FROM VEHICULE ORDER BY nochassis NOCHASSIS NOPLAQUE MISEENSER MODELE NOSTATION ---------- ---------- --------- ------------ ---------100001 121 11-DEC-91 TAXI1 1 100002 122 24-JAN-92 TAXI2 1 100003 123 14-DEC-91 TAXI1 2 100004 124 13-OCT-91 BUS 2 100005 125 20-DEC-91 TAXI2 2

V) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 6 9 70 4561A:03 2 / 0=3<

SELECT nochassis,v.modele FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t WHERE v.modele=t.modele NOCHASSIS ---------100004 100001 100003 100002 100005

MODELE -----------BUS TAXI1 TAXI1 TAXI2 TAXI2

) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2 /97< 2 VY /954 < SELECT nochassis,nbplaces FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t WHERE v.modele=t.modele AND nbplaces>20 NOCHASSIS NBPLACES ---------- ---------100004 35

-) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 860

6 Z /954 <

SELECT nochassis,nbplaces FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t WHERE v.modele=t.modele AND nbplaces between 5 AND 8 NOCHASSIS NBPLACES ---------- ---------100001 5 100003 5 100002 7 100005 7

) 93<6 27 /:32< 2 < @1N3479 < (X IA /50 / 0<:88 ) SELECT nochassis,poids+65*nbplaces "Poids total" FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t WHERE v.modele=t.modele NOCHASSIS Poids total ---------- ----------100004 8775 100001 1175 100003 1175 100002 1655 100005 1655

X) 93<6 59/N5>163B7 2 < 4N57?? 70< 6 2 9 70 / 0=3< SELECT ch.nochauffeur,nom,prenom,categorie FROM CHAUFFEUR ch, Permis pe WHERE ch.nochauffeur=pe.nochauffeur ORDER BY nom,prenom

NOCHAUFFEUR ----------3 3 1 1 2 4

NOM -------------BOL BOL DUPONT DUPONT MAX PASBOL

PRENOM ----------------PAUL PAUL JEAN JEAN MAXIM PAUL

CA -V PL V PL V V

) 93<6 2 < /018:=< /5065A1< /50 /97<3 70< 4N57?? 70< 8 76393<586 4:786() SELECT distinct prenom FROM CHAUFFEUR GROUP BY prenom having count(prenom)>=2 PRENOM -----------------------PAUL

Z) 93<6 2 < /018:=< /5065A1< /50 /97<3 70< 4N57?? 70< 8 76393<586 ! SELECT distinct prenom FROM CHAUFFEUR ch1 WHERE exists(SELECT 'vrai' FROM CHAUFFEUR ch2 WHERE ch1.nochauffeur<>ch2.nochauffeur AND ch1.prenom=ch2.prenom) PRENOM -----------------------PAUL

+) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 78 87=10: 2 /95B7 4:== 8^586 /50 78 8 60:3<3G= /:<363:8

6 78

SELECT nochassis,noplaque FROM VEHICULE WHERE noplaque like '1_3%' NOCHASSIS NOPLAQUE ---------- ---------100003 123

Y) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 78 <744 <<3@ = 86 9 < =:6< " 6

860 63 8 2:86 9

93> 991 4:=/:06

SELECT nochassis,description FROM ENTRETIEN WHERE description like '%BOITE%VITESSE%' NOCHASSIS DESCRIPTION ---------- --------------100001 BOITE A VITESSE

) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < B7 / 76 4:82730 9 4N57?? 70 : - (5@ 4 9

)

SELECT nochassis,v.modele FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t WHERE v.modele=t.modele AND categorie in (SELECT pe.categorie FROM CHAUFFEUR ch, Permis pe WHERE ch.nochauffeur=pe.nochauffeur AND ch.nochauffeur=4) NOCHASSIS ---------100001 100005 100002 100003

MODELE -----------TAXI1 TAXI2 TAXI2 TAXI1

V) 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < B7 S:38670 < < 79 = 86)

/ 76 4:82730

4N57?? 70

: - (5@ 4 2 <

SELECT nochassis,v.modele FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t,CHAUFFEUR ch, Permis pe WHERE v.modele=t.modele AND ch.nochauffeur=pe.nochauffeur AND pe.categorie=t.categorie AND ch.nochauffeur=4 NOCHASSIS ---------100001 100003 100002 100005

MODELE -----------TAXI1 TAXI1 TAXI2 TAXI2

) 216 0=38 0 <3 78 @1N3479 4:00 </:82586 /5< <:8 =:2 9

5 161 0 =/93 5@ 4 78 450>70586 8

SELECT nochassis,v.modele FROM VEHICULE v, TYPE t WHERE v.modele=t.modele AND typecarburant <> any (SELECT typecarburant FROM carburant tc WHERE v.noplaque=tc.noplaque) NOCHASSIS MODELE ---------- -----------100005 TAXI2

-) 4:8<:==563:8 6:659 2 4N5B7 @1N3479

6031 /50 6H/ 2 450>70586

SELECT typecarburant,noplaque,sum(litres) FROM CARBURANT GROUP BY typecarburant,noplaque ORDER BY typecarburant TYPECARBURAN NOPLAQUE SUM(LITRES) ------------ ---------- ----------DIESEL 122 61 DIESEL 124 180 DIESEL 125 63

ESSENCE ESSENCE ESSENCE

121 123 125

91 93 1

) 4:8<:==563:8 6:659 /50 S:70 /50 <6563:8 /50 6H/ 2 450>70586 SELECT nojour, nostation ,typecarburant ,sum(litres) FROM CARBURANT c, VEHICULE v WHERE c.noplaque=v.noplaque GROUP BY nojour, nostation ,typecarburant NOJOUR NOSTATION TYPECARBURAN SUM(LITRES) ---------- ---------- ------------ ----------1 1 DIESEL 20 1 1 ESSENCE 30 1 2 DIESEL 80 1 2 ESSENCE 30 2 1 DIESEL 20 2 1 ESSENCE 30 2 2 DIESEL 83 2 2 ESSENCE 31 3 1 DIESEL 21 3 1 ESSENCE 31 3 2 DIESEL 80 3 2 ESSENCE 32 4 2 ESSENCE 1

X) 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 2 4N5B7 @ N3479 /:70 YY I= SELECT noplaque , (sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100 "consommation moyenne globale" FROM CARBURANT c GROUP BY noplaque NOPLAQUE consommation moyenne globale ---------- ---------------------------121 9.89130435 122 6.4893617 123 10.3333333 124 20 125 7.03296703

) 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 S:708593G0 2 4N5B7 @1N3479 /:70 YY I= SELECT noplaque,nojour , (sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100 "moyenne journaliere" FROM CARBURANT c GROUP BY noplaque,nojour NOPLAQUE NOJOUR moyenne journaliere ---------- ---------- ------------------121 1 10 121 2 9.67741935 121 3 10 122 1 6.66666667 122 2 6.25 122 3 6.5625 123 1 10

& 123 123 124 124 124 125 125 125 125

2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

10.3333333 10.6666667 20 20.6666667 19.3333333 6.66666667 7 7.33333333 10

Z) 93<6 2 < /9 38< 58:0=57C (VY e 2 /97< B7 95 4:8<:==563:8 =:H 88 27 @1N3479 ) SELECT noplaque,nojour,litres*100/kilometrage FROM CARBURANT c1 WHERE litres*100/kilometrage > (SELECT 1.2*(sum(litres)*100/sum(kilometrage)) FROM CARBURANT c2 WHERE c2.noplaque=c1.noplaque) NOPLAQUE NOJOUR LITRES*100/KILOMETRAGE ---------- ---------- ---------------------125 4 10

+) 9 /958838A 27 4N57?? 70 :

6031 /50 S:70 6 60584N N:0530

SELECT nochauffeur,nojour,tranchehoraire,nochassis FROM PLANNING c1 WHERE nochauffeur=1 ORDER BY nojour,tranchehoraire NOCHAUFFEUR NOJOUR T NOCHASSIS ----------- ---------- - ---------1 1 A 100001 1 1 B 100001 1 3 A 100004

VY) /:70 78 493 86 5// 9586 2 /73< 95 P:8 Y @1N3479 < 38:447/1< /50 :020 2 /0:C3=361, SELECT s.nochassis,s.nozone,tempsparcours FROM SITUATION S,DISTANCE D WHERE s.nozone=d.zonede AND d.zonea=10 AND d.heure=13 ORDER BY tempsparcours NOCHASSIS NOZONE TEMPSPARCOURS ---------- ---------- ------------1000001 10 0 1000002 20 5 1000003 20 5 1000005 20 5

N 70

2:88 P 95 93<6 2 <

"Un matin, au sortir d'un rêve agité, Grégoire Samsa s'éveilla transformé dans son lit en une véritable vermine" (Franz Kafka - La métamorphose)

< 4N5=/< 2 5//934563:8 B73 8 < 6058<?:0= 86 /5< 57 4:70< 27 6 =/< <:86 C60T= = 86 / 7 ?01B7 86 (258< 9 2:=538 2 9 5859H< <6563<63B7 2 8B7T6 ), 5 =:23?34563:8 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 <6 814 <<530 258< 95 =5S:0361 2 < 45<, < =:23?34563:8< 6:74N 86 9 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 8 /:70<73@586 9 321 B7 9 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2:881 < <6 78 386 0/016563:8 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 9 38<6586 6 /:70 :>6 830 9 38<6584 2 95 >5< 9 38<6586 6 39 <7??36 8 6N1:03 2 01386 0/016 0 9 4:86 87 27 4N5=/ 4 =:= 86 9 ( 3A70 ), 5 =:2193<563:8 6 <5 4:840163<563:8 ?3C1 < 9:0< 2 95 4:84 /63:8 3836359 <:86 4:8<32101 < 4:== 2 < 38@503586< /50 05//:06 57C =:23?34563:8< 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/< 2 5//934563:8, transformation

6C modélisation

transformation

@$5L$

@$5LL$

+ L $$$ + L

+ LL $$$ + LL

@$5$

interprétation

concrétisation

conception initiale

3A70

+ $$$ + Exploitation t

' 3<3:8 2 95 =:23?34563:8

TEMPS

t''

605@ 0< 9 < /0123456<,

C/9:36563:8 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < /50 78 01386 0/016563:8 4:86387 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8 <6 /5< /:<<3>9 , 38363593<563:8 2 95 /0 =3G0 38<6584 / 76 21S T60 9:8A7 258< 95 2701 , /97< 39 < 0536 23??3439 2 ?3C 0 9 386 0@599 2 6 =/< 860 2 7C 01386 0/016563:8<, 66 @3<3:8 2 95 =:23?34563:8 605@ 0< 9 < /0123456< 8 2:36 T60 2:84 4:8< 0@1 B7 4:==

01?10 84 /:70 @5932 0 2 5760 < =3< < 8 : 7@0 2 < =:23?34563:8<, / 82586 78 6 99 @3<3:8 8:7< 570536 / 0=3< 2 ?530 9 14:8:=3 2 9 5859H< 2 < 6058<?:0=563:8< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, :60 =:2G9 2 < =:23?34563:8< 2 =582 9 3860:27463:8 2 78 8:7@ 57 4:84 /6 4 973 2 $ , :4470 84 2 78 1@18 = 86 5//93B71 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 =:23?3 4 2 083 0, 50 C =/9 8:7< 5@:8< 9 1@18 = 86' O 8 493 86 01< 0@ 78 4N5=>0 O 6 <:8 :4470 84 ' O9 493 86 : YY- 01< 0@ 95 4N5=>0 V- 27 S58 +Y 57 - S58 +YO, :4470 84 2 78 1@18 = 86 =:23?3 9 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 8 ?? 6 78 1@18 = 86 <58< 4:8<1B7 84 <70 9 < 2:881 < 8 /:700536 /5< 953<< 0 2 6054 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 5 0 4N 04N 2 < 1@18 = 86< < <367 57 83@ 57 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 9 < 1@18 = 86< <:86 2:84 <3A83?34563?< /:70 9 < 76393<56 70<,

occurence d'événements

6C @$5$

modélisation

@$5L$

Séquence de primitives de modication

@$5LL$

exécution

t''

3A70

+ $$$ +

interprétation initiale

V ' 3<3:8 2 95 =:23?34563:8

605@ 0< 9 < 1@18 = 86<,

1@18 = 86 <6 6052736 /50 78 <1B7 84 2 /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 258< 9 =:2G9 0 9563:88 9U :8 5// 99 4 66 <1B7 84 6058<5463:8, 3859 = 86 9 C14763:8 2 4 < /03=363@ < <70 95 >5< 2 2:881 < =:23?3 9 < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8<, :70 9 C =/9 /01412586 9 1@18 = 86 2 95 01< 0@563:8 4:00 </:82 95 401563:8 2 78 8:7@ 99 86361 2 95 0 9563:8 1< 0@563:8, :4470 84 2 9 1@18 = 86 4:00 </:82 9 38< 063:8 2 95 058A1 ( YY- VS58 +Y - S58 +Y) 258< 95 65>9 1< 0@563:8, =:2G9 <6 2:84 >5<1 <70 9 ?536 B7 2 O/ 636 <O =:23?34563:8< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 <:86 0 /:061 < 4:== 2 O/ 636 <O =:23?34563:8< 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < ( 3A70 V), < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 <:86 386 0/0161< 3836359 = 86 57 6 =/< 6 4:== 9 38<6584 " 6, < :4470 84 < 2 <

1@18 = 86< 2 6 6 <:86 0 /:061< 8 C1476586 9 < /03=363@ < 4:00 </:82586 < 2:88586 9 38<6584 " 6 , 6 538<3 2 <736 $ =:2G9 5=G8 9 < 0 =50B7 < <73@586 <, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < 4:863 86 9 0 ?9 6 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 /:70 78 38<6586 216 0=381 258< 9 6 =/<, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < 8 =1=:03< /5< 9 N3<6:30 2 < < =:23?34563:8< 450 9 :4470 84 2 < 1@18 = 86< 8605]8 86 3==12356 = 86 <:8 5467593<563:8, 3 9 :8 @ 76 4:8< 0@ 0 4 66 N3<6:30 39 ?576 95 =:2193< 0 C/93436 = 86 (:7 605@5399 0 5@ 4 78 #" N3<6:03B7 ), 5 >5< 2 2:881 < 57 6 =/< 6 <6 9 0 ?9 6 2 9 8< =>9 2 < 1@18 = 86< 2 /73< 9 38363593<563:8 6 2 @0536 T60 1A59 78 38<6584 38363593<1 57 6 =/< 6, 5 @5932361 2 4 66 1A59361 <6 <:7=3< 2 < NH/:6NG< < 6 2 < 4:8605386 < B7 9 :8 2:36 @5932 0 <70 9 =:2G9 , :7< 01<7=:8< 9 =:2G9 2 < =:23?34563:8< /50 9 < 1B7563:8< 2 95 3A70 , , 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 5467 9 <6 1A59 95 <1B7 84 2 < :4470 84 < 2 < 1@18 = 86< 5//93B71< 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 3836359, V, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < 5467 99 <6 1A59 95 <1B7 84 2 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 C14761 < <70 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 3836359 , , 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 3836359 <6 78 386 0/016563:8 4:00 46 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 3836359, -, 5 <1B7 84 2 :4470 84 2 < 1@18 = 86< <6 1B73@59 86 95 <1B7 84 2 C14763:8 2 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 , 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 5467 99 <6 78 386 0/016563:8 4:00 46 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 5467 9, < 1B7563:8< <:86 2 < NH/:6NG< < ?:06 < C5=38:8< 9 < /:<<3>9 < ?53>9 << < 2 4 <H<6G= , 1B7563:8 <6 @053 <3 95 6:659361 2 < 1@18 = 86< / 7@ 86 T60 80 A3<601< (:7 / 0^7<), 9 <6 2:84 << 863 9 B7 6:7< 9 < 1@18 = 86< <:3 86 =3< 8 1@32 84 6 B7 9 70< <:704 < 2 :4470 84 <:3 86 32 863?31 <, 38:8 9 < 6058<?:0=563:8< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 5//5053<< 86 4:== </:86581 < <58< 457< , 6 4 43 0 82 3=/:<<3>9 95 =3< S:70 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < /50 9 C14763:8 2 < /03=363@ <, 58< 9 45< :a 2 6 9< 1@18 = 86< <:86 38N10 86< 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 39 <6 3823</ 8<5>9 2 0138363593< 0 /103:23B7 = 86 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 5?38 2 012730 9 14506 860 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 <:8 38<65843563:8, 50 C =/9 258< 78 =5A5<38 /50 05//:06 95 A <63:8 2 <:8 <6:4I 9 < @:9< 2 =504N5823< < <:86 381@365>9 < 6 8 / 7@ 86 T60 /03< 8 4:=/6 /50 9 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 (/50 21?38363:8 9 @:9 2:36 /5<< 0 385// 0^7), 8 38@ 86530 /103:23B7 / 0= 6 95 0138363593<563:8 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <,

9 0* '> ** # $ (! !$

A !$

3A70

.7.! 0 !$

A @

* 0$7

9 0* '> ** # $ (! ,#$& A

,#$&

' B7563:8< <:7< S54 86 < 27 =:2G9 2 =:23?34563:8,

1B7563:8 V <6 @053 /50 21?38363:8 99 4:8<6367 95 </143?34563:8 =T= 2 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 2 78 #" , / 82586 <5 @5932361 21/ 82 2 =14583<= < 6 9< B7 95 A <63:8 2 < 6058<5463:8< 258< 9 #" 2 78 A <63:8 4:00 46 2 95 4:84700 84 2 9 C14763:8 2 < 6058<5463:8< 2 95 <1470361 2 < 2:881 < /50 05//:06 57C 21?5399584 < 27 =56103 9, 1B7563:8 <6 @053 <3 2 78 /506 95 =:2193<563:8 <6 ?32G9 6 2 5760 /506 <3 9 38<6584 3836359 <6 78 386 0/016563:8 4:00 46 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 5 ?3219361 2 9 386 0/016563:8 21/ 82 2 95 S7<6 << 2 9 5859H< 2 < :>S 6< 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 2 9 70 =:2193<563:8, 5 B759361 2 9 38<6584 3836359 2:36 T60 4:860L91 =38763 7< = 86 /50 C =/9 /50 2 < 0 B7T6 < 2:86 9 < 01<79656< <:86 21S 4:887< 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 1B7563:8 - <6 @053 <3 9 :8 0 <60 386 95 4:8<1B7 84 2 < 1@18 = 86< 57C :>S 6< 38497< 258< 95 =:2193<563:8, 66 0 <603463:8 <6 3=/:06586 450 99 5=/76 9 1@18 = 86 2 78 /5063 2 <:8 38?:0=563:8 4:84 08586 <:8 521B7563:8 95 =:2193<563:8 57 =:2G9 57 /50523A= 2 A <63:8 76393<1, :70 8:7< 9 1@18 = 86 <6 /:06 70 2 =:23?34563:8 <70 4 < 5760 < 83@ 57C 6 9 :0A583<563:8 2:36 T60 566 863@ 4 99 < 43, 50 C =/9 95 6058<?:0=563:8 2 < N5>3672 < 2 /5H = 86 2 < 493 86< /50 9 76393<563:8 2 4506 2 401236 2:36 T60 /03< 8 4:=/6 258< 95 =:2193<563:8 8 5S:76586 9 < 4:8<6367586< 814 <<530 <, 43 <6 84:0 /97< =583? <6 <3 95 <6074670 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 8 <6 /5< >3 8 165>93 , 50 C =/9 258< 9 2:=538 2 95 4:A8363:8 95 4:=/01N 8<3:8 2 4 93@0 8 <6 /50 0127463>9 9 38< 063:8 2 < =:6< 258< 78 NH/:6N163B7 65>9 4:86 87 258< 95 6T6 27 9 46 70, 7 ?70 6 = <70 2 <5 /0:A <<3:8 258< 95 9 4670 =53< 4N5B7 1@18 = 86 =:23?3 / 7 / 7 <:8 =:2G9 6 ?3859 = 86 165>936 78 /50523A= 386103:03<1 2 < <H<6G= < 2 38?:0=563:8, < 1@18 = 86< 2 < 4N5=/< 2 5//934563:8< >3 8 <60746701< 8605]8 86 /03843/59 = 86 2 < =:23?34563:8< <70 9 < :>S 6< 6 /97< 050 = 86 2 < =:23?34563:8< <70 95 <6074670 C/93B7586 9 <7441< 2 < #" 258< 4 < 2:=538 <,

' "0 0('3

7.! 0 !$ * 0$7

$ &#$& !$ * .$ $ (!

3A70

- ' / 460 2 < =:23?34563:8< 2:86 9 1@18 = 86

<6 /:06 70,

1B7563:8 <6 @053 /:70 576586 B7 9 < 1B7563:8< /01412 86 < <:3 86 @103?31 <, 6 0= 78 14506 381@365>9 < 401 860 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 95 >5< 2 2:881 < :>93A 586 9 4:84 /6 70 6 9 :0A583<563:8 (/50 :020 2140:3<<586 2 ?01B7 84 )' • 0138363593< 0 95 >5< 2 2:881 < • 0 <6074670 0 95 =:2193<563:8 2 < 2:881 < 6 2 < 1@18 = 86< • 4N58A 0 2 =:2G9 (38?:0=563B7 ) • 4N58A 0 2 /50523A= 2 A <63:8 21?3 5467 9 2 < <H<6G= < 2 38?:0=563:8 01<32 258< 9 5<<70584 2 78 4:86387361 /50 05//:06 4 < 23??10 86< 4N58A = 86< (B73 <:86 3=/01@3<3>9 <)

< /03=363@ < <:86 9 0 ?9 6 2 60:3< 1@18 = 86< 191= 86530 < 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8' • 5 *(+5'40/U 78 :>S 6 8:7@ 57 5//505]6 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 2:84 39 2:36 T60 80 A3<601 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 < (78 8:7@ 57 493 86 2 9 NL6 9) • 5 34&, 7 ;0)(U 78 :>S 6 21S /01< 86 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 < =:23?3 6 4 43 2:36 T60 0 /:061 258< 95 " (78 493 86 =:23?3 <5 256 2 21/506) • 5 &)66(,&&40/U 78 :>S 6 80 A3<601 258< 95 " <:06 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 2:36 2:84 T60 193=381 2 95 " ( 8 4N5=>0 <6 5=185A1 8 <59:8) 8 /03=363@ 8 =:23?3 B7 78 < 79 0 9563:8 6 78 < 79 86361, :70 < C1476 0 99 2:36 @103?3 0 4 06538 < /01 4:82363:8< 6 5/0G< <:8 C14763:8 :8 / 76 6:7S:70< @103?3 0 4 06538 < /:<6 4:82363:8<, 8 8:6 05 /50' D/01 4:82363:8<E /03=363@ D/:<6 4:82363:8<E 9 ?? 6 2 95 /03=363@ ,

! :36 (

V ,,,, 8) 6 3 78 38<6584 2

0 78 67/9 2

8 :>S 6 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 / 76 T60 =:2193<1 /50 /97<3 70< 0 9563:8<,

9:0< 95 401563:8 2 0 258< 8:61 4( 0) <6 9 :/10563:8 B73 =:23?3 9 38<6584 3 2 95 =583G0 <73@586 ' D0 ∉ 3 E 4( 0) D0 ∈ 3 E 8 2149 84N 4 66 /03=363@ /:70 9 67/9 0 9:0<B7 9 /0123456 2 2 @3 86 @5932 /:70 9 < @59 70< 2 0, C =/9 ' 78 8:7@ 57 493 86 4( 93 86< ( 7=5< 9 C5820 O9 @3 7C =:7938,,,O)) champ d'application sort du C.A. se transforme

entre dans le C.A.

suppression d'entités

3A70

maj de constituants

création d'entités

' <<:43563:8 2 < 1@18 = 86< 19 = 86530 < 57C /03=363@ <,

; :36 (

0 78 67/9 2 V ,,,, 8) 6 3 78 38<6584 2 9:0< 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 0 258< 8:61 <( 0) <6 9 :/10563:8 B73 =:23?3 9 38<6584 3 2 95 =583G0 <73@586 ' D0 ∈ 3 E <( 0) D0 ∉ 3 E

8 2149 84N 4 66 /03=363@ /:70 9 67/9 0 9:0<B7 9 /0123456 2 2 @3 86 38@5932 /:70 9 < @59 70< 2 0 6 B7 0 8 <6 /5< 0 =/9541 /50 78 5760 5H586 2 5760 < @59 70<, C =/9 ' 6058<?:0=563:8 2 78 4N5=>0 8 <59:8 <( N5=>0 < (V VY V " ))

:36 (

0 78 67/9 2 V ,,,, 8) 6 3 78 38<6584 2 9:0< 95 =3< S:70 2 0 258< /:70 9 4:8<6367586 /50 95 @59 9 :/10563:8 8:61 =( 0 @) <6 9 :/10563:8 B73 =:23?3 9 38<6584 =583G0 <73@586 ' D0 ∈ 3 E =( 0 @) D0c d_@ E 8 2149 84N 4 66 /03=363@ /:70 9 67/9 0 9:0<B7 9 /0123456 2 38@5932 /:70 0 =53< 0 <6 @5932 <3 0 /0 82 95 @59 70 @ 4:8<6367586 , C =/9 ' =:23?34563:8 2 95 256 2 21/506 2 78 01< 0@563:8 =( 1< 0@563:8 ( YYX - Y Z+ VZ Z+) 56 2 / Y

70 @ <6 3 2 95

2 @3 86 /:70 9

Z+),

8 6058<5463:8 <6 21?383 /50 78 <1B7 84 2 /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8, _ g / /V ,,, /8h /97< 9 C14763:8 2 95 6058<5463:8 2:36 @103?3 0 9 < /0:/03161< <73@586 < c# Z d' • 5 *0/&4&'5/*,U 95 6058<5463:8 2:36 :>130 57C /0:6:4:9 < 91A57C, < /0:6:4:9 < 91A57C 5//5053<< 86 4:== 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 < 0 </ 46 0 /:70 B7 95 4:84700 84 2 < 544G< <:36 4:N10 86 <, 6 8< =>9 21/ 82 2 95 6 4N83B7 4N:3<3 258< 9 504N36 4670 27 #" , 158=:38< 6:7< 9 < /0:6:4:9 < C3A 86 B7 95 6058<5463:8 54412586 78 1656 4:8<3<6 86 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 6058<?:0= 4 973 43 8 78 1656 4:8<3<6 86 <3 :8 9 C1476 3<:91= 86 (4 43 05//:06 95 21?38363:8 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 B7 9 :8 @ 005 796103 70 = 86) • 5'034*4'+U C14763:8 2 < 6058<5463:8< 2:36 T60 @7 4:== 78 6:76 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 6058<5463:8 3854N @1 , < 6058<?:0=563:8< 2 95 >5< <:86 4:8< 0@1 < <3 95 6058<5463:8 < 54NG@ 2:84 <3 6:76 < 9 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8< < <:86 C14761 < 8:0=59 = 86, 3 95 6058<5463:8 <6 3854N @1 9 < 6058<?:0=563:8< <:86 ??541 < 6 9 :8 0 <6367 9 1656 /01412 86, • 5 9)(5:484'+U 78 ?:3< B7 78 6058<5463:8 <6 4:8?30=1 :8 8 / 76 /97< 9 58879 0 (<57? /50 78 8:7@ 99 6058<5463:8) 5 6058<5463:8 =783 2 4 < 4:84 /6< <6 9 78361 2 6058<?:0=563:8 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 6 57<<3 9 78361 2 0147/10563:8 2 < 00 70<, 8 8< =>9 2 6 4N83B7 < :86 161 21@ 9://1 < /:70 5<<70 0 4 < /0:/03161<, 99 <

/ 0= 66 86 95 =:23?34563:8 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < /50 /97<3 70< 76393<56 70< 8 6:76 <1470361, 6 57<<3 99 < <7//91 86 57C 1@ 867 99 < 21?5399584 < 27 =56103 9, < /0:6:4:9 < 2 A <63:8 2 95 4:84700 84 <:86 01A3< /50 9 /03843/ 2 1B73@59 84 2 < :02:88584 = 86< 2 < 6058<5463:8< c +d, =5A38:8< B7 8:7< 5H:8< 9 8< =>9 D C1476 0 2 =583G0 V ,,, 8E 2 6058<5463:8< 4:84700 86 , 3 8:7< 5@3:8< 78 =54N38 38?383= 86 05/32 95 2701 2 C14763:8 2 < 6058<5463:8< < 0536 05= 81 P10: 6 9 01<79656 2 95 =:23?34563:8 4:00 </:820536 9 C14763:8 <1B7 863 99 2 78 2 < / 0=76563:8< /:<<3>9 < 2 9 8< =>9 2 21/506, :7< 8 /:<<12:8< /5< 78 6 99 =54N38 /50 4:860 B73 ?3C 9 8< =>9 2 < / 0=76563:8< C14761 < <1B7 863 99 = 86 4:== 01?10 84 52=3<<3>9 , < /0:6:4:9 < 2 A <63:8 ( 8 76393<586 2 < @ 00:7< <70 9 < 2:881 <) 2 95 4:84700 84 @:86 / 0= 660 78 860 954 = 86 860 9 < /03=363@ < 2 < 6058<5463:8< =53< 5<<70 0 B7 9 01<79656 ?3859 <:36 1B73@59 86 78 2 < / 0=76563:8<, 760 = 86 236 4 < /0:6:4:9 < 8 / 0= 66 86 /5< 57C 6058<5463:8< 2 4:==783B7 0 860 99 <, 8 6058<5463:8 / 76 =:23?3 0 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 6 4 66 =:23?34563:8 8 2:36 /5< T60 / 0^7 /50 2 5760 < 6058<5463:8< 6586 B7 99 8 <6 /5< 4:8?30=1 (54N @1 ), 58< 9 < #" 39 8 @5 2 =T= 78 6058<5463:8 / 76 =:23?3 0 9 4:86 87 4:=/9 6 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 4 < =:23?34563:8< 8 < 0:86 / 0^7 < B7 57 =:= 86 2 95 4:8?30=563:8, 56:=34361 2 95 6058<5463:8 2:36 /01@ 830 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 2 =:23?34563:8< 384:=/9G6 <, 99 < 43 / 7@ 86 T60 27 < 78 6058<5463:8 8 /:7@586 < 54N @ 0 (=57@53< /505=G60 < 93=36 2 < 0 <<:704 <) 78 6058<5463:8 00:81 (9 < 4:82363:8< 00:81 < <:86 /01@7 < 6 95 6058<5463:8 /0:@:B7 99 =T= 9 5>582:8) :7 /97< <3=/9 = 86 78 21?5399584 =56103 99 270586 9 C14763:8, 66 2 083G0 / 76 /0:@:B7 0 78 / 06 27 4:86 87 2 95 =1=:30 @3@ :7 2 78 =1235 2 95 =1=:30 < 4:82530 , 7 9B7 8 <:36 95 053<:8 9 56:=34361 C3A B7 9 < ?? 6< 2 < 6058<5463:8< 8 4:70< <:3 86 193=381< 6 B7 4 7C 2 < 6058<5463:8< 4:8?30=1 < <:3 86 0 <63671< (<3 2160736<), 5 6 87 2 78 S:70859 (<6:4I1 3821/ 825== 86 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <) 2 < =:23?34563:8< 860 /03< < /50 9 < 6058<5463:8< 4:8<6367 A181059 = 86 95 6 4N83B7 =/9:H1 /:70 5<<70 0 9 56:=34361, 8 45< 2 386 007/63:8 39 <7??36 2 /504:7030 9 S:70859 /:70 0 ?530 9 < 6058<5463:8< 4:8?30=1 < 6 /:70 21?530 4 99 < B73 8 9 <:86 /5<, 66 0 /03< 99 =T= <7S 66 2 < 21?5399584 < 2:36 /:7@:30 T60 01 C1476 0 576586 2 ?:3< B7 39 9 ?576, 8 /506 3=/:06586 27 4:2 2 78 #" <6 4:8<5401 95 01<:9763:8 2 4 < /0:>9G= < 6 9 :8 / 76 4:8<3210 0 B7 78 9:A343 9 B73 81A93A 0536 4 < 4:84 /6< 8 / 76 /5< T60 C/9:361 053<:85>9 = 86 /50 78 860 /03< ,

