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4 — DESIRED PRODUCTS, TECHNOLOGIES OR PROCESSES
The ASTM standard D7566 covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components. Up to this time, the alternative fuels approved by ASTM shall consist of the following blends of components or fuels: conventional blending components or Jet A or Jet A-1 fuel certified to Specification D1655; with up to 50 % by volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A1 or with up to 50% by volume of the synthetic blending component defined in Annex A27. Annex A1 refers to a hydro-processed synthesized paraffinic kerosene wholly derived from synthesis gas via the Fischer-Tropsch process using Iron or Cobalt catalyst (FT- SPK). Subsequent processing of the product shall include hydro-treating, hydro-cracking, or hydro-isomerization and is expected to include, but not be limited to, a combination of other conventional refinery processes such as polymerization, isomerization, and fractionation. Annex A2 refers to hydro-processed synthesized paraffinic kerosene wholly derived from hydrogenation and deoxygenation of fatty acid esters and free fatty acids (HEFA- SPK). Subsequent processing of the product shall include hydro-cracking, or hydro-isomerization, or isomerization or fractionation, or a combination thereof, and may include other conventional refinery processes. Figure 45 and Figure 46, reproduced from a presentation by Lourdes Maurice from FAA, illustrate the already approved production processes according to ASTM jet fuel specifications and how the biofuel, after shown fit-for-purpose, becomes a drop-in jet fuel.
ASTM Aviation Fuel Specifications Conventional Refinery Processes
Petroleum
D 1655
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Coal
D 7566 Annex A1
Crude oil Syn Gas (CO, H2)
Natural Gas Biomass
Syn-Crude Gasify
FT Process
Hydroprocessed Esters & Fatty Acids (HEFA) from Bio-Oils
D 7566 Annex A2
Plan/Algae Oils
Jet Fuel
Bio-crude
Hydroprocessing
Oil Extration
Figure 45 ASTM Approved Routes for Production of Jet Fuel. 7 Annex A3, which was introduced by ASTM in June/2014, refers to Synthesized Iso-Parraffins (SIP) produced from hydroprocessed fermented sugars that will be permitted for blending at up to 10% (vol) with conventional jet fuel. It is the approved denomination of the DSHC (direct sugar to hydrocarbon) route treated in this report as submitted to ASTM.
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