WeldFab Tech Times - Feb-Mar 2018 by EAA Publications

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A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE FOCUSING ON WELDING AND FABRICATION SEGMENT

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Aluminum Welding Wire For Heavy Duty Applications

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Wire shavings during the feeding process with standard aluminum wire versus Indalco

EDITOR'S DESK

WELDFAB TECH TIMES www.weldfabtechtimes.com

Publisher & Editor Eliza Bhalerao eliza@weldfabtechtimes.com Group Managing Editor Amol Bhalerao amol@weldfabtechtimes.com Assistant Editor Babu Paka editorial@weldfabtechtimes.com Business Development Manager Monica Waghmare monica@weldfabtechtimes.com Designer Deepa Warang design@weldfabtechtimes.com Advertisement marketing@weldfabtechtimes.com Mob : +91-9975580309

Automation & More… Automation is becoming an important part of all Indian industrial sectors on account of the rising efforts to make manufacturing processes more efficient, achieve zero defects and meet global quality standards. Factory Automation has

Subscription subscription@weldfabtechtimes.com Mob : +91-9730904259

already been a huge success and will further push the Indian

Advisory Board R. Srinivasan, President, IIW India

and process industries in the coming years. The budget 2018

market. Industrial welding robots will continue to form an integral part of the automation requirement in both discrete also holds a certain key themes for the automation industry. We expect that the budget which is soon to be announced, needs long term clarity in the taxes which can promote trust and allow people to invest into manufacturing. We believe that India has the capability to become a major export hub but needs good and stable policies. There is a need to support development in the infrastructure by focusing on

EAA Publication Registered Office : Gauri Estate, Ekdant, B-3/503, Near Gauri Hall, Manjarli, Badlapur ( West ) - 421503. Dist. - Thane. State - Maharashtra, India. Mob: + 91 9975580309 / 9172546460 Email: eliza@weldfabtechtimes.com / eliza.weldfabtechtimes@gmail.com Website: www.weldfabtechtimes.com All rights reserved. While all efforts are made to ensure that the information published is correct, WeldFab Tech Times holds no responsibility for any unlikely errors that might occur. Printed, Owned & Published by Eliza Amol Bhalerao on behalf of EAA Publication, Printed at Anitha Art Printers, 29/30, "Oasis", Next to Vakola Market, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 55, India and Published from B-3/503, Ekdanth, Gauri Estate, Near Gauri Hall, Manjarli, Badlapur (W), Dist.: Thane – Ulhasnagar - 421503, Maharashtra, India. Editor: Amol A. Bhalerao The information on products on offer is being provided for the reference of readers. However, readers are cautioned to make inquires and take their decision on purchase or investment after consulting experts on the subject. WeldFab Tech Times holds no responsibility for any decision taken by readers on the basis of information provided herein.

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

people, process & technology. The Government’s clear signal to encourage ‘Make in India’ will surely boost the market in coming times. Enjoy Reading a lot more on the recent happenings into welding and automation…

Eliza Bhalerao Publisher & Editor

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

CONTENTS 6

Jack-up of 42,780t Arkutun Dagi Topside, South Korea

ARTICLE

INDEPTH

Researchers run first tests of unique system for welding highly irradiated metal alloys

16 Effect Of Nd-YAG Laser Pulse shaping on Weld Bead Characteristics of Commercial Materials

PRE-EVENT COVERAGE

BEIJING ESSEN WELDING & CUTTING with a Rich Tradition Moves to Dongguan

Laser Welding of Nitinol Shape Memory Alloys

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

Don't Spec a Welding System Until You've Done This

INTERVIEW

LAUNCHES

WELDING TIPS

NOVA3 LW Series: Laser Welding Workstation

44 6 Useful Tips for Preventing Flux Core Welding Problems

“Robotic welding is a strategic focus area for Kemppi.” Rashmiranjan Mohapatra, Managing Director, Kemppi India

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

BULLETIN PRODUCTS UPDATE PROJECTS UPDATE

08 10

STUDENTS CORNER

48 50

Weld your Career

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

BULLETINS

Lincoln Tech expands welding training to Indiana

incoln Educational

an OSHA-approved safety

Tech also has been approved

Services Corp. will

course. Upon completion

to begin offering welding

introduce a new

students are eligible to

training later in 2018 at its

welding and metal fabrication

receive Level One credentials

campuses in South Plainfield,

training program this spring

from the National Center for

N.J., and Columbia, Md.

in Indianapolis.

Construction Education and

These locations join Lincoln's

Research (NCCER).

campuses in Denver; East

The campus will be the

Source: www.lincolntech.edu

The first class for the

fifth Lincoln Tech school in

Windsor, Conn.; Grand

the U.S. to provide training

will practice GMAW, GTAW,

training program in

Prairie, Texas; and Nashville

for welding careers. In the

SMAW, and FCAW. The

Indianapolis is scheduled

in offering welding career

new program, students

curriculum also includes

for June 25, 2018. Lincoln

training.

ESAB completes acquisition of Sandvik welding business ESAB Welding & Cutting

associates provides ESAB the

developer and manufacturer

as Shield-Bright, Core-Bright,

Products announced

opportunity to better serve

of stainless steels and

Arcaloy, OKâ Autrod, OK,

that it has completed the

customers with a broader and

special alloys for demanding

OK Band and Stoodyâ. With

acquisition of the Sandvik

enhanced portfolio of stainless

environments and has

the addition of the Sandvik

welding operations including

steel and nickel filler metals,"

been one of the leading

welding products portfolio,

production units in Scranton,

says Shyam Kambeyanda,

global suppliers of welding

ESAB offers an unmatched

Pennsylvania, and Sandviken,

President of ESAB.

consumables for more than 80

ability to meet customer

years.

needs.

ESAB will be working over

Sweden, the technical sales

ESAB is a world leader in

and product management

the next several months to

organization as well as multi-

integrate the Sandvik welding

welding filler metals, with a

year strategic collaboration

consumables business

portfolio including stainless

on R&D for future product

and operations to provide

steel, nickel and high-alloy

developments.

a smooth transition for

filler metals, strip cladding

customers worldwide.

electrodes and fluxes sold

"Adding the Sandvik welding operations and its

Sandvik is a world-class

under such respected brands

Volkswagen careers start with Lincoln Tech Training

incoln Tech’s Mahwah, NJ

by this worldwide leader. Students

campus continues to expand

can earn a specialized Automotive

the education and opportunities

Technology certificate, attend VW-

offered to students. Its newest

exclusive career fairs on campus and

partnership is with Volkswagen, named

get connected to local VW dealerships

last year’s “global sales leader” for

seeking technicians when they graduate.

the automotive industry by Forbes

There are millions of cars, trucks, and SUVs on the road today from VW and

magazine. Lincoln students can enter into the Volkswagen Education

Source: www.lincolntech.edu

its brands – including Audi, Porsche,

Partnership through the school’s

program and build skills for Volkswagen

Bugatti, Bentley and more – and those

Automotive Technology training

careers by training on vehicles provided

rides need trained, skilled technicians.

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

BULLETINS

Fronius USA announces new President and CEO

Lincoln Electric elects VP, CTO

of welding and solar

equipment, has announced

Chief Technology Officer at

Adrian Noronho as a new

Tenneco Inc., a manufacturer

ronius USA, located in

incoln Electric

Portage, Indiana and

Holdings, Inc., has

leading manufacturer

leader to serve as both Director of Solar Energy and

announced Dr. Ben

Patel, as its Vice President and

Source: www.fronius.com

of automotive emission control and ride control

overall CEO of the company.

Director of Fronius Australia

products and systems. He

During his Fronius career,

Pvt Ltd. More recently he

has been elected to Lincoln

Adrian has progressed in

has been based in Austria at

Electric's Board of Directors,

various leadership roles since

Fronius International GmbH

effective February, 2018. Prior

joining the organization 7

as Head of Sales for Solar

to joining Tenneco, Patel held

years ago. Prior to signing on

Energy with a focus on North

numerous positions with

University of Ottawa where he

with Fronius USA, Noronho

America, Asia Pacific, Middle

increasing responsibility,

earned a Bachelor of Science

held the position of Managing

East and Central Asia.

including senior scientist, at

degree in chemistry and holds

the General Electric Company.

a Ph.D. in chemistry from Yale

Patel is a graduate of the

University.

Source: globenewswire.com

Enbridge donates $5K to IVCC FCA mandates destructive for welding scholarships test welds

CA requires collision

welding equipment and weld

repairers to perform

process,” FCA writes. “These

destructive test welds

coupons then should be

prior to attempting any

destructively tested to ensure

welding on a customer’s car,

proper quality welds are being

Collision Advice CEO Mike

made.”

Anderson pointed out in a

This extends to squeeze-

Friday webinar. Anderson

type resistance spot spot

said every OEM he works with

welds, according to another

requires the test welds.

passage cited by Anderson.

“This scares me a ton,” he said, apparently questioning Source: http://www.mywebtimes.com

whether shops were doing them. He cited language from the

nbridge donated

interest in working in the oil

$5,000 to the Illinois

and gas pipeline industry.

2017 Chrysler Pacifica body

Valley Community

Full- or part-time second-year

repair manual demonstrating

College Foundation for five

welding students who live in

the test weld mandate.

$1,000 welding scholarships

Marseilles, Naplate, Ottawa,

for students who live along

Grand Ridge, Streator or

the repair situation need to

the pipeline and have an

Serena are eligible.

be created to help set up the

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

“Weld coupons identical to Source: www.repairerdrivennews .com

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

PRODUCTS UPDATE

Amazing Mallcom welding gloves that revolutionized safety in welding industry

azards of welding are hot

alleviated by good LEV (Local Exhaust

The nature and degree of protection

metal surface, chips & slug

Ventilation) system. PPE’s for hand

is shown by a pictogram followed by

droplets which cause burns.

& body protection - welding gloves &

a series of six performance levels,

Intense light causes eye damage.

aprons are used, as per EN 11611:2011

relating to specific protective qualities.

Ultraviolet causes welder’s flash and

& EN 407:2004 norms.

The higher the number, the better the test result.

skin burns. Smokes produced during fine particles, some of these materials

What is EN 11611:2011 & EN 407:2004

are extremely toxic.

This standard specifies the test

welding are a mixture of fumes and

Three types of PPE’s are needed for

EN 407

methods and the general requirements,

413X4X

safe execution of welding job-work.

the classification and the marking of

PPE’s for Eye and face protection, - it

gloves for protection against heat and/

is achieved by a helmet with welding

or fire (flames, contact heat, convective

mask glass. PPE’s for ventilation,

heat, radiant heat, small metal splashes

Large quantities of molten metal

- welding smokes and fumes are

or large projections of molten metal).

The sign X, instead of a number, means that the glove is not designed for the use covered by the corresponding test.

burning behavior Contact heat Convective heat Radiant heat Small splashes of molten metal

Mallcom (India) Ltd with its complete range of welding gloves has become leading provider of welding safety equipment. Mallcom revolutionized welding safety by introducing natural split leather welder gloves. With increased flexibility it improved work precision in Welding. Dearly called F524, which has become safety standard in welding industry, this glove has 15 cm split leather cuffs to protect veins in wrist region from hot metal droplets during welding.

Mallcom also produces welding gloves which are suitable to use in humid conditions. F437 is industry leading fleece lined glove with a total protective length of 35 cm. Fleece lining absorb perspiration of palm, keep glove-inside dry and comfortable. Reduce slippage. Fleece lining also prolong the life of glove leather. It can resist heat up to 100o C.