Z+

;)"

958A5A :??0 2 < /03=363@ < < =>95>9 <, 99 < 21?383<< 86 78 <:7< 8< =>9 B73 / 0= 6 2 =583/79 0 9 < 2:881 < 2 < 65>9 < 27 #" , 7C 60:3< /03=363@ < 2 >5< <:86 5S:761 < 9 < 4:==582 < / 0= 66586 2 </143?3 0 2 < 6058<5463:8< 6 4 99 < / 0= 66586 21?3830 9 < @ 00:7< /:70 95 A <63:8 2 95 4:84700 84 ,

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 38<10 0 <:36 78 8:7@ 99 058A1 21?383 C/93436 = 86 :7 >3 8 2 38<10 0 78 8< =>9 2 058A1 < 21?383 < /50 9 01<79656 2 78 0 B7T6 , < 4:9:88 < 8:8 21?383 < 9:0< 2 9 38< 063:8 /0 88 86 95 @59 70 8799 /:70 4 66 058A1 , 5 93<6 2 < 4:9:88 < / 76 T60 1@361 258< 4 45< 9 < @59 70< < <:86 5<<:431 < 57C 4:9:88 < 258< 9 :020 2 95 214950563:8 2 95 65>9 ( ,,,) 38< 06 4:==582

C =/9 ' 401563:8 2 78 8:7@ 99 01< 0@563:8 /:70 78 8:7@ 57 493 86 insert into clients (num_client, nom, prenom, adresse) values(2000,'New','Man','12 rue de la dĂŠcouverte') insert into reservations (num_client, num_chambre, date_arr, date_dep) values(2000,12,'12-jan-91','14-jan-91')

5 /0 =3G0 =:23?34563:8 <6 1B73@59 86

insert into clients values(2000,'New','Man','12 rue de la dĂŠcouverte')

=5A38:8< B7 8:7< 5H:8< 4011 78 65>9 j B73 2:36 4:86 830 9 < 493 86< 5H586 01< 0@1 /50630 2 9 5881 ++Y, :7< 5@:8< 9 :020 2 401563:8 <73@586 6 9 38363593<563:8 2 95 65>9 / 76 < ?? 467 0 5@ 4 78 38< 063:8 544:=/5A81 2 78 <:7< 0 B7T6 ,

CREATE TABLE CLIENTS_RECENTS ( NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6) not null , NOM CHAR (20), PRENOM CHAR (20), ADRESSE CHAR (40)) insert into CLIENTS_RECENTS (num_client, nom, prenom, adresse) SELECT c.num_client, nom, prenom, adresse FROM CLIENTS c, RESERVATIONS r WHERE c.num_client=r.num_client AND date_arr>='1-jan-90'

9 <6 38610 <<586 2 8:6 0 B7 4 6H/ 2 38< 063:8 4:82736 401 0 2 < 38?:0=563:8< 0 2:82586 <, 8 ?? 6 9 < 38?:0=563:8< B73 <:86 38<101 < <:86 21S /50 21?38363:8 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, /256 4:==582

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 = 660 S:70 78 4:9:88 :7 78 A0:7/ 2 4:9:88 , C/0 <<3:8 2 =3< S:70 <6 <:36 78 C/0 <<3:8 <3=/9 :7 >3 8 78 <:7< 0 B7T6 , 5 4:82363:8 2 95 4957< WHERE / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 058A1 < B73 2:3@ 86 T60 =3< S:70, C =/9 ' =:23?34563:8 2 95 256 2 21/506 27 493 86 YYX update reservations set date_dep='30-DEC-89' WHERE num_client=2000 AND date_dep='28-DEC-89';

57A= 86563:8 2 6:7< 9 < /03C 2 <3=/9 7/256

update chambres set prix=prix*1.10

57A= 86563:8 2 < /03C 2

Ye /:70 9 < 4N5=>0 < 5@ 4 >538

update chambres set prix=prix*1.10 WHERE confort='BAIN';

57A= 86563:8 2 < /03C 2 4N5=>0 U

Ye ;

0584< /50 / 0<:88 /:7@586 :447/ 0 95

update chambres set prix=prix*1.10 + 5*nbr_pers

57A= 86563:8 2 < /03C 57 /03C =:H 8 8 ?:8463:8 27 4:8?:06 (343 9 < 058A1 < 2 95 65>9 =:23?3 0 <:86 76393<1 < 4:== @5035>9 258< 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 U update chambres c1 set (prix)=(SELECT avg(prix) FROM chambres c2 WHERE c1.confort=c2.confort)

<7>B7 0H 7/256

2 9 6 4:==582

C =/9 ' 7//0 <<3:8 2 95 4N5=>0 V delete FROM chambres WHERE num_chambre=23

7//0 <<3:8 2 6:76 < 9 < 4N5=>0 < delete FROM chambres

6058<5463:8 4:==582

66 4957< / 0= 6 2 </143?3 0 9 < 6058<5463:8<, 21>76 2 95 6058<5463:8 <6 3=/93436 39 <6 <3671 230 46 = 86 5/0G< 9 2 083 0 /:386 2 4:8?30=563:8 :7 57 21>76 2 95 < <<3:8 2 605@539, 5 4:==582 commit 21?3836 95 ?38 2 95 6058<5463:8, < 4:==582 < 2 =583/79563:8 2 95 =:2193<563:8 (CREATE, drop ,,,) /0:@:B7 86 3==12356 = 86 5/0G< 9 70 C14763:8 78 commit 3=/93436 , 5 4:==582 set transaction / 0= 6 2 21?3830 C/93436 = 86 9 21>76 2 78 6058<5463:8 258< 9 45< :a 9 :8 @ 76 C1476 0 /97<3 70< 0 B7T6 < 4:8<3<6 86 < /50 05//:06 95 9 4670 , :/63:8 read only 21?3836 B7 4 66 6058<5463:8 8 ? 05 /5< 2 =:23?34563:8, 5 4:==582 savepoint ,,, / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 < /:386< 2 0 6:70 9 386103 70 =T= 2 95 6058<5463:8, 9 < 05 /:<<3>9 2 0 @ 830 C/93436 = 86 9 1656 21?383 8 4 < /:386<,

5 4:==582 rollback ,,, / 0= 6 2 0 6:708 0 9 1656 21?383 57 21>76 2 95 6058<5463:8, 8 </143?3586 78 <5@ /:386 :8 0 @3 86 9 1656 21?383 4 /:386, C =/9 ' 8 6058<5463:8 4:8?30=1 update chambres set prix=prix*1.10 commit

/0G< 014 /63:8 2 4 = <<5A 9 < ?? 6< 2 95 6058<5463:8< <:86 @3<3>9 < /:70 2 5760 < /0:4 <<7< 386 00:A 586 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 8 6058<5463:8 588791 update chambres set prix=prix*1.10 rollback

< ?? 6< 2 95 6058<5463:8 <:86 588791< 9:4I 4:==582

5 A <63:8 2 < @ 00:7< <6 /50 21?576 5<<701 /50 9 #" , / 82586 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 </143?3 0 /:70 78 6058<5463:8 9 < @ 00:7< 2 =5821<, 43 <:86 /:<1< 57 83@ 57 2 95 65>9 :7 57 83@ 57 2 95 058A1 , 58< 9 45< :a 78 @ 00:7 <6 21S /:<1 /50 78 5760 /0:4 <<7< 9 :/63:8 nowait </143?3 B7 95 6058<5463:8 8 2:36 /5< 566 820 =53< 0 6:708 9 4:860L9 9 76393<56 70, :4I =:2

< 23??10 86< =:2 2 @ 0:73995A <:86 9 < <73@586<' • shareU 57 83@ 57 2 95 65>9 =:2 /5065A1 8 9 4670 <58< =3< S:70 /:<<3>9 • exclusiveU 57 83@ 57 2 95 65>9 =:2 C497<3? 8 9 4670 8 / 0= 66586 57478 =:23?34563:8 • row share (ou row update)U 57 83@ 57 2 < 058A1 < =:2 /5065A1 8 9 4670 386 0236 78 544G< C497<3? 2 95 65>9 , • row exclusiveU 57 83@ 57 2 < 058A1 < =:2 /5065A1 8 9 4670 386 0236 78 544G< /5061A1 2 95 65>9 ,

• share row exclusiveU 57 83@ 57 2 < 058A1 < =:2 /5065A1 8 9 4670 386 0236 78 544G< /5061A1 2 95 65>9 6 95 =:23?34563:8 2 < 058A1 <, <7>B7 0H

:7< 5S:76:8< 4 66 4957< 343 450 99 47=79 2 7C ?? 6< 95 401563:8 2 78 65>9 6 9 38< 063:8 3==12356 2 2:881 <, :7< /:7@:8< 2:84 C/03= 0 9 < 2 7C 0 B7T6 < /01412 86 < /:70 j 8 78 < 79 ' CREATE TABLE CLIENTS_RECENTS AS SELECT c.num_client, nom, prenom, adresse FROM CLIENTS c, RESERVATIONS r WHERE c.num_client=r.num_client AND date_arr>='1-jan-90'

50 21?576 9 < 8:=< 6 9 < 6H/ < 2 < 4:9:88 < <:86 /03< 258< 9 01<79656 2 95 0 B7T6 ,

3A70

5<B7 2 =:23?34563:8 /:70 9 < 493 86<,

9 <6 1@32 86 B7 9 < 4:==582 < @7 < /97< N576 8 / 7@ 86 /5< T60 76393<1 < 230 46 = 86 /50 9 76393<56 70, < 2 083G0 < 2:3@ 86 T60 38<101 < 258< 78 386 0?54 / 0= 66586 9 2359:A7 860 9 76393<56 70 6 9 #" , 66 386 0?54 / 76 T60 01593<1 5@ 4 78 A181056 70 2 14058 :7 5@ 4 78

958A5A 2 /0:A05==563:8 ( ;; 5@5 $) 66 386 0?54 /01< 86 05 9 76393<56 70 78 =5<B7 2 <53<3 495<<3B7 U 258< 4N5B7 4N5=/ 39 /:7005 860 0 < < 2:881 <, 386 0?54 ? 05 99 9 5// 9 57 #" 5@ 4 95 4:==582 , 58< 78 =T= =5<B7 ( 3A70 X) 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 401 0 <19 463:88 0 = 660 S:70 6 <7//03= 0 2 < 2:881 <, 8 / 76 ?? 467 0 4 06538 < @103?34563:8< 95 <53<3 =53< 8:7< 599:8< @:30 258< 9 4N5/360 <73@586 B7 39 <6 57<<3 814 <<530 2 4:=/916 0 95 =:2193<563:8 5@ 4 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 /:06586 <70 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 <,

1 :

)

:88 P 78 0 B7T6 /:70 4N5B7 /:386 43 2 <<:7<' , 38<10 0 9 860 63 8 O/ 38670 450:<< 03 O 27 @1N3479 YYYY- 57 S:70 : VV, = 660 S:70 9 520 << 27 4N57?? 0 : B73 <6 5467 99 = 86 OV 4N =38 2 9 5@ 830O , <7//03= 0 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <70 9 /958838A 4:84 08586 9 < S:70< 38?103 70< YY

)insert into Entretien (Nochassis, nojour, description) values(100004, 24, 'peinture carosserie')

V) 8 0 =50B7 9 < 2 7C 5/:<60:/N < /:70 8 38<10 0 78 b update Chauffeur set adresse='23 chemin de l''avenir' WHERE nochauffeur=1

) delete FROM planning WHERE nojour<100;

8 <7//03= 9 ?? 6 2 4 < 6058<5463:8< 5@ 4 9 Rollback

:99>54I

# !

"Chaque pièce occupe une case et chaque case ne peut contenir qu'une seule pièce." (Camil Seneca - Les échecs)

:7< 5@:8< @7 4:== 86 38<10 0 =:23?3 0 6 <7//03= 0 2 < 86361< 258< 78 38<6584 , < =:23?34563:8< 2:3@ 86 T60 9 0 ?9 6 2 1@18 = 86< 5//506 8586 57 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 9 <6 1@32 86 B7 39 <6 60G< <3=/9 2 4:== 660 2 < 00 70< A0:<<3G0 < 9:0< 2 4 < :/10563:8<, / 82586 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 <6 <:7=3< 2 < 38@503586< 5// 91< 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 B73 / 0= 66 86 2 012730 9 < 03<B7 < 2 /0:2730 2 < 38<6584 < 384:8<3<6586 <, 50 C =/9 :8 8 / 76 /5< 01< 0@ 0 78 4N5=>0 B73 8 C3<6 /5< 78 493 86 384:887, 6C modélisation & invariants

concrétisation

@$5$

interprétation

+ $$$ + validation des RI

3A70

' 861A0563:8 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 258< 9 /0:4 <<7< 2 =:2193<563:8

< 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 <:86 2 < /0123456< B73 <:86 6:7S:70< 1@5971< @053, 18:84 0 99 < < =>9 86 T60 2 < 95/593<<52 < ' O 95 256 2 5003@1 /014G2 95 256 2 21/506O, 53< 99 < 4:8<6367 86 78 /73<<586 =:H 8 2 @103?34563:8 6 2 193=38563:8 2 < 38<6584 < B73 8 / 7@ 86 /5< C3<6 0 258< 78 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, 5 =:2193<563:8 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 < 544:=/5A8 2:84 2 78 /N5< 2 0 4N 04N 2 < 38@503586< B7 9 :8 C/03= <:7< ?:0= 2 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, :0< 2 9 165/ 2 4:840163<563:8 99 < <:86 6058<?:0=1 < 8 78 8< =>9 2 =14583<= < B73 @5932 86 4 < 0GA9 <, < =14583<= < <:86 @5031< 39< / 7@ 86 T60 3861A01< 57C =5<B7 < 2 <53<3 :7 ?530 /5063 27 8:H57 27 #" 6 T60 </143?31< 9:0< 2 95 401563:8 2 78 65>9 :7 /97< <3=/9 = 86 T60 2 < 0 B7T6 < B73 216 46 86 95 /01< 84 2 58:=593 < 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 <,

!! <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 _D3 . 3 <6 78 38<6584 2 E ;> <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < " _ D3" . 3" ∈ ∏ S S_ ,,8E ;

8 0GA9 2 3861A0361 <6 78 /0123456 5H586 " /:70 2:=538 03 ' " → {@053 ?57CE 8 2305 B73 3" ∈ " $ 95 0GA9 2 3861A0361 03 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 03(3" )_ @053 ;> I <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < @5932586 03 ; 21<3A8 9 8< =>9 2 < 03 2 78 =:2193<563:8 _ D03 $ 038E 8 2305 B73 3" ∈ " B5849, 9 8< =>9 (:7 <6 4:8<3<6 86 /50 05//:06 ) <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 3" @5932 4N5B7 03S 2 , ' " → {@053 ?57CE (3" ) _ ∏ 03S (3" ) S_ ,,8 ;> I " W 80 " W

_ 03 (3" ) ∧ 03V(3" ) ∧ ,,, ∧ 038(3" ) ; <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < @5932586 _ D3" . (3" )E =50B7 B7 _ " W03 ∩ " W03V ∩ ,,, ∩ " W038

" 21?3836 78 </54 2:86 4N5B7 23= 8<3:8 4:00 </:82 78 0 9563:8, N5B7 /:386 2 4 6 </54 <6 5<<:431 78 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, " W03 21?3836 9 <:7< 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < @5932586 95 0GA9 03, " W <6 9 386 0< 463:8 2 6:7< 4 < <:7< 8< =>9 <, 9 < 5A36 2:84 2 165>930 2 < 0GA9 < B7 @5932 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 3821/ 825== 86 2 < @59 70< 2 < :>S 6< 2 4 2 083 0, 58< 9 605@539 2 , , N5= c +Yd <70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 :8 60:7@ 9 < /0:/03161< <73@586 <' 8 8< =>9 <6 $ <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < @5932 86 <:36' <6 603@359 ⇔ " W _ " 50 C =/9 03' ( 56 j 00p 56 j /) ∨ ( 56 j 00k 56 j /) <6 78 03 603@359 8 3=/:06 B7 9 4:7/9 2 256 < <563<?536 4 66 0GA9 , 8 8< =>9 <6 " <3 6 < 79 = 86 < 39 C3<6 78 38<6584 @5932586 <:36' <6 <563<?53<5>9 ⇔ " W o ∅ 58< 9 45< 4:860530 :8 236 B7 <6 " <:36

<6 <563<?53<5>9 ⇔ " W _ ∅ 50 C =/9 03' ( 56 j 00g 56 j /) ∧ ( 56 j 00h 56 j /) <6 78 03 38<563<?53<5>9 57478 4:7/9 2 256 < <563<?536 4 66 0GA9 , 5 8:63:8 2 <563<?53<5>39361 <6 05//0:4N 0 2 4 99 2 4:8<3<6584 8 9:A3B7 , :7< 8:7< 38610 <<:8< 2:84 B7 57C 8< =>9 < 2 0GA9 < <563<?53<5>9 <, 5 0GA9 03 <6 ) /50 (8:61 03 :7 <6 95 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 ) <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < @5932586 @5932 86 57<<3 03 <:36 ( 03) ⇔ ( " W ⊆ " W03) 50 C =/9 03V' ( 56 j 00p 56 j / ; 8 S:70<) :a 8 <6 /:<363? <6 3=/93B71 /50 95 03 ' ( 56 j 00p 56 j /), 8< =>9 <6 ) $ <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < @5932586 @5932 86 57<<3 6 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < @5932586 @5932 86 57<<3 <:36 ( ≡ )⇔(" W = " W ) 50 C =/9 03 ' ( 56 j 00p 56 j /) ∧ ( 56 j 00k 56 j /) <6 1B73@59 86 03V' ( 56 j 00_ 56 j /), 8< =>9 <6 B7 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < @5932586 @5932 86 57<<3 <:36 ( p )⇔(" W ⊆ " W ) 50 C =/9 03 ' ( 56 j 00h S58 +Y) <6 /97< 4:86053A8586 B7 03V' ( 56 j 00h S58 Z+), 5 2 <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 4:8605386 < 3=/93B71 < /50 , ;;_D03 . 03E <6 <3 6 < 79 = 86 < 39 8 C3<6 57478 0GA9 03 ∈ 6 99 B7 ( D03E) 03, 7478 03 8 / 76 2:84 < 212730 2 < 5760 <, < 8:63:8< 2 ? 0= 670 6 2 300 2:82584 < 0:86 /50634793G0 = 86 7639 < 9:0<B7 8:7< 5>:02 0:8< 9 1672 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < 78 A0:7/ /50634793 0 2 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, 99 < / 0= 660:86 2 0 4N 04N 0 9 8< =>9 =383=59 2 03,

:7< <:== < =5386 8586 8 = <70 2 4:=/0 820 95 /0:/03161 2 95 4:8<3<6584 2 78 6058<5463:8, 8 6058<5463:8 < C1476 <70 78 38<6584 4:8<3<6586 3" 6 6058<?:0= 4 99 43 8 78 5760 38<6584 4:8<3<6586 3" /50 05//:06 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 /01@59586 <70 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 8 6 0= < 2 /01 6 /:<6 4:82363:8< 8:7< /:7@:8< 8:6 0' D3" ∈ " W E D3" ∈ " W E 82586 95 2701 2 95 6058<5463:8 9 1656 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < / 76 T60 384:8<3<6586, 53< 4 < 1656< 8 <:86 / 0^7< B7 /50 95 6058<5463:8 ,

56:=34361 6 9 < /0:6:4:9 < 2 A <63:8 2 95 4:84700 84 5<<70 86 B7 < 79 9 1656 3" < 05 @3<3>9 (:7 3" <3 :8 58879 95 6058<5463:8), 58< 95 ?3A70 V 9 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 21?383<< 86 9 < <576< =383=57C 2 78 1656 9 5760 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 5 6058<5463:8 21?3836 78 /504:70< 4:== 8^586 6 < 6 0=38586 /50 78 1656 4:8<3<6586, < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 <:86 ) 50 9 1656 3836359 6 ?3859 8 <:86 /5< 931< /50 ://:<363:8 57C 0GA9 < 3 ) :a 4 < 1656< <:86 931<, 95<<3B7 = 86 9 1656 43@39 2 78 / 0<:88 <6 78 C =/9 2 78 0GA9 2H85=3B7 8 ?? 6 9 1656 =5031 8 / 76 <74412 0 B7 9 1656 @ 7? :7 23@:041 (<3 9 :8 C4976 9 < 58879563:8< 2 =5035A 60G< 050 < b) Modélisation données IBD

Règles d'intégrité

iBDI'

IBD/RI

Transaction T

iBDI

Primitives modification

3A70

VV'

GA9 < 2 3861A0361 6 6058<5463:8<

/ !

C5=38:8< 9 < 60:3< 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 <73@586 <' 03 ' 8:=>0 2 < = =>0 < 2 9 793/: <6 78 8:=>0 /0 =3 0 6 78 8:=>0 2 7 8 57, V 03V' O 5 256 2 21/506 2 78 01< 0@563:8 2:36 T60 /:<6103 70 95 256 2 5003@1 O <:36 03V' ∀ 0 ∈ 1< 0@563:8< (0,256 2 / h 0,256 500) 03 ' O 8 =T= 4N5=>0 8 / 76 T60 01< 0@1 /50 2 7C 493 86< 23??10 86< 9 =T= S:70O 03 ' ∀ 0 ∈ 1< 0@563:8< ¬∃ 0 ∈ 1< 0@563:8< 6 9 B7 ' 0, 7=493 86 o 0 , 7=493 86 6 0, 7=4N5=>0 _ 0 , 7=4N5=>0 6 0, 56 500 p 0 , 56 2 / 6 0, 56 2 / h 0 , 56 500 03-'O < 87=10:< 2 493 86< 258< 1< 0@563:8 <:86 21?383< 258< 93 86<O 03-' 1< 0@563:8c 7=j493 86d ⊆ 93 86<c 7=j493 86d V

:386 Z 2 < O 8234563:8< 93=38530 <O 2 2363:8< 5=<5H +Z

54B7 <

:7>572 38 5 >3>93:6NGB7

793/3 88

03 'O

< 87=10:< 2 493 86< <:86 783B7 <O 03 ' ∀ 0 ∈ 93 86< ¬∃ 0 ∈ 93 86< 6 9 B7 ' 0c := 0 8:= 20 << d o 0 c := 0 8:= 20 << d 6 0, 7= 93 86 _ 0 , 7= 93 86

8 / 76 0 =50B7 0 B7 95 @5932563:8 2 < 03 /01412 86 < 2 =582 2 < 4:8853<<584 < 23@ 0< < <70 9 < 38<6584 < 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 03 / 76 T60 @59321 230 46 = 86 <70 9 4:8<6367586 8:=>0 j2 j= =>0 < (<3 9 :8 4:8<6367536 78 >5< 2 2:881 < N3<6:03B7 /:70 9 793/:), 66 0GA9 <6 2 6H/ 39 <7??36 2 4:885]60 95 @59 70 /03< /50 9 4:8<6367586 /:70 @5932 0 95 0GA9 , :0=59 = 86 4 < 0GA9 < <:86 21?383 < 57 83@ 57 27 2:=538 27 4:8<6367586 4 / 82586 95 4:=/9 C361 2 4 06538 < 21/5<< 9 < 45/54361< 2 =:2193<563:8 2 < 2:=538 < (6H/ 386 0@599 ,,,) 03V / 76 T60 @59321 230 46 = 86 <70 9 86361 2 1< 0@563:8 , 66 0GA9 <6 2 6H/ , 39 <7??36 2 4:885]60 95 @59 70 /03< /50 9 86361 /:70 @5932 0 95 0GA9 , 03 / 76 T60 @59321 230 46 = 86 <70 9 38<6584 2 95 0 9563:8 1< 0@563:8, 66 0GA9 <6 2 6H/ , 39 <7??36 2 4:885]60 95 @59 70 /03< /50 /97<3 70< 2 < 86361< 2 78 38<6584 /:70 @5932 0 95 0GA9 , 03- 2 =582 /:70 T60 @59321 9 < 38<6584 < 2 /97<3 70< 0 9563:8< 23??10 86 <, 66 0GA9 <6 2 6H/ , , 03 / 76 T60 @59321 230 46 = 86 <70 9 38<6584 2 95 0 9563:8 93 86<, 66 0GA9 <6 2 6H/ , , 8 236 57<<3 B7 7=493 86 <6 78 491 2 95 0 9563:8 93 86<, 8 491 <6 78 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< (=383=7=) B73 216 0=38 2 =583G0 783B7 6:7< 9 < 5760 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8 ( 8 0 @3 8205 <70 4 66 8:63:8 258< 9 4N5/360 <70 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <), 5 ?3A70 01<7= 4 < 23??10 86< 6H/ <, 5 4:=/9 C361 2 95 @5932563:8 27 6H/ 21/ 82 230 46 = 86 2 9 16 827 2 95 0GA9 , 8 2 < :>S 463?< 9:0< 2 95 4:84 /63:8 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < <6 2 =383=3< 0 9 < 4:[6< 2 @5932563:8 2 4 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, 30 46 = 86 931 95 @5932563:8 2 78 0GA9 2 3861A0361 8:7< 5@:8< 95 8:63:8 2 /:061 2 78 0GA9 2 3861A0361, 8 /03=363@ 2 =:23?34563:8 5//5063 86 95 /:061 2 78 0GA9 03 <3 99 / 76 0 820 38@5932 9 38<6584 2 95 " , <6 230 B7 99 / 76 38?97 84 0 95 4:8<3<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < /50 05//:06 03

+ @

$$$

)

3A70

' *6 827 2 < 23??10 86< 6H/ < 2 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361

1?38363:8 :36 9 8< =>9 2 < /03=363@ < 5//9345>9 < 57 <4N1=5 _D V ,,, 8E 95 * 4 <6 9 8< =>9 2 < /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 B73 / 7@ 86 0 820 38@5932 78 38<6584 3" <:36' /(03) _D/ ∈ . D3" ∈ " W03E / D3" ∉ " W03EE :70 9 < 03 /01412 86 < 8:7< 5@:8< ( _401563:8 _=3< S:70 _<7//0 <<3:8 9 < j 4:00 </:82 86 57C /505=G60 < 8:8 </143?31< 2 < /03=363@ <)' /(03 )_D ( 793/: j) ( 793/: j 8:=>0 j2 j= =>0 < j)E /(03V)_D ( 1< 0@563:8< j) ( 1< 0@563:8< j 256 j 00 j) ( 1< 0@563:8< j 256 j / j)E /(03 )_D ( 1< 0@563:8< j) ( 1< 0@563:8< j 87=j493 86 j) ( 1< 0@563:8< j 87=j4N5=>0 j) ( 1< 0@563:8< j 256 j 00 j) ( 1< 0@563:8< j 256 j / j)E /(03-)_D ( 1< 0@563:8< j) ( 1< 0@563:8< j 87=j493 86 j) ( 93 86< j) ( 93 86< j 87=j493 86 j)E /(03 )_D ( 93 86< j) ( 93 86< j 87=j493 86 j)E 8 / 76 4:8<656 0 B7 95 /:061 <6 8 05//:06 5@ 4 9 < 6H/ < 2 0GA9 , 5 /:061 <6 7639 /:70 216 0=38 0 9 < 4:860L9 < <7??3<586< 6 814 <<530 < /:70 95 " /50 05//:06 57C 6058<5463:8< 6 57C 386 0?54 < 76393<56 70<,

78 =583G0 38@ 0< :8 / 76 21?3830 95 " 9 8< =>9 2 < 03 2:86 99 <6 191= 86 2 95 /:061 , /(/)_D03 ∈ . / ∈ /(03)E @ 4 9 < 03 43 2 <<7< 8:7< 5@:8<' /( ( 1< 0@563:8< j))_D03V 03 03-E

2 78

/03=363@

/50

/( ( 93 86< j))_D03-E 8 / 76 16 820 9 < 8:63:8< 2 /:061 6 2 < 8<3>39361 57 83@ 57 2 95 6058<5463:8, :36 78 5//934563:8 21?383 4:== 9 8< =>9 2 < 6058<5463:8< D V ,,, 8E :a 4N5B7 3 <6 21?383 /50 78 8< =>9 2 /03=363@ < 2 =:23?34563:8 3 _ D /3 /3V ,,, /3=E, 5 /:061 2 95 0GA9 03 /50 05//:06 9 5//934563:8 <6 59:0< 21?383 4:== 9 8< =>9 2 < 6058<5463:8< 2:86 78 2 < /03=363@ < 5//5063 86 95 /:061 2 95 03, (03)_D ∈ . ∃/ ∈ :a / ∈ /(03)E 8 / 76 57<<3 21?3830 95 " 2 78 2:86 99 <6 191= 86 2 95 /:061 , ( )_D03 ∈ . ∈ (03)E

6058<5463:8 /50 9 8< =>9

2 < 03

467 99 = 86 9 < #" / 0= 66 86 2 @5932 0 4 06538 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 C/03=1 < 9:0< 2 95 4:84 /63:8 27 <4N1=5, < 0GA9 < <:86 0 <60 386 < 2 < 4561A:03 < >3 8 21?383 < 2:86 95 /:061 8 6 0= 2 /03=363@ < <6 3=/93436 = 86 5<<:431 57C /505=G60 < 2 95 4561A:03 , 95 <3A83?3 B7 9 #" 216 0=38 576:=563B7 = 86 95 /:061 2 4 < 0GA9 < 6 @5932 4 < 2 083G0 < 2G< B7 78 2 4 < /03=363@ < <6 C14761 , < 4561A:03 < <:86' • 78 0GA9 , C/03=1 /50 78 /0123456 <70 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 78 0 9563:8 , < /03=363@ < 2 95 /:061 <:86 95 401563:8 2 78 86361 6 95 =3< S:70 2 78 2 < 4:8<6367586< 27 /0123456 2 95 0GA9 • C =/9 03' /03C g Y ` 8>0j/ 0< ( N5=>0 < j ) /(03)_D ( N5=>0 < j /03C j) ( N5=>0 < j 8>0j/ 0< j)E • 78 0GA9 /:06586 <70 9 2 < @59 70< /03< < /50 78 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< ! 2 78 0 9563:8 (:8 @ 005 /97< 9:38 B7 4 43 <6 78 491), :36 ∀0∈3 ∀0 ∈3 0c!do0 c!d, 9 8 C3<6 2:84 /5< 2 7C 86361< 5H586 =T= @59 70 /:70 !, < /03=363@ < 2 95 /:061 <:86 95 401563:8 2 78 86361 6 95 =3< S:70 2 78 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 !, • C =/9 03' 834361 <70 7=j4N5=>0 258< N5=>0 < ( N5=>0 < j ) /(03)_D ( N5=>0 < j 87=j4N5=>0 j)E • 78 0GA9 /:06586 <70 9 38497<3:8 860 2 7C 8< =>9 < 2 86361< C/03=1 /50 c!d ⊆ c&d (21/ 82584 2 38497<3:8), < /03=363@ < 2 95

