EU Referendum: Brexit and Global Security

BREXIT ANALYSIS – PRESENTED BY EDELMAN

EU REFERENDUM

23 JUNE 2016

MMO O N NT HTH S S

DAYS DAYS

STATE OF THE DEBATE – BREXIT AND GLOBAL SECURITY Britain’s vote to quit the European Union could not have come at worse moment for a bloc that is struggling with a slew of major challenges.

London’s break with Brussels will be a huge distraction for European leaders grappling with Russia’s assertiveness, the chaos in North Africa and the Middle East, terrorist attacks on their own soil and the humanitarian and political consequences of the refugee crisis.

None of these problems will go away while the terms of Brexit are hammered out. Most are likely to get worse.

The EU needs not only to deal with Britain, but also to get a grip on the threats along its eastern and southern flanks. If it does not do so, it may succeed in getting a good bargain with London, only to find that it has allowed dangerous instability to grow to unmanageable levels on its periphery.

Britain itself has an interest in ensuring that the drama over its departure does not exacerbate other crises around Europe. Inside or outside the EU, London cannot insulate itself from terrorist attacks or Russian pressures. Even proponents of leaving the EU insist that they want to retain a strong voice in European security debates. This week, a battered Prime Minister David Cameron will attend the NATO summit in Warsaw in a bid to reassure his fellow leaders that the UK still matters.

NATO has taken steps to counter Russia’s military probes along its borders and subtler forms of hybrid warfare, and the UK has been a leading proponent of these. But Europe needs broader diplomatic, humanitarian and development efforts to tackle the noxious mix of state collapse, jihadist violence and humanitarian crises spreading across the Middle East and North Africa. The EU’s leaders should not let Brexit stop them from tackling these issues – and Britain could propose bold ideas to deal with these crises as a sign of good faith in its inevitably difficult talks with the EU. Europe, after all, needed to polish up its crisis management well before Brexit.

Since the Arab revolutions, decision-makers in EU capitals have responded to challenges on their borders in an ad hoc fashion. Paris seized the lead in bombing Libya, infuriating many of its NATO allies. There have been recurrent divisions over how tough to be with Russia over Ukraine. Berlin, Paris and London have

sparred over how to handle Syria – with Germany generally at the most cautious end of the spectrum and the French at the opposite – allowing the United States, Russia and regional powers to shape the conflict, increasingly marginalizing European officials.

Worst of all, no member of the EU has proved capable of asserting real leadership over the refugee crisis. Italy, panicked by the chaos in the Mediterranean, sounded the alarm early on, but many northern European governments were slow to respond. German Chancellor Angela Merkel gambled by offering succor to large numbers of Syrians last year, but suffered politically and alienated many other EU members as a result. Migration remains the greatest threat to the bloc’s solidarity.

Britain has at best been an unsteady performer amidst Europe’s current turbulence. It stood with France over the Libya intervention but, as President Obama noted earlier this year, Prime Minister Cameron “became distracted by a range of other things.” British officials grumbled in private that, once the initial Libyan war was won, London rapidly slashed its diplomatic and intelligence engagement in the country, leaving it more or less blind to the chaos that engulfed it in 2013 and 2014.

The UK was an early advocate of a firm stance towards Damascus in 2011, but Cameron’s authority over Syria was holed when parliament voted against military action during the 2013 chemical weapons crisis.

Cameron’s critics have also faulted him for playing a limited diplomatic role over Ukraine, although Britain has been a proponent of EU sanctions against Russia and retooling NATO’s deterrent posture.

Mr. Cameron’s two governments have performed better in other areas. The UK has invested heavily in rebuilding Somalia, a grinding process that has nonetheless made some progress. It has defended development and humanitarian assistance while many other EU members were eviscerating their aid budgets in the name of austerity, and it has stood by its 2% defense spending commitment to NATO. In a welcome move, the UK has recently reinvigorated its support for UN peacekeeping.

Nonetheless, neither the UK nor the other main European powers have hit upon a fully convincing formula for facing new challenges. The EU institutions, including its External Action Service, have made significant contributions to addressing problems such as inter-ethnic tensions in Kosovo and piracy off the coast of Somalia, but their leverage and impact varies crisis by crisis. Just after the British referendum, EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini released a detailed if ill-timed Global Strategy aimed at guiding the

Edelman | Southside | 105 Victoria Street | SW1E 6QT London | www.edelman.co.uk | 0203 047 2000 | @edelmanUK

bloc’s foreign and security policy in the years ahead. It sensibly emphasizes steps to manage crises in Europe’s neighborhood – with a focus on getting into the weeds of local tensions and pulling together coalitions of non-Western partners to handle crises – that offer a decent basis for better EU actions.