For winter climate welding Mallcom’s H468 is the ultimate safety glove. It is water repellent. Full grain leather. Excellent abrasion resistance to protect from occasional bruise & cut. Stitched with strong Kevlar thread it outperforms any common glove in this category. It has extended 20 cm split leather cuff for veins protection. It also has adjustable Velcro for fastening cuffs to protect from wintery cold air.

HAMK is a fire and heat resistant welder glove. To protect from molten metal and occasional splashes, back of palm and cuffs are protected with Aluminized PEROX fabric. It is also stitched with Kevlar thread to protect joints in proximity of heat. Glove inside is lined with 100% wool to insulated from sudden rise in heat in incident of molten metal splash.

KWS15 is a fully heat insulated glove. Palm is made up of 100% Kevlar. Soft split leather for cuff protection. It is a mitten design glove which has two chambers, one for thumb another for other four fingers. It protects user’s hand from flame and contact temperature up to 350oC.

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

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PRODUCTS UPDATE

Gloves are tested based on standard as required by welding , which are described in table. Test 1

After-flame time

Results measured in:

Results

Seconds

≤ 20

≤ 10

≤3

≤2

After-glow time

Seconds

No requirement

Contact heat

Temp in °C after 15 seconds

100°

≤ 120 250°

350°

≤ 25

500°

Convective heat

Seconds

≤4

≤7

≤ 10

≤18

Radiant heat

Seconds

Drops of molten metal

Number of drops

Molten metal

Gram

≤7

≥ 10 30

≤ 20

≤ 50

≥ 15

≥ 25

120

≤5

≤ 90

≥ 35 200

For More Info: Mallcom (India) Limited Mr. Dhrubajyoti Mukherjee , Mobile: 0-8334808700, Email: sales@mallcom.in, Fax +91 33 4016 1010, EN 12, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091

Camfil APC’s Zephyr III: A portable dust collector

for facilities that perform

•

Roll out dust drawer

maintenance welding or

•

Quick clamp cartridge

•

(15 amp circuit required)

sealing/removal

•

Thermal overload in

ephyr III™ portable

it into 120V/1Ph/60Hz

dust collector is well

and you’re collecting dust

suitable equipment

and fumes.

intermittent production

entrainment •

120/1/60 VAC, 1 Hp motor

motor starter switch

welding. This plug-and-play

•

Exterior arm adjustments

collector offered Camfil APC,

•

Heavy duty fume arm is

The only thing the user need

obstruction free inside.

to supply is the electrical feed

Easy, 360° hood

and compressed air line.

captures airborne particles including welding/soldering

•

positioning

fumes, grinding dusts, & dry dusts. The three-stage

•

filtration system includes a primary spark trap, a Gold

•

a carbon after-filter. With an

700 cfm at the capture

Safety & Protection:

hood

Fume arms are available

(1250 cfm free air - no

in the following sizes for

resistance)

Cone HemiPleat filter, and ®

•

Three stage filtration:

attachment to your own •

Venturi assisted pulse

system.

adjustable, 360-degree swivel

Primary spark trap

cleaning, manually

•

F1620 fume arm 6” x 7 ft.

arm, the unit captures dust

Gold Cone® HemiPleat®

activated

•

F1630 fume arm 6” x 10 ft.

and fumes at their source and

Carbon after filter

Dust drawer grid

•

F1640 fume arm 6” x 14 ft.

can be adjusted to fit many

•

weld locations & parts sizes.

Standard Features & Benefits: •

Complete unit - just plug

•

Large wheels with swivels and brakes for ease in moving and positioning

minimizes dust re-

Tough powder coated surface finish inside and outside

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

For More Info: Camfil APC Factories in the United States, Germany, Czech Republic and China Email: filterman@camfil.com, Web: www.camfilapc.com

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PRODUCTS UPDATE

Vacufix®: A high-temperature vacuum clamping fixture

örster welding

manipulator allows an

the second extraction level

systems GmbH, a

ergonomic posture for

fix large holding forces from

leading manufacturer

flexible positioning and

40 to 45 kg per vacuum plate

of welding tables with

optimum accessibility of the

the position of the sheet

T-slot system, presents a

components to be welded.

metal part. Especially in the

world novelty: the vacuum

The Vacufix is a high®

stainless steel production

clamping system Vacufix®

temperature vacuum

the thermal distortion of

an ergonomic posture and

in connection with the

clamping fixture. To fix the

sheet metal parts can be

an optimal position of the

ergonomic Ergofix

components the vacuum

counteracted. The vacuum

weld on the module. For

manipulator. With the

chucks were supplied

clamping system Vacufix®

the table surface T-slot rails

Vacufix® clamping system it

with compressed air. The

is in conjunction with

with aluminum-copper alloy

is possible to create different

high-temperature vacuum

the manipulator Ergofix®

are used. Thus, the rotating

welding fixtures for sheet

clamping plate consists of an

a complete solution for

and tilting movements

metal structures by using just

elastic and easily replaceable

difficult welding tasks.

can be performed without

a single kit. With patented

high quality steel plate, as a

The Ergofix® is infinitely

much effort. The Ergofix®

high-temperature vacuum

sealing surface. If the sheet

adjustable in height, can

manipulator is designed for

chucks it is now possible

metal part is put on, the ball

be tilted to 45 ° and rotated

a payload of up to 100kg and

to fix sheets and profiles

valve will open, the surface

to 360 °. Thus, the Ergofix®

the table surface is available

by vacuum quickly, safely

is subjected to a vacuum

manipulator allows the user

in different sizes.

and freely. In addition, weld

and the sheet metal part is

seams are not hidden by

"sucked" from the vacuum

clamping arms and can be

chuck. The position of the

welded consistently. Because

sheet metal part can be

of versatile possibilities of

aligned correctly in the first

movement the Ergofix®

level of vaccum exhaust. In

For More Info: Exclusive Indian Partner SWIT, # 467, B-Block, AECS Layout, Kundalahalli P. O., Bangalore – 560 037, INDIA Tel: 91 80 42187117, Mob: 9741481117, Email: sales@swit.in, Website: www.swit.in

Maxwin: A Technology Superior Than Conventional Inverter Welding Machines

e the “Maxwin”

machines. We assure

keen to know your interest

are pleased to

you of Maxwin’s quality

for the product. Feel free

introduce a

features, timely delivery

to get more information on

Dynamic New Technology

and all round services.

Maxwin through e-mail, and

Welding Machines under the

This machine stands out

call. We will send you the

brand name of “Maxwin”.

to be a perfect choice to

catalogues and sample for

Maxwin is a technology

use in various sectors

your reference and approval.

different than conventional

such as aerospace, ship

Inverter Welding Machines.

building, auto, chemicals,

The welding quality of

mining, construction,

this technology is much

steel machinery, steel

superior to conventional

construction structure,

inverter welding

alloys and so on. We are

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

For More Info: Rilox Weld Equipments B/406, Sheetal Soc., Apna Ghar, Unit-9, CHS Ltd, Above Sasural hotel, Lokhandwala Complex, Andheri (West), Mumbai - 400053, INDIA Tel: 022 61277487, Mob: 9082244109

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ARTICLE

Effect Of Nd-YAG Laser Pulse shaping on Weld Bead Characteristics of Commercial Materials Author: P V Suresh Varma Scientific Officer - F, Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. In this paper effect of pulse shaping

nature of the process [1, 2]. Complications

on different materials was discussed.

associated with laser welding of end

Study has been carried out using optical

plug are narrow weld zone susceptible

microscopy. Optical microscopy is used

to solidification cracking, concavity on

to analyze the changes in metallurgical

the weld bead, and weld spatter. Most of

structure. Distinct differences in weld

these defects can be eliminated by proper

bead geometry have been observed with

selection of laser welding parameters.

temporal pulse shaping technique. Effect

Laser pulse shaping is one among these

of shaping on reduction of defects has

parameters with which one can control

also been discussed.

the bead geometry, reduce the defect generation and improve the penetration.

Introduction

square pulse as a default setting for

industrial process because of its

which the maximum power is released

aser Pulse shaping was found to

advantages over the other widely used

within the material for all the set time.

effect the weld bead characteristics.

welding techniques. The laser welding

The improvement of a few recent pulsed

Versatility of laser welding is

technique requires the management

Nd:YAG laser devices has proposed the

further increased with pulse shaping.

of many parameters depending on

possibility of using pulse shaping to get a

Pulse shaping can be effectively used

the thermo physical properties of the

better control on the thermal cycle during

to reduce defect generation, cracking

material, the environment, laser and

welding[3]. With the use of laser pulse

susceptibility and heat input. Pulsed

its process parameters (power, pulse

shaping, the energy density delivered into

Nd-YAG laser welding is associated with

duration, pulse repetition rate, focal and

the material can be released in different

many variables such as peak power,

pulse shaping), the operatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skill and the

ways during the pulse period: a slow

pulse duration, pulse energy, defocusing

welding procedure.

or a fast preheating process, a fast or a

Laser welds have parallel-sided

slow cooling process or a combination

and pulse shape. Shaping of laser pulse

fusion zone, narrow weld width and

of a slow preheating and a slow cooling,

to get the desired weld bead geometry is

high penetration. These advantages of

are possible. Those different options

getting importance. Shaping of laser pulse

laser welding come from its high power

are known to be effective to prevent

includes ramping up, ramping down,

density and low heat input. Nd-YAG

weld defects such as porosities and hot

initial peak etc. In this paper, selection

lasers continue to replace other welding

cracking occurring in sensitive materials.

of pulses has also been discussed.

techniques like GTAW and resistance

Absorption of laser depends upon type of

spot welding. Principal advantages of

that consist of a fixed amount of energy

material and its surface roughness. Weld

laser welding over the other processes

for a specified duration. Pulse shaping is

bead geometry changes with material and

are its low heat input, low distortion,

a technique used to temporally distribute

surface finish at a constant pulse energy.

low heat affected zone and non-contact

energy with in a single laser pulse [4]. It

distance, spot overlapping, frequency

Generally, laser welding devices use

Laser welding has become an important

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

A pulsed laser emits packets of energy

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

ARTICLE

can also be defined as a variation in power

Different pulse shapes (Fig 1) have

the machine was verified by stainless

supplied to a laser to change the shape

been studied in this paper to analyse

steel metal sheet (Fig 3). Average power

of the output pulse and subsequently

the weld bead characteristics of metals

measured from the Optical Engineering

the heat distribution with in the pulse.

such as Stainless steel (ASTM SS304),

power probe in order to make sure of

Changing the energy distribution with in a

commercially pure aluminium, copper

energy input. Incident angle of the beam

pulse can completely change the melting

and brass (65%Cu-35%Zn). Square

was maintained at 15 degrees to the

behavior, solidification mode, phases of

pulse was used to compare with other

work piece location so as to avoid any

final microstructure and morphology of

pulse shapes which include ramping up,

interaction of the reflected beam with the

phases [5]. Pulse shaping can be attained

ramping down, combination and initial

incident beam.

by dividing the pulsed current used to

high peak of power. Surface roughness

excite a laser flash lamp into number of

has been kept constant for all those

experimental welding with a constant

small individual sectors and specifying

materials with selective polishing with

energy input of 20 joules for all pulse

the peak power and pulse duration of

different abrasives. Approximate surface

shapes. Frequency was calculated based

each sector. That means clubbing of many

absorption of the materials under study

on spot size, which was 800 microns.

square pulses of different peak power

have been tabulated in table 1.

Frequency was calculated using equation

Focused beam was used for

1. Motor was attached with servo control

with certain duration as a single pulse.

for the linier motion of the work piece.