/:061 <:86 95 401563:8 2 78 86361 2 95 =3< S:70 2 78 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 ! 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 78 86361 2 6 95 =3< S:70 2 78 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 & • C =/9 21S 4361 03-' 1< 0@563:8c 7=j493 86d ⊆ 93 86<c 7=j493 86d ( 1< 0@563:8< j) /(03-)_D ( 1< 0@563:8< j 87=j493 86 j) ( 93 86< j) ( 93 86< j 87=j493 86 j)E 8 21?383<<586 78 2 4 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 230 46 = 86 258< 9 #" 9 4:84 /6 70 8 2:36 /97< < /01:447/ 0 2 <5 @5932563:8 9:0< 2 78 6058<5463:8, #" 95 @5932 576:=563B7 = 86 4 / 82586 39 2:36 0147/10 0 9 < = <<5A < 2 00 70 5?38 2 9 < 01386 0/016 0 /:70 9 76393<56 70, :70 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 8 860586 /5< 258< 4 < 4561A:03 < 9 4:84 /6 70 / 76 8@3<5A 0 60:3< 6H/ < 2 <:9763:8<, • 5 $ 2 95 03 / 82586 9 C14763:8 2 95 6058<5463:8U 258< 9 4:2 2 95 6058<5463:8 9 C14763:8 2 95 /03=363@ O258A 0 7< O /:70 9 3861A0361 2 95 03 <6 <:7=3< 2 < /01 4:82363:8< @5932586 95 03, 66 <:9763:8 / 0= 6 2 =383=3< 0 9 < 4:[6< 2 95 @5932563:8, 8 ?? 6 :8 4:885]6 57 =:= 86 2 9 C14763:8 2 95 /03=363@ 6:7< < < /505=G60 < 6 :8 / 76 2:84 9 < 76393< 0 /:70 4304:8<4030 9 4:86 C6 2 95 @5932563:8, 50 C =/9 /:70 5<<70 0 B7 78 4N5=>0 8 <6 /5< 9:71 2 7C ?:3< 9 =T= S:70 9:0< 2 95 6058<5463:8 2 01< 0@563:8 95 @5932563:8 8 /:06 05 B7 <70 95 4N5=>0 6 95 /103:2 4:84 081 /50 9 < /505=G60 < 2 95 6058<5463:8, 66 <:9763:8 5 9 21<5@5865A 2 4:2 0 258< 9 < 6058<5463:8< 9 < 0GA9 <, 8 45< 2 =:23?34563:8< 2 4 < 0GA9 < 39 ?576 0 @:30 6:76 < 9 < 6058<5463:8< 5//506 8586 9 70 /:061 , • 5 $ " 2 95 03 5/0G< 9 C14763:8 2 95 6058<5463:8U 5@586 95 4:8?30=563:8 2 95 6058<5463:8 :8 @5932 6:76 < 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361 5//506 8586 95 < 8<3>39361 2 95 6058<5463:8, 58< 4 66 <:9763:8 :8 / 02 9 ??3454361 2 95 <:9763:8 /01412 86 /50 4:860 :8 A5A8 8 <:7/9 << 8 45< 2 =:23?34563:8 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, • U 57478 @5932563:8 8 <6 ?? 4671 / 82586 9 C14763:8 2 < 6058<5463:8<, 5 >5< 2 2:881 < / 76 2 @ 830 384:8<3<6586 , 9 C3<6 4 / 82586 /:70 4N5B7 0GA9 78 /:<<3>39361 2 235A8:<63B7 0 9 < 58:=593 <, < 235A8:<634< <:86 C14761< 5@586 2 860 /0 820 4 06538 < 6058<5463:8< :a 39 <6 3823</ 8<5>9 B7 95 >5< <:36 4:8<3<6586 , 5 <60561A3 <6 2:84 2 / 0= 660 95 =1=:03<563:8 2 < 2:881 < 6 2 ?? 467 0 /103:23B7 = 86 2 < 4:00 463:8< <70 9 < 58:=593 <, 8 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 4:=/9 C 814 <<36 A181059 = 86 9 76393<563:8 2 < 60:3< 6H/ < 2 <:9763:8<, 5 @5932563:8 9:459 /:70 <:8 ??3454361 6 /:70 /01< 0@ 0 2 < 6 =/< 2 01/:8< 544 /65>9 <, 5 @5932563:8 A9:>59 9:0<B7 9 < 0GA9 < <:86 01A793G0 = 86 =:23?31 < (/97< @36 B7 9 6 =/< 2

0 /0:A05==563:8 2 < 6058<5463:8<), 235A8:<634 B7582 39 <6 3=/:06586 2 <53<30 57 /97< @36 9 38?:0=563:8 8 5<<7=586 78 /103:2 2 4:8<:932563:8 2 < 2:881 < /:70 193=38 0 9 < 58:=593 <,

B> "

/ !

;)"

C5=38:8< 95 <H865C 27 958A5A /:70 21?3830 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, < 2 083G0 < <:86 </143?31 < <:36 95 401563:8 2 95 65>9 :7 >3 8 9:0< 2 78 =:23?34563:8 2 95 <6074670 2 95 65>9 , 7C 6H/ < 2 0GA9 < <:86 52=3< 9 78 /:06586 <70 78 < 79 4:9:88 6 9 5760 /:06586 <70 78 A0:7/ 2 4:9:88 <, 8 32 863?3586 (8:=) / 76 T60 5<<:431 4N5B7 0GA9 , "

8 M 4:97=8 93<6

< 0GA9 < /:06586 <70 78 4:9:88 < 79 = 86 <:86 2149501 < 3==12356 = 86 5/0G< 9 6H/ 2 95 4:9:88 , 8 60:7@ 9 < 4957< < <73@586 <' • Null/ Not Null ' 386 0236 B7 95 4:9:88 /73<< /0 820 2 < @59 70< 8799 < (8:8 21?383 <), • Unique ' 95 4:9:88 <6 78 491 2 95 65>9 , < @59 70< 2 4 66 4:9:88 <:86 6:76 < 23<63846 < 9 < 78 < 2 < 5760 <, ( 5 4:9:88 2:36 57<<3 T60 </143?31 4:== not null) • Primary Key ' 32 863B7 783B7 , 5 491 /03=530 <6 95 491 B7 9 4:84 /6 70 /03@391A3 258< 9 < 544G< 6 9 < S:38670 < 5@ 4 4 66 65>9 99 <6 382 C1 , • References ... ' 9 < @59 70< 2 4 66 4:9:88 2:3@ 86 T60 2 < 191= 86< 2 95 65>9 /0:S 61 <70 95 4:9:88 2 01?10 84 , 5 4:9:88 2 01?10 84 2:36 T60 </143?31 4:== 783B7 (:7 491 /03=530 ) • Check(...) ' 78 /0123456 <6 5<<:431 95 4:9:88 39 76393< < 79 = 86 9 < 8:=< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 65>9 6 < @103?3 9:459 = 86 <70 95 058A1 (4 43 C4976 9 < <:7< 0 B7T6 <) 4:97=8 4:8<605386

9 <6 /:<<3>9 2 214950 0 2 < 0GA9 < /:06586 <70 /97<3 70< 4:9:88 <, 60:7@ 9 < 4957< < <73@586 <'

• Unique(...) ' 9 A0:7/ 2 4:9:88 < <6 78 491 2 95 65>9 , < @59 70< 2 4 < 4:9:88 < <:86 6:76 < 23<63846 < 9 < 78 < 2 < 5760 <, ( < 4:9:88 2:3@ 86 57<<3 T60 </143?31 < 4:== not null) • Primary Key(...) ' 32 863B7 95 4957< 783B7 , 8 < 79 491 /03=530 <6 576:03<1 /50 65>9 , • Foreign Key () References ... ' 9 < @59 70< 2 4 A0:7/ 2 4:9:88 < 2:3@ 86 T60 2 < 191= 86< 2 95 65>9 /0:S 61 <70 9 A0:7/ 2 01?10 84 , < 4:9:88 < 2 01?10 84 2:3@ 86 T60 </143?31 < 4:== 783B7 (:7 491 /03=530 ) • Check(...) ' 21S @7 /97< N576 8 M 4:8<605386 93<6

65>9 4:8<605386

2 ? 65>9 4:8<605386

C =/9 ' /0 8:8< 8:60 =:2193<563:8 L6 9 6 5S:76:8< 9 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361< 9:0< 2 95 401563:8 2 < 65>9 <, :7< :>6 8:8<' CREATE TABLE CLIENTS ( NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6) not null , NOM CHAR (20) not null check (NOM=upper(NOM)) constraint CLIENTS_RI1, PRENOM CHAR (20), ADRESSE CHAR (40), primary key (NUM_CLIENT) constraint CLIENTS_RI2)

7=j493 86 <6 95 491, :7< 9 < 8:=< <:86 8 =5S7<479 , CREATE TABLE CHAMBRES ( NUM_CHAMBRE NUMBER (2) not null, PRIX NUMBER (8,2) not null, NBR_LITS NUMBER (1) not null check (NBR_LITS between 1 AND 4) constraint CHAMBRES_RI1, NBR_PERS NUMBER (1) not null check (NBR_PERS>NBR_LITS) constraint CHAMBRES_RI2, CONFORT CHAR(6) not null check (CONFORT in ('bain','WC','douche')) constraint CHAMBRES_RI3, EQUIPEMENT CHAR(3) not null check (EQUIPEMENT in ('TV','NON')) constraint CHAMBRES_RI4, primary key (NUM_CHAMBRE) constraint CHAMBRES_RI5)

7=j4N5=>0 <6 95 491, 8:=>0 2 936< <6 4:=/03< 8:=>0 2 / 0<:88 < <6 <7/103 70 57 8:=>0 2 936<, 1B73/ = 86< <:86 0 <60 386< 4 06538 < @59 70<,

860 6 -, 4:8?:06 6 9 <

CREATE TABLE RESERVATIONS ( NUM_CLIENT NUMBER (6) not null, NUM_CHAMBRE NUMBER (2) not null, DATE_ARR DATE not null check (DATE_ARR<DATE_DEP) constraint RESERVATIONS_RI1, DATE_DEP DATE, primary key (NUM_CHAMBRE,DATE_ARR) constraint RESERVATIONS_RI2, foreign key (NUM_CLIENT) references CLIENTS(NUM_CLIENT) constraint RESERVATIONS_RI4, foreign key (NUM_CHAMBRE) references CHAMBRES(NUM_CHAMBRE) constraint RESERVATIONS_RI5)

5 491 /03=530 <6 9 A0:7/ 87=j4N5=>0 6 256 j500, < 4N5=>0 < 6 9 < 493 86< 2 01< 0@563:8< <:86 4:887< 258< 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 01?10 84 , 5 256 2 21/506 <6 /:<6103 70 95 256 2 5003@1 , =/:< 0 78 8< =>9 2 @59 70< /:70 78 4:9:88 <6 2193456 27 /:386 2 @7 2 95 4:84 /63:8 450 9 S:70 :a < A0:7/ 1@:97 39 ?576 =:23?3 0 95 0GA9 6 39 < =>9 B7 9 < #" 53 86 84:0 B7 9B7 < 23??347961< 9:0< 2 6 99 < =:23?34563:8<, 50 C =/9 258< 9 ?7670 39 ?57205 / 76 T60 5S:76 0 <5785 57C @59 70< 2 4:8?:06, 43 <6 2:84 01< 0@ 0 2 < A0:7/ < 60G< <65>9 < (:73W8:8 /50 C =/9 ) 5760 = 86 39 ?576 21?3830 2 < 65>9 < /:70 9 < 4:2 <, < 0GA9 < 21?383 < 5@ 4 2 < 01?10 84 < 216 0=38 86 78 :020 2 401563:8 6 2 <7//0 <<3:8 2 < 65>9 <, 8 ?? 6 95 65>9 2 01?10 84 2:36 T60 4011 5@586 4 99 B73 H ?536 01?10 84 6 <7//03=1 5/0G< 4 66 2 083G0 , 38<3 39 ?57205 <7//03= 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 NL6 9 258< 9 :020 <73@586,

CREATE TABLE T2 (A char(8) not null unique, B char(8) not null references T1(B)) alter TABLE T1 add ( foreign key (A) references T2(A)) Rappelons que certaines ri ne sont pas exprimables directement dans le SGBD. Par exemple: pas deux réservations le même jour pour la même chambre. On peut alors écrire, des requêtes pour déterminer les anomalies. Dans notre cas, après insertion d'une réservation erronée, on obtient: insert into reservations values(1004,14,'27-DEC-89','30-DEC89'); rem: ne tient pas compte des valeurs nulles de date_dep SELECT * FROM Reservations r1, Reservations r2 WHERE r1.num_chambre=r2.num_chambre AND r1.num_client<>r2.num_client AND r2.date_arr between r1.date_arr AND r1.date_dep AND r2.date_arr<>r1.date_dep; Rem: on défait notre requête pour éliminer les données du test rollback; Dans le chapitre suivant, nous allons examiner les dépendances fonctionnelles qui sont un type de règles d'intégrité qui permettent de trouver les clés d'une relation, les dépendances d'inclusion et surtout d'étudier les propriétés d'une décomposition. Exercice Questions sur TT3 1) Redéfinir le schéma de TT3 pour tenir compte des règles d'intégrité 2) Déterminer l'ordre de suppression des tables (inverse de l'ordre de création) 3) Définir des ri ne pouvant être directement validées par le SGBD pour TT3 et donner l'ordre SQL pour détecter les anomalies. Réponses sur TT3 Création du schéma

CREATE TABLE Station( noZone number(2), noStation number(1) not null primary key constraint station_RI1);CREATE TABLE Type( modele char(12) not null primary key constraint Type_RI1, nbPlaces number(2) not null check (nbPlaces>0) Constraint Type_RI2, categorie char(2) not null check (categorie in ('V','PL')) Constraint Type_RI3, typeCarburant char(12) not null check (typeCarburant in ('ESSENCE','DIESEL')) Constraint Type_RI4, automatique char(1) not null check (automatique in ('Y','N')) Constraint Type_RI5, poids number(5) not null check (poids>0) Constraint Type_RI6); CREATE TABLE Distance( heure number(2), zoneDe number(2) not null, zoneA number(2) not null, tempsParcours number(3) not null check (tempsParcours>0) Constraint Distance_RI1, primary key (zoneDe,zoneA) constraint Distance_RI2); CREATE TABLE Vehicule( noChassis number primary key constraint Vehicule_RI1, noPlaque number not null unique constraint Vehicule_RI2, miseEnService date not null, modele char(12) not null references Type(modele) constraint Vehicule_RI3, noStation number(1) not null references Station(noStation) constraint Vehicule_RI4);

CREATE TABLE Chauffeur( noChauffeur number not null primary key constraint Chauffeur_RI1, nom char(24) not null, prenom char(24) not null, adresse char(80) not null, noStation number(1) not null references Station(noStation) constraint Chauffeur_RI2); CREATE TABLE Situation( noChassis number not null primary key constraint Situation_RI1 references Vehicule(noChassis) constraint Situation_RI2, noZone number(2) not null); CREATE TABLE Carburant( noPlaque number not null, noJour number(3) not null, kilometrage number not null check (kilometrage>0) Constraint Carburant_RI1, litres number(3) not null check (litres>0) Constraint Carburant_RI2, typeCarburant char(12) not null check (typeCarburant in ('ESSENCE','DIESEL')) Constraint Carburant_RI3, primary key (noPlaque,noJour,kilometrage) constraint Carburant_RI4); CREATE TABLE Entretien( noChassis number not null references Vehicule(noChassis) constraint Entretien_RI1, noJour number(3) not null, description char(240) not null, primary key (noChassis,noJour) constraint Entretien_RI2); CREATE TABLE Permis( noChauffeur number not null references Chauffeur(noChauffeur) constraint Permis_RI1, categorie char(2) not null check (categorie in ('V','PL')) Constraint Permis_RI2, primary key (noChauffeur,categorie) constraint Permis_RI3); CREATE TABLE Planning( noChauffeur number not null references Chauffeur(noChauffeur)

VY+

constraint Planning_RI1, noChassis number not null references Vehicule(noChassis) constraint Planning_RI2, noJour number(3) not null, trancheHoraire char(1) not null check (trancheHoraire in ('A','B','C')) Constraint Planning_RI3, primary key (noChauffeur,noChassis,noJour) constraint Planning_RI4);

)66(,&&40/ 9) *D+35 drop drop drop drop drop drop drop drop drop drop

TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE

Carburant; Entretien; Planning; Permis; Situation; Vehicule; Chauffeur; Distance; Type; Station;

)'(,& (>A8,& 9=4/'+A(4'+ 0 4N 04N 0 2 5760 < 0GA9 < / 0638 86 <

: %! "Dès que l'on pose une question quelle qu'elle soit, on introduit le doute, on cesse de réciter, on va voir. Et des tas de surprises nous attendent, y compris dans ce qui a l'apparence du banal" (Boris Cyrulnik - De la parole comme une molécule)

/73< <:8 3860:27463:8 /50 :22 8 + Y 9 4:84 /6 2 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 0 <6 78 2 < :7639< /03843/57C 27 4:84 /6 70 2 >5< 2 2:881 <, 9 / 0= 6 ' • 2 C/03= 0 2 < 38@503586< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 U • 2 21?3830 2 < =:2193<563:8< 1B73@59 86 < (4:8273<586 2 < 3=/9586563:8< 23??10 86 <) U • 2 5<<70 0 9 76393<563:8 4:00 46 2 < 4N5083G0 < 9:0< 2 95 4:=/:<363:8 U • 2 T60 78 :7639 2 5859H< 9:0< 27 /0:4 <<7< 2 4:84 /63:8 (:7 2 0 <6074670563:8) 2 95 " , < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < <:86 78 :7639 2 5859H< 2 < 0 9563:8< 450 99 < <:86 ?:821 < <70 9 < /0:/03161< C3<6586 860 9 < 4:8<6367586< 7C =T= < <58< 6 830 4:=/6 2 < 0 A0:7/ = 86< 2 4 < 2 083 0< 8 0 9563:8, < 0 9563:8< <:86 2:84 <7>:02:881 < 57C 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <, 1?38363:8' 95 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 (2?) :36 78 0 9563:8 :a ! ⊆ ; 6 & ⊆ ; 9:0< J 6 (8:61' ! → &) <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 ∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,!_0 ,! → 0,&_0 ,&) 8 236 57<<3 B7 ! &, 43 <3A83?3 B7 <3 :8 5 2 7C 86361< 2 5H586 2 < @59 70 32 863B7 < /:70 ! 59:0< 99 < :86 57<<3 2 < @59 70< 32 863B7 < /:70 &, 58< 8:60 C =/9 L6 9 8:7< 5@:8< 7=j 93 86 → :=, :7< 5@:8< 2:84 /:70 78 87=10: 493 86 B7 78 < 79 8:=, 5 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 </143?3 2:84 9 7834361 860 2 7C A0:7/ < 2 4:8<6367586<, :7< 8 /:7@:8< /5< 230 9 38@ 0< := → 7=j 93 86 450 39 / 76 C3<6 0 2 7C / 0<:88 < < 5// 9586 7/:86 5<<:431 < 2 < 87=10:< 493 86< 23??10 86<, 9 8 ?576 /5< 4:8?:820 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < 5@ 4 9 < 491< 2 < 0 9563:8< (>3 8 B7 78 491 216 0=38 6:7S:70< 78 2?), < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < / 0= 66 86 2 216 0=38 0 9 < 491< 6 8:8 9 38@ 0< , < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < <:86 4:8<3210 0 4:== 2 < 0GA9 < 2 3861A0361, :70 9 C =/9 L6 9 8:7< 5@:8< 9 8< =>9 2 2? <73@586'

7=j4N5=>0 → 03C 7=j4N5=>0 → :8?:06 7=j4N5=>0 → >0j936 7=j4N5=>0 → >0j/ 0< 7=j4N5=>0 → B73/ = 86 7=j493 86 → := 7=j493 86 → 018:= 7=j493 86 → 20 << 7=j4N5=>0 56 00 → 56 j / 7=j4N5=>0 56 00 → 7=j493 86 9 C3<6 57<<3 78 0 /01< 86563:8 A05/N3B7 2 < 2? (7639 /:70 95 0 4N 04N 2 < 491<), < 8: 72< <:86 4:8<6367586< 6 9 < 16:39 < 0 /01< 86 86 9 < 2?, < 504< :03 861< 27 A05/N 216 0=38 9 < A0:7/ < 2 4:8<6367586< 386 0@ 8586 258< 9 < 2?,

3A70

' 0 /01< 86563:8 A05/N3B7 2 95 2? " →

(!4( $ ) ; 5 B* 5 B $

&0#9 05

%& * 0 !$ $ $ ,

* (0

&0# !$

) .!(0 ,'

3A70

V ' 0 /01< 86563:8 A05/N3B7 2 < 2? 2 L6 9

8 0 A502586 95 3A70 V :8 5 8@3 2 230 3867363@ = 86' O 3 7=j4N5=>0 6 56 j 00 216 0=38 86 7=j493 86 6 <3 7=j493 86 216 0=38 := 59:0< 7=j4N5=>0 6 56 j 00 216 0=38 :=O :36' 7=j4N5=>0 56 00 → 7=j493 86 7=j493 86 → := 7=j4N5=>0 56 00 → :=

/50630 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < :8 / 76 2103@ 0 2 :0=593<:8< 8:60 3867363:8,

(

8:7@ 99 < 2?,

1?38363:8< % <6 9 4:7/9 _( ) :a <6 95 =:2193<563:8 2 78 0 9563:8 6 <6 78 8< =>9 2 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < C/03=1 < <70 :36 _( ) 6 ? 78 2? <70 :8 2305 B7 ? <6 95 ) ) 2 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < 2 @5932 86 ?, ( 8 8:6 05 ?) ;; :36 _( ) 95 2 8:61 <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < B73 <:86 95 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 , :36' ;; _D! → &. ! → &E 5 ? 0= 670 2 01/:82 8:60 B7 <63:88 = 86 /01412586, :7< 5@:8< 9 20:36 2 212730 78 8:7@ 99 2? <3 99 5//5063 86 95 ? 0= 670 2 2:84 <3 6:76 < 9 < 38<6584 < 2 @5932 86 ?, 58< 95 ?3A70 8:7< C/93436:8< 4 66 8:63:8 2 ? 0= 670 B73 5//505]6 2G< B7 8:7< 5@:8< 78 8< =>9 3836359 2 2? 6 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 < 2 =583/79563:8 2 9 8< =>9 3836359, 9 <6 59:0< 3=/:06586 2 216 0=38 0 4 B7 8:7< /:7@:8< /0:2730 /50630 2 9 , 58< 9 < S 7C 6191@3<1< :a 9 < 4:84700 86< 2:3@ 86 216 0=38 0 78 8:=>0 2:881 /50630 2 78 8< =>9 93=361 2 8:=>0 < 2 21/506 8 76393<586 9 < :/10563:8< 5036N=163B7 < 39 < 5A36 2 216 0=38 0 <3 9 8:=>0 2:881 <6 258< 95 ? 0= 670 2 9 8< =>9 2 < 8:=>0 < 3836357C, < 93@0 < <:86 258< 95 ? 0= 670 2 < =:6< 27 23463:88530 <60746701< /50 9 < 0GA9 < 2 A05==530 , 5 ? 0= 670 2 78 8< =>9 2 2? 2:36 T60 216 0=381 /50 9 < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< @5932586 , C =/9 ' <:36 9 <4N1=5 ( UD " E D → " E 65>9 57 <73@586 C/03= 6:76 < 9 < 2? /:<<3>9 < /:70 9 <4N1=5 , :70 9 0 =/930 8:7< 5@:8< 76393<1 9 < 053<:88 = 86< <73@586' :73 32 86361' /50 21?38363:8 !→! :73 4:86 87' /50 21?38363:8 !→& <6 @053 <3 & <6 4:86 87 258< ! 8:8 4:860 C =/9 ' 9 38<6584 27 4:860 C =/9 @103?3 95 2? 27 <4N1=5 =53< 8 @103?3 /5< 95 2? 27 65>9 57 /50 C =/9 6 6L 6

L LL

:73 2?' 5 2? 27 65>9 57 / 76 T60 21?383 /50 C =/9 → " 450 :8 5 21S →" n

" !

/50630 2 95 2? 27 <4N1=5 "

" !

` " "

8 4:8<656 B7 9 459479 2 95 ? 0= 670 <6 78 605@539 ?5<6323 7C <3 9 :8 2:36 /5<< 0 /50 9 < 38<6584 <, :== 86 459479 0 95 ? 0= 670 <58< 2 @:30 /5<< 0 C/93436 = 86 /50 9 8< =>9 2 < 38<6584 < 2 <:7=3< < :7< 599:8< @:30 B7 39 C3<6 78 <H<6G= 2 2127463:8 B73 /50630 27 <4N1=5 8:7< / 0= 6 2 605@5399 0 <70 9 < 2? <58< 2 @:30 C5=38 0 9 < 38<6584 <,

< 5C3:= < 2 0=<60:8A c -d 4:8<6367 86 78 <H<6G= 2 2127463:8, 8 ?? 6 8 9 < 5//93B7586 <70 78 <4N1=5 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 212730 2 8:7@ 99 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <, 1?38363:8' GA9 < 2 2127463:8 :36 78 <4N1=5 <_( ) -(+<8,?4B4'+.% 3 ! ⊆ & ⊆ ; 59:0< & → ! <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 -5)A3,/'5'40/.% 3 ! → & <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 6 F ⊆ ; 59:0< !F → &F <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 -'(5/&4'4B4'+.% 3 ! → & 6 & → F <:86 2 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 < 2 59:0< ! → F <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 C =/9 ' :36 9 <4N1=5 _( ( " ) D → Β, Β → E) 8 76393<586 :8 212736' " → 450 ⊆ " "→ 450 ⊆ " → 450 ⊆ " → " 450 " ⊆ "" ... 8 76393<586 V :8 212736' " →" V 5//93B71 →" 6" ⊆ ; ; V 5//93B71 →" 6 ⊆ →"

8 76393<586 :8 212736' 5//93B71 →" 6Β→ → < 2? :>6 87 < /50 2103@563:8 / 7@ 86 9 70 6:70 T60 76393<1 < 258< 78 /0:4 <<7< 2 2103@563:8 V 5//93B71 → "⊆ ; "→" <H<6G= 2 2103@563:8 8:7< / 0= 6 2:84 2 2103@ 0 =14583B7 = 86 2 8:7@ 99 < 2?, @586 2 9 76393< 0 8:7< 2 @:8< 8:7< 5<<70 0 B7 39 <6 @5932 6 4:=/9 6, <H<6G= <6 39 B5849, <6 230 ' 6:76 < 9 < 2? 212736 < <:86 99 < 2 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 < 2 2:84 B73 <:86 @59321 < /50 9 < 38<6584 < 2 , <H<6G= <6 39 *0368,' <6 230 ' 6:76 < 9 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 < 2 <:86 99 < 2 < 2? 2127463>9 < 27 <H<6G= , #(! .%& !# (" %&

@@ * #(! .%& !# (" %&

C AD #(0* $ (&0 :

C AD 7

' @@ * 1 $30 ' '.'&#$ (!

3A70

' 5932361 6 4:=/91672 27 <H<6G= 2 2127463:8

8 / 76 459479 0 95 ? 0= 670 2 /50 2 7C =14583<= <, 5 @5932361 6 95 4:=/91672 27 <H<6G= 2 2127463:8 < /01:447/ 86 2 9 1A59361 2 4 < 2 7C ? 0= 670 <,

0:/:<363:8 V

<:86 @5932 <

0 7@ ' ' 5//93B7 0 95 21?38363:8 2 2? ! → & <<3 ∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,!_0 ,! → 0,&_0 ,&) =53< & ⊆ ! 2:84 <3 0,!_0 ,! :8 5 57<<3 0,&_0 ,& V' /50 4:860523463:8 2 !F → &F 50 21?38363:8 :8 5 ∃ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 )

6 9 B7

0,!F_0 ,!F

=53< ! → & V) 0,!_0 ,! ) 6 V) 3=/93B7 86 0,F_0 ,F

)

0,&Fo0 ,&F 0,&_0 ,&

# ) 6 V ) 3=/93B7 86 0,Fo0 ,F :8 5 78 4:860523463:8 2:84 5 >3 8 !F → &F @053 ' /50 9 < 21?38363:8< )!→&

∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,!_0 ,! → 0,&_0 ,&)

V) & → F

∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,&_0 ,& → 0,F_0 ,F)

=53< ) 6 V) ∀ 0 6 0 ∈ 3 ( 0,!_0 ,! → 0,F_0 ,F) <:36 95 21?38363:8 2 ! → F

@ 4 9 < 0GA9 < V 6 :8 / 76 4:8<60730 2 8:7@ 99 < 0GA9 < 7639 < 258< 95 =583/79563:8 2 < 2?, 0:/:<363:8 V :36 _( U ) -!&,)90 '(5/&4'4B4'+. % <3 ! → & 6 &Q→ F <:86 2 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 < 59:0< !Q→F <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 - /40/. % <3 ! → & 6 ! → F <:86 2 < 4:8<1B7 84 < 9:A3B7 < 59:0< ! → &F <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 - +*0360&4'40/. % <3 ! → & <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 6 F ⊆ & 59:0< ! → F <6 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 0 7@ ' -' V <70 ! → & 5@ 4 Q

!Q → &Q

<70 !Q → &Q 6 &Q→ F

!Q → F

, V <70 ! → & 5@ 4 !

