Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 54-59, July-September 2019
Role of Bioremediation in Environment Tehmina Bibi1, Shazia Manzoor1, Sadia Azhar1, Muhammad Saeed1 & Muhammad Asif Raheem1* 1
* Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-60800, Pakistan.
Article Received: 19 February 2019
Article Accepted: 11 July 2019
Article Published: 17 August 2019
ABSTRACT
Bioremediation is the process in which the micro-organisms are used to degrade the pollutants from the environment. Plants and micro-organisms are used to clean up the environment. Bioremediation is carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. Microbes have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. The effluents should be degraded from the environment because they are very dangerous and have a bad impact on human beings. These pollutants sink into the water and cause pollution. These pollutants are treated with the help of microbes in bioremediation process. It is the best method because it is cost effective and eco-friendly. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert toxic substances into less toxic substances. Keywords: Pollutants, Degradation, Toxicity, Metabolites, Biomass, Microbes, Industrialization, Crop cultivation, Techniques.
INTRODUCTION Bioremediation is the process in which we utilize the micro-organisms to degrade the pollutants from the environment. Plants and micro-organisms are used to clean up the environment. Metabolites are used to degrade the contaminants. The mechanism also depends on several parameters pH, temperature and moisture. By changing these parameters process will be disturbed. It converts harmful metals to harmless substances. Bioremediation is carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. The process also depends on types of microbes, pollution and how many metals are present2. This technique is used for the elimination of the pollutants from the atmosphere by organic procedures. Sometimes the degradation process becomes moderate because of bacterial inaccessibility3. Many strains of fungi now are grown which are essential in the process of degradation Such as Penicillium is very important in this process. It can remove solid materials. Many types of it are settled in various ecosystems. Pollution of solid material is increasing rapidly because of the man activities. Effect of this pollution on the health of animal and cause difficulties to the ecosystem. Solid material degradation procedure using fungal species is an old mechanism. It involves the microbes to convert more toxic material to less toxic using different procedures4. Pollution in the environment is increasing rapidly in the good settle states. Pollution of oil is an alarming condition nowadays. It is very difficult to control it. Different procedures are now developed to control it. They are costly. Bioremediation is cheap technology which reduces the petroleum contaminants from contaminated sites. In this microbes are used to remove the contamination from the ecosystem. Microbes have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. In various countries (PAHs) is characterized. it is one of the dangerous chemicals. They are very poisonous and cause cancer disease. They are the main reason for environmental pollution5. PAHs are removed with the help of Populus sp. from the environment in a rhizoremediation. It is a process in which microorganisms are utilized to remove the contaminants from the environment. Due to man activities, pollution and issues are sharply increasing in well settle states. Microorganisms in the remediation process decrease the PAHs from the polluted environment6. 54 | P a g e
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 54-59, July-September 2019
EFFLUENTS WHICH ARE TREATED IN THE BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS In heavy metals, mercury is very harmful metal. It is very dangerous for the ecosystem and animals. It is released from plants, industries, and paints. The main reason for its poisonousness it's grouping to sulfide, oxide, hydroxide, and chloride. A lot of procedures are applied to treat it but they are costly as compare to the bioremediation which has no high rates and no side effects on the ecosystem. It is a suitable method in which we utilize microbes to treat effluents7. Chlorimuron-ethyl causes serious difficulties. It exerts a bad impact on the earth and on the production of crops. Chlorimuron-ethyl also disturbs the natural flora of soil which led to the lack of energy production and nutrients. A number of microorganisms are used to treat it8. Hexavalent Chromium is very poisonous. It causes cancer and other diseases in animals. It occurs in wastewater but its main sources are leather tanning, electroplating, metal cleaning, and wood preservation. Many methods are applied to detoxify it but they are very expensive. Poisonous chromate is degraded in the bioremediation process with the help of natural means. Microbes are used to treat it9. The textile industry is hardly working to fulfill the needs of the population. As a result, it produces many effluents because it utilizes toxic chemicals and colors. They spread into the ecosystem and disturbs nature. They are treated by natural means. Fungus species phanerophyte chrysosporium are used to degrade them10. MCP (di-methyl (E)-1-2-methylcrbamoylvinylphosphate) is a pesticide utilized for the pest of cotton, sugar cane, peanuts, ornamental and tobacco. It is very poisonous. Presently it is used in India as a pesticide. MCP sinks in water and creates several problems for microorganisms. It should be degraded from environment11. ROLE OF MICROBES IN BIOREMEDIATION Plastic degradation is a