This provides the user an added degree of control over the heat delivered

Speed of welding was .0012 meters per

to the laser material interaction zone.

second. Overlapping kept constant at 70%

Pulses that induce a gradual heating

Fig: 1(a) Pulse shape 1

Fig: 1 (b) Pulse shape 2

and overlapping factor is calculated using equation 2.

or a prolonged cooling effect can be generated with peak power or pulse energy combinations specifically tailored to control melt pool properties and defect reduction [6] and eventual weld bead

Fig: 1 (c) Pulse shape 3

Fig: 1(d) Pulse shape 4

Fig: 1(e) Pulse shape 5

Fig: 1 (f) Pulse shape 6

formation. The input current causes the flash lamps to emit light that is absorbed and amplified by the Nd:YAG Crystal (only for Nd:YAG laser). This amplified light is emitted in short bursts /pulses through

Fig 1: Pulse shapes.

various focusing lenses and eventually

Experimental procedure:

on to a work piece. The electric current

Welding experiments have been

supplied is therefore one of the main

carried out on four different metal

factors that dictate the characteristics of

sheets i.e. Stainless steel (ASTM SS304),

the laser pulse. This allows the user to

commercially pure aluminum, copper

specifically tailor the energy distribution

and brass (65%Cu-35%Zn). Dimensions

to the nearest 0.5ms with in a single laser

of the sheets employed were 0.1 × 0.05

pulse.

× 0.008 meters. Pulsed Nd-YAG laser

Table 1: Absorption of materials for Nd YAG laser (wave length 1064 nm) Material Absorption of NdYAG laser energy

SS 35%

Al 13%

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

Cu 3%

Figure 2: Experimental setup. V = F ´ (1 – O) ´ D

(1)

Overlapping factor Of = [1- ( V / f ) / (D +VT ) ]×100

(2)

(wave length 1064 microns) spot welds were produced using laser device with

Where,

fixed processing optics beam delivery

V- Speed of welding

Brass

(Fig 2). Average power of the laser device

D- Spot diameter

10%

employed was 500watts. The laser beam

T- Pulse duration

was focused by a 200mm focal length

f- Focal length of lens

convex lens with focal plane located at

F- Frequency

work piece surface. Initial focusing of

O- Overlap

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

ARTICLE

1) Stainless Steel:

5 because of the initial high peak power,

measured with HANDYSURF E-35B.

Stainless steels have got good absorption

which increased the absorption further.

During the experiments, Argon was used

for Nd YAG lasers with a wavelength of

Pulse shape 6 also generated good

as a shielding gas. The samples were

1064 nano meters. Fig 4 ( a to f) shows

penetration but less compared to pulse

sectioned using abrasive wheel cutter.

the penetration obtained using pulse

shape 5.

Polished samples were etched using

shapes shown in Fig 1(a to f) respectively.

reagents given in Table 2. Microstructure

Porosity was observed in microstructure

of the samples was examined using

obtained by using square pulse. The

Optical microscopy at different

reason could be sudden heating mode

magnifications.

of the pulse shape. This argument

Surface roughness of the sample was

strengthened by Fig 4c which was

Results and Discussion:

obtained by using pulse shape 3. For

Surface roughness of all the samples kept

pulse shape 1c, sudden heating has taken

constant to evaluate the actual response

place. Gradual cooling in pulse shape

of the material to pulse shaping. Surface

3 did not have much effect on defect

roughness of the material was kept at 0.4

reduction. Fig 4b is a smooth weld with

2) Aluminum:

micro meters.

some concavity. Gradual heating could be

Aluminum is one of the difficult metals

the reason for a good weld. Pulse shape

to weld because of its high susceptibility

4 is providing both gradual heating and

for cracking and affinity for oxidation.

cooling, which resulted in a smooth weld

Microstructures obtained by different

with very good penetration. Figure 4e

pulse shapes are shown in Fig 6.

Fig 5: Weld penetration for stainless steel.

was obtained using pulse shape 5 with initial high peak. Absorption of laser for stainless steel is better compared to other metals so initial high is not required. Initial high peak power of the pulse shape Figure 3: Defocusing plot.

resulted in evaporation of material at the surface and the same repeated with pulse

Metal

Etchant

Concentration

Stainless steel

aquaregia with HCl and HNO3

2 parts of HCl and 1 part of HNO3

Aluminum

Kellers Etch Distilled water Nitric acid HCl HF

190ml 5ml 3ml 2 ml

Distilled water Nitric acid

50ml 50ml

Distilled water Ferric chloride Hydrochloric acid

100ml 5grams 50 ml

Copper

Brass

shape 6 also.

Fig 6: Microstructures of Aluminum welds. Fig 6a shows the structure obtained by pulse shape 1. Few cracks were noticed in Fig 6a and in Fig 6b. Both shapes

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

are having sudden decrease in power. Fig 4: Microstructures of stainless steel welds Weld penetrations obtained with

Solidification crack is mainly due to sudden cooling of the melt. This crack is clearly shown in Fig 7. Concavity was observed in figure 6c with pulse shape 3.

different pulse shapes is shown in Fig 5.

Structure obtained from pulse shape 4

Weld penetration for pulse shapes 1 to 4

and pulse shape 5 are free from defects.

are in the range of 1600 to 1800 microns.

Spatter was observed during welding in

Penetration is maximum for pulse shape

case of pulse shape 5.

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ARTICLE

3) Copper:

content may show good results in terms

Absorption co-efficient of copper for

of penetration but associated with more

Nd YAG laser is very low. Thermal

chances of evaporation.

conductivity of copper is also very high. Heat buildup will not takes place for materials having high conductivity. In order to improve the absorption of laser light to produce sufficient heat required for melting, argon gas is mixed with 30 Fig 7: Solidification crack (Mag: 200 X).

volume % of oxygen. Absorption for

Initial high peak in pulse shape 5

Microstructures obtained by pulse

copper oxide is greater than copper.

increased the absorption of the material

shapes 1 to 6 are shown in Fig 9a to 9f

and followed by sufficient high power

respectively.

Fig 10: Weld penetration for Copper. Depth of penetration of welding is plot against pulse shapes and is shown in Fig

resulted in good weld. Interestingly no

10. Maximum penetration was noticed

crack was found in pulse shape 5 even

for pulse shape 4 is 450 microns. In case

though sudden heating was adopted.

of pulse shape 3, minimum penetration

Pulse shape 6 is similar to pulse shape

was obtained. Generation of oxide layer

5 with step wise decrement of power.

was not followed by sufficient peak power

Pulse shape 6 resulted in large scattered

to induce required heat input.

porosity. Multiple changes in power level is also not desirable for aluminum as it

4) Brass:

ends up in porosity during solidification.

Absorption for brass stands in between absorption of aluminum and copper. Spatter was found during welding. De focusing could be a good option to reduce Fig 9: Microstructures of copper welds.

spatter. To maintain the consistency all

Fig 9a reveals that weld cross section

was not done. Percentage of zinc (Zn)

through out the experiments defocusing

contains concavity. Square pulse is

in brass also affects the penetration

unable to produce sufficient oxide layer to

depth. Thermal conductivity for brass is

improve penetration. Figure 9c obtained

also very high and hence resulted in low

with pulse shape 3 is showing same

penetration depth. Cracks and porosity

aluminum is lower to stainless steel and

behavior as that of pulse shape 1. Gradual

was not observed in any of the welds for

hence low weld penetrations in the range

increase of power in case of pulse shape

all pulse shapes. Microstructure of brass

of 400 to 550 microns. Weld penetration

2 and 4 are showing good results. This

is shown in Fig 11.

is higher for pulse shapes 5 and 6 and is

can be attributed to enough oxide layer

shown in Fig 8. With the initial high peak

formation with slow heating followed

power, absorption increases and resulted

by sufficient peak power. Weld bead

in maximum penetration of 550 microns

geometry is good in case of pulse shape

for pulse shape 5. Pulse shape 6 is having

4 compared to the bead formed by using

initial high peak, but step wise decrease

pulse shape 3. In case of pulse shapes 5

in power resulted in higher pulse duration

and 6, evaporation of material taken place

with less peak power for the same

and resulted in large concavity.

Fig 8: Weld penetration for Aluminum. Absorption of Nd YAG laser for

pulse energy. Lower peak power during

Cracks and porosity have not found

actual welding regime resulted in less

in any of the pulse shapes used for the

penetration compared to pulse shape 5.

present study. Increase in the Oxygen

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

Fig 11: Microstructure of brass for square pulse. Clean welds were produced with all pulse shapes. Penetration variation with pulse shapes is shown in Fig 12. There was not much of a change in penetration depth with pulse shape

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

ARTICLE

shape 5 with initial high peak leading to

D.C.,Kerr,H.W.,1994. Effects of pulse

good absorption.

shaping on Nd:YAG Spot welds in

Absorption of Nd YAG laser into copper is lowest among all the materials used in the present study. Pulse shape 4 has resulted in highest penetration. Defect free weld were obtained for all Fig 12: Weld penetration for brass.

pulse shapes in case of brass. Maximum penetration was obtained for pulse shape 5.

Research Supplement (June), 141–151. 4. Kanzler, K.,2006.How much energy are You throwing away ? Photonics Spectra. 5. Zhang J, WeckamDC, ZhouY. Effect of temporal pulse Shaping on cracking susceptibility of 6061-T6 aluminum

for brass. Maximum penetration was obtained for pulse shape 5 as similar to

References

Nd:YAG laser welds. Welding Journal

Aluminum and stainless steel.

1. P.V. Suresh Varma, Amit Gupta, Amit

2008;87 (January), 18s–30s.

K, R B Bhatt, Md Afzal, J.P. Panakkal,

6. Matsunawa A, Katayama S, IkedaH,

Conclusions

H.S.Kamath (2009). Pulsed Nd-YAG

Nishizawa K. Effect of pulse shaping

For stainless steel metal, defect free

laser welding for fabrication of fast

on defect reduction in pulsed

welds were obtained with pulse shapes 2

reactor fuel elements., IIW Mumbai.

laser welding. In: Proceedings

and 4 with gradual heating. Penetration

2. T. zeng, Y.F., 2000. Process

ICAELO.1992.p.547–56. 7. David Bergstrom, Absorption of laser

obtained is maximum for pulse shape 5.

characterization of pulsed Nd:YAG

Aluminum is easily prone to defects.

laser seam welding. International

metals by rough metal surfaces,

Journal of Advanced Manufacturing

Doctoral thesis

Pulse shapes 4 and 5 resulted in good weld bead geometry. Maximum penetration depth is obtained for Pulse

austenitic stainless steel. Welding

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

Technology16, 10–18. 3. Bransch, H.N., Weckman,

8. Etching reagents for metals and alloys, www.metallography.com.

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

EXECUTION

Jack-up of 42,780t Arkutun Dagi Topside, South Korea

LE successfully completed the jack up of the Arkutun Dagi topside, weighing 42,780t, for

Exxon Neftegaz Limited at the shipyard of Daewoo shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co. Ltd in Korea. This was the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heaviest jack-up operation and was completed using ALEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mega Jack.