1) ! → !&

V <70 ! → F 5@ 4 &

2) !& → &F

<70 ) 6 V)

! → &F

X F⊆&

&→F

<70 ! → & 6 &→ F

< 0GA9 <

!→F

X 8:7< 2:88 86 78 1B73@59 84 ! → & &V,,,&8 6 !→& ! → &V ,,, ! → &8

860

(

8 2305 B7 <6 8 ) <3 6:76 < 9 < 2? 2 :86 78 < 79 4:8<6367586 258< 95 /5063 20:36 1?38363:8 :36 9 <4N1=5 _( ) 6 ! ⊆ ; 59:0< :8 236 B7 !;; <6 95 6 :a !;;_D ∈ ;. ! → ∈ ;;E < 4:8<6367586< 2 !;; <:86 216 0=381< /50 /50630 2 !, < 4:8<6367586< ;; 2 ! < 386 0/0G6 86 4:== 9 < 38?:0=563:8< B7 9 :8 / 76 216 0=38 0 8 4:8853<<586 < 79 = 86 ! 258< 78 <4N1=5 4:8605386 /50 , 70 78 A05/N 2 2? 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 216 0=38 0 <3=/9 = 86 !;; 8 /0:412586 538<3' • ) = 660 6:7< 9 < 8: 72< 2 ; • V) 2 <<38 0 9 A05/N 2 • ) =50B7 0 9 < 8: 72< 2 ! • -) <3 6:7< 9 < 8: 72< 2 95 /5063 A574N 2 78 2? <:86 =50B71< 59:0< =50B7 0 6:7< 9 < 8: 72< 2 95 /5063 20:36 • ) <3 :8 8 5 /5< 60:7@1 2 2? /:70 5//93B7 0 9 /:386 -) 59:0< 4:86387 0 8 X) <38:8 4:86387 0 8 -) • X) 9 < 8: 72< =50B71< 4:00 </:82 86 !;; 50 5859:A3 :8 / 76 @:30 9 < 2? 4:== 2 < @588 < 6 9 < 4:8<6367586< 4:== 2 < 0:>38 6< B73 2:3@ 86 T60 :7@ 06< /:70 953<< 0 /5<< 0 9 ?97C, ?97C < /0:/5A 2 /0:4N 8 /0:4N , 5 <5670563:8 4:00 </:82 59:0< 6:7< 9 < 0:>38 6< B73 <:86 :7@ 06<, C =/9 ' :36 ( ( " )U D → Β, Β → " → E ;; D E _D " E ,

D E;;_D E

E;;_D "

0:/:<363:8 :36 _( U ) 59:0< ! → & <6 2127463>9 ⇔ & ⊆ !;; 0 7@

& )!→& 6 ∀ &3∈ &

X (214:=/:<363:8) ! → &3

/50 21?38363:8 2 95 <5670563:8 ∀ &3 ∈ & &3 ∈ !;; ⇐)& ⊆ !;; ∀ &3 ∈ & &3 ∈ !;; /50 21?38363:8 2 95 <5670563:8 ! → &3 ∀ &3∈ &

! → &3

(783:8) :8 5 ! → &

:7< <:== < =5386 8586 8 = <70 2 21=:860 0 B7 2127463:8 <6 4:=/9 6 0:/:<363:8V ?:0= 86 78 <H<6G= 4:=/9 6 0 7@ ' 5 4:=/91672 <3A83?3 ∀ ? ∈ 321 2 95 /0 7@ '

;;

39 C3<6 78 2127463:8 2

8:60

<H<6G=

2:88586 ?,

/50 95 4:8605/:<1 ' :8 @5 =:860 0 B7 <3 ! → & 8 <6 /5< 2103@5>9 2 59:0< 39 C3<6 3 6 99 B7 6:76 < 9 < 2? 2 <:86 @103?31 < 258< 3 ( ) =53< ! → & 8 9 <6 /5< 4 B73 3=/93B7 B7 ! → & 8 <6 /5< 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 (V) 8 4:8<60736 3 5@ 4 V 86361< 2 95 ?5^:8 <73@586 /:70 95 21=:8<60563:8' X

30/'(0/& - . :36 → Q ∈

R -X

111...111

000...000

<7//:<:8< Q_DQ ,, Q8E → Q <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3

:60 38<6584 3 @5932 3_ ,,8 !;;

;

!;;

4:==78

→ Q3 <6 @103?31 /:70 4N5B7

!;; 6

;

!;;

Q3 !;; ;

!;;

@053

8:8 =53< 3=/:<<3>9

@053

65>9 57 /01412 86 5859H< 6:7< 9 < 45< /:<<3>9 < 2 6 Q /50 05//:06 !;; 6 ! , < 79 45< B73 <6 81A563? /:70 3 <6 3=/:<<3>9 450' ;; ⊆ ! 6 95 /0:/:<363:8 <70 95 <5670563:8 3=/93B7 ! → :8 5 57<<3 → Q3 6

;

;;

3=/93B7 ! → Q3 8 5//93B7586 8:7@ 57 95 /0:/:<363:8 <70 95 <5670563:8 :8 5 Q3 ∈ !;; (:8 8 <6 /97< 258< 95 45< B7 9 :8 5859H<536), 43 0 82 2:84 3=/:<<3>9 9 45< 81A563?, 8 @103?3 >3 8 30/'(0/& - .

→ Q 258< 6:7< 9 < 45<,

V +

! → & 8 <6 /5< 2127463>9 3=/93B7

! → & 8 <6 /5< 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2 ) 95 /0:/:<363:8 <70 95 <5670563:8 2:88 ¬(! → &) ¬(& ⊆ !;; 39 C3<6 0 6 0 258< 3 6 9< B7 0,!_0 ,! 6 0,&o0 ,&, ?? 463@ = 86 !⊆!;; 6 &⊆ ; !;; 2:84 0 6 0 <:86 9 < V 86361< 8:60 38<6584 3 8:7< 5@:8< 2:84 B7 ! → & 8 <6 /5< 78 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 2

N1:0G= ' < 0GA9 < 0 7@ ' /0:/:<363:8

V 6

4:8<6367 86 78 <H<6G= @5932

<70 95 @5932361 6 /0:/:<363:8 - <70 95 4:=/91672

6 4:=/9 6

( '

/50630 2 =5386 8586 95 B7 <63:8 2 <5@:30 <3 78 2? 5 161 :>6 87 /50 9 4:84 /6 2 2103@563:8 :7 /50 9 4:84 /6 2 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 / 02 2 <:8 3=/:06584 450 4 6N1:0G= 8:7< 5<<70 2 9 1B73@59 84 2 < 4:84 /6< #(! .%& !# (" %&

@@ * #(! .%& !# (" %& (&0 :

@@ * 1 $30 ' '.'&#$ (!

3A70

- ' *B73@59 84

860 9 < 2 7C 4:84 /6< / 0= 66586 2 :>6 830 95 ? 0= 670 2

5 ? 0= 670 2 <6 78 8< =>9 60G< O@:97=38 7CO B73 4:=/:06 6:76 < 9 < 2? /:<<3>9 <, 06538 < 2 4 < 2? / 7@ 86 T60 193=381 < 450 99 < <:86 0 2:82586 <, 5 0 2:82584 258< 95 /5063 20:36 <6 193=381 /50 95 8:63:8 2 ?:0= 458:83B7 B73 5<<70 B7 39 8 H 5 B7 78 < 79 4:8<6367586 258< 95 /5063 20:36 , 5 0 2:82584 258< 95 /5063 A574N <6 193=381 /50 95 8:63:8 2 , 1?38363:8' 8 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 ! → & <6 191= 86530 < 39 8 C3<6 /5< ! ⊃ ! 6 9 B7 ! → & C =/9 ' :36 _( ( " )UD → Β, Β → E) ;; _D → Β, 2? 191= 86530 " → Β, 2? 8:8 191= 86530 " → Β, 2? 8:8 191= 86530 ,,, E

9 C3<6 84:0 78 5760 ?5^:8 2 401 0 2 95 0 2:82584 ' 2 < 2? 191= 86530 < / 7@ 86 T60 4:=>381 < 860 99 < 5@ 4 95 0GA9 2 2127463:8 6058<363@ 6 /0:2730 2 8:7@ 99 < 21/ 82584 < B73 <:86 57<<3 191= 86530 <, 5 8:63:8 2 8< =>9 2 2? 193=38 4 < 2 083G0 < C =/9 ' :36 _( ( " )UD → Β, Β → E) ;; _D → ", 2? 191= 86530 "→ 2? 191= 86530 → , 2? 191= 86530 (21/ 82584 6058<363@ ) ,,, E 8 193=38586 2 < 2? 39 ?576 ?530 566 863:8 4:8< 0@ 0 78 1B73@59 86 4 973 2 21/506, 5 8:63:8 2 $ 2 78 8< =>9 2 2? 21?3836 4 66 1B73@59 84 , &! ! ' '4

4( 0 # !(! %&

#(&7 $&

'(!' !$ '

#(0* 3$ '

@@ 4 0 $&

3A70

'(!' !$ '

' 3 8< 860 9 < 23??10 86 < 21?38363:8< <70 9 < 8< =>9 < 2 2?

1?38363:8 c ZZd # (78 8< =>9 2 2?) <6 78 4:7@ 0670 2 <3 ;;_#;; 5 >5< 4:=/9G6 2 (8:61 ;) <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 21/ 82584 < 191= 86530 < 2 ;; # <6 78 >5< <3 # ⊆ ; # (78 8< =>9 2 2?) <6 78 4:7@ 0670 300 2:82586 2 < 39 8 C3<6 ;; ;; /5< ? ∈ # 6 9 B7 (# D?E) _

# <6 78 >5< 300 2:82586 2 <3 # <6 78 >5< 2 6 <3 # <6 78 4:7@ 0670 300 2:82586 2 , 58< 95 3A70 :8 @:36 4:== 86 <:86 0 931< 9 < 23??10 86< 4:84 /6< /:06586 <70 2 7C 8< =>9 < 2 2?, 50 05//:06 78 8< =>9 95 0 4N 04N 6 9 5859H< 2 < < >5< < 300 2:82586 < <:86 << 863 99 < 9:0< 2 95 4:84 /63:8 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 5 >5< 4:=/9G6 2 < 05 7639 9:0<B7 9 :8 605@5399 <70 78 <:7< 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< 27 <4N1=5 39 < 05 59:0< /:<<3>9 2 /0:S 6 0 230 46 = 86 9 < 2? 2 95 >5< 4:=/9G6 <70 4 <:7< 8< =>9 6 538<3 4:885]60 6:76 < 9 < 2? B73 4:84 08 86 4 2 083 0, < B7 <63:8< /05A=563B7 < 6 / 0638 86 < =5386 8586 <:86 2 <5@:30 4:== 86' • 6 <6 0 9 1B73@59 84 2 6 # <58< 459479 0 9 < ? 0= 670 < • 459479 0 95 >5< 4:=/9G6 2 • 459479 0 9 < >5< < 300 2:82586 < 2

! /!( '

21 ' /:70 4N5B7 2? 2 @103?3 0 <3 99 / 76 T60 212736 2 # 6 /:70 4N5B7 2? 2 # @103?3 0 <3 99 / 76 T60 212736 2 Equivalence(F,G) pour chaque g ∈ G faire si non (droite(g) ⊆ satX(gauche(g),F) alors Equivalence ← faux quitter finsi refaire pour chaque f ∈ F faire si non (droite(f) ⊆ satX(gauche(f),G) alors Equivalence ← faux quitter finsi refaire Equivalence ← vrai fin Equivalence satX(X,F) -- saturation de X satX ← X nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé un cst tant que nouveau faire nouveau ← faux pour chaque f ∈ F faire si (gauche(f) ⊆ satX) ∧ ¬(droite(f) ⊆ satX) alors satX ← satX ∪ droite(f)

nouveau ← vrai finsi refaire refaire X++ ← satX fin X++

8 21 ' /:70 4N5B7 2? 2 @103?3 0 <3 99 <6 191= 86530 (193=38 0 95 0 2:82584 258< 95 /5063 A574N 2 95 2?), 8<736 A1810 0 6:76 < 9 < 21/ 82584 < :>6 87 < /50 6058<363@361, base_complete(F) base_complete ← Transitive_de(Elémentaire_de(F)) fin base_complete Elémentaire_de(F) Elémentaire ← F pour chaque f ∈ Elémentaire faire si cardinalité(gauche(f)>1 alors pour chaque C ∈ gauche(f) faire -- tester si l'élimination du cst détermine -- toujours la même partie droite f' ← (gauche(f)-C)→ droite(f) si droite(f) ⊆ satX(gauche(g),Elémentaire-f∪f' alors Elémentaire ← Elémentaire-f∪f' finsi refaire finsi refaire Elémentaire(F) ← Elémentaire fin Elémentaire_de Transitive_de(F) Transitive_de ← ∅ nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé un cst tant que nouveau faire nouveau ← faux pour chaque f ∈ F faire alors Transitive_de ← Transitive_de ∪ {(gauche(f)) → satX(gauche(f),F)} nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé un cst finsi refaire refaire

Transitive_de(F) ← Transitive_de fin Transitive_de

8 321 ' /:70 4N5B7 2? 2 @103?3 0 <3 99 <6 191= 86530 (193=38 0 95 0 2:82584 258< 95 /5063 A574N 2 95 2?), 8<736 193=38 0 9 < 2? B73 <:86 0 2:82586 < (258< 9 45< :a <6 4H493B7 39 C3<6 /97<3 70< 4N:3C /:<<3>9 < /:70 4 66 193=38563:8 2:84 /97<3 70< >5< < 300 2:82586 < 343 95 >5< 300 2:82586 21/ 82 2:84 2 9 :020 258< 9 B7 9 :8 6 <6 9 < 2?), irredondant_de(F) irredondant_de ← Elémentaire_de(F) pour chaque f ∈ irredondant_de faire -- tester si l'élimination de f détermine -- toujours la même couverture si equivalence(irredondant_de,irredondant_de-f) alors irredondant_de ← irredondant_de-f finsi refaire irredondant_de(F) ← irredondant_de fin irredondant_de

1 )

< 2? 2 <:86 9 < <73@586 <' ) 8: N5<<3< h 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8 V) =:2G9 h 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:32< ) 8: 95B7 8: :70 h I39:= 605A 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586 -) 8: N5<<3< 8: :70 h 2 <403/63:8 ) 8: N57?? 70 h 8:= /018:= 520 << 8: 6563:8 X) 8: N5<<3< 8: :70 60584N :0530 h 8: N57?? 70 ) 8: 6563:8 h 8:F:8 Z) 8: N5<<3< h 8:F:8 +) N 70 P:8 P:8 h 6 =/< 504:70< 5) ?:0=79 0 8 ?058^53< 4 B7 <3A83?3 86 4 < 2? >) 1/:820 57C B7 <63:8< <73@586 < 8 >5<586 @:< 50A7= 86< 783B7 = 86 <70 95 =:2193<563:8 (2:=538 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <U @:30 B7 <63:8 Y)' • 8 @1N3479 / 76 39 5@:30 /97<3 70< 87=10:< 2 /95B7 • < % ,A 8 ) " $ $ % , 8 =T= @1N3479 / 76 39 T60 4:82736 /50 2 7C 4N57?? 70< 9 =T= S:70 6 95 =T= 60584N N:0530

V, , -, ,

8 4N57?? 70 / 76 39 4:82730 2 7C @:3670 < 9 =T= S:70 6 95 =T= 60584N N:0530 8 4N57?? 70 / 76 ?530 9 /9 38 2 <:8 @1N3479 /97< 2 78 ?:3< /50 S:70 6H/ 2 450>70586 <6 39 814 <<530 258< 9 0 9563:8 450>70586 8 =T= @1N3479 / 76 39 T60 5<<:431 2 7C P:8 < 23??10 86 < 78 =T= 38<6586 < 60:3< B7 <63:8< <73@586 < <367 P 49530 = 86 95 23??10 84 5@586 6

4) :70 9 5/0G<, ) 5 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 43 2 <<:7< <6 8:8 191= 86530 /50 05//:06 4 99 < 2 9 18:841, 3 :8 9 544 /6536 4:== 191= 86530 B7 3=/93B7 0536 99 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 27 /:386 2 @7 :0A583<563:88 9 8: 95B7 8: :70 I39:= 605A h 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586 V) 3 9 :8 5S:76536 95 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 <73@586 B7 3=/93B7 0536 99 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 27 /:386 2 @7 :0A583<563:88 9 • 8: N57?? 70 8: :70 60584N :0530 h 8: N5<<3< ) 5 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 43 2 <<:7< <6 4:86052346:30 /50 05//:06 4 99 < 2 9 18:841, 3 :8 9 544 /6536 4:== 191= 86530 B7 3=/93B7 0536 99 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 27 /:386 2 @7 :0A583<563:88 9 • 8: 95B7 h 8: :70 I39:= 605A 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586

5) ?:0=79 0 8 ?058^53< 4 B7 <3A83?3 86 4 < 2? ) 78 8: N5<<3< <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 8: 95B7 78 < 79 =3< 8 0@34 78 < 79 =:2G9 6 78 < 79 8: 6563:8 V) 78 =:2G9 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 8> 954 < 78 < 79 4561A:03 78 < 79 6H/ 50>70586 78 < 79 <65676 576:=563B7 6 78 < 79 /:32< ) 78 8: 95B7 6 78 8: :70 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 I39:= 605A 78 < 79 4:8<:==563:8 9360 < 6 78 < 79 6H/ 50>70586 -) 78 8: N5<<3< 6 78 8: :70 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 2 <403/63:8 ) 78 8: N57?? 70 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 8:= 78 < 79 /018:= 78 < 79 520 << 6 78 < 79 8: 6563:8 X) 78 8: N5<<3< 78 8: :70 6 78 60584N :0530 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 8: N57?? 70 ) 78 8: 6563:8 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 8:F:8 Z) 78 8: N5<<3< <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 8:F:8 +) 78 N 70 78 P:8 6 78 P:8 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 6 =/< 504:70< 8 / 76 @103?3 0 B7 4 < 5<< 063:8< <:86 >3 8 C546 < 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8, >) 1/:820 57C B7 <63:8< <73@586 < 8 >5<586 @:< 50A7= 86< 783B7 = 86 <70 95 =:2193<563:8 '

•

) 8 =T= @1N3479 / 76 39 T60 4:82736 /50 2 7C 4N57?? 70< 9 =T= S:70 6 95 =T= 60584N N:0530 • < K) • V) 8 4N57?? 70 / 76 39 4:82730 2 7C @:3670 < 9 =T= S:70 6 95 =T= 60584N N:0530 • C ) 1 * " • •

/ % : ,A % ) 8 4N57?? 70 / 76 ?530 9 /9 38 2 <:8 @1N3479 /97< 2 78 ?:3< /50 S:70 • & $ % + % $ % • -) 6H/ 2 450>70586 <6 39 814 <<530 258< 9 0 9563:8 450>70586 • C * 8 ) ,A % ) 8 ) ,A 3 " • ) 8 =T= @1N3479 / 76 39 T60 5<<:431 2 7C P:8 < 23??10 86 < 78 =T= 38<6586 • < * * & % ,A L • C * $ ) 9 • K % & % • ? % & 0 • M 0 & L • $ % & N % ) 1 N O $ % *. !0)( 8,& '(04& E),&'40/& &)4B5/',&# &4'),I *854(,3,/' 85 94<<+(,/*, 5B5/' ,' 56(>& • ) 5 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 43 2 <<:7< <6 8:8 191= 86530 /50 05//:06 4 99 < 2 9 18:841, 3 :8 9 544 /6536 4:== 191= 86530 B7 3=/93B7 0536 99 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 27 /:386 2 @7 :0A583<563:88 9 • 8: 95B7 8: :70 I39:= 605A h 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586 • 2$ * " $ % 1 ' • 2 4 " $ % 1 ' F • V) 3 9 :8 5S:76536 95 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 <73@586 B7 3=/93B7 0536 99 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 27 /:386 2 @7 :0A583<563:88 9 • 8: N57?? 70 8: :70 60584N :0530 h 8: N5<<3< • 2$ % $ $ % 1 ' & 1 % %

• 2 4 ) * $ % • ) 5 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 43 2 <<:7< <6 4:86052346:30 /50 05//:06 4 99 < 2 9 18:841, 3 :8 9 544 /6536 4:== 191= 86530 B7 3=/93B7 0536 99 258< 9 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 27 /:386 2 @7 :0A583<563:88 9 • 8: 95B7 h 8: :70 I39:= 605A 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586 • C ) * ) $ %

"AIL - Mangez en beaucoup. Il rajeunit l'organisme et éloigne les importuns" (Alexandre Vialatte - Almanach des quatre saisons)

8 491 2 78 0 9563:8 <6 78 8< =>9 2 4:8<6367586< (=383=7=) B73 216 0=38 2 =583G0 783B7 6:7< 9 < 5760 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8, 8 C/03=586 4 43 8 6 0= < 2 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < :8 / 76 230 B7 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 78 0 9563:8 21/ 82 86 ?:8463:88 99 = 86 2 <5 491 (<3 99 <6 783B7 ), 7 /:386 2 @7 2 95 4:84 /63:8 95 4:8853<<584 2 < 491< <6 3=/:06586 450 39 <7??36 2 4:885]60 9 < @59 70< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 491 /:70 216 0=38 0 2 ?5^:8 783B7 78 67/9 258< 78 0 9563:8 6 538<3 216 0=38 0 9 < 5760 < @59 70< 2 < < 4:8<6367586<, 1?38363:8' 491 2 :36 78 <4N1=5 _( ), 9:0< % <6 78 491 2 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 % <563<?536 9 < 4:82363:8< <73@586 <' )%⊆ ; V) ; ⊆ %;; ) ¬∃ % <60346 = 86 4:86 87 258< % 6 9 B7 ; ⊆ % ;; < 4:82363:8< 21?383<<586 95 491 < 386 0/0G6 86 2 95 ?5^:8 <73@586 ' • ) 78 491 <6 4:86 87 258< 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8 • V) 78 491 216 0=38 6:7< 9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 95 0 9563:8 (9 < 4:8<6367586< 2 <:86 4:86 87< 258< 95 <5670563:8 2 95 491) • ) 78 491 <6 =383=59 450 6:7< < < 191= 86< <:86 << 863 9<, 66 21?38363:8 / 0= 6 2 21/5<< 0 95 <3=/9 3867363:8 B73 8:7< ?536 230 /50 C =/9 B7 D E <6 78 491 /:70 78 0 9563:8, :7< <:== < =5386 8586 8 = <70 2 6 <6 0 <3 ?? 463@ = 86 78 8< =>9 2 56603>76< <6 78 491, < 491< <:86 863G0 = 86 216 0=381 < /50 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < @59321 < /50 9 <4N1=5, 3 9 <4N1=5 5 57478 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 /:70 78 0 9563:8 59:0< 95 491 <6 4:8<63671 /50 ; 973 =T= , 8 4:8<656 2:84 B7 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < 2:3@ 86 T60 566 863@ = 86 216 0=381 < /:70 B7 9 < 491< <:3 86 /0143< <, ;" )

" )

:36 (( " D E <6 491 2

)U D → Β, Β → 450

" → E

)D V) D

E⊆ ; E;;_D "

E 4 B73 3=/93B7 ,

3A70

;

⊆ %;;

' 59479 2 95 <5670563:8 2 D

) ¬∃ % <60346 = 86 4:86 87 258< % 6 9 B7 D E;;_D " E 6 D E;;_D E 8 216 0=38 86 /50

;

⊆ % ;; 8 ?? 6

8 / 76 <H<61=563B7 = 86 6 <6 0 6:7< 9 < <:7< 8< =>9 < /:<<3>9 < 2 :7< :>6 8:8< 59:0< 9 59A:036N= <73@586 c ZZd' Clés (R:relation,F:ensemble de df) C ←∅ pour chaque X ∈ 2R+ faire si X++=R+ alors C ← C ∪ {X} finsi refaire Clés ← min(C) fin Clés 2R+ -- ensemble des parties de R+ P ←∅ P ← P ∪ {∅} pour chaque A ∈ R+ faire pour chaque E ∈ P faire P ← P ∪ {Ε ∪ {Α}} refaire refaire 2R+ ← P fin 2R+ X++ -- saturation de X satX ← X nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé un cst tant que nouveau faire nouveau ← faux pour chaque f ∈ F faire si (gauche(f) ⊆ satX) ∧ ¬(droite(f) ⊆ satX) alors satX ← satX ∪ droite(f) nouveau ← vrai finsi refaire

;

VV+

refaire X++ ← satX fin X++ min(XYZ) -- chercher les éléments minimaux min ← ∅ pour chaque X ∈ XYZ faire minOK ← vrai pour chaque Y ∈ XYZ-{X} faire si Y ⊆ X alors minOK ← faux finsi refaire si minOK alors min ← min ∪ {X} finsi refaire min(XYZ) ← min fin min 6 59A:036N= <6 165>93 230 46 = 86 /50630 2 95 21?38363:8 2 95 491, 8 4:8<60736 2 =583G0 C/93436 6:7< 9 < <:7< 8< =>9 < /:<<3>9 < 2 ;, :70 4N5478 :8 6 <6 <3 95 <5670563:8 4:863 86 ;, 6 ?3859 = 86 :8 8 4:8< 0@ B7 9 < <:7< 8< =>9 < B73 8 8 4:863 88 86 57478 5760 , 8:=>0 2 191= 86< 6 <6 0 <6 2 V. ;. :a . ;. <6 95 45023859361 2 , VY 56603>76< 8:7< 5=G8 86 78 =3993:8 2 491< /:6 863 99 <

6 <6 0,

3 8 76393<586 95 8:63:8 2

<:704

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66 /0:/:<363:8 8:7< / 0= 6 2 ?? 467 0 95 /506363:8 2 • < <:704 < B73 5//5063 88 86 6:7S:70< 78 491, • < /736< B73 5//5063 88 86 57478 491, • < 5760 < 56603>76< B73 2:3@ 86 T60 6 <61<

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) 8< =>9 2 < <:704 < <6 78 491 8 ?? 6 <3 8 <6 /5< 78 491 4 95 <3A83?3 B7 39 C3<6 78 4:8<6367586 ! 191= 86 2 95 491 6 /5< 191= 86 2 =53< 258< 4 45< ! 2:36 T60 78 8: 72 5//506 8586 78 4H49 27 A05/N 2 2? 4 B73 <6 4:860530 57C NH/:6NG< < 27 6N1:0G= V) 7834361 2 95 491U :8 8 / 76 0 630 0 78 191= 86 2 450 6:7< <:86 814 <<530 258< 78 491 (@:30 /0:/:<363:8 <70 9 < 491< /736< 6 <:704 <), 8 8 / 76 /5< 5S:76 0 78 191= 86 95 491 457< 2 95 =383=59361 2 78 491,

C =/9 2 95 3A70 <6 78 A05/N 54H493B7 2:86 95 491 D E 4:8<6367 57<<3 9 < <:704 < 27 A05/N , 38@ 0< 8 <6 /5< @053 78 A05/N 4H493B7 / 76 5@:30 78 491 783B7 , 50 C =/9 ' C =/9 ' 38J5

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A05/N 2 <6 4H493B7 , < <:704 < 2 <:86 D E < 491< 2 <:86 D E D "E D

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;

5 >5< 4:=/9G6 <6 D → ", " → → E 2:84 8:7< 5@:8< 9 < /0:S 463:8< <73@586 < c "d _ D → "E 6 c d _ D → E 95 491 2 " <6 2:84 6 4 99 2 <6 57<<3 ,

1 )

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) 8: 6563:8 h 8:F:8 Z) 8: N5<<3< h 8:F:8 +) N 70 P:8 P:8 h 6 =/< 504:70< N 04N 0 /:70 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 95 =:2193<563:8 9 < 491< 1N3479 (8: N5<<3< 8: 95B7 =3< 8 0@34 =:2G9 8: 6563:8) H/ (=:2G9 8> 954 < 4561A:03 6H/ 50>70586 576:=563B7 /:32<) 50>70586(8: 95B7 8: :70 I39:= 605A 9360 < 6H/ 50>70586) 860 63 8(8: N5<<3< 8: :70 2 <403/63:8) N57?? 70(8: N57?? 70 8:= /018:= 520 << 8: 6563:8) 0=3<(8: N57?? 70 4561A:03 ) 958838A(8: N57?? 70 8: N5<<3< 8: :70 60584N :0530 ) 6563:8(8:F:8 8: 6563:8) 3<6584 (N 70 P:8 P:8 6 =/< 504:70<) 367563:8(8: N5<<3< 8:F:8 )

! • , 491 • V, 491 • , 491 " • -, 491 " • , 491 • X, 491< • 491< " • Z, 491< " • +, 491 " • Y, 491 "

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“Le logogramme dessine le mot ou la chose. Le système logo-syllabique devient syllabique et découpe le mot, parlé maintenant; il devient bientôt consonantique, puis un vrai alphabet, où les syllabes se répartissent en lettres. Dès lors, le dessin, sur la plage, la tablette ou le parchemin, analyse tout autre chose que l’objet qu’il est cencé désigner. Il est le signe de signe de signe. “ Michel Serres Les origines de la géométrie.