But given the overall muddle around Brexit, these good intentions will only become realities if France, Germany and other leading EU players give them momentum.

Getting ahead of the curve in handling future crises will require European states to invest in three spheres of activity, involving the UK as and when they are able to.

The first is reinforcing political relationships and sources of information across North Africa and Middle East, in addition to Russia and its neighbors, to gain insights into future crises. This is not just about intelligence agencies, although they can be helpful.

Studies of European governments’ unpreparedness for both the Arab uprisings and the Ukrainian crisis have emphasized basic gaps in their diplomatic capacities – such as Arabic and Russian speakers, and investments in analysis and forecasting – that hampered their responses. Europe should invest more in filling these gaps, deploying more diplomats in trouble spots to monitor and act on threats.

Secondly, European powers must learn from their errors in handling the upsurge in refugees. This is a challenge with many dimensions: humanitarian, developmental and peace and security. It is also infused with a toxic domestic cocktail of rising nationalism in Europe, economic insecurity, a hysterical media and populist politics.

Europe has already lost a great deal of international sympathy for its poor handling of refugees and migrants. With the exception of Chancellor Merkel, few EU leaders have appeared to grasp the full scale of the crisis: today, one out of every 122 people on the planet is fleeing violence. Having failed to get ahead of the disaster in the Mediterranean, EU leaders have fallen back on stopgap solutions – such as throwing up border fences – that have been counterproductive and split the Union. The UN and major aid organizations have condemned the EU’s deal with Turkey on sending back Syrian refugees as inhumane.

Now the Union is working with notorious regimes like Sudan to halt refugees and migrants making their way towards Europe.

These measures will not stop the crisis. Instead, European leaders need to be more responsible about protecting the rights of refugees on their soil, while working harder to halt or ease the conflicts that drive them into flight. While Europe has been generous in its humanitarian support to refugees, given the scale of the problem – and the risks presented to the stability of many frontline countries, such as Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey – this funding still needs to be ramped up further.

There is an irony here. Of the EU’s current members, few have invested as much time and energy in preventive diplomacy, humanitarian response and long-term peacemaking as the UK, for all its errors and inconsistencies. If the British people had voted to remain in the EU on 23 June, it is fair to assume that UK officials would have been very active in shaping the Union’s future thinking on cases such as Libya.

This expertise risks being lost to the EU. But perhaps there is an opportunity here.

As the UK enters the tortuous process of renegotiating its relations with Europe, London could make a positive impression by offering to sign off an early pledge of continued cooperation on conflict prevention and stabilization issues with the EU before and after Brexit – possibly accompanied with a list of specific plans to reinforce joint efforts on top-line issues like bolstering Ukraine and post-conflict planning for Syria.

If the UK and its counterparts were able to make such an early bargain, it would not only help the EU and NATO handle the crises on their peripheries, but also possibly improve the atmosphere in more general Brexit talks. Eastern members of the EU and the Nordic countries, which tend to see Britain as a natural ally in strategic discussions, might be especially pleased by such a gambit.

Even before Brexit negotiations, there will be opportunities for Europe to show a common front. In September, world leaders will convene in New York to address the plight of refugees and migrants. Europe would do well to take the lead with a generous package of direct assistance and financial aid for the displaced. The UK should make a point of being at the forefront of this effort, demonstrating that it and its allies remain committed to both European values and the international order.

Once outside the EU, Britain will continue to have good political and security reasons to show its commitment to European crisis management. Doing so may not mitigate the social and economic disruptions of Brexit.

But whatever troubles lie ahead for the UK and the EU, European leaders will face an even worse strategic picture if they look inward and allow crises in their near abroad to fester unresolved.

Richard Gowan is the lead contributor to Crisis Group’s special report on Seizing the Moment: From Early Warning to Early Action and a senior policy fellow with the European Council on Foreign Relations. Jonathan Prentice is the director of the London office and senior advocacy adviser for the International Crisis Group.