process in which complete or half change of organic carbon in biogas and biomass that relate to the activity of microorganisms that have the ability to employ the plastic as a carbon source. It depends on the respiratory condition and microorganisms include the biogas will be change. Microorganisms including bacteria fungi that have ability degrade the plastic. Several types of plastic degrade are present there micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces are most important microbes are present use as an energy source. Biodegradation occurs after the physical and chemical degradation which disturb the structure polymers by molecular changes. Aging is a process in which plastic alteration due to abiotic degradation. There are different factors effects include temperature, light, and different chemicals. Biodegradation connects to the biofilm develop on the surface of plastic and side of the plastic Which increase the pore size that weakens the physical condition of plastic or release acid compounds that modify the PH inside the pores and result on changing the microstructure of plastic structure of plastic mixture. Bioaugmentation relates to the activity of extracellular enzymes escape by bacteria colonizing the polymer surface. These enzymes will lose the molecular weight of the polymer and escape oligomers and monomers that can be understood by cells. Mineralization is another step in the biodegradation of plastic elimination outcome in the assimilation of completely oxidized metabolites12. Microbial degradation is a process in which built-in constitutional microbial communities to finish the environmental contamination. The process at which the contaminants detoxified depends on the many types of factors including the makeup of native microbial group, nature, and extent of pollutants and environmental conditions. The bioremediation process challenges the different difficult changing, understand the destiny of
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ISSN (Online): 2582- 0974
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 54-59, July-September 2019
environmental pollutants. There are many applications for a finding of bioremediation process to understand the right process. Such applications are proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomics, metabolomics. The different type of microbes has been describing that carry out different environmental contaminants. For years microbiologist has tried to find out the good methods to discover the microbial diversity in the environmental sample. A number of molecular methods are select for this aim. The development of the investigation of the 16s rRNA gene sequence importantly increases our ability to understand them and traverse the microbial world. By using different culturing methods we isolate the small amount of bacteria gel electrophoresis is the best method for applying to the microbial diversity. And it allows the separation of the 16s rRNA13. The heavy metals are sometimes used to metallic chemical elements of high level and show harmful for living things. Toxicity is not a useful property of heavy metals. Some heavy metals are nutritive at a low level and sometimes are harmful to higher amount .copper is very beneficial for living organisms and mercury and lead are not good for living organisms .some heavy metals are not beneficial for living organisms and not have a positive effect. Some heavy metals have a harmful effect on living organisms for example brain tumor cancer and sometimes death .some metals are very high cost and not easily available for a good result. Metals should be; provide good safety to living organisms and the environment. It is easy to plow. It has tolerant to collect heavy metals. Many kinds of batches are helpful for bioremediation process .bioreactors is one of the techniques that help and contains biological agents for this purpose. Different type of bioreactors is present there. Traditionally and immobilized microbial bioreactors used for microorganisms. High biomass concentration is very difficult to regulate these bioreactors. In situ repairing of heavy metals could b take place by using a solution of acids. Sometime biofilm is damaged due to use of high concentration of detergent due to this stability is lost. Easily separated from treated water14. Some microorganisms have the capacity to digest the chemical compounds that cannot generate a part of metabolism that is present in the surrounding. There are many possibilities are present in bioremediation by bioinformatics. There are many sources are present .chemical structure of organic compounds sequence, function. The first study is started by a large amount of data of an individual of gene and protein. It is understood by studying it separately .some useful projects are carried out and stored a large amount of data in this subject. The current system for gaining new information from the database allows biodegradative techniques for one compound. It has the ability to found the pathways between these compounds and central metabolism. According to no of pathways length of pathways all the enzymes that are present in organisms that present in organisms. All the elements are hyperlinked corresponding information pages in meta-router pathways15. Biodegradation of oil spilled take place by the treatment of inorganic compounds such as phosphorus and nitrogen. In these environments, bacteria are a very important agent of hydrocarbon degradation. The reaction or archaeal community to oil spilled on beaches and to bioremediation treatment have not been investigated. Now archeal is considered to live in the marine environment and live in much nonextreme and oxygen taking ecosystem according to molecular analysis. At high-level distribution, it is considered that organisms have ecological significance low temperature in the environment. Archie has been detected in different oil dependent environment such as crude oil,
