Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 61-68, October-December 2019
A Case Study on Factors Affecting Environmental Sustainability Development Hadi Erfani Scientific Researcher, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Payame Noor University, Alborz, Iran. Article Received: 19 June 2019
Article Accepted: 23 October 2019
Article Published: 04 December 2019
ABSTRACT The only way to save the world is to protect the Environment. Today, caring for the Environment is one of the most important things for human beings because preserving it is equal to preserving human life. Environmental challenges became important in the 1980s. generation, conversion, transmission and energy consumption all have an impact on the environment. The relationship between sustainable development and the utilization of resources especially energy is one of the most important issues in human societies and the realization of sustainable development depends on the use of energy resources. Environmental issues have a growing scope and include pollutant emissions and ecosystem degradation and degradation factors at the regional and global scales. The environment is a seat of physical, chemical, biological, social, economic factors that relate to the individual community and population in various ways. The difference between the environment and nature the definition of nature includes a set of natural, biological and non-biological factors that are considered exclusively while the term environmental is described in term of interactions between humans and nature and from its perspective. Sustainability is a concept in ecology and the environment that refers to actions that are not at odds with the continued evolution of life and ecosystems. Keywords: Environmental, Sustainable, Ecosystem, Development, Resource.
INTRODUCTION Important environmental challenges and issues: Greenhouse effect
Stages of greenhouse impact Ozone depletion
Stages of ozone depletion 61 | P a g e
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 61-68, October-December 2019
Acidic rain
Stages of acidic rain Energy-related solutions for coping and environmental concerns Use of renewable energy and advanced energy technologies Energy saving and increased efficiency in energy and use Use of alternative energy in transport Use of environmentally friendly fuels instead of fossil fuels Use of clean coal technologies Use of energy storage systems Monitoring and evaluation of indicators energy Some barriers to the use of renewable energies and advanced technologies Technical constraints Economic constraints Information and knowledge constraints Lack of infrastructure needed for recycling and reuse of materials and products Lack of facilities Uncertainty in government laws and standards
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 61-68, October-December 2019
Lack of adequate organizational structures Inadequate force management human Lack of acceptance in the community of using renewable energies and advanced technologies Thermodynamic and the environment According to the second law of thermodynamic all real processes must have an environmental impact and the second low of thermodynamic is the key to assessing the environmental impact of the energy sector. An indicator that expresses the difference of state of a system with the environment is known as exergy in thermodynamic which refers to the relationship between the second law and the environmental effects the magnitude on both the state of the system and the environment. This difference is zero when the system and environment are in equilibrium.
A graph of energy efficiency There are three relationships between exergy and the environment
Process energy efficiency
Unconstrained exergy 63 | P a g e
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 61-68, October-December 2019
Sustainable development and its requirements The use of resources through fundamental attention to the political, economic, technological and ecological management of the human capital of natural resources and the promotion of innovations that ensure the fulfillment of human needs and integrated justice throughout the world. Sustainable development from various aspects Social sustainability: Meeting community needs, meeting community demands, meeting community cultural and ethical standards, ensuring education and awareness. Economic sustainability: Supplying the right resources, providing the best services and technologies, accelerating the achievement of good living standards. Environmental sustainability: Creating a healthy, desirable and usable environment, reducing environmental impacts as much as possible, repairing environmental damage. Technological sustainability: Supplying needed resources, having biocompatible technology, educated and experienced human resources, application of assessment and life cycle.