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8 4:8<656 B7 78 < 79 <563<?536 6:76 < 9 < /0:/03161< 6 B7 95 214:=/:<363:8 603@359 (1A59 99 =T= ) 8 /:< B7 2 < /0:>9G= < 8 6 0= 2 =3< S:70, 38:8 9 < 5760 < 8 4:8< 0@ 86 /5< 9 38?:0=563:8 83 8 /01< 0@ 86 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 <, 58< 95 <736 2 4 4N5/360 8:7< 5859H<:8< 95 214:=/:<363:8 6 8:7< 2:88:8< B7 9B7 < 38234563:8< <70 9 < /0:4 <<7< / 0= 66586 2 4:84 @:30 2 < 214:=/:<363:8< 5H586 2 >:88 < /0:/03161<,

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3 95 214:=/:<363:8 <6 6:659 :8 / 76 59:0< 8 /97< ?530 2 23??10 84 860 95 0 9563:8 6 <5 214:=/:<363:8, 8 76393<586 78 >5< 2 2:881 < :a 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <:86 <6:4I1 < 258< 2 < 65>9 < 4:00 </:82586 78 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 2 :8 8 / 02 57478 38?:0=563:8 /50 05//:06 78 < 79 65>9 4:00 </:82586 6 4:8605386 /50 , :== 86 6 <6 0 78 214:=/:<363:8 <58< /5<< 0 /50 9 < 38<6584 < 2 95 0 9563:8

! :36 9 < /505=G60 < R+={C1,C2, ..., Cn} F un ensemble de df dR={R1,R2, ..., Rk} Total(R+,F,dR) -- Algorithme de test [ULL82] -- initialiser un tableau t de k lignes et n colonnes ← Cj si Cj ∈ Ri+ alors tij sinon tij ← bij changement ← vrai tant que changement faire changement ← faux pour chaque f ∈ F faire chercher une ligne i et une ligne j tel que lignei[gauche(f)]=lignej[gauche(f)] et lignei[droite(f)]•lignej[droite(f)] si trouver i et j alors

V-

pour chaque Cl∈ droite(f) faire -- l un indice de colonne si til=Cl alors tjl ← Cl sinon til ← tjl changement ← vrai refaire refaire refaire si une ligne est remplie de Ci alors total ← vrai sinon total ← faux fin total C =/9 ' L6 9 :7< 5@:8< /03< 9 < 5>01@3563:8< <73@586 <' 7= 93 86 := 0 8:= 20 << 7= N5=>0 ! 03C :8?:06 B73/ = 86 >0 36 56 00 56 / _ L6 9( ! ) 2 _D _ 93 86<( ) ! ) V_ N5=>0 <( _ 1< 0@563:8( )E _D

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V-

V <6 78 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 <3 6 < 79 = 86 <3 ( :7

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:7 V 4:00 </:82 >3 8

9 C3<6 84

6N1:0G= 8:7< / 0= 6 2 4:84 @:30 78 59A:036N= 2 214:=/:<363:8 >38530 B73 8:7< / 0= 6 2 4N 04N 0 9 < 214:=/:<363:8< 6:659 < 2 78 0 9563:8, :70 4 95 8:7< 76393<:8< 9 < 2? 27 <4N1=5 /:70 4:7/ 0 9 < 0 9563:8< 8 2 7C, Décomposition_de(R,F) DR ← R nouveau ← vrai -- si on a trouvé une décomposition tant que nouveau faire nouveau ← faux pour chaque r ∈ DR faire pour chaque f ∈ F faire -- df strictement contenue dans r si (r+ ⊃ gauche(f)∪ droite(f)) alors -- on substitue à r les deux relations -- formées à partir de f DR ← DR - r DR ← DR ∪ ( gauche(f)∪ droite(f)) DR ← DR ∪ ( r+ - droite(f)) nouveau ← vrai finsi refaire refaire refaire Décomposition_de(R,F) ← DR fin Décomposition_de 8 76393<586 9 59A:036N= <70 :8 0 60:7@ 95 214:=/:<363:8 B7 9 :8 5 76393<1 ,

8.@I . D 5 .@P DM @ ; I 5 6 JD ) , G

6H H)H,I 8.@I .@P DM @ ; I 5 / JD )F

9 6

/H)FH H H6I G

3A70

/H ,H

' 214:=/:<363:8 2 9 C =/9

:70 5//93B7 0 4 6 59A:036N= :8 /506 5@ 4 78 >5< 300 2:82586 2 , 58< 9 45< :a 39 C3<6 2 < 4H49 < 39 C3<6 05 /97<3 70< 214:=/:<363:8< /:<<3>9 < 450 39 C3<6 /97<3 70< >5< < /:<<3>9 <, 4N:3C 2 9 78 :7 9 5760 21/ 82 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 6 27 4:86 C6 2 76393<563:8,

-! ' 5 B7 <63:8 <6 2 <5@:30 <3 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < B73 1653 86 3=/93B71 < /50 9 < 38<6584 < 2 3 <:86 6:7S:70< 3=/93B71 < /50 9 < 38<6584 < 3 S ( 6 9 70 4:=/:<363:8) 2 95 214:=/:<363:8 2 , /

E ) +

+3J +

+ $$$ + F

C ;<

3A70

< 2? <:86 99 < 84:0 95 4:8<1B7 84 9:A3B7 /:70 95 214:=/:<363:8

1?38363:8<' 5 /0:S 463:8 2 <70 78 8< =>9 F 2 4:8<6367586< ;; cFd_D! → & ∈ . !& ⊆ FE 8 2305 B7 95 $ 5 <3 9 783:8 2 < c 3d <6 78 4:7@ 0670 2 <:36'

∪

c 3d);; _ ;; 8 @ 76 /:7@:30 @103?3 0 B7 <6 /01< 0@1 258< 9 < 3 S <58< 2 @:30 0 4:7030 9 70 4:=/:<363:8, < 2? 2:3@ 86 2:84 T60 9:459 = 86 @59321 < /50 9 < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< 2 95 214:=/:<363:8 (

;" )

399 _ _( ) _D →

7 _ → E

7=10: /:<659 _

V-

66 214:=/:<363:8 <6 6:659 450 (D E ∩ D E) → (D E − D → <6 78 2? 2 :36 9 < 38<6584 < <73@586 <' 8E.9

8+.9

# 8G@

V 07 27 54

# 8G@

V 07 27 54

59479:8< 9 < 2? /0:S 61 <' c d _ D → E; c d _ DE; 3( ) 6 3( ) <563<?:86 9 < 2? 2 < /0:S 61 <, 53< 3( )`3( ) 8 <563<?536 /97< =59A01 95 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 450 h 8 <6 /5< @103?31 3( )`3( ) # 8G@

V 07 27 54

# 8G@

V 07 27 54

5 /0:/03161 2 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 /0:/03161< 3821/ 82586 <,

6 2

/01< 0@563:8 2 < 2? <:86 2 <

! ' 8+Y29

•

+3J+ +

$$$ +QF

;;

) 459479 0 /0:S 6 0 ;; <70 4N5B7 3 • V) • ) 783:8 2 < c 3d _ # • -) 459479 0 95 ? 0= 670 2 4 66 783:8 #;; • ) 6 <6 0 9 1A59361 2 ;; 6 #;; 5// 9:8< B7 459479 0 ;; <6 2 4:=/9 C361 C/:8 863 99 /:70 _D!Y → ! !Y → !V ,,, !Y → !8E :8 5 !Y → VD!Y ! !V ,,, !8E ∈

/50 C =/9 '

;;

321 2 9 59A:036N= B73 <736 01<32 258< 9 ?536 B7 /:70 !→&∈ <3 # 16536 4:887 59:0< 39 <7??30536 2 6 <6 0 <3 & ⊆ !;; /:70 #, 9 0 <6 60:7@ 0 4:== 86 459479 0 !;; <58< 459479 0 #, 43 <6 /:<<3>9 8 0 <60 3A8586 95 <5670563:8 2 ! 95 /0:S 463:8 2 4N5B7 3 9:0< 27 459479 (:8 193=38 6:76 4 B73 21/5<< b) , "( $90 K$ $ '

* .

7 $ (! '

Paramètres de Préservation (dR,F): R+={C1,C2, ..., Cn} F un ensemble de df dR={R1,R2, ..., Rk} Préservation (dR,F) pour chaque f ∈ F faire Z ← gauche(f) tant que changement de Z faire pour i=1 à k faire Z ← Z ∪ (saturation(Z ∩ Ri+) ∩ Ri+) refaire refaire si droite(f) pas contenu dans Z alors Préservation (dR,F) ← non fin si refaire Préservation (dR,F) ← oui fin préservation C =/9 ' 6 <6 /01< 0@563:8 _( ) 2 _D _( ) V_( )E _D → → E 9 < <5670563:8< 76393<1 < 258< 9 59A:036N= <:86' ;; _D E ;; _D E ;; _D E +

38363593<563:8 F g A574N ( → )_ 3610563:8 5@ 4 (( ∩ );;∩ )∪ _( ;;∩ )∪ _ ∪ _ 3610563:8 5@ 4 V

V-

(( ∩ );;∩ )∪ _( ;;∩ )∪ _ ∪ _ F 8 5 /5< 161 =:23?31 8 5 /5< 20:36 (?)_ ⊆ 2:84 9 < 2? 8 <:86 /5< /01< 0@1 <

< 58< 9 C =/9 L6 9 95 <5670563:8 2 < 2? (/5063 A574N ) / 76 T60 863G0 = 86 4594791 9 386103 70 2 78 191= 86 2 95 214:=/:<363:8, 5 /5063 A574N < 05 2:84 4:86 87 258< 95 <5670563:8, 6

) ,

, )F / 6

3A70

< 2? <:86 6:76 < 4:86 87 < 258< 9 < 0 9563:8< 2 95 214:=/:<363:8

8 / 76 2:84 18:84 0 95 /0:/:<363:8 0:/:<363:8' :36 78 214:=/:<363:8 2 6 9 < 2? , 3 ∀ ? ∈ ∃ 3 ∈ 2 6 99 B7 A574N (?) ∪ 20:36 (?) ⊆ 3 59:0< 2 /01< 0@

0 8 58:=593 2 =3< S:70 <6 =3< 8 1@32 84 258< 78 <4N1=5 9:0<B7 9 C14763:8 2 78 /03=363@ 2 =:23?34563:8 <70 78 0 9563:8 /:70 78 86361 8 5 /5< 9 ?? 6 21<301, 8 /0 =3G0 =:2193<563:8 2 L6 9 ( N5/360 ) 16536' Hôtel(NumChambre, NumClient, Nom, Prenom, Adresse, Prix, NbrLit, NbrPers, DateArr, DateDep, Confort, Equipement) 66 =:2193<563:8 5447=79 6:76 < 9 < 58:=593 < 2 =3< S:70' • 9:0< 2 95 401563:8 2 78 86361 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 3860:2730 78 86361 B73 0 </ 46 95 21/ 82584 382736 /50 95 491 2 95 0 9563:8 =53< B73 8 8 @5932 57478 5760 ,

• 9:0< 2 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 78 86361 39 <6 /:<<3>9 B7 /:70 <7//03= 0 78 493 86 39 <:36 814 <<530 2 2160730 2 5760 < 86361< ?53<586 01?10 84 4 973 43, /97< 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 78 493 86 / 76 57<<3 8605]8 0 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 95 21?38363:8 2 78 4N5=>0 , • 9:0< 2 95 =3< S:70 2 78 86361 39 <6 /:<<3>9 B7 /:70 = 660 S:70 78 38?:0=536:8 39 <:36 814 <<530 2 = 660 S:70 2 5760 < 86361< ?53<586 01?10 84 4 99 43 , 58< 95 2 7C3G= =:2193<563:8 /0:/:<1 ' 7478 2 4 < ?? 6< 8 5//505]6' Chambres(NumChambre, Prix, NbrLit, NbrPers, Confort, Equipement) Clients(NumClient, Nom, Prenom, Adresse) • 9:0< 2 95 401563:8 2 78 86361 <3 99 0 </ 46 9 < 2? 382736 86 /50 95 491 2 95 0 9563:8 59:0< 99 @5932 6:76 < 9 < 5760 < 2? 27 <4N1=5, • 9:0< 2 95 <7//0 <<3:8 2 78 86361 9 :>S 6 <6 <7//03=1 <58< ?? 6 2 >:02, • 9:0< 2 95 =3< S:70 78 < 79 86361 <6 5?? 461 , < 58:=593 < 2 =3< S:70 <:86 <H8:8H= < 2 0 2:82584 2 9 38?:0=563:8, 58< 9 < O>:88 <O 214:=/:<363:8< 78 86361 8 2:36 /5< 4:86 830 /97<3 70< :>S 6< 5H586 2 < C3<6 84 < 3821/ 82586 <, 5>< 84 2 21/ 82584 6058<363@ 6 2 21/ 82584 /5063 99 6052736 4 66 >:88 /0:/03161, < :0= < :0=59 < 0 =123 86 ( 8 /5063 ) 4 < 58:=593 <

8 :>S 463? 2 95 <6 2 <3=/93?3 0 95 <6074670 2 78 0 9563:8 8 193=38586 9 < <6074670 < 386 08 < 1?383:8 ' 8 0 9563:8 <6 8 <3 6:7< 9 < 4:8<6367586< <:86 56:=3B7 <, 5 1@36 2:84 95 4:8?7<3:8 860 9 4:8<6367586 6 95 0 9563:8, 8 4:8<6367586 56:=3B7 8 / 76 /5< 5@:30 78 <6074670 386 08 (@ 46 70 80 A3<60 = 86 4N5=/ 01/16363? /:386 70) 58< 78 958A5A 2 /0:A05==563:8 <60746701 8:7< 5@:8< /:70 214950 0 78 ?34N3 0 2 =/9:H1< 9 4:2 <73@586' date = record of jour : 1..31; mois : 1..12; année: 1900..2100; end; enfant = record of prénom: char(20); datenaiss : date; end;

V-+

pntpersonne = ^personne; personne = record of nom: char(20); sexe : (F,M); pere: pntpersonne ; mere: pntpersonne ; end; employé = record of nom,prenom: char(20); nbenfant: 1..12; descriptenfant: array[1..nbenfant] of enfant; salaire: array [1..12] of real; end; var fp:file of employé; 58< 95 ?:0= /:70 78 #" 6:76 < 9 < <6074670 < 2:3@ 86 T60 214:=/:<1 < 8:7< 5@:8< 9 < 60:3< 0 9563:8< <73@586 < B73 <:86 1B73@59 86 < 57 ?34N3 0 ?/ 2149501 43 2 <<7<, Create table personne(idpers number, nom char(20), prénom char(20) , nbenfant number ) Create table salempl(idpers number, période number(2), salaire number) Create table enfant(idpers number, prénom char(20), jour number(2), mois number(2), année number(4)) 8 5760 C =/9 2 214950563:8 8 /< 72: /5<459 2:88 ' statistiqueTrimeste = array[1900..1999,1..4] of real; 43 8:7< 5@:8< 95 0 9563:8 <73@586 B73 4N5B7 603= <6 5<<:43 78 86361, stattrim(année,numtrimeste,valeur) 58< 4 45< 9 5881 <6 0 <63671 5@ 4 78 603/9 S:38670 B73 / 76 T60 0 9563@ = 86 4:[6 7< , 3 9 38?:0=563:8 603= <603 99 8 <6 /5< C/9:361 2 =583G0 3821/ 82586 :8 / 76 4N:3<30 95 0 9563:8 <73@586 ' stattrimbis(année,trim1,trim2,trim3,trim4) 99 <6 O8:8 8:0=593<1O =53< 99 / 76 T60 /97< ??3454 /:70 4 06538< 60536 = 86<,

8 5 V 193=38 9 < :>S 6< 214036< 2 78 =583G0 21/ 82586 /50 05//:06 2 5760 <, 99 193=38 538<3 9 < 58:=593 < <73@586 <' • :0< 2 95 401563:8' :8 8 / 76 /5< 401 0 9 :>S 6 <58< 9 56654N 0 78 5760 • :0< 2 95 <7//0 <<3:8' 99 8605]8 4 99 2 4 973 B73 21/ 82 2 973 • :0< 2 95 =5S ' 95 =:23?34563:8 2:36 T60 0 /0:2736 < 39 C3<6 /97<3 70< :4470 84 < 2 9 :>S 6 1?38363:8' :36 ! → Α 6 % 78 491 2 :8 236 B7 ! → Α <6 78 21/ 82584 /5063 99 2 <3 ! <6 4:86 87 258< % 6 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< ! 58< 95 3A70 X :8 / 76 @:30 B7 9 A0:7/ 2 4:8<6367586< ! 6 21?3836 78 :>S 6 3821/ 82586, 8 214:=/586 8 6 V :8 193=38 95 21/ 82584 6058<363@ :a' _ ; V_ !∪Α

3A70

X ' <4N1=5 2 95 21/ 82584 /5063 99

C =/9 2 0 9563:8 4:86 8586 78 21/ 82584 /5063 99 ' Réservation(Num_chambre, num_client, date_arrivée, date_départ, prix) NCL,NCH,DA -> DD NCH -> PX NCH est contenu dans la clé de Réservation qui est NCL,NCH,DA 1?383:8 ' V 8 0 9563:8 8 <6 8 V < 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 21/ 82584 /5063 99 C =/9 ' <:36 9 < 2 7C 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 6 9 70< 2? Commande(NoCom, NoClient, Nom, Adresse, PrixTotal) Ligne(NoCom, NoArt, Prix, Qte, Art_total) NoCom → PrixTotal, NoClient NoClient → Nom, Adresse NoArt → Prix NoCom, NoArt → Qte :7< 5@:8< % +< 2 → 8

-⊆

- 2:84

3A8 8 <6 /5< 8 V

:70 6058<?:0= 0 9 <4N1=5 8 V 39 4:8@3 86 2 9 0114030 4:== <736' Commande(NoCom, NoClient, Nom, Adresse, PrixTotal) LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total) Article (NoArt, Prix)

: 8

5 193=38 57<<3 9 < :>S 6< 214036< 2 78 =583G0 21/ 82586 /50 05//:06 2 5760 <, 58< 4 45< 95 21/ 82584 <6 6058<363@ , 1?38363:8' 21/ 82584 6058<363@ :36 ! → Α 6 % 78 491 2 :8 236 B7 ! → Α <6 78 21/ 82584 6058<363@ 2 <3 ! 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< % 6 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< ! 58< 95 3A70 :8 / 76 @:30 B7 9 A0:7/ 2 4:8<6367586< ! 6 21?3836 78 :>S 6 3821/ 82586, 8 214:=/:<586 8 6 V :8 193=38 95 21/ 82584 6058<363@ :a' _ ; V_ !∪Α

3A70

' <4N1=5 2 95 21/ 82584 6058<363@

C =/9 2 0 9563:8 4:86 8586 78 21/ 82584 6058<363@ géographie(Ville, Pays, Superficie) Ville → Pays Pays → Superficie est une df transitive 1?383:8 ' 8 0 9563:8 8 V <6 8 < 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 21/ 82584 6058<363@ C =/9 ' <:36 9 < 60:3< 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 6 9 70< 2? Commande(NoCom, NoClient, Nom, Adresse, PrixTotal) LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total) Article (NoArt, Prix) NoCom → PrixTotal, NoClient NoClient → Nom, Adresse

(1)

NoArt → Prix NoCom, NoArt → Qte :7< 5@:8< A574N ( : 93 86 → := 20 << ) B73 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< 95 491( :==582 ) 2:84 :==582 8 <6 /5< 8

:70 6058<?:0= 0 9 <4N1=5 8 39 4:8@3 86 2 9 0114030 4:== <736' Commande(NoCom, NoClient, PrixTotal) Client (NoClient, Nom, Adresse) LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total) Article (NoArt, Prix)

CA 8 D

58< 4 66 ?:0= 8:0=59 6:76 < 9 < /5063 < A574N < 2 < 2? 2 78 0 9563:8 4:863 88 78 491 1?38363:8 " 8 236 B7 9 <4N1=5 ( U ) <6 8 " <3 /:70 ! → Α 78 21/ 82584 @5932 0 <70 6 99 B7 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< ! 59:0< :8 5 % 78 491 2 4:86 87 258< !, C =/9 2 0 9563:8 B73 8 <6 /5< 8 " ' R=(RVN) F={VR → N, N → V} 8 <6 /5< 8 " 450 → <6 @5932 0 6 8 4:863 86 /5< 2 491 (491 2 <6 ) 5 " <6 78 ?:0= (60:/) 4:86053A8586 450 :8 8 / 76 /5< 6:7S:70< 60:7@ 0 /:70 6 78 214:=/:<363:8 2:86 9 < <4N1=5< :86 <3=796581= 86 9 < /0:/03161< 2 " 2 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 6 2 /01< 0@563:8 2 < 2?, C =/9 ' <:36 9 < 0 9563:8< <73@586 < 6 9 70< 2? Commande(NoCom, NoClient, PrixTotal) Client (NoClient, Nom, Adresse) LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total) Article (NoArt, Prix) NoCom → PrixTotal, NoClient NoClient → Nom, Adresse NoArt → Prix NoCom, NoArt → Qte 5 214:=/:<363:8 <6 8 " / 82586 8 5S:76586 prix , Qte → Art_total 58< 9 < 2? /0:S 61 < <70 3A8 :==582

:8 5 95 2?'

NoArt, Qte → Art_total 2:86 95 /5063 A574N : 06 6 8 4:863 86 /5< 2 3A8 :==582 2:84 3A8 :==582 8 <6 /5< 8 " 9 C60G= 3A8 :==582 2:36 T60 214:=/:<1 8 LigneCommande (NoCom, NoArt, Qte)

491 2

Table_multiplication(Prix, Qte, Art_total) :7< @ 00:8< 258< 9 4N5/360 <73@586 B7 9 < @7 < / 0= 66 86 2 1@36 0 78 6 99 C601=361U 95 2? /03C 6 → 06j6:659 C/03= 8 ?536 78 21/ 82584 2 459479,

" :8

A 8

8 21?38363:8 1B73@59 86 2 95 / 0= 6 2 @:30 B7 95 <6 78 0 95C563:8 2 95 " , 1?38363:8' 4:8<6367586 /0 =3 0 :7< 230:8< B7 78 4:8<6367586 <6 /0 =3 0 < 39 5//5063 86 78 491 <38:8 39 <6 8:8 /0 =3 0, 1?38363:8 V ' 8 236 B7 9 <4N1=5 ( U ) <6 8 <3 /:70 ! → Α 78 21/ 82584 @5932 0 <70 6 99 B7 8 <6 /5< 4:86 87 258< ! 59:0< :8 @103?3 78 2 < 2 7C 4:82363:8< <73@586 <' ) 39 C3<6 % 78 491 2 4:86 87 258< ! V) <6 /0 =3 0 5 4:82363:8 <6 32 863B7 4 99 2 95 " , 5 <6 2:84 >3 8 78 0 95C563:8 2 < 4:8605386 < , :84 6:76 < 9 < 0 9563:8< " <:86 8 2.

[ '2. / /

3A70

Z ' =>034563:8< 2 < ?:0= < 8:0=59 <

< =:H 8< 2 8 /5< T60 8 <:86 2:84' • 5 ' </143?3 B7 78 4:8<6367586 8 <:36 /5< 78 <4N1=5 • 95 V ' ! <6 78 <:7< 8< =>9 <60346 2 78 491 • :8 236 B7 ! → <6 78 21/ 82584 /5063 99 • 95 ' ! <6 <:7< 8< =>9 2 57478 491 • :8 236 B7 ! → <6 78 21/ 82584 6058<363@ 58< 860 0 258< 9 < 216539< 8:7< 230:8< B7 39 C3<6 6:7S:70< 78 214:=/:<363:8 (:7 /97<3 70< <3 9 A05/N 2 < 2? 5 2 < 4H49 <) B73 /:<<G2 <3=796581= 86 9 < 60:3< /0:/03161< B7 8:7< 5@:8< C5=381 < (6:659 /01< 0@ 9 < 2? 6 ), 50 4:860 9 603/9 6 (6:659 /01< 0@ 9 < 2? 6 " ) / 76 T60 @32 , :60 :>S 463? 8 16586 /5< 2 ?530 2 95 4:84 /63:8 8:7< 8 2:88:8< /5< 2 C 0434 <70 95 214:=/:<363:8, :76 ?:3< 9 9 46 70 / 76 4:8<656 0 B7 /0563B7 = 86 6:76 < 9 < =:2193<563:8< 2 < 1672 < 2 45< <:86 8 6 /:<<G2 86 9 < >:88 < /0:/03161< 2 95 214:=/:<363:8 6:659 6 2 95

/01< 0@563:8 2 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < (B7582 4 95 8 <6 /5< 9 78 B7 <63:8 H ?536 01?10 84 ), '2. )

@2.

K D 2

3A70

+ ' 86 021/ 82584 < 2 < /0:/03161< <70 95 214:=/<363:8

45<

@H "Le rêve semblait toujours si vivant, si exact, moins distorsion du réel que simulacre, illusion si riche en détails de la vie éveillé que Nashe ne soupçonnait jamais qu'il était en train de rêver." Paul Auster - La musique du hasard

7<B7 /01< 86 78 0 9563:8 16536 6:7S:70< 5<<:431 78 38<6584 B73 <6:4I536 /NH<3B7 = 86 9 < 86361<, 8 @7 / 0= 6 2 214950 0 78 <4N1=5 2 0 9563:8< B73 <6 21?383 /50630 2 5760 < 0 9563:8< (:7 1@ 867 99 = 86 2 5760 < @7 <), 38<6584 2 78 @7 <6 1@5971 57 =:= 86 :a 99 <6 76393<1 258< 78 0 B7T6 U 78 @7 8 /:<<G2 2:84 /5< 2 38<6584 /NH<3B7 , 43 / 0= 6 2 401 0 2 < 0 2:82584 < 9:A3B7 < 258< 9 <4N1=5 <58< 382730 /:70 576586 2 < 58:=593 < 2 =3< S:70, 50 4:860 78 @7 2 @586 T60 011@5971 4N5B7 ?:3< B7 9 :8 < H 01?G0 4 95 / 76 8605]8 0 78 23=38763:8 2 / 0?:0=584 258< 4 06538< 45<, Définitions des vues requête

Réécriture de la requête en termes de relation

Modèle de la machine SQL figure 4 chapitre 5

3A70

' 1143670 2 95 0 B7T6

=:2G9 2 C14763:8 2 78 0 B7T6 2:36 T60 4:=/9161 /50 78 =:279 2 011403670 2 95 0 B7T6 B73 <7><6367 9 C3459 = 86 9 < 6 0= < 2 95 0 B7T6 /50 4 7C 2 95 @7 (/50?:3< 4 <6 9 38@ 0< B73 <6 /0563B71), 7 =383=7= 8:7< 5@:8< 9 < <7><636763:8< <73@586 <' • 5) 9 32 863?3456 70 2 95 @7 258< 95 4957< FROM 2 95 0 B7T6 <6 <7><63671 /50 9 < 32 863?3456 70< </143?31< 258< 95 4957< FROM 2 95 @7 , • >) 9 < 4:9:88 < 2 95 @7 <:86 <7><63671 < /50 9 < C/0 <<3:8< </143?31 < 258< 95 4957< SELECT 2 95 @7 , • 4) 95 4957< WHERE 2 95 @7 <6 5S:761 95 4957< WHERE 2 95 0 B7T6 , • 2) 58< 9 < 45< 9 < /97< <3=/9 < 95 4957< GROUP BY 2 95 @7 <6 5S:761 95 0 B7T6 (4 6H/ 2 45< <6 /0:>91=563B7 4:== :8 9 @ 005 /97< 9:38), C5=38:8< 78 45< <:36 95 @7 6 95 0 B7T6 <73@586 '

CREATE VIEW Chambre_avec_tv_2 (Num_chambre, prix_par_pers) AS SELECT num_chambre,prix/nbr_pers FROM Chambres WHERE equipement='TV'; SELECT num_chambre, prix_par_pers FROM Chambre_avec_tv_2 WHERE num_chambre=44;

5//934563:8 2 95 0GA9 5) 2:88 ' SELECT num_chambre, prix_par_pers FROM Chambres WHERE num_chambre=44;

5//934563:8 2 95 0GA9 >) 2:88 ' SELECT num_chambre, prix/nbr_pers FROM Chambres WHERE num_chambre=44;

5//934563:8 2 95 0GA9 4) 2:88 ' SELECT num_chambre, prix/nbr_pers FROM Chambres WHERE num_chambre=44 AND equipement='TV';

<6 95 0 B7T6 B7 8:7< 5703:8< 14036 <3 95 @7 8 C3<6536 /5<,

;)"

5 4957< CREATE-VIEW / 0= 6 2 5<<:43 0 78 <4N1=5 2 @7 Q

78 0 B7T6 ,

50 21?576 9 <4N1=5 2 95 @7 <6 4 973 2 95 0 B7T6 , < 8:=< 6 9 < 6H/ < 2 < 4:9:88 < <:86 4 7C B73 5//5053<< 86 258< 95 4957< 2 /0:S 463:8 2 95 0 B7T6 , C =/9 ' 8 @7 21?383 /:70 O9 < 4N5=>0 < 5H586 78 O CREATE VIEW Chambre_avec_tv_1 AS SELECT * FROM Chambres WHERE equipement='TV';

8 386 00:A 586 95 @7 :8 :>63 86' SELECT * FROM Chambre_avec_tv_1;

9 <6 57<<3 /:<<3>9 2 2:88 0 78 8:= = 863:88586 5/0G< 9 8:= 2 95 @7 ,

4N5B7

4:9:88

95 @7

8 9 <

CREATE VIEW Chambre_avec_tv_2 (Num_chambre, prix_par_pers) AS SELECT num_chambre,prix/nbr_pers FROM Chambres WHERE equipement='TV';

8 386 00:A 586 95 @7 :8 :>63 86' SELECT * FROM Chambre_avec_tv_2;

58< 9 C =/9 /03C =:H 8<,

<73@586 :8 401

B73 4:00 </:82

9 5A01A563:8 2 <

CREATE VIEW Prix_moyen_par_confort (confort, prix_moyen) AS SELECT confort, avg(prix) FROM Chambres GROUP BY confort; SELECT * FROM Prix_moyen_par_confort;

:0=59 = 86 9 3=/91= 86563:8 2 < @7 < 4:8<3<6 8 78 011403670 2 95 0 B7T6 76393<586 95 @7 2:84 9 < 2 7C 0 B7T6 < <73@586 < 2 @053 86 T60 3991A59 < 4:== 9 <:793A8 , , 56 c Z d, / 82586 9 #" 0549 (B7 9 :8 76393< /:70 6 <6 0 9 < 0 B7T6 < 2 4 93@0 ) 9 < 544 /6 , 43 < C/93B7 /50 9 ?536 B7 /:70 4 < 45< 39 401 6 =/:0530 = 86 78 65>9 4:00 </:82586 95 @7 , 66 /506347950361 <6 /0 =3G0 @7 60G< /0563B7 =53< 258< 4 06538< 45< 99 / 76 /18593< 0 ?:06 = 86 95 / 0?:0=584 2 9 C14763:8, 706:76 258< 9 45< 2 S:38670 <70 78 @7 5A01A1 450 9 < :/63=3<563:8< B73 / 7@ 86 8:0=59 = 86 < ?? 467 0 8 <:86 /97< /:<<3>9 < 6 9 <H<6G= 2:36 1@597 0 6 <6:4I 0 6 =/:0530 = 86 95 @7 4N5B7 5// 9, SELECT * FROM Prix_moyen_par_confort WHERE prix_moyen>100;13 SELECT avg(prix_moyen) FROM Prix_moyen_par_confort;14

< =:23?34563:8< 605@ 0< 78 @7 <:86 0 <60 386 < 57C @7 < B73 8 76393< 86 /5< 9 < :/10563:8< <73@586 <' • 5 S:38670 • < 5A01A563:8< (GROUP BY) • < 4:88 C3:8< (connect by) • 5 4957< distinct 58< 9 45< 2 4:9:88 < 01<79656< 2 C/0 <<3:8 4 < 2 083G0 < 8 / 7@ 86 /5< T60 =3< < S:70, :7< 4 < 45< <:86 38216 0=381< 450 39 4:00 </:82 86 95 =:23?34563:8 /50630 2 78 @59 70 2 /97<3 70< 058A1 < :7 2 /97<3 70< 4:9:88 < 2 78 65>9 , 3 78 4:9:88 <6 5>< 86 258< 95 65>9 2 01?10 84 59:0< 99 /0 82 95 @59 70 null, 5 011403670 2 @0536 2:88 0 where avg(prix)>100 4 B73 <6 386 0236 450 :8 2:36 76393< 0 95 4957< having - 43 :8 2 @0536 5@:30 avg(avg(prix)) 4 B73 8 5 /5< 2 < 8<,

5 4957< with check option / 0= 6 2 </143?3 <:86 ?536 < 9 386103 70 2 9 38<6584 2 95 @7 , <6 605@ 0< 95 @7 2:36 /:7@:30 <19 463:88 0 9 01<79656 / 76 2:88 0 78 8:= 4 66 4:8605386 ), C =/9 ' 95 =3< S:70 2 95 4:9:88 1B73/ = 86 9 38<6584 2 95 @7 ,

0 B7 9 < =:23?34563:8< 230 B7 78 <19 463:8 2 95 =:23?34563:8 ( 8 ?536 <:0630 95 058A1 27

insert into Chambre_avec_tv_1 (num_chambre,prix,nbr_lits, nbr_pers,confort,equipement) values(99,100,2,2,'BAIN','TV'); update Chambre_avec_tv_1 set equipement='VD' WHERE num_chambre=99; delete FROM Chambre_avec_tv_1;

01:8< 78 @7 <3=39530 5@ 4 95 4957< 2 @103?34563:8 2 5//506 8584 @7 6 <:7= 66:8< 9 < =T= < =:23?34563:8<,

CREATE VIEW Chambre_avec_tv_1_valide AS SELECT * FROM Chambres WHERE equipement='TV' with check option constraint valide_la_vue; insert into Chambre_avec_tv_1_valide (num_chambre,prix,nbr_lits, nbr_pers,confort,equipement) values(99,100,2,2,'BAIN','TV'); update Chambre_avec_tv_1_valide set equipement='VD' WHERE num_chambre=99; delete FROM Chambre_avec_tv_1_valide; IL "

)

(

:7< 2:88:8< 78 4 06538 8:=>0 2 45< :a 9 < @7 < <:86 7639 <, 321 4 86059 16586 2 401 0 78 3821/ 82584 9:A3B7 860 9 <4N1=5 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < 6 9 < 5//934563:8< B73 9 76393< 86, 99 43 8 <6 /9 38 = 86 01593<1 B7 258< 9 45< 2 9 386 00:A563:8 6 258< 78 8:=>0 2 45< 93=361< 2 =:23?34563:8 2 95 >5< ,

5 401563:8 2 < @7 < 4:86 C67 99 < / 0= 6 2 4:8<60730 /50630 2 78 8< =>9 2 0 9563:8< 78 8:7@ 99 0 9563:8, 76393<56 70 8 76393<586 9 4:86 C6 2 @3 86 59:0< 3821/ 82586 2 < =:23?34563:8< B73 / 7@ 86 T60 5//:061 < 57 <4N1=5 <:7< S54 86,