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ISSN (Online): 2582- 0974
Website: www.mejast.com
Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 54-59, July-September 2019
petroleum. If the archeal number decreases the increase the heavy metal contaminated soils and different structure of community level16. TECHNIQUES OF BIOREMEDIATION Environmental pollution has been increased with the passage of time due to the increasing population, industrialization and crop cultivation such as the use of insecticides and pesticides to meet the demand of increasing population the cultivation of crops have been increased due to which usage of pesticides and insecticide has been maximum .for this purpose pollutants in the environment also pollutes the population. for the removal of these pollutants from the environment is called bioremediation researchers different type of bioremediation and the usage of bioremediation .these type of techniques depends on the nature of pollutants. Native microbes exit in a polluted environment. No one bioremediation type enough for sever bullet to restore environmental pollutants. The types of definition has been used for bioremediation .sometimes bioremediation and biodegradation interconnected to each other because both have physical and chemical properties of bioremediation it is cost-effective eco-friendly and easy to handle .we can define bioremediation as , The use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced micro-organisms to consume and breakdown environmental pollutants in order to clean a polluted site. The kind of bioremediation depends upon the type of environmental pollutants such as organo-chemicals, chlorinated compounds, dyes, greenhouse gases and heavy metals. Ex-situ bioremediation technique This type of bioremediation including the uncovering pollutants from polluted environment and transferred another place for degradation. Biopile This type of bioremediation involves providing the maximum amount of microbes to increase process degradation at above ground pollutants another word mixing native microbes, substrate and temperature enhance the biological activity of microbes. Land farming Land farming is an easy and simplest method to degrade environmental pollutants. Sometimes it considered in situ bioremediation and ex-situ bioremediation. This depends upon the type of treatment or degradation. Whenever excavated polluted site treated that is ex-situ technique. In situ-bioremediation These techniques depend upon the degradation of polluted materials at the site or place of pollution. In this technique, it is not necessary for any voting site because it consists of very small or no difficulties in soil construction. Bioventing This is the technique of bioremediation which include O2 to increase the biological activity in controlled ecosystem.in bioventing nutrients and moisture provided to indigenous microbes to enhance the process. The 57 | P a g e
ISSN (Online): 2582- 0974
Website: www.mejast.com
Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 54-59, July-September 2019
ultimate function of microbes in bioremediation is to convert the toxic substance into a less toxic substance. It discovered two types of air injection rates used in bioremediation i.e. high air injection rate and low air injection rate. The high air injection rate involves the maximum removal of toluene than low air injection rate. In another word, the high air flow rate does not bring about maximum biodegradation and not make maximum pollutants. Biotransformation is more efficient process17. Bioaugmentation The presence of fungicides in the natural ecosystem, either proceed from calculated activity or not, has become conventional remark to many ecosystems include soil. This can be safe by taking sufficient measures to come clean environment from naturally occurring pollutants especially fungicides. Although a study was conducted to examine the impact of bioaugmentation of soil unshielded to Azoxystrobin on its degradation and animation of the enzyme catalase, urease, and acidic phosphatase18. CONCLUSION The environment is polluted very rapidly due to activities of man, industrial processes and heavy metals. These pollutants are very dangerous and cause cancer in the animal population. They can be degraded very rapidly. Many methods are used to detoxify pollutants. But they are very expensive and cause toxicity because they use chemicals. On the other hand, bioremediation is the best method because it is cost effective and eco-friendly. It uses microbes to detoxify the toxic substances from the environment. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert toxic substances into less toxic substances. Metabolites are used to degrade the contaminants. The mechanism also depends on several parameters pH, temperature and moisture. By changing these parameters process will be disturbed. Many strains of fungi now are grown which are essential in the process of degradation. In biodegradation process, we use the microorganisms which cannot disturb the natural flora of the soil. It is a biological process. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important. REFERENCES 1.
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Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology (MEJAST) (Peer Reviewed International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 54-59, July-September 2019
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