Finally, European officials should be planning ahead for the hefty long-term tasks and costs of stabilizing the broken states on the EU’s periphery – including Libya, Syria and Yemen – over a period that is more likely to last decades than years. After Iraq and Afghanistan, few European military or civilian officials relish post-conflict reconstruction, but they have no choice but to invest in rebuilding their neighbors.

Edelman | Southside | 105 Victoria Street | SW1E 6QT London | www.edelman.co.uk | 0203 047 2000 | @edelmanUK

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was formed in 1949 Members adhere to the 14 article North Atlantic Treaty, Article 5 of which states an attack on one member is an attack on all members.

There are currently 28 members of NATO, including 12 founder members.

1952

1949

Belgium

CANADA

DENMARK

France

UNITED Netherlands NORWAY PORTUGAL KINGDOM

GREECE

ICELAND

ITALY

On 8 July, NATO members will meet in Warsaw for the 27th NATO Summit to evaluate and provide strategic direction for the Alliance’s activities.

Readiness Action Plan

USA

Luxembourg

On the agenda is the Readiness Action Plan, what NATO considers the “most significant strengthening” of its collective defence posture since the end of the Cold War in response to Russia’s actions in Ukraine.

The measures include enlarging the existing Response Force to 40,000 personnel and creating a new joint taskforce of around 5,000 troops.

TURKEY

Working with the EU

1982

1955

Part of addressing the threat posed by Russia will be improving EU-NATO relations, and it is expected that a joint declaration will be issued in Warsaw to this effect.

NATO has previously identified hybrid warfare, cyber defence and civil preparedness, and resilience as areas where he sees scope for closer cooperation between NATO and the EU.

GERMANY

SPAIN

1999

Cyberspace Czech Republic HUNGARY

Cyberspace is expected to be declared a separate operational domain in the same mould as the land, sea and air domains.

This follows questions about whether a cyber-attack on an Ally would trigger Article 5.

POLAND

2009

2004

Afghanistan BULGARIA

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA ROMANIA

In May 2016, NATO agreed to continue training, advising and assisting Afghan security and forces. The Warsaw Summit will likely determine how that mission is funded until 2020.

SLOVAKIA Slovenia

ALBANIA

CROATIA

Enlargement Montenegro is the process of becoming NATO’s 29th member, the first new admission since 2009. Further enlargement of the Alliance will likely be discussed.

Edelman | Southside | 105 Victoria Street | SW1E 6QT London | www.edelman.co.uk | 0203 047 2000 | @edelmanUK

BREXIT: WHAT WE KNOW The Facts • Will then be responsible for co-ordinating negotiations across the UK government – but will not necessarily lead the actual negotiations.

Key Dates in the UK: • 25 July/1 August 2016 (TBC) – Postal ballots sent out to party members – leadership campaign runs in earnest.

• Oliver Robbins has been appointed to head up the unit.

• 9 September 2016 – New Conservative Party Leader and Prime Minister announced.

• 5 October 2016 – New Prime Minister expected to give first Conservative Party Conference speech.

• He was previously Second Permanent Secretary at the Home Office where he had responsibility for immigration and free movement policy.

• 23 November 2016 (TBC) – Possible date for Autumn Statement.

• The Unit is expected to have up to 30 officials once finalised.

• It will include officials from the Cabinet Office, HM Treasury, FCO and BIS – and will work closely with other relevant departments.

Key Dates in the EU: • 8 July 2016 – NATO Summit in Warsaw.

• 22 July 2016 – European Commission adopts monthly infringement package. It will be interesting to watch how any potential infringements by the United Kingdom are handled politically by the Commission in a post referendum environment.

The Brexit Unit • Set up to co-ordinate negotiations with the EU over the UK’s future relationship.

• Will present options for the UK’s relationship with the EU to the next Prime Minister.

Key Players Didier Seeuws, a former chief of staff to Herman Van Rompuy, has been appointed to lead the EU’s task force managing Brexit.

Martin Selmayir, Head of Cabinet of EC President Jean-Claude Juncker. Will be key in driving the discussions from an institutional perspective.

Alexander Italianer, Secretary General of the European Commission. Will be similarly influential in driving forward the process of Brexit.

FURTHER INFORMATION

Gurpreet Brar Managing Director, Public Affairs Edelman UK gurpreet.brar@edelman.com +44 203 047 2466

Edelman | Southside | 105 Victoria Street | SW1E 6QT London | www.edelman.co.uk | 0203 047 2000 | @edelmanUK