V +

58< 9 C =/9 <73@586 :8 401 95 @7 <70 95 0 9563:8 783@ 0< 99 , ( 99 8 <6 /5< 1B73@59 86 95 0 9563:8 783@ 0< 99 450 99 8 /0 82 8 4:=/6 B7 9 < 86361< B73 <:86 S:386 <, :70 78 23<47<<3:8 5//0:?:823 <70 4 6NG= 4:8<796 0 9 605@539 2 #, 59B7 6 c Z+d) CREATE VIEW hotel (NUM_CLIENT, NOM, PRENOM, ADRESSE, NUM_CHAMBRE, PRIX, NBR_LITS, NBR_PERS, CONFORT, EQUIPEMENT, DATE_ARR, DATE_DEP) AS SELECT CLIENTS.NUM_CLIENT, NOM, PRENOM, ADRESSE, CHAMBRES.NUM_CHAMBRE, PRIX, NBR_LITS, NBR_PERS, CONFORT, EQUIPEMENT, DATE_ARR, DATE_DEP FROM CHAMBRES, CLIENTS, RESERVATIONS WHERE Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client AND Chambres.num_chambre=Reservations.num_chambre

5 @7 N:6 9 / 0= 6 78 76393<56 70 2 ?530 5><605463:8 2 < <4N1=5< " , < 2 083 0< / 7@ 86 T60 =:23?31<, 9 <7??36 2 =5386 830 78 @7 1B73@59 86 /:70 <563<?530 9 76393<56 70 2 95 @7 ,

! 7//:<:8< B7 @:7< 5H P 54N 61 78 5//934563:8 " 4 99 43 /:<<G2 21S 78 <4N1=5 2 0 9563:8<, 5 <:43161 B73 9 5 21@ 9://1 <6 <7<4 /63>9 2 9 =:23?3 0, / 82586 @:7< 53= 03 P 21@ 9:// 0 78 C6 8<3:8, :70 T60 3821/ 82586 39 <7??36 2 605@5399 0 <70 2 < @7 < 27 <4N1=5 2 9 5//934563:8, 8 45< 2 =:23?34563:8 @:7< 525/6 P @:< @7 < 5?38 2 9 < 0 820 <1=5863B7 = 86 1B73@59 86 <, 43 / 0= 6 57<<3 2 401 0 78 <4N1=5 6052736 258< 78 5760 958A7 / 7 2 ?053<, C =/9 ' 8 4N5]8 58A953< 2 NL6 9< 16 82 8:60 5//934563:8 , 99 5705 38610T6 605@5399 0 <70 95 @7 93 86< <73@586 ' CREATE VIEW Customer (ident_cust, name, surname, address) AS SELECT NUM_CLIENT, NOM, PRENOM, ADRESSE FROM Clients

:7@ 86 95 @59 70 2 78 4:8<6367586 <6 863G0 = 86 216 0=381 /50 2 9 38?:0=563:8 B73 C3<6 21S 258< 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 6:4I 0 /NH<3B7 = 86 4 < 38?:0=563:8< 2 =582 B7 4N5B7 =:23?34563:8 99 < <:3 86 0 =3< < S:70 4 B73 0 82 /97< 4:=/9 C 9 < /0:A05== < 2 =:23?34563:8, C5=38:8< 9 45< <73@586' 8 493 86 5 78 8:= 6 78 520 << , 8 4:==582 <6 5<<:431 78 493 86 6 9 /03C 6:659 2 95 4:==582 <6 95 <:== 2 < 93A8 < 2 4 66 4:==582 , 8 93A8 2 4:==582 4:00 </:82 78 506349 4:==5821 < 9:8 78

4 06538 B7586361, /03C 6:659 2 95 93A8 4:00 </:82 57 /0:2736 27 /03C 2 9 506349 /50 <5 B7586361, 4N5B7 506349 <6 5<<:431 78 /03C, 4N5=/ <6 <:7=3< 57C 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < <73@586 <' : := → 03C :659 : 93 86 : 93 86 → := 20 << : 06 → 03C : := : 06 → 6 5 214:=/:<363:8 <73@586 <6 6:76 ?536 52=3<<3>9 ' 93 86 ( : 93 86 := 20 << ) :==582 ( : := : 93 86 03C :659) 3A8 :==582 ( : := : 06 6 06j6:659) 06349 ( : 06 03C) ?536 2 <6:4I 0 03C :659 6 06j6:659 3=/93B7 B7 9 < /0:A05== < 2 9 5//934563:8 =:23?3586 9 < 93A8 < 2 4:==582 < 6 9 < 506349 < 2:3@ 86 9 < 0 = 660 S:70, :0= 99 = 86 :8 2 @0536 5S:76 0 95 21/ 82584 ?:8463:88 99 <73@586 (B73 84:2 95 =7963/934563:8) • /03C 6 → 06j6:659 8 5 59:0< 9 < 0 9563:8< <73@586 <' 3A8 :==582 ( : := : 06 6 ) 59479 03C ( 03C 6 06j6:659) < @7 < / 0= 66 86 2 1@36 0 2 6 99 < C601=361< 7//:<:8< 9 <4N1=5 <73@586 ' 93 86 ( : 93 86 := 20 << ) :==582 ( : := : 93 86) 3A8 :==582 ( : := : 06 6 ) 06349 ( : 06 03C) CREATE VIEW LigneCommAvecPrix(NoCom, NoArt, Qte, Art_total) AS SELECT Nocom, a.NoArt, Qte, Prix*Qte FROM lignecommande a, article b WHERE a.NoArt=b.NoArt CREATE VIEW CommAvecPrix (NoCom, NoClient, PrixTotal) AS SELECT b.Nocom, NoClient, sum(Art_total) FROM lignecommande a, Commande b WHERE a.NoCom=b.NoCom GROUP BY b.Nocom, NoClient

8 5 193=381 9 < 4:8<6367586< 4594791< 2 < 0 9563:8< <6:4I1 <, 50 4:860 :8 5 </143?31 2 < @7 < B73 / 0= 66 86 6:76 =:= 86 2 9 < 0 459479 0, :7< 0 60:7@:8< 95 2759361 2 95 0 2:82584 4:860 9 1@597563:8 9 78 5@ 4 <:8 4:[6 8 4:=/9 C361 54407 2 /0:A05==563:8 (95 /954 /NH<3B7 8 16586

/97< A181059 = 86 9 50A7= 86 /03843/59) 4:860 459479 (230 46 = 86 931 95 / 0?:0=584 )

78 4:[6

8 0 <<:704

/50630 2 78 8< =>9 2 ?536< 6 2 78 8< =>9 2 0GA9 < 2 2127463:8 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 /0:2730 2 8:7@ 99 < 38?:0=563:8<, 5 /0:A05==563:8 9:A3B7 C/03=1 ?:0= 99 = 86 /50 9 < 4957< < 2 :08 (@:30 9 :7@05A 2 , %:M 59<I3 c% Q +d) / 0= 6 2 21?3830 2 6 99 < 0GA9 < 2 2127463:8, 958A5A 2 /0:A05==563:8 # c Z d <6 78 3=/91= 86563:8 2 4 66 5//0:4N 2127463@ , < >5< < 2 2:881 < 0 9563:88 99 < / 7@ 86 T60 4:8<32101 < 4:== 78 45< /50634793 0 2 95 /0:A05==563:8 9:A3B7 , < ?536< <:86 0 /01< 861< /50 9 < 86361< 6 9 < 0 B7T6 < <:86 2 < 4957< < 9:A3B7 < 2:86 9 < 01/:8< < <:86 2 < 386 0/016563:8< /:<<3>9 <, 58< 4 4:86 C6 9 < @7 < / 7@ 86 T60 / 0^7 < 4:== 2 < 0GA9 < 2 2127463:8 (95 93=36 16586 B7 9 :8 8 / 76 /5< C/03= 0 2 < 0GA9 < 01470<3@ = 86) C5=38:8< 9 C =/9 495<<3B7 2 9 50>0 A18159:A3B7 , :36 9 < 2 7C 0 9563:8< <73@586 <, < / 0<:88 < <:86 32 863?31 < /50 78 8:= 6 5<<:431 < 78 < C , 5 0 9563:8 # 216 0=38 B7 9 /50 86 <6 78 2 < A1836 70< 2 9 8?586, CREATE TABLE pers(nom char(20), sexe char(1)); CREATE TABLE geni(parent char(20), enfant char(20)); Nous avons entré les données suivantes:

/50630 2 4 < 2:881 < 8:7< 53= 03:8< /:< 0 9 < B7 <63:8<' • B73 <6 95 <: 70 2 ,,, • B73 <:86 9 < A0582 /50 86< ,,, • B73 <6 9 4:7<38 2 ,,, • B73 <6 9 584T60 2 ,,, < @7 < <73@586 < 01/:82 86 4 < B7 <63:8<' CREATE VIEW femme AS SELECT nom FROM pers WHERE sexe='F'; CREATE VIEW homme AS SELECT nom FROM pers WHERE sexe='H'; CREATE VIEW pere_de AS SELECT parent pere15,enfant FROM geni,homme WHERE geni.parent=homme.nom; 76393<563:8 2 78 5935< / 0= 6 2 0 8:== 0 95 4:9:88 2 95 @7

CREATE VIEW mere_de AS SELECT parent mere,enfant FROM geni,femme WHERE geni.parent=femme.nom; CREATE VIEW soeur_de16 AS SELECT a.enfant soeur,b.enfant nom FROM geni a,geni b,femme WHERE a.parent=b.parent AND a.enfant=femme.nom AND a.enfant<>b.enfant17; CREATE VIEW frere_de AS SELECT a.enfant frere,b.enfant nom FROM geni a,geni b,homme WHERE a.parent=b.parent AND a.enfant=homme.nom AND a.enfant<>b.enfant; CREATE VIEW grandpere_de AS SELECT a.pere grandpere,b.enfant petitenfant FROM pere_de a,geni18 b WHERE a.enfant=b.parent; CREATE VIEW grandmere_de AS SELECT a.mere grandmere,b.enfant petitenfant FROM mere_de a,geni b WHERE a.enfant=b.parent; CREATE VIEW grandparent_de(grandparent, petitenfant) AS SELECT grandpere, petitenfant FROM grandpere_de union SELECT grandmere, petitenfant FROM grandmere_de; Nous pouvons faire un test sur nos données. SELECT distinct * FROM soeur_de WHERE nom='jacques'; SELECT distinct * FROM grandparent_de WHERE petitenfant='amélie';

5 B7 <63:8 2 < 584T60 < <6 /97< 2193456 450 99 ?536 386 0@ 830 95 8:63:8 2 01470<3@361, <6 230 ' ! 584T60 2 F <3 )! <6 9 A1836 70 2 F :7 >3 8 V) <3 ! <6 584T60 2 & 6 & <6 9 A1836 70 2 F 8 4:8<656 B7 9 :8 / 76 5//93B7 0 8:7@ 57 95 21?38363:8 2 584T60 258< 95 4:82363:8 V), 8 6:76 A181059361 39 8 <6 /5< /:<<3>9 2 401 0 2 < @7 < X

7<<3 9 < 2 =3 <: 70< 66 4:82363:8 386 0236 B7 9 :8 <:36 95 <: 70 2 <:3 =T= , 8 0 =/95^586 # /50 j :8 5 9 A0582 /G0 /506 08 9

01470<3@ <, 7 /97< :8 / 76 21/93 0 95 21?38363:8 6 401 0 78 @7 2 A1836 70(A1836 70(A1836 70( ,,,,)))) 8 S:3A8586 /97<3 70< ?:3< 95 0 9563:8 # , / 82586 9 C6 8<3:8 "& 57 <6582502 / 0= 6 2 0 820 01470<3@ < 4 06538 < 0 B7T6 <, 5 <:7< 0 B7T6 2 95 @7 584 60 j2 459479 9 < 2 <4 82586< 2 , 5 21?38363:8 2 584T60 2 @3 86 59:0<' <6 584T60 2 " <3 " <6 258< 9 < 2 <4 82586< 2 , CREATE VIEW ancetre_de AS SELECT a.nom ancetre,b.nom descendant FROM pers a, pers b WHERE b.nom in (SELECT enfant FROM geni connect by prior enfant=parent start with parent=a.nom); SELECT * FROM ancetre_de WHERE descendant='amélie';

:70 6 0=38 0 4 6 C =/9 :8 / 76 < /:< 0 95 B7 <63:8 2 / 0<:88 < :86 2 < 584T60 < 4:==78<,

<5@:30 <3 2 7C

CREATE VIEW meme_famille(dans_la, de) AS SELECT a.descendant,b.descendant FROM ancetre_de a, ancetre_de b WHERE a.ancetre=b.ancetre; SELECT * FROM meme_famille WHERE dans_la='amélie' AND de='eliot'; SELECT * FROM meme_famille WHERE dans_la='amélie' AND de='nolwenn';

8:=>0 2 01/:8< < 4:00 </:82 57C <3C 584T60 < 4:==78<, :7< @:H:8< B7 9 3860:27463:8 2 < @7 < 21/5<< 9 4520 2 95 0 /01< 86563:8 2 < 2:881 <, 99 < / 0= 66 86 2 4:8<60730 57 2 <<7< 2 < ?536< 2 < 0GA9 < <60746701 < <70 9 < 93 8< <1=563B7 < C3<6586 860 4 < ?536< 6 538<3 2 212730 2 8:7@ 99 < 38?:0=563:8<,

1 I

" "

" 0 CREATE insert insert insert insert insert insert 5

! ) / \ TABLE D (v number(1)); into D values(1); into D values(2); into D values(3); into D values(4); into D values(5); into D values(6); <

< K

• • • • •

401 0 60:3< 21< 3821/ 82586< 4N 04N 0 95 <:== /:70 78 S 61 2 21< 9 8:=>0 2 S 61< 2 21< /:<<3>9 < 9 < 23??10 86 < ?5^:8< 2 :>6 830 5@ 4 60:3< 21< 9 8:=>0 2 /:<<3>361< 2 S 61< 2 60:3< 21< 5<<:431<

4N5B7

<:== •

20 << 0 78 65>9 57 8 6 0= 2 <6563<63B7 /:70 4N5B7 <:==

9 <6 38610 <<586 2 0 =50B7 0 B7 78 0 9563:8 / 76 ?5439 = 86 0 /01< 86 0 78 @ 46 70, 5 0 9563:8 46 2:88 4N5B7 191= 86 9 8:= 27 @ 46 70 57B7 9 39 5//5063 86 <5 /:<363:8 6 <5 @59 70 CREATE TABLE vect(nomvect char(10), i number(3), value number);

38<3 9 < @ 46 70< _( V -) 6 Q_( Y, Y,V ) <:86 0 /01< 861< /50 9 38<6584 <73@586 ' /0:2736 <459530 2 2 7C @ 46 70< <6 1A59 95 <:== 2 < /0:2736< 2 4N5B7 191= 86 2 < 2 7C @ 46 70< :447/586 95 =T= /:<363:8, 8 5 2:84 `Q_( ` ;V`, ;-`,V )_ 6 ` _( ` ;V`V;-`-)_V N 04N 0 78 @7 B73 459479 6:7< 9 < /0:2736< <459530 < 2 46 (8:0=59 = 86 9 < 2 7C @ 46 70< 2:3@ 86 5@:30 95 =T= 9:8A 70) 8 =56034 4:00 </:82 78 65>9 57 2 @59 70< :8 / 76 16 820 8:60 21?38363:8 2 95 0 9563:8 B73 21?3836 9 8:= 2 95 =56034 95 93A8 95 4:9:88 6 95 @59 70 /:70 4N5B7 191= 86, CREATE TABLE mat(nommat char(10), l number(3),c number(4), value number);

< 2 7C =56034 < ,

6 " <:86 2:84 0 /01< 861 < /50 9 38<6584 <73@586 2 3

53 '

' '

/0:2736 2 2 7C =56034 < 2:88 78 8:7@ 99 =56034 2:86 4N5B7 191= 86 4:00 </:82 57 /0:2736 <459530 2 78 93A8 6 2 78 4:9:88 2 < =56034 < =7963/931 <, 38<3 `" 2:88 05 /:70 9 191= 86 27 01<79656 9 /0:2736 <459530 2 95 93A8 2 6 2 95 4:9:88 2 " <:36 9 191= 86 V 27 01<79656 <6 9 /0:2736 <459530 2 95 93A8 2 6 2 95 4:9:88 V 2 " <:36 X 64, 5B

' #

# &

& %

4030

78 @7 B73 ?? 467 9 /0:2736 =560343 9 2 6:76 < 9 < =56034 < 2 (8:0=59 = 86 9 8:=>0 2 4:9:88 < 2 95 /0 =3G0 =56034 2:36 T60 1A59 57 8:=>0 2 93A8 < 2 95 2 7C3G= =56034 )

;

65>930 78 @7 B73 / 0= 66 2 01/:820 57C B7 <63:8< <73@586 < /50 2 < 0 B7T6 < <58< 2 S:38670 , • 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 6 9 70 4561A:03 2 / 0=3< • 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 2 =:38< 2 VY /954 < • 93<6 2 < @1N3479 < 5H586 860 6 Z /954 < 6 820 95 @7 /01412 86 /:70 6 830 4:=/6 2 95 0 9563:8 450>70586, 9 2:36 =5386 8586 T60 ?5439 2 2:88 0 95 4:8<:==563:8 /50 =:2G9 /50 4561A:03 /50 8>0 2 /954 , 65>930 78 @7 B73 0 A0:7/ 4 < <6563<63B7 <, :88 0 9 < A0:7/ < B73 4:8<:== 86 =:38< 2 Y 9360 < 57C YY,

<! , ;,) 9,& '(04& 9+& 401 0 60:3< 21< 3821/ 82586< CREATE VIEW AS SELECT * CREATE VIEW AS SELECT * CREATE VIEW AS SELECT *

D1 FROM D; D2 FROM D; D3 FROM D;

4N 04N 0 95 <:== /:70 78 S 61 2

21<

CREATE VIEW sum3D (v1,v2,v3,sum3) AS SELECT D1.v,D2.v,D3.v,D1.v+D2.v+D3.v FROM D1,D2,D3;

9 8:=>0 2 S 61< 2

21< /:<<3>9 <

SELECT count(*) FROM sum3D;

9 < 23??10 86 < ?5^:8< 2 :>6 830

5@ 4 60:3< 21<

SELECT * FROM sum3D WHERE sum3=7;

9 8:=>0 2 /:<<3>361< 5<<:431 <

4N5B7 <:==

SELECT sum3,count(sum3) FROM sum3D GROUP BY sum3;

20 << 0 78 65>9 57 8 6 0= 2 <6563<63B7 /:70 4N5B7 <:==

SELECT sum3 somme, (count(sum3)/216)*100 probabilite,'%' FROM sum3D GROUP BY sum3;

< @ 46 70< 6 9 < =56034 < 5 4:82363:8 2 S:38670 /:06 <70 95 /:<363:8 258< 9 @ 46 70, CREATE VIEW prod_scalaire(a,b,prod) AS SELECT a.nomvect,b.nomvect,sum(a.value*b.value) FROM vect a,vect b WHERE a.i=b.i GROUP BY a.nomvect,b.nomvect; SELECT * FROM prod_scalaire;

5 @7 /0:2j<459530 459479 9 191= 86 (9 4) 27 01<79656 95 4:82363:8 2 S:38670 /:06 <70 95 /:<363:8 258< 95 93A8 9 6 95 4:9:88 4, CREATE VIEW AS SELECT FROM WHERE GROUP

prod_scalaire_LC(a,b,l,c,prod) a.nommat,b.nommat,a.l,b.c,sum(a.value*b.value) mat a,mat b a.c=b.l BY a.nommat,b.nommat,a.l,b.c;

/0:2736 =560343 9 <6 9 8< =>9 /:<<3>9 2 < @59 70< 2 < /0:2736< <459530 <, :7< 5@:8< 5S:761 95 4:82363:8 B73 =/G4N 2 2:88 0 9 01<79656 /:70 2 < =56034 < 8:8 4:=/563>9 < CREATE VIEW AS SELECT FROM WHERE

79 <

prod_mat(a,b,l,c,value) a,b,l,c,prod prod_scalaire_lc exists (SELECT 'vrai' FROM mat a, mat b WHERE a.nommat=a AND b.nommat=b GROUP BY a.nommat, b.nommat having max(a.c)=max(b.l));

` " 6 "` <:86 /:<<3>9 <

SELECT * FROM prod_mat; & CREATE VIEW vhc_type AS SELECT nochassis,noplaque,miseenservice,v.modele,nostation, nbplaces,categorie,typecarburant,automatique,poids FROM vehicule v, type t WHERE v.modele=t.modele; SELECT nochassis,categorie FROM vhc_type; SELECT nochassis,nbplaces FROM vhc_type WHERE nbplaces<20; SELECT nochassis,nbplaces FROM vhc_type WHERE nbplaces between 5 AND 8;

CREATE VIEW vhc_type_carb AS SELECT nochassis,v.noplaque,miseenservice, v.modele,nostation, nbplaces,categorie,v.typecarburant carburantrequis,automatique,poids, nojour,kilometrage,litres, c.typecarburant carburantplein FROM vhc_type v, carburant c WHERE v.noplaque=c.noplaque; SELECT * FROM vhc_type_carb WHERE carburantrequis<>carburantplein; CREATE VIEW analyse_consomation (critere,valeur,consom100) AS SELECT 'modele', modele,(sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100 FROM vhc_type_carb GROUP BY modele union SELECT 'nbplaces', to_char(nbplaces),(sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100 FROM vhc_type_carb GROUP BY to_char(nbplaces) union SELECT 'carburant', carburantplein,(sum(litres)/sum(kilometrage))*100 FROM vhc_type_carb GROUP BY carburantplein; SELECT * FROM analyse_consomation; SELECT * FROM analyse_consomation WHERE consom100<10;

VX+

B2 "Ainsi certaines fourmis naissent avec d'énormes mandibules cisaillles pour être soldat, d'autres possèdent des mandibules broyantes pour produire de la farine de céréales, d'autres sont équipées de glandes salivaires surdéveloppées pour mouiller et désinfecter les jeunes larves." Bernard Weber - Les fourmis.

5 /0 =3G0 /5063 2 4 4N5/360 <6 4:8<5401 9 :/63=3<563:8 2 < 0 B7T6 < , 7<B7 /01< 86 8:7< 5@:8< ?536 5><605463:8 2 9 3=/91= 86563:8 /NH<3B7 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 8:7< 5@:8< 214036 9 ?:8463:88 = 86 2 95 =54N38 8 6 0= < /70 = 86 9:A3B7 <, < 38<6584 < 2 < 0 9563:8< 258< 78 #" <:86 <6:4I1 < /NH<3B7 = 86U 57 <4N1=5 9:A3B7 2 < 0 9563:8< <6 5<<:431 78 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 , 2 083 0 </143?3 /:70 4N5B7 0 9563:8 9 =:2G9 /NH<3B7 6 9 < /505=G60 < 2 <6:4I5A 76393<1<, 5 034N << 2 < =:2G9 < 76393<1< 21/ 82 27 4:8<60746 70 27 #" , 4N:3C 27 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 21/ 82 59:0< 2 9 76393<563:8 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, :70 B7 9 < 0 B7T6 < 0 <6 86 9:A3B7 = 86 3821/ 82586 < 27 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 9 #" <6 =783 2 78 2 0 B7T6 < B73 6052736 95 0 B7T6 8 78 <1B7 84 2 5463:8< 95 /97< 5//0:/031 57 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 C3<6586, 8 =T= 0 B7T6 5 2:84 78 60527463:8 230 46 = 86 21/ 82586 27 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 , :/63=3< 70 76393< 9 < 38?:0=563:8< 27 23463:88530 6 9 < /0:/03161< 6N1:03B7 < /:70 ?? 467 0 <5 60527463:8, 58< 95 2 7C3G= /5063 4 4N5/360 8:7< 60536:8< 2 < /3GA < 2 95 8:0=593<563:8 6 2 9 76393<563:8 A1810593<1 2 < @7 <, :7< =:860:8< B7 9 5//0:4N A181059 = 86 /014:83<1 4:8<3<6586 ' • 5859H< 0 9 < 2:881 < 6 4:84 @:30 9 <4N1=5 • 165>930 2 < @7 < /:70 ?543936 0 95 /0:A05==563:8 2 < 60536 = 86< • 4N:3<30 78 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 2 <6:4I5A (/954 0 S72343 7< = 86 2 < 382 C) / 76 = 8 0 2 < <H<6G= < 5H586 2 =57@53< < / 0?:0=584 <, 43 =:860 B7 2 < <:9763:8< 9:459 = 86 32159 < / 7@ 86 = 8 0 78 <:9763:8 A9:>59 = 86 38<563<?53<586 , ?38 2 1@36 0 4 43 39 ?576 B7 9 < 4:8605386 < 2 / 0?:0=584 2 544G< 57C 2:881 < 6 95 </143?34563:8 2 < 60536 = 86< 7<7 9< 6 ?01B7 86< <:3 86 4:8<32101< 8 /50599G9 5@ 4 95 4:84 /63:8 2 < 2:881 <, :7< /014:83<:8< 2:84 78 5//0:4N B73 8 /03@391A3 /5< 9 < 2:881 < 57C 21/ 82< 2 < 60536 = 86<,

;)"

:/63=3< 70 76393< 2 78 /506 9 < /0:/03161< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 6 2 5760 /506 9 < <6074670 < 2 2:881 < 544:=/5A8586 9 < 65>9 < =1=:03<1 <, 7 L ,(6 ) (

< K

< 7

? 7 )

7 )

;=+

< <

3A70

< K

' /63=3<563:8 2 < 0 B7T6 <

< /0:/03161< 2 9 59AG>0 0 9563:88 99 8:7< 2:88 86 2 < 0GA9 < 2 011403670 :7 2 < 1B73@59 84 < 860 C/0 <<3:8<, < 1B73@59 84 < <:86 76393<1 < /:70 193=38 0 9 < 8 7/9 6< B73 8 <563<? 0:86 /5< 9 /0123456 2 95 0 B7T6 , 50 C =/9 <3 78 /0123456 2 <19 463:8 8 ?536 386 0@ 830 B7 78 0 9563:8 59:0< :8 5 9 1B73@59 84 <73@586 ' (` ∧ V∧ ... 8) ( ∗ V∗ ... 8) + (` )∗ (` V V)∗ ...(` 8 8) 8 76393<586 4 66 1B73@59 84 :8 @:36 B7 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 21/954 0 /0:2736 45061<3 8 5/0G< 9 < <19 463:8< <70 9 < 0 9563:8<, 8 /0:412586 538<3 193=38 78 601< A0582 8:=>0 2 8 7/9 6< B73 8 57053 86 /5< <563<?536 /0123456, =5A38:8< B7 8:7< 5H:8< YYY 493 86< YYY 01< 0@563:8< 6 4N5=>0 < 258< 8:60 NL6 9, 5 0 B7T6 <73@586 /0:2730536 YY YYY YYY 2 7/9 6< 6 <6 0 59:0< B7 8 ?? 467586 2 5>:02 95 <19 463:8 27 87=10: 493 86 <70 39 8:7< 0 <6 B7 YY YYY 8 7/9 6< S:3820

9 :8 9 YY 8 2

SELECT Nom, prix, datedeb, datefin FROM CHAMBRES, CLIENTS, RESERVATIONS WHERE Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client AND Chambres.num_chambre=Reservations.num_chambre AND Clients.num_client=1001

/ 0= 6 2 =1=:03< 0 2 < 0 9563:8< 6 2 9 < 386 00:A 0 <58< </143?3 0 9 < <6074670 < 2 2:881 < :7 9 < 4N =38< 2 544G< 4 < 2:881 <, / 82586 <3 2 6 9< 4N =38< 2 544G< C3<6 86 9 #" /:7005 :/63=3< 0 95 0 B7T6 5?38 2 193=38 0 /03:03 2 < 8 7/9 6< B73 8 <563<?:86 /5< 9 /0123456, < 4N =38< 2 544G< <:86 <706:76 7639 < /:70 9 :/10563:8 2 1B73 S:38670 , 9< 8 S:7 86 /5<

2 0L9 57 83@ 57 <1=5863B7 2 95 0 9563:8, 8 / 76 6:76 =:= 86 9 < 5S:76 0 9 < <7//03= 0 :7 =:23?3 0 95 <6074670 2 <6:4I5A 2 < 65>9 <, < <6074670 < 76393<1 < <:86 4 99 < B7 9 :8 16723 258< 78 4:70< 2 <6074670 < 2 2:881 <' 9 < 50>0 < 9 < " 50>0 < 9 < ?:8463:8< 2 ON5<N 4:238AO 9 < /506363:88 = 86< 9 < 382 C 64, < 382 C <:86 78 38?:0=563:8 <7//91= 86530 B73 / 0= 6 230 46 = 86 2 54412 0 57C 058A1 < 5H586 78 4 06538 @59 70, 8 /0 8586 4:== =165/N:0 9 < 93@0 < < 39 8 C3<6 /5< 2 382 C /:70 0 4N 04N 0 78 38?:0=563:8 :8 <6 :>93A1 2 /504:7030 6:76 9 93@0 9 382 C / 0= 6 2 0 60:7@ 0 230 46 = 86 95 /5A 38610 <<586 , 9 8 @5 2 =T= /:70 78 0 9563:8 <58< 382 C 9 #" 2:36 95 /504:7030 4:=/9G6 = 86 5@ 4 78 382 C 39 /:386 230 46 = 86 <70 95 /5063 38610 <<586 , :== /:70 78 93@0 9 382 C 8 5S:76 57478 38?:0=563:8 38610 <<586 /506 78 ?5439361 2 544G<, 8 4:8<6073<586 78 382 C <70 9 < 87=10:< 2 493 86 /:70 95 0 9563:8 9 < 87=10: 2 493 86 /:70 95 0 9563:8 6 78 382 C <70 9 < 87=10:< 2 4N5=>0 /:70 95 0 9563:8 " 95 0 B7T6 /01412586 B73 C3A 536 YY YYY YYY 2 6 <6< <70 2 < 8 7/9 6< < 012736 57C /504:70< 2 /:386 70< 258< 78 " 50>0 (95 <6074670 2 9 382 C) 6 B7 9B7 < 8601 <W<:063 < <70 9 < 23<B7 <, 58< 95 3A70 V :8 / 76 <73@0 9 4N =38 = 86 2 9 :/63=3<563:8 <73@586 /0:2736 /50 9 #" ' 58< 95 0 9563:8 4N 04N 0 Clients.num_client=1001 /:70 4N5B7 8 7/9 6 60:7@1 58< 95 65>9 < 4N 04N 0 Clients.num_client=Reservations.num_client /:70 4N5B7 8 7/9 6 60:7@1 58< 95 65>9 " 4N 04N 0 Chambres.num_chambre=Reservations.num_chambre /:70 4N5B7 8 7/9 6 60:7@1 ?? 467 0 95 /0:S 463:8, 66 0 B7T6 :/63=3<1 570536 /7 T60 14036 /50 78 /0:A05== 70, 5 23??10 84 01<32 258< 9 ?536 B7 9 #" ?536 1@:97 0 2H85=3B7 = 86 9 01<79656 2 < < :/63=3<563:8< 8 ?:8463:8 2 < 4N =38< 2 544G< C3<6586 57 =:= 86 2 9 C14763:8 2 95 0 B7T6 , 9:0< B7 9 /0:A05== 14036 0 <6 <6563B7 6 8 / 76 57478 = 86 1@:97 0 8 ?:8463:8 2 < > <:38< 1= 0A 586 27 4N5=/ 2 5//934563:8 :7 2 78 = 399 70 4:8853<<584 2 4 2 083 0, INDEX num_client sur CLIENTS

INDEX num_client sur RESERVATIONS CLIENTS

1001 1001

INDEX num_chambre sur CHAMBRES RESERVATIONS

1001 1001

CHAMBRES

12 12

3A70

V ' 6393<563:8 2 < 382 C 9:0< 2 95 <19 463:8,

/0:4 <<7< 2 :/63=3<563:8 21/ 82 ?:06 = 86 2 9 3=/9586563:8 27 #" , :/63=3<563:8 < 214:7/ A181059 = 86 258< 9 < 165/ < <73@586 <' • 50 95 011403670 2 95 0 B7T6 , 66 /N5< 6052736 78 0 B7T6 8 78 5760 0 B7T6 1B73@59 86 27 /:386 2 @7 <1=5863B7 =53< B73 C/9:36 05 57 =5C3=7= 9 < 4:8853<<584 < 2 < =:2G9 < /NH<3B7 < 2 <6:4I5A , 5 0 B7T6 :>6 87 <6 /97< / 0?:0=586 450 99 < 05 /97< <19 463@ 27 /:386 2 <:8 C14763:8, / 82586 4 66 /N5< <6 863G0 = 86 <H865C3B7 6 / 76 < C1476 0 <58< 76393< 0 9 < 38?:0=563:8< <70 9 < <4N1=5< /NH<3B7 <, • 50 95 6058<?:0=563:8 2 95 0 B7T6 8 78 <1B7 84 2 5463:8< <70 9 < 2:881 < /NH<3B7 <, O4:== 86 :8 @5 0119 = 86 9 ?530 O 2:36 216 0=38 0 6 4N:3<30 9 < 4N =38< 2 544G< 57C 2:881 < 9 :020 2 < S:38670 < 6 9 < =16N:2 < /:70 ?? 467 0 9 < S:38670 <, 66 /N5< < C1476 <70 95 >5< 2 < <4N1=5< /NH<3B7 < 6 1@ 867 99 = 86 <70 95 >5< 2 38?:0=563:8< <6563<63B7 < <70 9 < 38<6584 <, 8 A181059 9 < #" / 0= 66 86 2 4:885]60 95 /9583?34563:8 2 5463:8< B7 9 :/63=3< 70 5 ?? 4671 <,

<!!