Services Required The Mega Jack system is fully containerised and was fully constructed in two weeks. The system allowed the construction of the complete Aruktun Dagi topside on land prior to installation offshore. Using this system provided a safer solution to the requirements of the client by minimizing offshore construction and enabling the majority of work to be completed

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

EXECUTION

in the controlled environment of the

by the Mega Jack. This was completed

the Arkutun Dagi field off the east coast

fabrication facility.

the same day.

of Russia; the development is expected

ALE jacked-up the topside to a total

The load was nearly double the weight

to be the largest oil and gas production platform in Russia.

height of 24m and was the first project

of the previous heaviest load which is a

to use the innovative Mega Jack System

great accomplishment for the company

in this way. To complete the project, the

and really shows the capabilities of the

of HSQE standards at every stage in

Mega Jack was configured in four sets of

Mega Jack.

this record breaking project, the gravity

towers each made of a combination of

The next phase saw the final weighing

Not only did ALE apply a high level

of our achievements were recognized

three singular towers; this gave each of

and load out of the topside. On

by the client. As a true recognition for

the four towers capacity of 15,000t and

completion of additional construction

our work out of all of the contractors

an overall jacking capacity of 60,000t.

the topside was jacked up before

employed by them, Exxon Mobil

skidding out and weighed a final total

granted us with the Safety Award â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;2013

controlled, establishes stability from

of 43,475t, breaking the record for

Sakhalin-1 Contractor of the Yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

its jacking foundation. This means

a second time on this project. The

during the Safety, Security Health

that enormous bracing structures

topside then sailed by barge for onward

and Environment forum (SSH&E), in

and welding works to the platform for

transportation to its final location in

Sakhalin Russia, 27 September 2013.

The Mega Jack which is stroke

securing stability belong to the past. As such welding and cutting works at high level are not required and therefore working on height is completely eliminated due to the low level feed-in system for inserting jacking beams. From the central control unit the jack-up operator operates the system by means of the fully computerized control system which includes data logging, weather data and optional dimensional surveys. It only took 11 hours to complete the lift, considerably shorter than traditional methods would have allowed. The next day DSME concluded the load in and installation of a skid frame (DSF) which the topside was lowered to

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

ARTICLE

Laser Welding of Nitinol Shape Memory Alloys is alow-temperature stable phase.There are four temperatures associated with NiTinol shape memory alloys,and they are austenite start temperature (As), austenite finish temperature (Af), martensite start temperature (Ms) and martensite finish temperature (Mf ). NiTinol has two unique properties, viz. shape memory effect (SME), superelasticity or pseudoelasticity. The ability of the NiTinol to return to its original shape on the application of heat is called shape memory effect. The P. Sathiya, Professor, Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Trichy, Tamilnadu

Deepan Bharathi Kannan.T., Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu

pictorial representation of shape memory effect is given in Figure 1. From Figure 1, it can be seen that, below martensite finish temperature, NiTinol exists in thetwinned martensite

n this article, an attempt is made to

material is NiTinol. NiTinol stands for

phase and on the application of load,

discuss the various aspects related

its constituents Nickel, Titanium, and

NiTinol deforms by converting into

to the laser weldingof NiTinol shape

Naval ordnance laboratory. NiTinol was

detwinned martensite. On the application

memory alloys. Unique properties of

discovered in the year 1962 by William

of heat (T >Af), NiTinol returns to

NiTinol and its applications related to

Buehler and Frederick wang. NiTinol

its original shape by converting into

automobile, robotics, biomedical and

exists in two phases, viz. Austenite

austenite phase. If NiTinol is cooled below

fashion industries are discussed in detail.

and Martensite. Austenite is a high-

martensite finish temperature, then again

The properties variation of the NiTinol

temperature stable phase,and martensite

it gets transformed intomartensite phase.

shape memory alloys after welding are discussedwith respect to metallurgical, phase transformation temperature, mechanical and corrosion properties. The details given in this paper will help the researchers in understanding the basic concepts related to laser joining of NiTinol. Keywords: NiTinol; Laser welding; Metallurgical characterization; Mechanical properties; Corrosion Properties; Post weld heat treatment

NITINOL New materials are being continuously developed to sophisticate the human life. One such recently developed

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

Fig 1: Pictorial representation of shape memory effect.

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

ARTICLE

This transformation between austenite

has tremendously increased since the

for biomedical applications. Some of

and martensite makes the feasibility of

mid-1980’s and mostly used as micro-

the examples where NiTinol are used

shape memory effect. The phenomenon

actuators or artificial muscles. In

for biomedical applications are stents,

of formation of stress-induced martensite

robotic applications, NiTinol is mainly

guide wires, eyeglass frames, aneurysm

is called superelasticity. Superelasticity

preferred due to its flexibility in shape

treatments, medical tweezers, sutures,

is possible only at a temperature above

and size. Actuators size and shape have

anchors for attaching thetendon to

austenite finish temperature. The

a significant impact on the overall size,

bone,etc. Pfeifer et al. (2013), Stirling

temperature above which martensite

shape degrees of freedom of the robotic

et al. (2011), Pelton et al. (2008) and

can longer be stress induced is called

device. Chee Siong et al. (2005) in their

Miyazaki et al. (2006). Recently, research

martensite deformation temperature

work successfully developed prosthetic

has been successfully done to study the

limit (Md). Properties such as shape

hand using NiTinol actuators. Instead

feasibility of using NiTinol for making

memory effect, superelasticitymakes

of utilizing conventional push-pull type

penis implants to treat penile erectile

NiTinol as one of the ideal materials

and biased spring, the authors used

dysfunction. Penis will get erected

for avast number of industrial fields

two NiTinol actuators to actuate the

once the implants reach a particular

such aerospace, automobile, robotics,

robotic finger which almost replicated

temperature. The problem associated

biomedical and fashion industries.

the human finger actions namely, flexion

with this is the erection irrespective of

and extension. Some robots developed

the time and location once the required

preferred mainly, as it not only reduces

using NiTinol had the capabilities to

temperature reached,and researchers are

the overall size of the vehicle but also

solve problems that are challenging for

working to tackle this problem. One-third

helps in increasing the performance

humans, by giving appropriate details

of men with erectile dysfunction between

of the vehicles. With the automobile

form land, air, water,and space. Ali et

the ages of 40 and 70 don't respond to

industries moving towards safer,

al. (2010) in their work developed a

the drugs, so this heat-activated penile

comfortable vehicles with better

microgripper which has the capability to

implant could be a better option for the

performance, the need forsome sensors

work without the internal power source

affected males and their partners.

and actuators became inevitable Butera

and can be activated wirelessly. An

et al. (2007), Stoeckel (1990) and Butera

artificial rat whisker was developed by the

is picking up thepace as it is possible

(2008). NiTinol is mainly used as sensors,

researchers in the northwestern university

to change the shape of the shirts with

actuators and they are entirely replacing

of Illinois based on the superelasticity

respect to temperatures. In European

conventional electromagnetic actuators

behavior of NiTinol which can be used

countries, to tackle the high-temperature

in the automobile industries. The work

to improve the robotic sensing capability

summer days, people are using shirts

density of the NiTinol actuator is 10 J/

and can be used to recognize micro

made of NiTinol. This shirt will reduce

Cm3 which is 25 times greater than the

surface features, navigate into small and

the size and change the shape in such a

electric motors,and they can lift weights

tight interior locations Tuna et al. (2012).

way that it enables thefree flow of air into

100 times more than its weight. Some of

Some flying robots such as Bat robot,

the body on reaching a high temperature

the examples, where NiTinol is used as

BATMAV were also developed with the

(around 35 ℃) or vary depending on

actuators are lock/latch controls, climate

help of NiTinol shape memory alloys

the geometrical locations. Women’s

control flaps, rear view mirror folding,etc.

Furst et al. (2012), Bunget et al. (2009)

innerwear such as bra are also being

Stoeckel (1991). Now, attentions are given

and Colorado et al. (2012). An artificial

manufactured using NiTinol SMA Wires as

to expand NiTinol usage in aerodynamic

dragonfly having 13 degrees of freedom

they have better durability.

and aesthetic applications. General

was recently developed using NiTinol

motors arecontinuously involved

shape memory alloys Festo (2013).

In automobile applications, NiTinol is

in exploring NiTinol for automobile

Even though NiTinol is expensive than

NiTinol usage in fashion industries

Anymaterials success not only depends on its properties but also depends on the processing capabilities. NiTinol’s

applications from the mid-1990’s,and

the stainless steels, unique properties

poor formability and sensitiveness to the

they successfully implemented sensors

of NiTinol such as nonmagnetic, SME,

higher temperature makes it as one of the

made of NiTinol on their 2013 year car

unique physical characteristics similar

unsuitable material for high-temperature

models.

to that of human bones and tissues have

processes. With the need to develop

made NiTinol as an ideal candidate

more complicated and more significant

NiTinol usage in therobotics field

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

ARTICLE

In most of the works related to

welding process for joining NiTinol

laser welding, importance is given

temperatures of the weldhave shown a

becomes inevitable. Of the various

to the shielding gas flow rate,but no

significant variation due to the formation

welding processes, the laser welding

importanceisgiven to shielding gas blown

of intermetallic phase such as Ni3Ti,etc.

process is found to be amore suitable

distance and shielding gas blown angle.

These intermetallic phases, in turn, affect

process for joining NiTinol shape memory

All the shielding gas related parameters

the nickel content present in the sample.

alloys. The main reasons for preferring

have a significant influence on the

It is understood that even 0.1 % variation

laser welding for joining NiTinol are

stability of the keyhole, which affects

in Nickel content would lead to shifting

• Higher power density

the porosity formation in the weld. It

in phase transformation temperature by

• Lesser distortion

was understood that the selection of

10 ℃. Hence importance should be given

• Lesser heat affected zone width

optimized blown distance and blown

to the laser welding parameters such as

• Higher welding speed.

angle reduced the porosity formation

laser power, welding speed and beam

which in turn lead to the increased

diameter which significantly controls the

mechanical and corrosion properties.

heat input. When heat input to the weld

The major problems associated with joining of NiTinol are deterioration in the

The microstructure of the laser-welded

is higher, the cooling rate becomes lower

properties such as;

NiTinol shown a change of solidification

which in turn results in the formation of

• Microhardness

mode from planar to cellular to dendrites

more brittle intermetallic phases. These

• Ultimate Tensile Strength

on moving from the weld interface

intermetallic phases affect the phase

• Corrosion resistance

to the weld center. The NiTinol weld

transformation temperatures. Hence,

microstructure was controlled by two

welding parameters have to be chosen

The shift in phase transformation

factors, viz. temperature gradient and

such that; the cooling rate is faster

temperature which in turn affects the

growth rate. When the G/R ratio was

which in turn prevents the formation

superelasticity and shape memory effect.

low, it resulted in the equiaxed dendritic

of brittle intermetallic phases. It is also

structure,and when G/R ratio was high,

recommended to subject the samples

the weld properties in laser welding

theplanarstructure was seen in the weld.

to annealing process before welding, as

are laser power, welding speed, beam

Hence, it is recommended to select laser

it avoids the formation of R-phase. R-

diameter, shielding gases used. The total

welding parameters such that it results

Phase formation in the weld hinders the

heat input to the weld which in turn

in alow value of G/R which in turn lead

nucleation of martensite phase hence

controls the properties is mainly controlled

to better weld mechanical and corrosion

altering the martensite start and finish

by laser power and welding speed.

properties.

temperatures. R-phase formation occurs

The significant parameters that control

When the heat input is sufficient to get

works related to laser welding, the phase

structures, development of suitable

Phase transformation temperatures

in both ways of transformation,i.e.,

full penetration and minimum, then it is

of the NiTinol shape memory alloys are

from austenite to martensite or from

possible to obtain improved mechanical

hugely affected by the welding process

martensite to austenite transformation

properties and corrosion resistance in

parameters. The Phase transformation

but it is mostly observed during austenite

the weld. The lower heat input values

temperature plays a vital role with

to martensite transformation. But in most

are generally achieved either by using

respect to shape memory effect. If the

of the laser-welded NiTinol samples,

smaller laser power or higher welding

phase transformation temperatures are

R-phase was found to be forming during

speed. The other primary concern

altered after welding, then the material

austenite to martensite transformation.