The difference between sustainable development and non-sustainable development Environmental management system A set used for systematic management and continuous improvement of environmental performance. A program used to identify effects of an organization’s environmental depletion and generate reports on environmental performance improvement. 64 | P a g e
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 61-68, October-December 2019
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions conserve natural and economic resources reduce material losses and save energy Environmental challenges in energy production Reduce emission of air pollutants especially co2 Decrease in heat loss Reduce emission of soil and water pollutants
Thermal power plant Importance and necessity of research Scientists and scholars have put forward various reasons for the necessity of environmental education for students and academics. For example; Bhaskar (2011) believes that students need to be aware of environmental issues and problem for two reasons: First, after graduating as a teacher, scientist, lawyer, decision maker, researcher, so on. they will be employed in the community and depending on the nature of their job. Their professional and direct activities will have direct or indirect consequences for their lives. It will be an environment. Second, it is important that students as stakeholders in the global environment like everyone else in the community become aware of their ongoing responsibility and recognize that their individual behavior and attitude towards nature and the environment is effective in accepting environmental protection and sustainable development. Today, the issue of stabilization has become an important issue in the world’s higher education institution. Waas and colleagues (2012). In fact, environmental problems and poverty have led to higher education as a responsible and fundamental institution in sustainable development. Higher education should seek to provide innovation in sustainability based on good practices such as strengthening knowledge, educating trained leaders and building social commitment and progress. Universities as learning laboratories can be a living experience of sustainable communities. Clark and colleagues (2011). Higher education centers can also provide innovation and sustainable operations in production, service and distribution by setting up research units, training and communicating with companies, industries and government groups. Universities can solve problems. Robinson and colleagues (2011).
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 61-68, October-December 2019
At the educational level as well, sustainable higher education enables learning and awareness of environmental issues, changing life styles for sustainability and motivating individuals to act on environmental challenges to engage students in applying the concept of sustainability. Empower your lifestyle and those around you. Jones (2007). The sciences should serve humanity and contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between society and nature better quality of life and the development of a healthy and sustainable environment for current and future generations. waas and colleagues (2012). In Germany, they believe that the green campus or sustainable renovation of university infrastructures has three important functions: Reducing the economic costs of universities improving and the performance of the university’s environmental management and ultimately a hidden sustainable curriculum that indirectly encourages academics especially students to have a sustainable life style. Finally, other researchers also emphasized the importance of sustainable services. There has always been a great deal of emphasis on the relationship between academia and industry (only in particular disciplines) and more recently on entrepreneurship. Muller Christ and colleagues (2011). They believe that higher education because of its relevance to the science of the day. Must inform state institutions, industries, Ngo’s and the general public of the change and developments of the day. This is done by providing consulting services and technical assistance. Therefore, taking into account the opinion of previous researchers. Accordingly, a systematic model is needed to move towards sustainability in higher education. These include: education, research, infrastructure, green services. Ali beighi and ghambar ali (2010). Sustainable research entails conditions in which diverse disciplines arise and different scientific approaches are often defined by multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaborations as a method of social learning. Wildemeersch (1998). Sustainability science is a new term that believe that research must describe in a solution-oriented context social communication to be defined by the complexity, uncertainty and importance of sustainable development values. Huge (2012), waas and colleagues (2012). Stewart believe There are numerous ways to express the importance of sustainable development and environmental protection and to engage new students in sustainable behaviors, some of which include: Demonstrate food waste generated from student meals for fertilizer production, working with self-service food companies to replace non-recyclable containers. Use appropriate labeled buckets according to the type of waste material (usable for fertilizer production, recyclable and non-recyclable) in the self-service with the aim of proving students with the process of separation of non-consumable materials and food waste during their studies. Four-year education at university and higher education institutes. To save paper, paper work and training are done online and each student has an electronic folder for document storage, educational and office documents. These resources can reduce the time required to 66 | P a g e
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 61-68, October-December 2019