( I ;)"

321 <:7< S54 86 4N5B7 6058<?:0=563:8 <6 2 :>6 830 2 < C/0 <<3:8< B73 544G2 0:86 /97< 230 46 = 86 9 38?:0=563:8, <6 230 B73 /:700:86 T60 76393<1 < 230 46 = 86 9:0< 2 95 /9583?34563:8 2 < 5463:8<, 50 C =/9 258<' SELECT * FROM Chambres WHERE not (prix>100)

8 <:7N536 :>6 830 6:76 < 9 < 058A1 < B73 8 <:86 /5< <19 463:881 <, #" 8 <536 B7 ?530 2 < <19 463:8< 39 <6 2:84 /01?105>9 2 973 ?530 C1476 0 95 0 B7T6 1B73@59 86 <73@586 ' SELECT * FROM Chambres WHERE prix<=100

58< T60 CN57<63? 8:7< 2:88:8< 78 93<6 2 < /03843/59 < 6058<?:0=563:8< <H865C3B7 < B7 9 :/63=3< 70 / 76 ?? 467 0, 193=38563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 4:8<6586 < (9 C/0 <<3:8 <6 1@5971 B7 78 < 79 ?:3<) ->

prix <840/7 prix <120

-- (prix à la semaine)

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < 0 4N 04N < 258< 9 < 4N5]8 < 2 (76393<5>9 /50 9 < 382 C) ->

8 1A59361

nom like 'Dumas' nom = 'Dumas'

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 2 5//506 8584 (76393<5>9 /50 9 < 382 C) ->

450546G0 <

confort in ('BAIN','DOUCHE') confort='BAIN' OR confort='DOUCHE'

8 78

C/0 <<3:8 23<S:8463@

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< (76393<5>9 /50 9 < 382 C) ->

C/0 <<3:8 23<S:8463@

prix < any (100,840/7) prix < 100 OR prix < 840/7

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< (76393<5>9 /50 9 < 382 C) ->

& C/934361 < 8 78

C/934361 < 8 78

C/0 <<3:8 4:8S:8463@

prix < all (100,840/7) prix < 100 AND prix < 840/7

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< & 3=/93436 < 57A= 861 2 95 4:82363:8 (/97< <19 463@ )

8 78

C/0 <<3:8

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< 3=/93436 < 8 78 57A= 861 2 95 4:82363:8 38@ 0<1 (/97< <19 463@ )

C/0 <<3:8

a < any (SELECT prix FROM chambres WHERE confort ='BAIN')) Exists (SELECT 'vrai' FROM chambres WHERE confort ='BAIN' AND a<prix)

a < all (SELECT prix FROM chambres WHERE confort ='BAIN')) not Exists (SELECT 'vrai' FROM chambres WHERE confort ='BAIN' AND a>=prix)

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< " ->

8 78

C/0 <<3:8 4:8S:8463@

prix between 100 AND 120 prix >= 100 AND prix <= 120

<3=/93?34563:8 2 < C/0 <<3:8< ->

8 76393<586 9 :/1056 70 38@ 0<

not (prix < 100 OR confort ='WC') prix >=100 AND confort <>'WC'

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < 4957< < 23<S:8463@ < 8 <:7< 0 B7T6 < 931 < /50 78 (76393<563:8 /:<<3>9 2 < 382 C 258< 9 < <:7< 0 B7T6 <)

SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE confort='BAIN' OR confort='DOUCHE' SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE confort='BAIN' UNION ALL SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE confort='DOUCHE'

6058<?:0=563:8 2 < <:7< 0 B7T6 < 8 78 0 B7T6 1B73@59 86 S:38670 (76393<563:8 /:<<3>9 2 < 382 C 258< 9 < <:7< 0 B7T6 <)

76393<586 78

SELECT * FROM revervation WHERE num_chambre in (SELECT chambres.num_chambre FROM chambres WHERE confort='BAIN')

SELECT revervation.* FROM revervation, chambres WHERE revervation.num_chambre=chambres.num_chambre AND confort='BAIN')

< 6058<?:0=563:8< 8 <:86 /5< 6:7S:70< /:<<3>9 < 95 <:7< 0 B7T6 2:36 59:0< T60 1@5971 /:70 4N5B7 058A1 2 95 0 B7T6 <3 99 8 21/ 82,

SELECT * FROM chambres c1 WHERE c1.prix > (SELECT avg(c2.prix) FROM chambres c2 WHERE c1.confort=c2.confort) pas de requête équivalente avec une jointure

:/63=3< 70 386GA0 57<<3 9 < @7 < 258< 9 < 0 B7T6 < (21S 23<4761 258< 9 4N5/360 <70 9 < @7 <), < 6058<?:0=563:8< B7 8:7< 5@:8< C5=381 < <:86 6:76 < <H865C3B7 < 4 <6 230 B7 9 :8 / 76 9 < ?? 467 0 <58< 4:8853<<584 27 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, 165/ <73@586 @5 4:8<3<6 0 <19 463:88 0 9 < 4N =38< 2 544G<,

/ < 2:881 < <:86 <6:4I1 < 258< 2 < <6074670 < /NH<3B7 < B73 :86 4N5478 2 < =16N:2 < 2 544G< /50634793G0 <, :70 8:60 C/:<1 8:7< 8 4:8<3210:8< B7 9 < <6074670 < 2 65>9 < <1B7 863 99 < 6 2 382 C, / 82586 9 < #" = 66 86 2 5760 < <6074670 < 23</:<363:8 27 4:84 /6 70 6 99 < B7 9 < 65>9 < 2:86 9 < 2:881 < <:86 0 A0:7/1 < /NH<3B7 = 86 <3 99 < /:<<G2 86 2 < @59 70< 4:==78 < /:70 4 06538< 4:8<6367586< ( )U 9 < 65>9 < 2:86 95 /954 2 < 2:881 < <6 ?3C1 /50 78 59A:036N= 2 % % U :7 >3 8 2 < <6074670 < 2 65>9 < <1B7 863 99 = 86 382 C1 <, :70 4 < <6074670 < :8 5//93B7 9 < =T= < 4036G0 < 2 4N:3C B7 /:70 9 < 2 7C 45< B7 8:7< C5=38:8<,

!( 58< 4 66 <6074670 9 < 2:881 < <:86 058A1 < <1B7 863 99 = 86 258< 9 </54 B73 <6 599:71 95 65>9 , N5B7 058A1 <6 32 863?31 /50 78 + 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 (0:M 32 ) 863G0 = 86 21/ 82586 2 95 /954 /NH<3B7 2 95 058A1 , 6 + ,

/ ,

3A70 +

' 6074670 2 95 65>9 <1B7 863 99

32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 258< 3823B7 9 87=10: 27 ?34N3 0 9 87=10: 27 >9:4 258< 4 ?34N3 0 95 /954 258< 4 >9:4 2 95 058A1

< =16N:2 < 2 0 4N 04N 2 78 058A1 /:70 4 66 <6074670 <:86' • 95 9 4670 <1B7 863 99 2 6:76 95 65>9 058A1 5/0G< 058A1 ( " ) • 9 544G< 78 058A1 /50 <:8 32 863?3456 70 ("3 P ) C =/9 <70 :6 9 (9 < /958< 2 C14763:8< <:86 :>6 87< 5@ 4 9 :020 Explain plan 27 #" 0549 , < /958< 21403@ 86 95 =16N:2 6 9 544G< 76393<1, < 4:82363:8< 2 <19 463:8 <:86 76393<1 < 9:0< 2 9 544G< <:36 4:== 491 2 544G< :7 >3 8 4:== ?3960 )' SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE num_chambre=12;

N 04N:8< 9 0:M 32 2 78 058A1 SELECT rowid FROM chambres WHERE num_chambre=12; SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE rowid='0000004E.0008.0002';

C14763:8 <6 >3 8 4:8?:0= 4 B73 16536 /01@7 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 <6 544 <<3>9 =53< <:8 76393<563:8 <6 5<<:431 2 5760 < <6074670 < 2 2:881 < 6 99 < B7 9 < 382 C, 6 + , ,

/ ,

3A70

- ' 6074670 2 382 C 5<<:431

78 65>9

66 <6074670 <6 5<<:431 78 65>9 99 <6 4:8<60736 <70 78 4 06538 8:=>0 2 4:8<6367586< 2 95 65>9 , 4N5B7 A0:7/ 2 @59 70< <6 5<<:431 78 :7 /97<3 70< 32 863?3456 70< 2 058A1 , < @59 70< <:86 99 < =T= < :0A583<1 < 258< 78 <6074670 B73 ?543936 95 0 4N 04N <:7@ 86 <:7< ?:0= 2 50>0 >38530 (/:70 78 38?:0=563:8 2 >5< C5=38 0 9 :7@05A 2 , Q306N cQ Xd), 5 4:==582 2 401563:8 2 4 < 382 C <6 78 4957< B73 <6 5S:761 57 <6582502, 58< 9 #" 0549 8:7< 5@:8< 95 4957< <73@586 '

8 5<<:43 2:84 78 32 863?3456 70 2 382 C 78 65>9 6 78 93<6 2 4:9:88 <, 5 4957< 783B7 </143?3 B7 4 A0:7/ <6 78 491 2 95 65>9 2:84 B7 39 8 H 5 B7 78 < 79 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 /:70 78 @59 70 2 < 4:9:88 < 382 C1 <,

C =/9 ' CREATE unique index chambres_by_number on chambres(num_chambre);

< =16N:2 < /03843/59 < 2 0 4N 04N 2 78 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 /:70 4 66 <6074670 <:86' • 9 544G< 78 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 5@ 4 78 382 C 783B7 (# ) ) • 9 544G< 78 93<6 2 32 863?3456 70< 2 058A1 5@ 4 78 382 C ( ) :70 B7 4 < 544G< <:3 86 /:<<3>9 < 39 ?576 4:885]60 9 < @59 70< 2 < 4:8<6367586< 21?383<<586 9 382 C, /958 2 C14763:8 2 95 0 B7T6 /01412586 2 @3 86 59:0<' • N 04N 0 9 0:M 32 258< 9 382 C /:70 87=j4N5=>0 _ V • N 04N 0 95 058A1 /:06586 4 0:M 32 258< 95 65>9 N5=>0 <VY SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE num_chambre=12;

8 401586 78 382 C <70 /03C :8 5 2 < 0 4N 04N < B73 8:7< 05=G8 86 6:7< 9 < 32 863?3456 70< 5H586 78 =T= /03C, CREATE index chambres_by_prix on chambres(prix); SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE prix=100;

:/63=3< 70 @5 2:84 C5=38 0 6:76 < 9 < /:<<3>39361< 2 54412 0 57C 058A1 < 2 < 65>9 <, :70 4 95 39 76393< 05 2:84 9 < 4:82363:8< 2 <19 463:8 2 95 0 B7T6 , 4N:3C 2 78 4N =38 <6 216 0=381 <3=/9 = 86 /50 78 /:8210563:8 2 95 /01?10 84 B73 0 ?9G6 230 46 = 86 95 / 0?:0=584 2 9 544G< (93<6 /50 :020 2 /01?10 84 )' • 544G< 78 058A1 /50 78 32 863?3456 70 2 058A1 • 544G< /50 78 382 C 783B7 • 544G< /50 78 382 C • 544G< <1B7 863 9 95 65>9 4036G0 2 544G< / 76 T60 05??381 <3 9 :8 /:<<G2 2 < 38?:0=563:8< <6563<63B7 < <70 9 38<6584 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 < (9 < /0:/03161< 23<403=38586 < 2 < 382 C 95 65399 2 < 65>9 < /50 C =/9 64), < 0GA9 < 27 =:2G9 /NH<3B7 / 7@ 86 59:0< T60 76393<1 < 576:=563B7 = 86, 8 6 99 0GA9 < 05 /50 C =/9 O<3 9 :8 544G2 /97< 2 V e 2 < 058A1 < 2 78 65>9 8 76393<586 78 382 C 59:0< 39 ?576 /01?10 0 9 544G< <1B7 863 9O :7 84:0 O<3 95 65399 2 78 65>9 <6 /97< / 636 B7 - %:46 6< 59:0< /01?10 0 9 544G<

< /958< 2 C14763:8 < 93< 86 9 8@ 0< 39< 4:00 </:82 86 /97< 3=>03B71 < <:86 C14761 < 8 /0 =3 0,

78 50>0

9 < 4:==582 < 9 <

<1B7 863 9O, < <6563<63B7 < / 0= 66 86 2 @103?3 0 B7 9 < 544G< <:/N3<63B71< <:86 S7<63?31<, 605@539 ?? 4671 /50 9 :/63=3< 70 9:0< 2 95 011403670 <6 C/9:361 258< 95 0 4N 04N 2 < = 399 70< 4N =38< 2 544G<, S:76:8< 78 382 C <70 4:8?:06, CREATE index chambres_by_confort on chambres(confort);

/958 2 C14763:8 =:860 >3 8 B7 95 0 B7T6 161 0114036 <:7< ?:0= 2 78 4:845618563:8 2 2 7C <19 463:8< 9 78 /:06586 <70 9 /03C 6 9 5760 <70 9 4:8?:06 SELECT * FROM chambres WHERE prix<100 OR confort='BAIN';

5 2 083G0 165/ 2 9 :/63=3<563:8 4:8<3<6 4N:3<30 78 =16N:2 6 78 :020 2 S:38670 860 9 < 0 9563:8<, < =16N:2 < 2 S:38670 <:86 21/ 82586 < 2 < 4N =38< 2 544G< ( 6 2:84 2 < <6074670 < /NH<3B7 < 2 <6:4I5A ), @ 4 9 < <6074670 < 0 6 87 < 8:7< 5@:8< 2 7C =16N:2 <' • 95 S:38670 /50 603 6 ?7<3:8 • 95 S:38670 /50 >:749 3=>03B71

G :36 2 7C 65>9 < 6 S:3820 /50 9 A0:7/ 2 4:8<6367586< 59:0< 9 59A:036N= <6 9 <73@586 LE TRI trier R avec C comme clé de tri placer le résultat dans une table Rt=(C, rowid) trier S avec C comme clé de tri placer le résultat dans une table St=(C, rowid) LA FUSION21 lire la premiere rangée de Rt lire la premiere rangée de St pour chaque rangée de Rt faire tant que st.C <=rt.C faire lire prochaine rangée de St si st.C =rt.C alors joindre st.rowid & rt.rowid mettre dans la relation RES refaire refaire 66 =16N:2 2 S:38670 814 <<36 78 9 4670 <1B7 863 99 2 4N5B7 65>9 9 < 603< 6 95 ?7<3:8, 603 <6 9 :/10563:8 95 /97< < 8<3>9 450 <5 V

5 ?7<3:8 /0:/:<1 <6 4:00 46 <3 <6 78 491 2 <3 4 95 8 <6 /5< 9 45< 39 ?576 4:=/916 0 9 59A:036N= /50 78 /:<<3>39361 2 0 6:708 0 8 5003G0 258< 95 65>9 6 /:70 0 930 2 < @59 70< 9:0<B7 :8 0 84:860 2 7C @59 70< 32 863B7 < < <74412586 258< 6,

4:=/9 C361 <6 2 (8,9:A(8)) 9 < 5760 < <:86 2 :020 45023859361 2 95 /97< A0582 65>9 , 99 8 814 <<36 /5< 2 <6074670 /NH<3B7 /50634793G0 ,

(8) :a 8

<6 95

:36 2 7C 65>9 < 6 S:3820 /50 9 A0:7/ 2 4:8<6367586< 59:0< 9 59A:036N= <6 9 <73@586 BOUCLE IMBRIQUEE pour chaque rangĂŠe de R faire pour chaque rangĂŠe de S faire si s.C =r.C alors joindre s & r mettre dans la relation RES refaire refaire 58< <6074670 /NH<3B7 /50634793G0 4 66 =16N:2 2 S:38670 814 <<36 78 9 4670 <1B7 863 99 2 95 65>9 6 8 9 4670 < <1B7 863 99 < 2 95 65>9 :a 8 <6 95 45023859361 2 , 7 /:386 2 @7 / 0?:0=584 99 <6 4565<60:/N3B7 <3 8 <6 A0582 :7 <3 <6 A0582 , 5 S:38670 /50 603 ?7<3:8 <6 /01?105>9 , / 82586 <3 :8 / 76 544G2 0 57C 058A1 < 2 605@ 0< 78 382 C <70 95 4N5083G0 2 95 S:38670 4 6 59A:036N= <6 601< / 0?:0=586,

58< 9 45< 2 S:38670 2 /97< 2 V 0 9563:8< 9 < 0 9563:8< <:86 6:7S:70< S:386 < 2 7C /50 2 7C =53< 59:0< 78 2 < 0 9563:8< <6 9 01<79656 2 78 S:38670 , :/63=3< 70 C5=38 6 56603>7 78 8:6 6:76 < 9 < /:<<3>39361< 2 S:38670 <, 9 C5=38 57<<3 9 < 4:7/9 < 1B73@59 86< ` 6 ` B73 / 7@ 86 23??10 0 258< 9 70 65399 6 9 < 382 C C/9:36 0, < 59A:036N= < 2 1@597563:8 <:86 5<< P 4:=/9 C < 6 21/ 82 86 160:36 = 86 2 < <6074670 < /NH<3B7 < =3< < 8 : 7@0 258< 9 #" , :70 6 0=38 0 C5=38:8< 2 7C C =/9 <' 66 0 B7T6 258< 78 <6074670 <58< 382 C 76393< 95 =16N:2 2 603 ?7<3:8 SELECT r.num_chambre,prix FROM chambres c,reservations r WHERE c.num_chambre=r.num_chambre;

/0G< 95 401563:8 2 78 382 C <70 9 < 87=10: 2 4N5=>0 9 :/63=3< 70 76393< /:70 95 =T= 0 B7T6 95 ?7<3:8 /50 >:749 3=>03B71 :a 95 >:749 386103 70 <6 78 544G< 605@ 0< 78 382 C /:06586 <70 95 4N5083G0 2 95 S:38670 , CREATE unique index chambres_by_number on chambres(num_chambre);

5 0 B7T6 <73@586 /:06 <70 60:3< 0 9563:8< <58< <6074670 2 382 C, 8 603 ?7<3:8 <6 ?? 4671 860 9 < 493 86< 6 9 < 01< 0@563:8< (:8 76393< 95

V +

4:82363:8 2 <19 463:8 <70 9 8:= /:70 23=3837 0 9 8:=>0 2 058A1 < 27 01<79656), 01<79656 <6 0 /03< 258< 78 2 7C3G= 603 ?7<3:8 5@ 4 95 0 9563:8 4N5=>0 <, SELECT nom,r.num_chambre,prix FROM chambres c,reservations r,clients cl WHERE c.num_chambre=r.num_chambre AND cl.num_client=r.num_client AND cl.nom='DUMAS'; CREATE unique index chambres_by_number on chambres(num_chambre); CREATE index reservations_by_num_client on reservations(num_client); CREATE index clients_by_nom on clients(nom);

/0G< 5@:30 4011 60:3< 382 C (<3=39530 95 3A70 V) 8:7< :>6 8:8< 78 /958 2 C14763:8 B73 76393< 6:7< 9 < 382 C, 9 < 5A36 2 >:749 < 3=>03B71 < B73 /:06 86 < 79 = 86 <70 B7 9B7 < 058A1 < :70 401 0 78 5//934563:8 / 0?:0=586 9 4:84 /6 70 2:36 4:885]60 ' • 9 < =14583<= < 76393<1< /50 9 #" • 9 < <4N1=5< /NH<3B7 < 2 <:8 5//934563:8 • 9 < 60536 = 86< 2 9 5//934563:8 58< 95 2 7C3G= /5063 2 4 4N5/360 8:7< C5=38:8< 4:== 86 4 < 23??10 86< /:386< <:86 386 021/ 82586<,

(

:7< 3997<60:8< 8:60 /0:/:< /50 78 C =/9 <3=/93?31 6301 2 95 4:=/65>39361, :7< 5@:8< A5021 9 4: 70 2 78 >5< 2 2:881 < 4:=/65>9 <5@:30 80 A3<60 0 2 < 1403670 < @ 8639586 <70 2 < 4:=/6 < 2 < /3G4 < 4:=/65>9 < 0 A0:7/1 < 258< 2 < S:70857C 4:=/65>393<1< /:70 78 /103:2 4:=/65>9 , :7< 5@:8< 4:8< 0@1 9 5</ 46 =7963 <:43161, :7< 5@:8< 0 6 87 9 < 4:8<6367586< <73@586<' Date_jour dom date Date_Valeur dom date Debit_Credit dom mot ('D','C') Lib_Ecriture dom texte Lib_journal dom texte Lib_Piece dom texte Montant dom numérique réel Num_Compte dom numérique entier [1..999999] Num_Ecriture dom numérique entier [1..999999] Num_journal dom numérique entier [1..999999] Num_Piece dom numérique entier [1..999999] Periode_comptable dom mot ('9301', '9302', ... ) Societe dom mot ('SA', ... )

/0123456 /:06586 <70 4 < 4:8<6367586< <6' Tout(Date_jour, Date_Valeur, Debit_Credit, Lib_Ecriture, Lib_journal, Lib_Piece, Montant, Num_Compte, Num_Ecriture, Num_journal, Num_Piece, Periode_comptable, Societe) predicat:"||Tout(dj,dv,dc,le,lj,lp,mt,nc,ne,nj,np,pc,s o)|| L'écriture libellée le, au (débit/crédit) dc, du montant mt, portant sur le compte nc appartient à la pièce np, libellée lp, à la date de valeur dv, et est comptabilisée dans le journal nj, libellé lj, à la date dj, pour la période pc" <4N1=5 @5932 9 < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < <73@586 <' Societe,Date_jour → Periode_comptable Societe,Num_journal → Lib_journal, Date_jour Societe,Num_Piece → Num_journal,Date_Valeur,Lib_Piece Societe,Num_Piece,Num_Compte→Montant,Debit_Credit,Lib _Ecriture < 21/ 82584 < ?:8463:88 99 < ?:0= 86 78 >5< 300 2:82586 (/5< 2 4H49 ) 8:7< 5@:8< 2:84 230 46 = 86 78 214:=/:<363:8 8 (9 < 491< <:86 <:793A81 <), Periode(Societe, Date_jour, Periode_comptable) Journal(Societe, Num_journal, Lib_journal, Date_jour) Piece(Societe, Num_Piece, Num_journal, Date_Valeur, Lib_Piece) Ecriture(Societe,Num_Piece,Num_Compte,Montant, Debit_Credit,Lib_Ecriture) :7< :>6 8:8< 2:84 9 <4N1=5 2 401563:8 <73@586 /:70 9 #" ' CREATE TABLE PERIODE ( Societe CHAR(3) not null, Date_Jour DATE not null, Periode_Comptable CHAR(4) not null) CREATE TABLE JOURNAL ( Societe CHAR(3) not null, Num_Journal NUMBER (6) not null, Date_Jour DATE not null, Lib_Journal CHAR(30)) CREATE TABLE PIECE( Societe CHAR(3) not null, Num_Piece NUMBER (6) not null, Num_Journal NUMBER (6) not null, Date_Valeur Date not null, Lib_Piece CHAR(30))

CREATE TABLE ECRITURE( Societe CHAR(3) not null, Num_Piece NUMBER (6) not null, Num_Compte NUMBER (6) not null, Montant Number(13,2) not null, Debit_Credit char(1) not null, Lib_Ecriture CHAR(30)) :70 ?543936 0 8:60 605@539 :8 / 76 21?3830 95 @7 , 78 /:386 2 @7 =16N:2:9:A3B7 605@5399 0 <70 2 < @7 < 2 @0536 =383=3< 0 9 < =:23?34563:8< 258< 9 < 60536 = 86< <3 9 :8 2:36 4N58A 0 9 <4N1=5 2 95 >5< 2 2:881 <, CREATE VIEW tout AS SELECT D.societe,D.date_jour,D.periode_comptable, J.Num_journal,J.lib_journal, P.num_piece,P.date_valeur,P.lib_piece, E.num_compte,E.Montant,E.debit_credit,E.lib_ecriture FROM periode D,journal J, piece P, Ecriture E WHERE D.societe=J.societe AND D.date_jour=J.date_jour AND J.societe=P.societe AND J.num_journal=P.num_journal AND P.societe=E.societe AND P.num_piece=E.num_piece; :7< 5@:8< 0 6 87 9 < 60536 = 86< <73@586<' ) 459479 0 9 =:7@ = 86 2 78 4:=/6 /:70 78 /103:2 V) 0 4N 04N 0 9 < /3G4 < 6 9 < 1403670 < 2 78 S:70859 ) 0 4N 04N 0 9 < 1403670 < 2 78 /3G4 -) @103?3 0 B7 78 A0:7/ 2 1403670 < <6 >595841 (<:== 2 < 21>36< <6 1A59 95 <:== 2 < 401236< /:70 4N5B7 /3G4 ) :70 ?? 467 0 9 < S:38670 < 6 ?? 467 0 9 < 23??10 86< 544G< 8:7< 21?383<<:8< 9 < 382 C <73@586<' CREATE unique index periode_i1 on periode(societe,date_jour); CREATE unique index journal_i1 on journal(societe,num_journal); CREATE unique index piece_i1 on piece(societe,num_piece); -- pour accĂŠder par les piĂ¨ces CREATE index piece_i2; on piece(societe,num_journal); CREATE index ecriture_i1 on ecriture(societe,num_piece);

CREATE index ecriture_i2 on ecriture(societe,num_compte); -- pour accéder par les comptes :70 4 < B7560 < B7 <63:8< 8:7< 5@:8< 14036 78 0 B7T6 76393<586 95 @7 :76, < 01<79656< <:86 /01< 861< 258< 78 65>9 57 4:=/:06586 95 0 B7T6 <:8 4:[6 2 C14763:8 6 <:8 /958 2 C14763:8, Q SQL 1 SELECT decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant) FROM tout WHERE societe='SA' AND num_compte=11 AND periode_comptable='9304';

coût 17

Accès utilisé NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE INDEX RANGE SCAN PERIODE_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL INDEX RANGE SCAN JOURNAL_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE INDEX RANGE SCAN PIECE_I2 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I2

2 SELECT * FROM tout WHERE societe='SA' AND num_journal=11;

NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE INDEX RANGE SCAN PERIODE_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL INDEX UNIQUE SCAN JOURNAL_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE INDEX RANGE SCAN PIECE_I2 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

3 SELECT * FROM tout WHERE societe='SA' AND num_piece=1;

NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE INDEX RANGE SCAN PERIODE_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL INDEX RANGE SCAN JOURNAL_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PIECE_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

4 SELECT num_piece,sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant)) FROM tout WHERE societe='SA' AND num_piece between 1 AND 100 GROUP BY num_piece having sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant))<>0;

:70 4 < 6 <6< 8:7< 5@:7< 76393<1 78 / 636 >5< 2 2:881 < 2 8@30:8 YYY 1403670 < /:06586 <70 - /103:2 <, /0 =3G0 @7 /5< 2 O O 6:7< 9 < 544G< < ?:86 /50 2 < 382 C, ?? 463@ = 86 258< 4N5B7 0 B7T6 :8 </143?3 95 <:43161 2:84 :8 / 76 6:7S:70< 54412 0 5@ 4 78 382 C (S7<6 <70 95 /0 =3G0 491), 59A01 95

23@ 0<361 2 < 0 B7T6 < :8 544G2 6:7S:70< 258< 9 =T= :020 57C 65>9 < h h h , 66 :020 <6 ?3C1 /50 95 @7 :76, 8 ?? 6 9 < @59 70< 2 544G< <:86 <7><63671 < 9 C3459 = 86 258< 95 @7 , 5 4:8605386 <70 95 <:43161 /:06 05 6:7S:70< <70 9 4:8<6367586 <:43161 2 /103:2 59:0< B7 <3 9 :8 21<30 54412 0 /50 9 87=10: 2 S:70859 39 ?576 4:86053820 4 973 2 95 65>9 :70859 /:70 /0:?36 0 2 < 382 C, 8 ?? 467586 2 < 6 <6 <70 23C ?:3< /97< 2 86361< 9 < 4:[6< / 7@ 86 ?5439 = 86 4 867/9 0, 0 9563@ = 86 >:8 <4:0 2 95 B7 <63:8 2 7C < C/93B7 /50 9 ?536 B7 9 #" 5 76393<1 9 382 C <70 9 87=10: 2 /3G4 6 B7 9 8:=>0 2 058A1 < 4 <652 2 95 01<:9763:8 16536 ?53>9 ( YY), 5 @7 :76 6 99 B7 99 <6 21?383 8 4:00 </:82 8 ?536 57478 6H/ 2 544G< B7 39 ?576 /03@391A3 0 27 /:386 2 @7 2 < 60536 = 86<,