with respect to the laser welding is the

will fail in its intended application.

reflection by the material which in turn

Phase transformation temperature

welding, mechanical properties such

results in the incomplete penetration.

ismeasured with the help differential

as tensile strength and microhardness

One of the possible options to overcome

scanning calorimeter (DSC) by changing

are given importance. Human bone

this problem is to use lower wavelength

the temperature at a rate of 10 ℃/

has atensilestrength in the range of 150

lasers such Yb: YAG as it resultsin better

minute. Based on the exothermic and

Mpa and microhardness in the range of

absorption. Another solution is to bring

endothermic reactions the austenite

150 HV. Hence, laser welding has to be

the surface roughness to an optimized

start, finish and martensite start, finish

done in such a way that the mechanical

value as it helps in better absorption.

temperatures are identified. In most of the

properties are meeting the requirement

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

In most of the works related to laser

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

ARTICLE

of biomedical applications. In most of the

Based on these values, thecorrosion

aging time, three different intermetallic

works, related to laser welding, the tensile

resistance of the weld and base metal

compounds, viz. Ni3Ti, Ti3Ni4, Ti2Ni3

strength of the weld was found to be lower

are analyzed. Corrosion resistance will

gets formed in the NiTinol shape memory

than the base metal. The tensile strength

be better if the corrosion current density

alloys. Post weld heat treatment in the

of the weld is affected by the grain shape,

values are lower, and vice versa. Similarly,

temperature range of 200 0C - 400 0C

size, and presence of intermetallic phases

corrosion resistance will be better if

results in improved mechanical and

and defects. Porosity formation in the

the corrosion potential, polarization

corrosion properties. Post weld heat

weld should be avoided as it reduces the

resistance is higher. Corrosion resistance

treatment helps in reliving the residual

load-bearing capacity. Heat input should

of the weld is mainly controlled by two

stress and also helps in breaking the

be optimum such that the full penetration

factors, Viz. surface finish and Ti/Ni ratio.

tangled network of dislocation.

is achieved and better mechanical

If the surface finish is poor, then the

properties are obtained. When the heat

corrosion resistance will be reduced,and if

Conclusions

input to the weld is higher, solidification

Ti/Ni ratio is higher, corrosion resistance

A short review is done with respect to the

cracks were seen in the weld center.

will be higher. Hence, care must be taken

laser welding of NiTinol shape memory

In almost all the works related to laser

in laser welding, such that it results in

alloys,and it was understood that laser

welding, tested tensile samples broke in

ahigher value of Ti/Ni. A higheramount of

welding is suitable for joining NiTinol

the weld zone and most of the samples

Ti/Ni results in the formation of thestable

shape memory alloys. Importance

failed in amixed mode of fracture,i.e.,

passive layer made of Tio2 which

should be given to laser power, welding

both ductile and brittle mode,and it was

protects the surface from corrosion. It

speed and shielding gas parameters

confirmed by the presence of dimples

is understood that higher amount of Ti/

as they mainly control the mechanical

and river marking in the fractography.

Ni is possible when the cooling rate of

and corrosion properties. The only

Microhardness value of the laser-welded

the weld is higher. The cooling rate of the

drawback with respect to laser welding

samples was found to maximum when

weld will be higher when thelaser power is

is the economic aspects,and in future,an

the heat input to the weld is higher

lower,or welding speed is higher. Presence

attempt can be made to overcome this

and vice versa. A trend of decrease in

of defects such as porosity, cracks also

by joining NiTinol sheets using pulsed

microhardness value was observed on

hinders the corrosion resistance and

TIG welding process as it is one of

moving from weld center to interface. The

hence importance should be given to

the low heat input and high precision

reason for this microhardness variation

shielding gas parameters such as thetype

processes. The initial investment is also

is due to the grain size variation in the

of shielding gas used, shielding gas flow

very low on comparing with the laser

different zone of the weld.

rate, shielding gas blown angle and blown

welding setup. Post weld heat treatment

distance.

is also recommended as it improved

Corrosion resistance of the laserwelded sample has to be given utmost

Heat treatment is one of the ideal

the corrosion properties. Post weld heat

importance for laser welded NiTinol

options to vary the properties of laser

treatment through laser power source can

samples if they are used in biomedical

welded NiTinol shape memory alloys.

be explored in future.

applications. 0.9 % NaCl solution is

The problems such as lesser tensile

the equivalent to human body fluids,

strength, ashift in phase transformation

REFERENCES

hence corrosion resistance of the laser-

temperature, reduced corrosion strength

1. Ali. M. M and K. Takahata (2010)

weldedspecimens are analyzed in this

could be overcome by selecting correct

Frequency-controlled wireless

solution. Potentiodynamic polarization

post weld heat treatment parameters such

shape-memory-alloy microactuators

measurement method is generally used

as heating temperature, soaking time and

integrated using an electroplating

for analyzing the corrosion resistance.

cooling methods. The recrystallization

bonding process. Sensors and

The potential is varied from -1 to +1 V

temperature of the NiTinol is around

at a scan rate of 0.8 mV/seconds. From

700 0C. Hence, it is recommended

the potentiodynamic polarization curve,

to set the post weld heat treatment

Seelecke (2009) Actuator placement

three different parameters, Viz. corrosion

temperature below 700 0C in order to

for a bio-inspired bone-joint system

current density, corrosion potential, and

avoid theformation of coarser grains.

based on SMA. In Proc. SPIE, 7288,

polarization resistance are interpreted.

Depending on the temperature and

1-15.

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

Actuators A: Physical, 163(1), 363-372. 2. Bunget, Gheorghe, and Stefan

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

ARTICLE

3. Butera. F (2008) Shape memory

(2012) Design and fabrication of a bat-

Advanced Materials Processes, 66,

inspired flapping-flight platform using

37-44.

shape memory alloy muscles and

4. Butera. F, A. Coda, G. Vergani Shape memory actuators for automotive applications, In:Nanotec IT

Haferkamp (2013) Adaptable orthopedic shape memory implants. Procedia CIRP, 5, 253-258. 13. Stirling. L., C. H. Yu, J. Miller, E.

joints. Smart Materials and Structures,

Hawkes, R. Wood, E. Goldfield and

22(1), 014011.

R. Nagpal (2011). Applicability of

9. Stoeckel. D (1990) Shape memory

shape memory alloy wire for an active,

newsletter, Roma: AIRI/nanotec IT,

actuators for automotive applications.

soft orthotic. Journal of materials

2007

Materials & Design, 11(6), 302-307.

engineering and performance, 20(4-

5. Chee Siong. L, H. Yokoi and T Arai

10. Stoeckel. D. F Tinschert Temperature

5), 658-662. 14. Pelton. A. R., V. Schroeder,

Improving heat sinking in ambient

compensation with thermovariable

environment for the shape memory

rate springs in automatic

M. R. Mitchell, X. Y. Gong, M. Barney

alloy (SMA), IEEE/RSJ international

transmissions, SAE technical paper

and S. W. Robertson (2008) Fatigue

series: SAE, 1991.

and durability of Nitinol stents.

conference on intelligent robots and systems, 2005. 6. Colorado. J., A. Barrientos, C. Rossi

11. Tuna C, J. H. Solomon, D. L. Jones and M. J. Z Hartmann (2012) Object shape

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 1(2),

and K. S. Breuer (2012) Biomechanics

recognition with artificial whiskers

of smart wings in a bat robot:

using tomographic reconstruction. In:

morphing wings using SMA actuators.

2012 IEEE International Conference

Hosoda (2006) Development and

Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 7(3),

on Acoustics, Speech and Signal

characterization of Ni-free Ti-base

036006.

Processing (ICASSP); p. 2537–403.

shape memory and superelastic alloys.

12. Pfeifer. R., C. W. Müller, C. Hurschler,

Materials Science and Engineering: A,

7. Festo BionicOpter – Inspired by dragonfly flight, Festo, 2013.

8. Furst. S. J., G. Bunget and S. Seelecke

actuators for automotive applications.

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

S. Kaierle, V. Wesling and H.

153-164. 15. Miyazaki. S., H. Y. Kim and H.

438, 18-24.

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

INTERVIEW

“Robotic welding is a strategic focus area for Kemppi.” Rashmiranjan Mohapatra, Managing Director, Kemppi India

Q1. Headquartered in Finland, how has been the market for Kempii in India?

presence is the strongest at railways, power plants and shipyards. We also

Q2. Could you brief us on the product line? Any recent launches?

Globally, Kemppi employs over 600

have strong cooperation in the market

Kemppi is a globally renowned welding

with several educational institutes

technology pioneer and arc welding

people in 13 countries. In general, our

and organizations in promoting and

expert. Our offering includes welding

customers operate in various fields of

supporting welding skill development

equipment, software and services for

business: automotive, construction, oil

in India.

manual, mechanized and automated for

and gas, shipbuilding, transportation, and machine manufacturing.

both demanding industrial applications

with basic MIG/MAG welding equipment

and ready-to-weld needs. Our own

called HiArc M 400R that still holds

component development ensures that

Pvt Ltd, started its operations with a

the number one position in its market

our customers get sustainable premium

manufacturing unit in Chennai in 2011,

segment. Over the years, another

products. The truth is that you cannot

and has had a key role in solidifying

10 products have been added to the

expect to have quality welds without

Kemppi’s position both in India and the

portfolio and manufacturing lines in

quality equipment.

Asian market in general. In India, our

Chennai.

Kemppi’s subsidiary, Kemppi India

The production in Chennai started

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

Last year marked the launch of the

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

INTERVIEW

most intelligent industrial welding

the application center was a natural

welding procedures and NDT test results

system, the X8 MIG Welder that makes

next step in serving the fast-growing

cuts overhead costs by decreasing the

a case for connected performance and

robotic welding markets in China and

need for manual reporting, making

usability. It captures the best of Industry

Southeast Asia.

documentation 70 % faster. In practice,

4.0 by offering native connectivity to

The center provides complete and

this also means shorter project leadtimes.

WeldEye welding management software

innovative solutions and services for

and innovative performance software.

integrators and end customers alike.

The digital WPS (dWPS) function renders

The center is located at the Kemppi

the printed WPS unnecessary, and the

China subsidiary facilities in Beijing,

intuitive wireless Control Pad surprises

and equipped with Kemppi’s wide

Q5. The company has its major focus on robotic market segment? Elaborate.

you with the speed and easiness of

range of robotic welding equipment

Robotic welding is a strategic focus

making settings and adjusting the

and robots from well-known robot

area for Kemppi. In terms of welding

welding parameters with long-range

manufacturers. A similar kind of center

automation, the Indian market is growing

communication capabilities.

is on the anvil for India.

at 10% per year. This is primarily driven

Accelerating automation increases

by the automotive segment, but similar needs arise also in energy and fabrication

be integrated with any robot brand are

Q4. Could you please brief us on ‘WeldEye’ a universal solution to manage welding production?

sought after to ensure the flexibility of

Kemppi’s universal welding management

kinds of applications, and we are also

welding production. Kemppi’s A7

software WeldEye responds to the growing

opening a robotics application center in

MIG Welder system for robotic arc

demand for simplicity, traceability, and

Pune to better understand local customer

welding responds exactly to that need.