complete the enrollment process for each semester and make it easier to update information and prevent the loss of records and reduce student financial costs. Use warm and friendly head reminders that are encouraging. These reminders can be made into three fun comedy scenes to encourage students to turn off the lamps and electronic systems in classrooms after class, recycle paper and unusable booklets in storage baskets, dine in the hall. Dishes were used instead of disposable dishes. Renewable energy technology is considered as a new technology in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to transfer this knowledge and technology from the countries that own the technology to the developing countries. This technology transfer can be accomplished through academic training programs, short-term courses, through the collaboration of external consultants involved in renewable energy development. Focusing on new and interdisciplinary courses is one of the challenges of universities and research centers. New postgraduate courses need to be designed to guide skilled and specialized human resources in the design, implementation of renewable systems. These disciplines and courses should include technology, business and energy policy making. Strengthening renewable energy research and supporting research projects and student theses is crucial to localizing renewable energy technology. Boil (2007). CONCLUSION Moving towards sustainable development requires solving environmental problems. Sustainable development requires a sustainable supply of energy resources. Exergy analysis is a very useful and effective tool in evaluating the sustainability of processes and system trying to improve sustainability. In societies seeking sustainable development, it is recommended to use renewable energy source or solutions to increase efficiency. The world today is witnessing widespread economic, social and cultural developments that lead to the creation of new needs and on the other hand, the development of a broader range of science and technology to meet the needs of the more productive and besides, values such as the environment, the rights of the people, the rights of the next generation that need to be accounted for have become much more serious and the next generation and the new graduates must be more socially accountable to society. Kamrani and iranmanesh (2004). Global hazards such as climate change, global warming and thinning of the ozone layer suggest that knowledge and understanding of them and their consequences is essential. Pazouki nezhad (2013). Given that the consequences of climate change such as the destruction of the ozone layer and climate change are a threat to current life and the lives of future generations, they are presented as a threat to everyday life in science. Therefore, to understand this environmental phenomenon, more scientific understanding is needed. Satan (2013). Interdisciplinary and research emphasizes the production of new disciplinary knowledge in accordance with the agreed quality control to from new knowledge-based production methods. Waas and colleagues (2012). This shows that the legislator has provided a good opportunity for universities and science research centers to participate in environmental affairs. Universities and higher education centers can take an effective step towards researching sustainable development goals by educating and enhancing the environmental knowledge and literacy of their students in specialized human resources training.
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ISSN (Online): 2582- 0974
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 61-68, October-December 2019
REFERENCES 1.Ali beighi, amir hossein; ghambar ali, rezvan, (2010). Conceptual modeling for sustainable higher education, research in educational systems, year 4, number 1, 145_163. 2. Bhaskar, n. (2010). Instilling environmental awareness in undergraduate university students, environmental education and awareness, vol6, no 3, pp;1-6. 3. Boil, gadferi, (2007), new energy for a sustainable future, translated by abdolrahim partovi, Tehran; university of Tehran press. 4. Clark, w; Dickson, n. (2003). Sustainability science; the emerging research paradigm, proceedings of the national academy of science of the united states of America, 100 (14); 8059_8061. 5. Energy, environment and sustainability development, science materials, Iran energy efficiency organization. 6. Guidelines for mining and sustainable development, appendix3h, united nations (2002). 7. Iranmanesh, Mahdi; kamrani, ehsan, (2004), the role of higher education in sustainable development, proceedings of the conference on higher education development, institute for research and planning higher education, vol1, 33_53. 8. Jones. H. (2007). Engaging student with sustainable issues, plant, 18; 40_44. 9. Muller, chirst and colleagues, (2013). The role of campus, curriculum and community in higher education for sustainable development a conference report, journal of cleaner production. 10. Pazoki nezhad, Zahra; (2013), a survey of students attitude toward global climate change and its social factors, MSC thesis, faculty of humanities and social sciences, university of Mazandaran. 11. Robinson, j; and colleagues, (2011), the universities as an agent of change for sustainability, 26, aug, 2018, 1_6. 12. Salehi, sadegh; pazoki nezhad, Zahra; (2014). Sustainable higher education and environmental sustainability, journal of the Iranian higher education association, vol6, issue2. 13. Stewart, m. (2010), transforming higher education; a practical plan for integrating sustainability education into the student experience, journal of sustainability education 1(5), 1_13. 14. Satan, philip, (2013), an introduction to environmental sociology, translated by sadegh salehi, Tehran, samt press. 15. UNESCO (1992). Agenda 21, the earth summit, the united nations conference on environment and development, Rio De Janeiro from sustainable development.un.org 18, Jul, 2013. 16. Waas, t; Huge, j and colleagues. (2012). Sustainable higher education understanding and moving forward, Flemish government environment and energy department brussells. 17. Wildemeersch, d; (1998). Social learning; a new perspective on learning in participatory systems, studies in continuing education, 20 (2); 251_265. 68 | P a g e
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