8 C5=38586 95 @7 :76 6 8:< 60536 = 86< :8 / 76 4:8<656 0 B7 9 :8 2:36 54412 0 /50 9 < S:70857C /50 9 < /3G4 < 6 /50 9 < 1403670 <, 9 ?576 2:84 401 0 60:3< @7 < /01< 0@586 78 544G< /03@391A31 /:70 4 < 6H/ < 2 <19 463:8 ( 8 A05< :8 60:7@ 9 < 23??10 84 < 5@ 4 95 @7 :76, CREATE VIEW tout_E AS -- par les ĂŠcritures SELECT E.societe,J.date_jour,D.periode_comptable, J.Num_journal,J.lib_journal, E.num_piece,P.date_valeur,P.lib_piece, E.num_compte,E.Montant,E.debit_credit,E.lib_ecriture FROM periode D,journal J, piece P, Ecriture E WHERE E.societe=J.societe AND D.date_jour=J.date_jour AND E.societe=P.societe AND J.num_journal=P.num_journal AND P.societe=E.societe AND P.num_piece=E.num_piece; CREATE VIEW tout_J AS -- par les journaux SELECT J.societe,J.date_jour,D.periode_comptable, J.Num_journal,J.lib_journal, P.num_piece,P.date_valeur,P.lib_piece, E.num_compte,E.Montant,E.debit_credit,E.lib_ecriture FROM periode D, piece P, Ecriture E,journal J WHERE J.societe=D.societe AND J.date_jour=D.date_jour AND J.societe=P.societe AND J.num_journal=P.num_journal

AND J.societe=E.societe AND P.num_piece=E.num_piece; CREATE VIEW tout_P AS -- par les pièces SELECT P.societe,J.date_jour,D.periode_comptable, P.Num_journal,J.lib_journal, P.num_piece,P.date_valeur,P.lib_piece, E.num_compte,E.Montant, E.debit_credit,E.lib_ecriture FROM periode D, piece P, Ecriture E,journal J WHERE P.societe=D.societe AND J.date_jour=D.date_jour AND P.societe=P.societe AND J.num_journal=P.num_journal AND J.societe=E.societe AND P.num_piece=E.num_piece; 8 76393<586 4 < @7 < :8 :>63 86 9 65>9 57 B73 <736 Q SQL

co ût 15

Accès utilisé

SELECT decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant) FROM tout_E WHERE societe='SA' AND num_compte=11 AND periode_comptable='9304';

NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS TABLE ACCESS FULL PERIODE TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I2 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PIECE_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL INDEX UNIQUE SCAN JOURNAL_I1

SELECT * FROM tout_J WHERE societe='SA' AND num_journal=11;

NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID JOURNAL INDEX UNIQUE SCAN JOURNAL_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PERIODE_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE INDEX RANGE SCAN PIECE_I2 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

SELECT * FROM tout_P WHERE societe='SA' AND num_piece=1;

NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PIECE_I1 FILTER TABLE ACCESS FULL JOURNAL TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PERIODE INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PERIODE_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

SELECT num_piece,sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant)) FROM tout WHERE societe='SA' AND num_piece between 1 AND 100 GROUP BY num_piece having sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant))<>0;

FILTER SORT GROUP BY NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS NESTED LOOPS TABLE ACCESS FULL JOURNAL TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID PIECE INDEX RANGE SCAN PIECE_I2 INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PERIODE_I1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

8 4:8<656 B7 9 < B7 <63:8< V 6 :86 >181?3431 2 4 0 =583 = 86, 70 C14763:8 544G2 =5386 8586 230 46 = 86 95 65>9 95 /97< 23<403=38586 , C14763:8 2 - 0 <6 4:[6 7< 450 99 <6 =59 ?:0=791 95 01/:8< 4 66 B7 <63:8 / 76 T60 4594791 783B7 = 86 258< 9 4:86 C6 2 95 65>9 2 < 1403670 <, 5 @7 8:7< :>93A ?530 2 < S:38670 < /:70 :>6 830 2 < 38?:0=563:8< B73 <:86 387639 < /:70 4 66 B7 <63:8, Q

SQL

SELECT num_piece,sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant)) FROM Ecriture WHERE societe='SA' AND num_piece between 1 AND 100 GROUP BY num_piece having sum(decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant))<>0;

co ût 1

Accès utilisé FILTER SORT GROUP BY TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I1

%! 5 B7 <63:8 8 / 76 /5< T60 :/63=3<1 /50 78 @7 :7 /50 78 0127463:8 2 4:86 C6 , 8 ?? 6 258< 4 <4N1=5 99 <6 386038<GB7 = 86 4:[6 7< 450 99 814 <<36 60:3< S:38670 < /:70 54412 0 <3=796581= 86 95 /103:2 6 57 87=10: 2 4:=/6 , 5 < 79 <:9763:8 4:8<3<6 218:0=593< 0 4 <6 230 401 0 78 0 2:82584 258< 9 < 2:881 <, 58< 8:60 45< 39 ?576 5S:76 0 9 38?:0=563:8 /103:2 <70 9 1403670 , < /0:A05== < 2 <53<3 2 < 2:881 < 2:3@ 86 6 830 4:=/6 2 4 66 0 2:82584 , 4:[6 2 4 66 218:0=593<563:8 < 6052736 57<<3 258< 78 57A= 86563:8 2 95 /954 76393<1 /:70 <6:4I 0 4 66 38?:0=563:8 <7//91= 86530 /:70 4N5B7 1403670 , (239 == 860 459479 0 6 =1=:03< 0), :7< 5S:76:8< 2:84 9 4:8<6367586 /103:2 95 65>9 1403670 , 9 /0 82 /:70 @59 70 4 99 5<<:431 95 /3G4 6 57 S:70859, CREATE TABLE ECRITURE( Societe CHAR(3) not null, Num_Piece NUMBER (6) not null, Num_Compte NUMBER (6) not null, Période CHAR(4) not null, Montant Number(13,2) not null, Debit_Credit char(1) not null, Lib_Ecriture CHAR(30)) :7< 0 =/95^:8< 9 382 C G = /50 9 382 C <73@586 /:06586 8 /97< <70 95 /103:2 '

CREATE index ecriture_i2bis on ecriture(societe,num_compte,periode); 5 B7 <63:8 / 76 =5386 8586 < 459479 0 9:459 = 86 258< 9 4:86 C6 2 95 65>9 1403670 , Q

SQL

SELECT decode(debit_credit,'D',montant,montant) FROM ecriture WHERE societe='SA' AND num_compte=11 AND periode='9304';

co ût 1

Accès utilisé TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID ECRITURE INDEX RANGE SCAN ECRITURE_I2BIS

8 0 B7T6 2:88 6:7S:70< 78 01/:8< =53< 4 99 43 / 76 5003@ 0 5/0G< 78 4:706 16 08361 ,,, 9 ?576 2:84 T60 60G< @3A39586 258< 9 1403670 2 < 0 B7T6 <, 5 2701 =5C3=59 2 78 0 B7T6 2 @0536 T60 38@ 0< <5 ?01B7 84 , 01B7 84

2701

=:3<

N 70 <

S:70

B7506 2 N 70

N 70

=3876

< 4:82

@586 2 / 8< 0 4N58A 0 2 =54N38 39 ?576 C5=38 0 =38763 7< = 86 9 < 0 B7T6 < B73 <:86 78 A:79L6 2 16058A9 = 86, 8 4N58A 586 2 =54N38 :8 / 76 A5A8 0 78 ?546 70 Y (< 9:8 < < =:H 8<), 8 011403@586 78 0 B7T6 :8 / 76 A5A8 0 /50?:3< 78 ?546 70 YYY, :7< 5@:8< 76393<1 9 5//0:4N /014:83<1 4:8<3<6586 ' • 5859H< 0 9 < 2:881 < • 4:84 @:30 9 <4N1=5 8:0=593<1 • 165>930 2 < @7 < /:70 ?543936 0 95 /0:A05==563:8 2 < 60536 = 86< • 4N:3<30 78 <4N1=5 /NH<3B7 2 <6:4I5A • /0:A05== 0 9 < 60536 = 86< N5B7 165/ 16536 :/63=59 • <4N1=5 16536 8 60:3<3G= ?:0= 8:0=59 • < 60536 = 86< :/1053 86 605@ 0< 78 @7 • :7< 9 < 382 C 814 <<530 < 1653 86 /01< 86< :706586 9 01<79656 2 9 C14763:8 2 < 60536 = 86< 5@53 86 2 =57@53< < / 0?:0=584 <, 5 8:0=593<563:8 / 76 19:3A8 0 2 < 38?:0=563:8< B7 39 < 0536 <:7N5365>9 2 A502 0 4:7/91 < 450 99 < /0 88 86 < 8< 9:0<B7 99 < <:86 8< =>9 , < @7 < / 7@ 86 0 820 38:/10586 < 9 < :/63=3<563:8<, < 382 C / 7@ 86 T60 76393<1< /5063 99 = 86, 43 =:860 B7 2 < <:9763:8<

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% 20 :82 6 C6 A 863 0 c Z,, VYd 881 863 0 c +ZY,,V YYd 561A:03 <<701 =:6 (5463? 38@5932 0 605361 214121 B73661) 56 :63<563:8 256 1>76 103:2 256 1>76 0 <6563:8 256 656 3@39 =:6 (4193>56530 =5031 23@:041 @ 7?j@ ) 38 103:2 256 38 0 <6563:8 256 2 86 <<701 863 0 c YYYY,,+++++d 2 86 :82 863 0c YY,,+++d 86 :63<563:8 01 9 86 0 <6563:8 01 9 53<< <<701 256 53<< :8S:386 256 53<< 8?586 256 := 6 C6

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7= 863 0 c YYYYYYYYYY,,+++++++++++d 018:= 6 C6 018:= :8S:386 6 C6 018:= 8?586 6 C6 53<:8 :82 6 C6 59530 887 9 01 9 59530 5C 01 9 59530 38 01 9 C =:6 ( ) 57C 506343/563:801 9 cY,, d 57C 0<:88 9 01 9 57C 01 9 cY,, YYd H/ :63<563:8 =:6( //:06 836359 :63< 887 99 8610T6 887 9 H/ 0 <6563:8 =:6 (0 86 38@5932361 <70@3@586 :0/N 938)

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< (I 1/:820 8 57C B7 <63:8< <73@586 <' 5) 0:7@ 0 95 93<6 2 < =/9:H1< 5H586 C/93436 = 86 544G< 57 A0:7/ 2 38?:0=563:8 O :70j O >) 0:7@ 0 95 93<6 2 < =/9:H1< 5H586 3=/93436 = 86 544G< 57 A0:7/ 2 38?:0=563:8 O :70j O V) 0:7@ 0 9 < =/9:H1< B73 :86 544G< ( =5S ,,,) 57 4:8<6367586 O 59530 O 605@ 0< 9 < 20:36< 2 A0:7/ , ) :88 0 9 2 A01 =:H 8 =5C 2 <1470361 27 A0:7/ O :70j O (<58< 6 830 4:=/6 2 < 4:8<6367586< N10361<) 8 ?:8463:8 27 2 A01 2 <1470361 2 < 4:8<6367586< 57CB7 9< 39 5 544G< -) :88 P 9 < 8:7@ 57C 20:36< 27 A0:7/ O :70j O 860 9 + 6 9 +V ) 8:=>0 2 =/9:H1< /50 21/506 = 86 X) < A0:7/ < 2:86 57478 5760 <6 N10363 0,

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8 0 /0 8586 9 18:841 9 A0:7/ 5S:76 0 B7 9 N10365A 2:36 < ?530 2 =583G0 /01< 0@ 0 78 :020 /50 05//:06 57 2 A01 2 <1470361 2 < A0:7/ < (21?383 4:== 9 =5C3=7= 27 2 A01 2 < 4:8<6367586< 57CB7 9< 39 5 544G<), :84 O 8 A0:7/ 8 / 76 N1036 0 B7 2 78 A0:7/ 5H586 78 2 A01 38?103 70 :7 1A59O :88 P 95 /:061 2 4 66 03 8 0 =/93<<586 9 65>9 57 2 4:86 C6 <73@586 (= 660 78 40:3C <3 95 45< 5//5063 86 95 /:061 ) 03=363@ W0 9563:8 0:36#0:7 /

38<10 0

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47036

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/ 636 01@:9763:8 < 4:7 9 A 84 563:859 /:70 95 1470361 :763G0 ( ) 2 /73< B7 9B7 < =:3< 9 5 214321 2 38?:0=563< 0 95 A1810563:8 2 < C5= 8< 6N1:03B7 < 27 4:2 2 95 0:76 , < C5= 8< 21S <:7< 95 ?:0= 2 7 <63:88530 < N:3C 7963/9 < ( ) < 0:86 863G0 = 86 38?:0=563<1<, 8 /0 =3G0 165/ 4:8<3<6 ' • 860 0 258< 78 >5< 2 2:881 < 9 8< =>9 2 < B7 <63:8< 2 C5= 8 /50 2:=538 U • A1810 0 576:=563B7 = 86 2 934 (544:=/5A8586 9 4:2 2 95 0:76 )U • 78 1672 <70 95 /125A:A3 , 8 /01 1672 5 165>93 9 < 38?:0=563:8< B73 <73@ 86' 8< 3A8 = 86 <6 01/5063 8 23??10 86 < 4561A:03 < ( ,,,) 32 863?31 < /50 2j :=538 , 4N5B7 2:=538 :8 5<<:43 78 93> 991 3>j :=538 , 9:8 9 3=/:06584 27 2:=538 78 8:=>0 =383=59 >0j 38jB7 <63:8< 2 B7 <63:8< <6 C3A1 /:70 4N5B7 2:=538 , N5B7 2:=538 <6 4:7@ 06 /50 78 8< =>9 2 B7 <63:8< /:<<3>9 < ( 8 <6 78 <:7< 8< =>9 2 4 < B7 <63:8<), 8 B7 <63:8 <6 32 863?31 /50 78 87=10: 2j 7 <63:8, 18:841 2 95 B7 <63:8 <6 78 6 C6 3>j 7 <63:8, 8 B7 <63:8 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 2:=538 , 8 0 8@:3 j0 @:30 /0143< 95 :7 9 < /5A < B73 4:84 08 86 4 66 B7 <63:8, 8 83@ 57 2 23??347961 3@ 57j23??347961 2 Y 1@597 4N5B7 B7 <63:8, 4N5B7 B7 <63:8 <6 5<<:431 78 8< =>9 2 01/:8< < /:<<3>9 <, 8 < 79 01/:8< <6 4:00 46 , 8 01/:8< <6 32 863?31 2j /:8< /50 " ,,, (78 2 < /:<<3>9361< 27 ), 18:841 2 95 01/:8< <6 78 6 C6 3>j /:8< , 8 01/:8< <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 B7 <63:8, :70 4N5B7 01/:8< :8 1@597 <3 99 <6 S7<6 (:73W8:8), < 38?:0=563:8< 214036 < 43 2 <<7< / 0= 66 86 2 214030 /:70 4N5B7 2:=538 78 8< =>9 2 B7 <63:8< 6 9 70< 01/:8< <, /50630 2 4 < 38?:0=563:8< 39 <6 /:<<3>9 2 A1810 0 2 < , 8 <6 32 8?31 /50 78 87=10: 2j , 8 973 5<<:43 95 256 2 9 C5= 8 56 j C5= 8 /:70 9 B7 9 39 5 161 4011, < B7 <63:8< 27 <:86 87=10:61 < 2 YY :j 7 <63:8j , N5B7 B7 <63:8 27 <6 5<<:431 78 < 79 B7 <63:8 /:<<3>9 2 78 2 < 2:=538 < 8< 3A81<,

C5= 8 <6 9 8< =>9 2 < 01/:8< < 5//:061 < /50 78 / 0<:88 78 , :84 4N5B7 ?536 9 :>S 6 2 78 8< =>9 2 C5= 8<, 8 / 0<:88 <6 32 863?31 /50 87=10: 2j 0<:88 , 8 / 0<:88 /:06 78 /018:= 6 78 8:=, 8 C5= 8 <6 0 =/93 /50 78 < 79 / 0<:88 6 /:06 <70 78 < 79 , :70 4N5B7 B7 <63:8 2 9 C5= 8 :8 4:8< 0@ 9 < 01/:8< < 2 95 / 0<:88 , < 2 083G0 < / 0= 66 86 2 2:88 0 78 01<79656 9 C5= 8 0 <79656j:>6 87,

% j0 @:30 56 j C5= 8 2j :=538 2j/ 0<:88 2j 2j 7 <63:8 2j /:8< 7<6 3>j :=538 3>j 7 <63:8 3>j 1/:8< >0j 38jB7 <63:8< 3@ 57j23??347961 8:= :j 7 <63:8j /0 8:= 0 <79656j:>6 87

6 C6 256 =:6 ( 863 0 c ,,+++++++d 863 0 c ,,++++d 863 0 c ,,++++d =:6 ( " ) =:6 (:73 8:8) 6 C6 6 C6 6 C6 863 0 c ,, Yd 863 0 c ,, Yd 6 C6 863 0 c ,, YYd 6 C6 863 0 cY,, YYd

,,,)

< :=538 <j 8< 3A81< ( 2j :=538 3>j :=538 >0j 38jB7 <63:8<) 7 <63:8<j :<<3>9 <( 2j 7 <63:8 3>j 7 <63:8 2j :=538 3@ 57j23??347961 j0 @:30) /:8< <j :<<3>9 <( 2j 7 <63:8 2j /:8< 3>j 1/:8< 7<6 ) ( 2j 56 j C5= 8) 7 <63:8j ( 2j :j 7 <63:8j 2j 7 <63:8) 0<:88 <( 2j/ 0<:88 8:= /0 8:=) C5= 8( 2j/ 0<:88 2j 0 <79656j:>6 87) 2j /:8< ) /:8< <j C5= 8( 2j/ 0<:88 2j :j 7 <63:8j

%! ) V) ) -) ) X) ) Z)

2j :=538 h 3>j :=538 >0jB7 <63:8< 2j 7 <63:8 h 3>j 7 <63:8 2j :=538 3@ 57j23??347961 2j 7 <63:8 2j /:8< h 3>j 1/:8< 7<6 2j h 56 j C5= 8 2j :j 7 <63:8j h 2j 7 <63:8 2j/ 0<:88 h 8:= /0 8:= 2j/ 0<:88 2j h 0 <79656j:>6 87 2j/ 0<:88 2j :j 7 <63:8j h 2j /:8< )

j0 @:30

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2j :=538

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nom, prenom Personnes p, Examen e, QCM q p.id_personne=e.id_personne e.id_qcm=q.id_qcm q.date_examen between '1-jan-94' and '31-dec-94'

7 9 <6 9 18:841 2 4 66 0 B7T6 select nom, prenom, count(e.id_personne) from Personnes p, Examen e where p.id_personne=e.id_personne group by nom, prenom having count(e.id_personne) >=5

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<7S 6 195>:01 5@ 4 9 /0:? << 70

58 9572

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6 2 5859H< ?385843G0 / 76 4 06538 = 86 8:7< 532 0 258< 4 45< 57<<3, 9 / 76 8:7< ?? 467 0 78 5859H< 2 95 <367563:8 B73 8:7< < 0@305 8<736 4:== 45N3 0 2 < 4N50A < /:70 /0 820 4:86546 5@ 4 2 < 860 /03< < 2 < 0@34 < 38?:0=563B7 <, 66 ?5^:8 2 /0:412 0 8:7< 5@536 1/50A81 >3 8 2 < / 38 < 39 H 5 21S 2 7C 58< 9:0< 2 8:60 /03< 2 4:86546 5@ 4 9 < 38?:0=56343 8< O/70<O, ,#, S @:7< 953<< 95 /50:9 , #' 40:3< B7 9 /97< <3=/9 <6 2 <73@0 9 /504:70< 2 78 50=:30 2 /73< 9 21/506 S7<B7 <5 /:< , a 4 95 21>76 6 39 (# <:06 78 >9:4 6 /0 82 2 < 8:6 <), ' 8 4 B73 4:84 08 9 >70 57 2 1672 6 4N83B7 8:7< 0 4 @:8< 9 < 2 =582 < 2 <:7=3<<3:8 B7 8:7< ?? 467:8< <70 /958 :7 5/0G< @3<36 27 4N5863 0, 5 <:7=3<<3:8 4:8<3<6 165>930 9 /03C 21653991 2 9 8< =>9 /:< 0 4 973 43 @503 8 ?:8463:8 27 8:=>0 2 O>:]6 <O /:< 0, # ' 7 86 82 P @:7< /50 >:]6 ' 8 >:]6 <6 9 191= 86 9 /97< <3=/9 2 78 8< =>9 2 50=:30 <, :7< = <70:8< 95 9:8A7 70 6:659 2 9 8< =>9 B7 8:7< 23@3<:8< 8 >:]6 < < 9:8 9 < 21<30< 2 9 504N36 46 /50 C =/9 78 9:8A7 70 2 XY 4= / 76 T60 23@3<1 8 60:3< >:]6 < (XY4= Y4= Y4=), 8 5760 /:386 3=/:06586 <6 95 <367563:8 2 9 50=:30 /50 05//:06 57 =70 8:7< 5@:8< B7560 45< ' (9 6 4N8343 8 <:06 <:8 <6H9: 6 2 <<38 ), . 7

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5 , ,

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?3A70

' <367563:8 2 78 >9:4 2 50=:30 <

' 8 ?? 6 4 <6 3=/:06586 450 9:0< 2 95 4:==582 27 >:3< 39 ?576 8 6 830 4:=/6 450 9 < 4L61< @3<3>9 < 2:3@ 86 T60 57<<3 0 4:7@ 06< 27 <60563?31 2 =5821 /50 9 493 86, ' 5 4:79 70 27 <60563?31 ?536 /5063 2 95 <:7=3<<3:8 450 9 /03C 4N58A 8 ?:8463:8 2 < 4:79 70< 9 >9584 16586 9 =:38< 4N 0, # ' 9 H 5 B7 9B7 4N:< B7 8 8 4:=/0 82< /5< <3 9 :8 S7C65/:< 2 < >:]6 < 39 H 5 2 7C /50:3< /:70 9 < /5063 < B7 < 6:74N 86 4 <6 78 / 06 , ' :7< 5@ P 053<:8 :8 /509 2 >:]6 < =53< 8 ?536 39 < 5A36 2 >:]6 < <70 9 <B7 99 < 39 =58B7 9 4L61 A574N 6 B73 :86 538<3 78 ?:0= 2 <70 95 2 083G0 :8 5S:76 78 /588 57 2 6 0=3853<:8 /:70 4:=/916 0 9 6:76,

, 2 <<38 57<<3 b

?3A70 V ' 5<< =>95A 2 78 >9:4 2 50=:30 # ' N :73 S @:3< 4:86387:8< 5@ 4 95 <:7=3<<3:8, ' :H:89 2 >:]6 < 5 95 =T= N576 70 =T= /0:?:82 70, 53< 4N5B7 >:]6 5 <5 /0:/0 950A 70 6 78 :7 2 7C /:06 <, 39 8 H 5 B7 78 /:06 39 ?576 /0143< 0 <3 99 < :7@0 A574N :7 20:36 , ( 9 5997= 78 43A50 66 ,) @:3< B7 9 :8 5 ?536 9 6:70 2 9 C6103 70 2 95 >:]6 , 5386 8586 /5<<:8< <:8 5=185A = 86 386103 70, 504N36 46 2:36 /0143< 0 9 8:=>0 2 05H:885A < /50 >:]6 6 <3 1@ 867 99 = 86 39 H 5 78 / 82 03 , 8 <6 4:=/9 6 ' 73, # ' :== 86 < 165>936 9 /03C 2 95 <:7=3<<3:8 ' <6 5<034563:8 =:H 8< 6 8:7< 8:7< <:== < 5/ 0^7< B7 4 7C 43 1653 86 8 ?:8463:8 27 8:=>0 2 /:06 < 2 78 >:]6 8:7< 4:=/6:8< 2:84 8 /:06 <, • /50 /:06 9 56 93 0 N, Y • 6 /50 /:06 <70 9 4N5863 0 VN,YY, #' 0, V, 9 N 70 2 :7@03 0 < 9:8 8:60 2 083G0 5859H< , ' 73 4 <6 4 95, 5760 191= 86 3=/:06586 <6 95 <70?54 2 >:3< 76393<1 0, + Y W =V /:70 9 >9584 6 2 < <70/97< /:70 9 < 5760 < 4:79 70<, ' :7< :7>93 P 9 < A5083670 < @3< < 0070 < /:3A81 < 6 9 < A:82<, 8 4:=/6 8@30:8 0, -Y, 2 A5083670 /50 >:]6 , ' :7< 5@ P 053<:8, @ 4 6:7< 4 < 191= 86< :8 459479 9 /03C 2 95 <:7=3<<3:8 B7 9 :8 8@:3 57 493 86, 0:3< 45< < /01< 86 86 39 544 /6 4 99 43 :7 >3 8 39 95 0 ?7< 6 258< 4 06538< 45< :8 8:7< 2 =582 4 06538 < =:23?34563:8< 4 B73 8:7< :>93A 6:76 0 459479 0, < <:7=3<<3:8< 4:=/:06 86 860 Y 6 YY >:]6 <, # ' 73 4 <6 > 574:7/ 2 605@539 B7582 :8 <536 B7 8:7< 5@:8< ?? 4671 - Y <:7=3<<3:8< 9 5881 /5<<1 6 B7 8:7< 5@:8< VYe 2 657C 2 52S7234563:8 /:70 2 < <:7=3<<3:8<, ' <6 S / 8< 60G< 3=/:06586 2 93=36 0 9 < 38@ <63<< = 86< 8 6 =/< N7=538 258< 9 < <:7=3<<3:8< 6:76 8 4:8< 0@586 78 /0143<3:8 6 78 4:=/16363@361 2 < /03C <70 9 =504N1, 6 8 /97< 4 95 /0 82 > 574:7/ 2 /954 4 < 2:<<3 0< B7582 :8 / 8< B7 4 06538 < <:7=3<<3:8< <:86 A5021 < 2 7C 58<,

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' 7 9B7 78 @ 76 39 78 45?1 #U U ' :73 @:9:863 0<, ' 73 S @53< 599 0 9 < 4N 04N 0 S 40:3< B7 8:7< 8 5@:8< 6 0=381 5@ 4 9 < <:7=3<<3:8< 4:86387 P <58< =:3, ( 230 46 70 <:06), ' 73 2G< B7 95 <:7=3<<3:8 <6 544 /61 8:7< 95 6058<?10:8< 9 56 93 0, ' <6 9 B7 8:7< 386 0@ 8:8< 8:7< ?? 467:8< 78 4:==582 # 2 < 23??10 86< /588 57C 2 >:3< <60563?31 8 3823B7586 9 < = <70 < 21<301 < 538<3 B7 95 4:79 70, G< B7 8:7< 9 < 014 /63:88:8< 8:7< 9 < 4593>0:8< 450 39< <:86 214:7/1< A0:<<3G0 = 86 8<736 8:7< ?? 467:8< 6:76 < 9 < :/10563:8< 2 /01/50563:8 9 5<< =>95A 4 <6 230 ' • /:< 2 < 4N5083G0 < <70 9 < /:06 582 < 2 <60563?31 <70 9 < >:02< 5//50 86< 2 < /588 57CU • 6 23@ 0< < /01/50563:8< 4:84 08586 9 < 2:< 2 < >:]6 < 9 < /:3A81 < ,,, # ' a < <367 86 9 < 23??347961< ' 99 < <:86 <70 9 < 459479< 2 < 23??10 86 < 4:6 < 2 / 0^5A 6 <70 9 < 23= 8<3:8< 2 /588 57C 4:==582 0, < 459479< <:86 <3=/9 < =53< 39 8 ?576 /5< :7>93 0 2 < 216539< 4:== 2 6 830 4:=/6 2 9 1/53<< 70 2 < /588 57C 7C =T= <, 605@539 <6 01/16363? 6 887H 7C 6 =59A01 <:8 3=/:06584 39 5003@ B7 9 :8 < 60:=/ , # ' 6 < @:7< <3 <[0 2 <5 <3=/934361 ' N :73 /:70 9 5//0 863 S 53 /01/501 78 <4N1=5 6H/ 5@ 4 9 < 23??10 86 < 4:6 < 6 9 < 0GA9 < 2 459479, 9 973 <7??36 2 5//93B7 0 <H<61=563B7 = 86 9 < 0GA9 < 2 459479 /:70 :>6 830 9 < >:88 < 23= 8<3:8<, # ' 6 B7 < /5<< 6 39 8<736 9:0<B7 6:76 <6 /01/501 ' <6 9 1B73/ 27 4N5863 0 B73 605@5399 99 /5<< 57 =5A5<38 4N 04N 0 9 < A5083670 < ' • Z @3< 2 5<< =>95A <3=/9 /50 >:]6 • /:3A81 /50 05H:8 • - 65B7 6< /50 05H:8 • (9 < 6038A9 < N5>36 <3 814 <<530 ), 8 4N50A >3 8 <[0 9 < /588 57C /01/501< <70 78 45=3:8 6 9 :8 @5 =:86 0 9 6:76 258< 78 3== 7>9 , ( 230 46 70 0 @3 86 5@ 4 9 < 45?1<,) # ' 7 9< <:86 9 < /0:>9G= < B73 / 7@ 86 5//505]60 <70 9 4N5863 0 ' :0=59 = 86 57478 <3 6:76 < 9 < 165/ < /01412 86 < < <:86 210:791 < 4:00 46 = 86 ,,, 50?:3< :8 / 02 27 6 =/< 0 4:885]60 9 < 191= 86< 2 78 >:]6 39 < 0536 /0563B7 2 /:7@:30 163B7 6 0 9 < /39 < /:70 <3=/93?3 0 9 =:865A , ' 73 4 <6 @053, 53< S 40:3< B7 9 < 165/ < 8 5=:86 <:86 /03:036530 <, # 5@ P @:7< <7??3<5== 86 2 38?:0=563:8 /:70 <B73<< 0 78 <H<6G= 2 38?:0=563:8 5<<3<6586 95 A <63:8 2 4 66 8:7@ 99 ?5>034563:8

# ' 8 2 083 0 /:386, 73 2 860 @:7< <6 <7<4 /63>9 2 < < 0@30 2 78 <H<6G= 38?:0=563<1 = 660 8 /954 ' :3 :>93A56:30 = 86 /:70 A10 0 6:76 < 9 < <:7=3<<3:8< 6 9 < 4:86056< <3A81<, ' :7< 8 570:8< > <:38 /:70 165>930 9 < 4:==582 < 4N P # =53< 57<<3 /:70 /:7@:30 4:8<796 0 9 < 191= 86< 2 01A95A 2 < =54N38 <, ' :3 39 <7??36 2 78 93<638A <706:76 <3 9 163B7 65A <6 >3 8 ?536, ' <6 6:76 # ' 73 S / 8< , 9 <6 =323 S @53< 599 0 =58A 0 6 S ? 053 4 66 5859H< 4 6 5/0G< =323, 6 S /0:/:< B7 8:7< 8:7< 01783<<3:8< N 70 < /:70 8 21>5660 , ( < A 8< < 23< 86 57 0 @:30 6 /506 86 =58A 0, # 05=5<< 78 2 <<38 ?536 /50 0 /01< 86586 78 >9:4 2 50=:30 ), 6 A

6 A

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2519 article : .............................. Gabriel Peter No ........... ............................................................. titre SO 257 587 ............................................................. Virgin Date QTE Fournisseur Entrée Sortie Stock Client Observation 50 49 45

1/9/86 3/9/86 4/9/86

5/9/86

43 42

8/9/86

10/9/86

7/9/86

commande le 10/9/86 11/9/86

40 +10

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