WPS management in welding production.

needs, demonstrate the equipment and

the popularity of robotic welding in India. Universal welding solutions that can

Equipped with the Kemppi Wise software,

To meet welding standard

industries. Kemppi is going to have a major role in providing solutions for these

find suitable solutions for our customers.

it adds value by significantly improving

requirements, the production department

welding speed, boosting production

must keep track of what work has been

systems is mainly driven by the lack of

efficiency, and enabling the same

done so far, which welding procedure

skilled welders in the market, we are also

equipment to be used for a variety of

specifications and parameters were used,

very invested in the skill development of

welding tasks.

what filler batch was used, the time when

welders. Kemppi India has aligned itself

While the need for automated welding

The system's modern user interface

the welds were done and so forth. All this

with numerous educational institutes

allows easy access to the power source

must be recorded as the work progresses

in India to promote and support this

from a standard computer with a regular

so that quality control can collect the

aspect.

browser. This enables unprecedented

information and enter it into the system.

savings in setup time and provides

Traditional documentation can take

quality control benefits throughout the

weeks – even months – which in turn

equipment’s life cycle.

takes time away from more productive work. In addition, one should not forget

Q6. Could you brief us on the robotic welding market in India? Is the Indian market on par with the international markets?

Q3. Recently, Kemppi opened up a robotic welding application center in China. Can you please elaborate on the unit?

that the odds of human error increase

The growth of automated welding sector

with manual reporting.

in India is gradually accelerating at a

all this data is collected digitally into

density, we currently have roughly one

We have chosen Asia as one of our key

the system and available in real time

robot per 10,000 workers. Globally, the

market areas and will focus on serving

at the push of a button. Such insight

average is 66. While the lack of skilled

our local customers even better in the

translates to 100% weld traceability and

welders is a major driver of welding

future. To fulfil this promise, we opened

allows immediate responses to welding

automation in India, we still have

a robotic welding application center in

deviations to ensure WPS compliant

a way to go compared to the global

China in December 2017. Having started

welding quality. The digital management

robotics market to keep up with global

deliveries to China already in the 1980s,

of welder qualification certificates,

development.

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

With a software solution like WeldEye,

10 % annual rate. In terms of robot

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

INTERVIEW

Q7. Manufacturing welding equipment is no longer just about creating machines that a welder can use. It's now about developing and combining software with welding machines. What is your say on this? What is Kempii’s effort on the same?

efficiency of welding performance. You

value chain. That is where digital

can weld root passes for pipes or plates

welding can help by simplifying welding

with higher speed, get excellent weld

production, traceability and WPS

quality with high speed combined to

management.

Today, welding innovation is enabled

There will be an enormous need for

by digitalisation. We talk about the

Q8. Your comments on Safety in Welding?

Internet of Welding™, meaning globally

Personal health is the most precious

years. It has been estimated that India

connected manufacturing from the

thing anyone can own. Health hazards

needs up to five million new qualified

welders on the shop floor to universal

in the workplace are a major concern

welders by 2020. This is a challenge for

multi-site welding management. The

for both employers and employees.

the whole manufacturing industry, and

X8 MIG Welder with native connectivity

With proper protective gear such risks

Kemppi wants to take a central role in

to the WeldEye welding management

can be managed for the benefit of the

this development.

software is a perfect example of new IoT-

welders.

based technology. In general, the use of welding

deeper penetration or ensure stable penetration regardless of the stick-out length variation.

At Kemppi, we take the health and

qualified welders within the coming

We work closely together with national welding institutes, universities, and other

safety of welders very seriously. Carefully

professional development organisations.

management software affects multiple

studying the welding trades and wide-

Kemppi India is also a member of a

points on the welding production chain

ranging work environments, our

network covering 25 universities and

creating value impact on several levels.

products are designed for the ordinary

colleges in India targeting to develop

It’s many benefits include the ability to

welder with reliableperformance and

modern welding skills. The new skillset

automate the documentation process

protection for their health and safety.

combining MIG/MAG, MMA and TIG

related to welding and catch welding

with new generation technology is critical in ensuring the quality of welding

already been finished. Both abilities

Q8. According to you, does India still needs awareness on safety in welding?

cumulate the value by improving the

There is always a room for development

versatile customer demands.

arc-on time and reducing time spent

in this aspect. For Kemppi, it is very

on welder qualification certificate

important to keep the dialogue going and

and welding procedure management.

provide welding solutions that support

Q11. Could you brief us on your major clients?

Digital solutions for data collection

safety in welding.

Kemppi India serves customers

deviations on an earlier stage to prevent costly repairs when a construction has

and reporting also minimize the risk of

in the midst of new materials and technologies, complex end-products and

operating in various business industries.

needs, processes and goals is the most

Q9. What are the major challenges into the welding sector, especially in India? Ways to cope up.

important task for us. Naturally, the

Manufacturing is estimated to have an

purpose of software is to add value to

enormous impact on the well-being

the user and make the user experience

of Indian economy according to the

Q12. Any further expansion plans? Elaborate.

as smooth as possible. For example, the

‘Make in India’ initiative of the current

Kemppi’s new robotic welding

Kemppi application software is designed

Government. Currently contributing 14%

application center will be opened in

to make the welding equipment perform

of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP),

Pune, India in Spring 2018.

optimally at any work. Our Wise special

the share of manufacturing is estimated

processes and functions provide, for

to be up to 20% of the GDP of India in

example upgraded MIG/MAG welding

2020. Achieving this growth demands a

process techniques or influence the

lot from all links in the manufacturing

human errors during the process. Understanding our customers’

Q10. Availability of skilled manpower (welders) is a challenge. Your efforts on the same.

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

In terms of segments, we have a strong presence in the transportation, shipbuilding, and energy sectors.

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

INDEPTH

Researchers run first tests of unique system for welding highly irradiated metal alloys Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy

cientists of the US Department

several decades might require repair

of Energy’s Light Water Reactor

or replacement. Advanced welding

Sustainability Program (LWRS)

techniques will be needed during the

and partners from the Electric Power

extended operational lives of America’s

Research Institute (EPRI) have

nuclear power plants; construction on

conducted the first weld tests to repair

most began in the 1970s. These plants

highly irradiated materials at DOE’s Oak

generate approximately 20 percent of the

Ridge National Laboratory.

nation’s electricity.

The welding system, designed

“Demonstration of advanced

and installed in a hot cell at ORNL’s

techniques for irradiated materials is a

Radiochemical Engineering

key step in validating weld repair as one

Development Center, safely encloses

mitigation strategy for extending the

equipment for laser and friction-stir

life of components and reducing costs

welding. It will allow researchers to

for the nuclear industry,” said ORNL’s

advance welding technologies for repair

Keith Leonard, who leads research in

of irradiated materials by developing

the Materials Aging and Degradation

processing conditions and evaluating

Pathway for LWRS.

post-weld materials properties. As nuclear power plants age, materials that have been irradiated for

Mitigation strategies focus on costeffective repairs or replacements— either may require welding. During

The welding hot cell system was installed at REDC in June 2016. “Since the mid-1960’s, REDC has been the production, storage and distribution center for the heavyelement research program of the United States Department of Energy,” said ORNL’s Allen W. Smith, who was instrumental in coordinating construction of the welding hot cell facility at REDC with C. Scott White and Kathryn Kinney. This building at REDC primarily handled californium-252 in the past, with the hazards of concern being alpha and neutron radiation. Irradiated stainless steels are primarily a gamma radiation hazard, so a dedicated cubicle with associated monitoring instrumentation needed to be installed to address this additional hazard. Image credit: DOE LWRS and EPRI LTO; Photographer - Allen Smith. extended operation of reactors, helium is generated through the transmutation of boron impurities by reaction with neutrons from the reactor core. Furthermore, nickel, a common alloying element in structural alloys, will also generate helium, but through a slower two-step process. Helium generation

The High Flux Isotope Reactor at ORNL accelerated the aging of test specimens used in the welding effort to represent materials in operating commercial reactors. Image credit: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy; Photographer - Carlos Jones.

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

depends on the material and its location in the reactor, but for reactors exceeding 60 effective full-power years, helium

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

INDEPTH

stir welding is a solid-state mixing technique that uses a rotating tool to generate friction and heat that softens materials but does not melt them. “At the microscopic level, the atoms of each piece of material get very close, and attractive forces pull the atoms together to form one piece,” explained Zhili Feng, who leads ORNL’s Materials Joining Team. Because friction stir welding occurs below the melting point, it avoids cracking in repair welding of irradiated and helium-bearing materials. An artificial neural network monitors friction stir welding to detect conditions that can cause weld defects. “Both repair welding technologies developed in our program are engineered “We had to engineer, design and build the welding hot cell with everything needed for friction stir welding and laser welding,” said ORNL’s Zhili Feng. “This is unique to Oak Ridge. We already have seen applications. Industry is very interested in this technology.” A patent is pending for the unprecedented use in the hot cell of novel types of laser welding and friction stir welding to control stresses in materials. Image credit: DOE LWRS and EPRI LTO. generation in core components can

On 17th Nov, 2017, the first tests on

exceed 5 to 10 atomic parts per million—

irradiated material were performed at

levels at which traditional welding

ORNL with a laser welding technique

techniques cannot be used to adequately

that uses a primary laser to weld and

repair components.

secondary beams to reduce tensile

Heat and stress drive helium to

stresses near the weld zone. The tests

coalesce in stainless steel, forming

were conducted on samples, known as

bubbles along boundaries between

‘coupons,’ of irradiated stainless steel

‘grains,’ or micron-scale regions of order,

doped with 5, 10 and 20 parts of boron

that weaken the material. When metal

per million atoms. The materials were

is melted and resolidifies, differences

fabricated into playing-card-sized

in expansion and contraction between

coupons at ORNL and then irradiated

the newly solidified material and

at the High Flux Isotope Reactor, a DOE

surrounding material can build tensile

Office of Science User Facility at ORNL.

stresses along the weakened, helium-

HFIR’s abundant, energetic neutrons

bubble-containing grain boundaries,

bombard the coupons to change the

inducing cracks. “That’s the biggest

boron into helium to simulate the aging

problem we face with welding irradiated

that would occur in a commercial reactor

materials,” Leonard said. The ORNL–

after decades of radiation exposure.

EPRI system uses advanced techniques

21st Nov, 2017, saw the first friction

that introduce less stress than

stir welding of irradiated stainless steel at

conventional welding, thereby reducing

ORNL. Unlike conventional arc welding,

cracking.

which employs molten materials, friction

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

to ‘proactively’ manage the stresses during welding so they potentially offer solutions for repairing [internal] reactor components with high helium levels— impossible with today’s welding repair technology,” Feng said. “As reactors continue to age (and helium continues

The welding system, which includes both laser and friction-stir welding equipment, is completely sealed in stainless steel to prevent the escape of radioactive contamination and other particles generated during welding of irradiated materials. It resides in a hot cell that is 20 feet wide, 33 feet long and 24 feet high and features a double-paned window filled with several feet of water between panes to attenuate radiation from the irradiated work pieces. This hot cell is in a facility housing additional hot cells for other REDC work. Image credit: DOE LWRS and EPRI LTO.

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

INDEPTH

environmentally responsible use of nuclear power as a generation option. EPRI is developing tools to deploy the technology to nuclear power plants for on-site repairs. Once a joint patent issues to ORNL and EPRI, companies could license the technology to make those onsite repairs. “EPRI works broadly with researchers from companies and universities, and this case, a government lab, to address challenges in electricity, including reliability, efficiency, affordability, health, safety and the environment,” said Gregory Frederick, EPRI Program Manager. “We made a fairly large investment because we see the value for providing new knowledge that industry needs. No place has the critical mass of expertise and facilities that Oak Ridge ORNL and EPRI built an enclosed welding system in a hot cell of ORNL’s Radiochemical Engineering Development Center. C. Scott White (ORNL) performs operations with remotely controlled manipulators and cameras. The system combines capabilities for laser welding and frictional stir welding of irradiated stainless steels. Image credit: DOE LWRS; Photographer - Keith Leonard. to be generated), industry increasingly

Research and development support for this project came from the US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy’s LWRS Program, EPRI’s Long Term Operations Program and ORNL.

Next, the researchers will explore

DOE and EPRI shared costs for the

welding materials with higher helium

development, design, fabrication,

content and characterize the irradiated

equipment and testing costs, and

techniques produced welds of good

materials after they’ve been welded, with

ORNL supported installation-related

quality.

techniques including micro-structural

costs. Industry can gain access to this

analysis and mechanical property

capability through DOE Office of Nuclear

ORNL as a center for developing new

assessments. They will also re-age

Energy funding opportunities or ORNL

techniques and new technologies for

material in HFIR that has undergone

partnering mechanisms.

commercial nuclear power generation,”

a weld repair to see how further aging

Leonard said. In addition to lab

affects welds.

needs technologies to handle highhelium-level scenarios.” Preliminary observations showed both

“The welding hot cell really established

expertise in welding and materials

post-weld materials.

National Laboratory provides.”

The LWRS Program conducts research

UT-Battelle manages ORNL for DOE’s Office of Science. The single largest supporter of basic research in

characterization, ORNL strengths

and development to enhance the safe,

the physical sciences in the United

include diverse nearby facilities, such as

efficient and economical performance

States, the Office of Science is working

other hot cells and the Low Activation

of our nation’s nuclear fleet and

to address some of the most pressing

Materials Development and Analysis

extend operating lifetimes. EPRI, an

challenges of our time.

Laboratory to support post-weld

independent, nonprofit organization,

materials characterization, and HFIR to

conducts research supporting the

For more information, visit:

generate test material and further age

safe, reliable, cost-effective and

www.science.energy.gov

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

EVENTS UPDATE

NATIONAL

Event

Date (2018)

Address

Organiser

Secutech India

06th to 08th April, 2018

Bombay Exhibition Center, Mumbai, India

ABEC Exhibitions & Conferences Pvt. Ltd.

WorldBuild India

19th to 21st April, 2018

Bombay Exhibition Center,

Asian Business exhibition & Conferences LTD.

Concrete Show India

17th to 19th May, 2018

Bombay Exhibition Center,

UBM’s global exhibition

Fastener Fair India 2018

18th to 19th May, 2018

Pragati Maidan Exhibition Centre

Inter Ads – Brooks Exhibitions (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Roof India Exhibition 2018

7th - 9th June, 2018

Chennai Trade Centre

ITEI

OSH India India’s Occupational Safety and Health Exhibition

28th - 29th June, 2018

Hitex Exhibition Centre, Hyderabad, India

UBM India Pvt.Ltd

CWE

29th - 31st August, 2018

Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India

ITEI

TECH INDIA

29th - 31st August, 2018

Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India

ITEI

Indexpo Hyderabad 2018

31st August - 2nd Sept, 2018

Hitex, Hyderabad

Indore Infoline Pvt. Ltd.

The leading international maritime trade fair

27th - 29th November, 2018

Hamburg

Hamburg Fair and congress GMBH

GRI India Summit

11th - 12th September, 2018

Bombay Convention & Exhibition Centre

Global Real Estate Institute

Capex 2018

19th - 21st September, 2018

Bombay Exhibition Center

Fairfest Media Limited.

Economic Times Acetech Mumbai

15th - 18th November, 2018

Bombay Exhibition Center

Asian Business Exhibition & Conferences Ltd.

The Big 5 Construction

26th - 29th November, 2018

Dubai World Trade Centre

dmg events Middle East

India Essen Welding & Cutting

27th - 29th November, 2018

Mumbai

Messe Essen GmbH

Wire & Cable India Mumbai

27th - 29th November, 2018

Bombay Convention & Exhibition Centre

Messe Düsseldorf GmbH

Rajkot Machine Tools Show 2018

28th Nov - 01st Dec, 2018

Aji Industrial Area, Rajkot,

K and D Communication Limited

Zak Doors &Windows Expo & Windows Expo

06th - 09th December, 2018

MMRDA, Mumbai, India

BAUMA CONEXPO INDIA

11th - 14th December, 2018

Delhi

Messe München GmbH

India Machine Tools Show IMTOS

14th - 17th June, 2019

New Delhi, India

IMTMA

AMTEX Asian Machine Tool Expo

06th - 9th July, 2018

Pragati Maidan, New Delh

Reed Triune Exhibitions Pvt. Ltd.

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

EVENTS UPDATE

INTERNATIONAL Event

Date (2018)

Location

Organiser

Nordic Welding Expo

20th to 22nd March, 2018

Tampere, Finland

Tampereen Messut Oy

Welding and Cutting

10th to 13th April, 2018

Minsk, Belarus

International Trade & Exhibitions India Pvt. Ltd

Welding Int'l Fair of Welding Technology And Equipment

10th to 12th April, 2018

Kielce, Poland

Targi Kielce's Industrial Spring

Welding Fair

24th to 27th April, 2018

Zagreb, Croatia

Zagreb Fair

For Weld

15th to 18th May, 2018

Prague, Czech Republic

ABF a.s.

Elmia Welding & Joining Technology

15th to 18th May, 2018

Joenkoeping, Sweden

Elmia

Eurowelding

22nd to 25th May, 2018

Nitra, Slovakia

Agrokomplex-Vystavnictvo Nitra

Welding Poznan 2018

5th to 8th June, 2018

Poznan, Poland

Poznan International Fair Ltd.

SIGN CHINA

19th - 21st September, 2018

Shanghai,China

UBM Trust Co Ltd

26th KIOGE – Kazakhstan International "Oil & Gas" Exhibition and Conference

3rd to 5th October, 2018

Atakent Expo, Almaty, Kazakhstan

ITE Eurasian Exhibitions FZ LLC and Comnet Exhibitions

Welding Int'l Welding Exhibition

5th to 8th June, 2018

Poznan, Poland

Poznań International Fair (MTP)

BI-MU Machine Tools, Robots and Automation

9th to 13th October, 2018

Milan, Italy

EFIM-ENTE FIERE ITALIANE MACCHINE, 31.BI-MU

ExpoWelding Int'l Welding Fair

16th to 18th October, 2018

Gliwice, Poland

Expo Silesia

Weldex Int'l specialized Exhibition of Equipment, Technologies and Materials for Welding

16th to 19th October, 2018

Moscow, Russia

MVK International Exhibitions

Welding. Monitoring and Testing

20th to 22th November, 2018

Ekaterinburg, Russia

Ural Exhibitions

www.weldfabtechtimes.com

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

PRE-EVENT COVERAGE

BEIJING ESSEN WELDING & CUTTING with a Rich Tradition Moves to Dongguan

or the first time in its over 30-year

being organised by Messe Essen, the

existence, Beijing Essen Welding

Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society

& Cutting will take place on the

(CMES), the German Welding Society

fair site in Guangdong / Dongguan from

(DVS), the Welding Institution of CMES,

May 8 to 11, 2018. With this change, Asia's

the Chinese Welding Association (CWA)

most important trade fair for joining,

and the Welding Equipment Committee

cutting and surfacing technologies is

of CWA. Moreover, a large number of

moving even closer to the prospering for computer-assisted fabrication via

support the event. With numerous

in the People's Republic of China with

equipment for the processes in joining,

forums, the trade fair will thus once more

the strongest exports. Because of the

cutting and surfacing technologies right

become an important communication

high international networking and the

up to the safety-relevant equipping of

platform for the exchange and transfer of

well-developed infrastructure, it will

workplaces and the measuring technology

knowledge and will strengthen specialist

offer ideal conditions for a fair and will

needed for exact working. In this respect,

further education.

invite the visitors to make use not only

foreign companies will also have the

of the proven service but also of a new

opportunity to present themselves to the

For More Details:

ambience.

Asian market on numerous joint booths.

Add: 1607-5 Building 2 lianhua

This year, around 750 exhibitors

Moreover, these will again include the

xiaoqu haidian District,

from 20 nations will introduce their

joint booth of the Federal Republic of

Beijing 100036, China.

products, achievements and services at

Germany which will be promoted by the

Tel: +86-10-6397 2304

Beijing Essen Welding & Cutting. The

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs.

Fax: +86-10-6398 0554

range on offer will extend from systems

other international associations will

market. Dongguan is one of the regions

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

Beijing Essen Welding & Cutting is

E-mail:yuany@cmes.org

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INNOVATIONS

Don't Spec a Welding System Until You've Done This

manufacturers to tackle the most difficult,

that meets payback and productivity

dangerous and dirty tasks.

requirements. Not only can the derived

When manufacturers are faced with a

Zane Michael, Director, Thermal Business Development, Yaskawa America, Inc. - Motoman Robotics Division

welding process that could potentially

but also, the figures can establish goals

benefit from automation, where’s the

and expectations. The workcell value

best place to begin? The instinct is to dive

calculation assumes that one robot in a

right into specifying the cell design and

system can do the work of three and a half

required components. However, current

welders and is affected by the following

trends in manufacturing are driving

key inputs:

more attention to calculating return on

• Desired system payback period

investment (ROI) and gauging payback

• Straight labor replacement

(time). While increasing throughput,

• Additional productivity gains from

improving product quality, dealing with

system • Other savings through reduced

istorically, the prevailing

labor shortage and right-sizing a robotic

thought has been that robotic

cell are valid factors to consider when

materials costs, quality

welding systems can’t handle

pricing out a system, it’s also important to

improvement, etc.

the diversity of tasks required for

understand the potential financial gains

difficult weldments, but technology has

of the robotic welding solution over the

While significant cost savings can

changed. From improved welding process

course of a targeted payback period.

occur over the 10- to 15-year lifespan

capabilities to enhanced laser sensing

calculations serve as a financial guideline,

Yaskawa’s Robotic Welding System

of a robot (30,000-40,000 hours with

and technologies, advanced robotic

Payback Calculator gives manufacturers

proper maintenance and possible

welding solutions are making it easier for

a budgetary target for a robotic system

refurbishment), most companies plan

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

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INNOVATIONS

that knowledge to their equipment investment. If ROI targets had been determined upfront, the chosen system could have been built with key requirements in mind. Estimating a realistic budget to meet defined business goals makes system design a more focused and productive undertaking. Upon commissioning of to reach ROI within a two-year payback

a new system, ramp-up time can be

period.

critical to meet target payback periods. In most cases, a standard ArcWorld®

So, why is it crucial to proactively bring these calculations into your decision

workcell can be a perfect fit. Not only

making? Consider this hypothetical

are these pre-engineered solutions easy to integrate and operate, but also, they

purchasing situation: each work station, spec’ing out a system

offer exceptional design and optimal

The Best Designed System Can Still Miss the Mark

perfect for their process and capable

configuration options for parts of all

of meeting daily quotas. Certain that a

sizes. For unique applications, there

A manufacturing company, struggling to

robotic workcell—based on process needs

are customized systems (equipped with

meet daily quotas, sought to purchase

alone—would be an ideal solution, the

world-class components to meet specific

a robotic welding system. The existing

company bought a welding system.

needs) available.

process involved five workers at five

Once the system was installed and

Robotic welding systems have come a

different stations, spanning two shifts.

running at full capacity, company

long way in the past decade and are able

However, an occasional labor shortage

leadership realized something: even

to provide game-changing advantages for

due to vacation or sick time—with no

though daily quotas were being reached

customers spanning diverse industries.

skilled laborers available to fill the void—

(despite occasional labor shortages), the

Understanding the cost-savings

made product quotas hard to achieve.

numbers were showing that the payback

associated with a long-term approach to

Company management determined

period for their investment was now too

automation is essential. Only then, can

long to justify the purchase.

manufacturers make the most profitable

that an investment in robotic automation would be advantageous to their current operations and spent months evaluating

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The company failed to clearly define their business expectations and apply

decision when it comes to choosing a robotic welding solution.

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

WELDING TIPS

6 Useful Tips for Preventing Flux Core Welding Problems With some tips and practice, you can avoid flux core welding problems and improve your FCAW welds by a significant number of downtime.

can stave off the wire flattening and being

Bird-nesting and burn-back are 2 most

tangled. In order to set the correct tension,

notorious types of wire feed welding

start with releasing tension on drive rolls.

problems. Those types tend to prematurely

Raise the tension whilst feeding the wire

extinguish the arc, inducing weld defects.

into the palm of welding glove and keep

Burn-back happens when the wire melts into the ball at the end of contact tip. Most often it’s the consequence of too slow

wire slippage. Bird-nesting also results from blockages

speed of wire feed or/ and the welding

in the liner, wrong liner used, or

gun held too close to the work-piece. For

inappropriately trimmed liners. Quickly

this problem prevention, make sure you

replace the liner if you find out a blockage

use the proper wire feed speed and keep

when routinely inspecting your welding

a distance of no more than 25 to 35 mm

cables and gun. Also, always trim your liner

from the contact tip to the work.

(employing the correct tools) in line with

To avoid bird-nesting - a wire tangle C Sridhar, Director-Technical, Advance Institute of Welding Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu

raising the tension one half turn to pass

the manufacturer’s recommendations.

halting the wire from being fed - when

Make sure that there isn’t any sharp edges

FCAW welding, use knurled U or

or burrs on the liner, and always apply

V-groove drive rolls in the wire feeder.

the proper size liner for the diameter of

Comparatively with GMAW solid welding

welding wire.

hen it comes to structural steel

wire that employs smooth V-groove drive

erection, bridge construction,

roll, the FCAW wire is far softer because of

heavy equipment repair, and

tube-shaped design. It can compress the

2. How to prevent worm tracking and porosity

wire if you use wrong drive roll.

As typical weld discontinuities, worm

other same applications, FCAW (SelfShielded Flux Cored Arc Welding) has

Also, setting the right drive roll tension

tracking and porosity can weaken the

been, for many years, a feasible welding process. Unsurprisingly, because it provides high deposition rates, fantastic mechanical and chemical properties and weldability needed for those jobs. Yet, there exist some challenges related to this process. With some tips and practice, you can avert the problems and create qualified welds you need.

1. How to avoid wire feed welding problems: Common problems at workshops are wire feed malfunctions and stoppages caused

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

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WELDING TIPS

Whatever causes of this problem, they can be averted with appropriate welding techniques. First, prevent wrong placement of weld bead, especially when making many passes on the thick metal sections. Be sure to give adequate space in the weld joint for added passes, particularly, on the joints in need of multiple passes. Second, keep up with correct travel speed and travel angle. From 15 to 45º should be the drag angle in the overhead, horizontal and flat positions. For vertical up position, the angle should be in range of 10 to15º. In case there are slag the weld bead’s surface as a consequence

inclusions at those angles, raise slightly

of gas created by the flux in the wire

the drag angle. Keep a steady travel speed.

the weld metal, and can appear along its

core), avoid immoderate voltage for the

If you make too slow travel speed, slag

full length or at any particular point of the

wire feed setting as well as amperage.

inclusion due to weld puddle getting

weld. For preventing porosity in welding,

For the best, follow the recommended

ahead of the arc will eventuate.

get rid of any grease, rust, oil, paint,

parameters by the manufacturer of

coatings, dirt and moisture from the base

filler metal for the particular diameter

welding heat input, because too low

metal before you weld. You can also use

of welding wire. In case worm tracking

heat input can be conductive to slag

filler metals with added de-oxidizers

occurs, decrease your voltage by one half

inclusions. Always apply the parameters

to prevent contaminated welds. Still,

volt’s increments until you remove the

recommended by the manufacturer

those products can’t replace appropriate

problem.

for a certain wire diameter. In case slag

weld integrity. Porosity occurs when gas is trapped in

After that, maintain appropriate

inclusions still happen, raise the voltage

pre-cleaning. After that, maintain a proper electrode stick-out or extension.

3. How to remove slag inclusions:

until this problem stops.Finally, make

Generally, the wire shouldn’t extend more

Slag inclusions eventuate when the

sure you thoroughly clean between the

than 25 to 35 mm beyond contact tip.

slag produced by the molten flux in the

weld passes, taking away any slag using a

wire core gets trapped inside the weld.

wire brush, chipping hammer or grinding

To avert worm tracking (also, marks on

before you begin the next weld pass.

4. How to avoid weld undercutting and lack of fusion Same as other weld defects, lack of fusion and undercutting can lower your welds quality and prevent them from going far in reduction of downtime and rework costs. Undercutting is the aftermath of a groove melting in the base metal next to the weld toe but not being filled by weld metal. It weakens the toe of weld and often induces cracking. Applying appropriate welding voltage and current helps prevent this problem (don’t forget

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FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

WELDING TIPS

to conform to your welding parameters). Maintain the travel speed that enables the weld metal to completely fill the base metal’s melt-out areas. If you are applying the weaving technique, pause at the weld bead’s each side. To avoid lack of fusion that eventuates due to the weld metal failing to

feed speed as needed to get complete

penetration happens due to the weld

completely fuse with the base metal (or

fusion. In case you feel the wire is going

metal melting through base metal and

the preceding weld bead in multi passes),

ahead of the work puddle, such simple

hanging underneath the weld. Most often,

maintain right work angle and heat input.

adjustments as applying higher welding

it is the consequence of too much heat.

Get the right angle by putting the stringer

current or raising travel speed can avoid

If you encounter the problem, choose a

bead in its appropriate location at the

problems.

lower voltage range, decrease the wire-

joint, widening the groove or adjusting

Finally, make sure you clean the surface

the work angle to approach the bottom

of base metal before welding to get rid of

during welding as necessary. Keep the arc

contaminants to avert lack of fusion.

on the welding puddle’s trailing edge, and

feed speed and raise the travel speed. By contrast, choosing a higher voltage range, higher wire-feed speed or/ and reducing the travel speed can avert such problems as lack of penetration (i.e.

If you are applying a weaving technique,

5. How to prevent lack of penetration or excessive penetration

hold the arc on groove sidewalls for a

Maintain proper heat input when welding

base metal). Also, prepare the joint for

moment during your welding. Raise

is critical to preventing such problems

permitting access to the groove bottom

your voltage range or/ and adjust wire-

as excessive penetration. The excessive

whilst maintaining appropriate extension

maintain the gun angle drag of 15 - 45°.

shallow fusion between weld metal and

of welding wire and arc characteristics.

6. How to get qualified FCAW welds Self-shielded FCAW is a trusted process for various construction applications though, getting qualified welds with it is not the luck of the draw. It results from good welding techniques, appropriate choice of parameters, and your ability to avert problems or quickly define and rectify them. Remember, preparing yourself with some essential information will enable you to avoid most common problems related to FCAW welding without sacrificing quality or time.

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

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LAUNCHES

NOVA3 LW Series: Laser Welding Workstation complex contours • CCTV camera system for parts alignment • Remote diagnostics by 3G or LAN • Inline configurations (SMEMA compatible) • Fourth (rotary) axis in several versions including high speed, high load • Parts clamping by chucks, collets. Clamping can be operated manual or automatic

• Lathe constructions for positioning,

nter the world of laser welding with

configurations: for laser welding,

MIYACHI EAPRO’s new, versatile

resistance welding, hot bar bonding,

• Fume extraction and filtration

NOVA3 Laser Welding Systems.

laser marking and laser cutting. For laser

• Customer specific tooling and parts

pressing and welding of rotary parts

AMADA MIYACHI EUROPE NOVA3 Series

welding, it can be equipped with Pulsed

Laser Welding Workstations are modular,

Nd-YAG lasers up to 600W, continuous

flexible, “lean-manufacturing-ready” Class

wave fiber lasers up to 5000W and Quasi

1 safety enclosures for precision laser spot

Continuous Wave (Pulsed) Fiber lasers up

welding and precision laser seam welding

to 600W average power. Typically, these

of medical, automotive, electronics and

lasers are used for precision spot- or seam

Key Features

aerospace components, as well as a broad

welding of metal parts.

• Modular system adaptable to specific

range of other industrial applications.

programming • Auto-eject of welded parts onto chutes and containers • Automatic bins for “not OK” parts

production requirements

Benefits of NOVA3 Laser Welding Systems

• Integrated touch screen for easy

customers can produce their parts at an efficient cost point and maximize the profit

• Economical with high performance

• Class-1 safety enclosure

With the purchase of NOVA3, our

per product. AMADA MIYACHI EUROPE

ruggedized industrial laser equipment

offers its expertise to all of its customers to

• CE approved Class I Eyesafe enclosure

correctly match any welding application

• Stable and ergonomic platform for

programming • Stable platform for laser welds of the highest quality and accuracy • Fits Miyachi lasers and optics

with the right laser welder, fibers, optics,

continuous production and stress-free

• Servo motor driven axis (XYZ)

tooling and process parameters. The

operators

• Several door configurations possible:

Miyachi laser welders can join a wide range of (stainless) steels, nickel alloys, titanium, aluminum, and copper. Typical laser welding applications include seam sealing of medical devices, high frequency aerospace radar components, spot welding of small

• Customizable to specific production requirements. Fits CW fiber lasers, QCW fiber lasers and pulsed Nd-YAG lasers • Possibility of manual, pneumatic and

Opening direction horizontal or vertical Actuation method manual, pneumatic or motorised • Data logging of system messages

motorized doors. Opening to the top, or

• Password controlled user levels

to the side.

• Ergonomic platform for continuous

• Multi-axis CNC motion

mechanical parts, battery housings,

production and stress-free, concentrated and effective operators

hermetic seam welding of sensors,

Options

batteries, battery packages, etc.

The following options are available:

cost point and maximize the profit

• CNC module for easy programming of

per product.

The NOVA3 is available in five

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• Produce your parts at an efficient

FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

PROJECTS UPDATE

Setu Bharatam Project

Source: http://techsansar.in/top-5-upcoming-mega-projects-in-india/

Solar Capacity Of 10,000 MW

Source: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/india-to -meet-solar-capacity-addition-target-of-10000-mw/articleshow/63354357.cms

Highways. A total of 208 railway crossing will be replaced by

fiscal, which was itself a record at the time.The total capacity at

rail over bridges by 2019. The Ministry of Road Transport &

the end of 2016-17 was 12,288.8 MW, which means that 7,295

Highways has established an Indian Bridge Management System

MW had been added till end-February and another 2,700 MW is

(IBMS) in order to carry out a proper inspection of all the railway

expected to be commissioned in March. The capacity addition is

crossings and bridges. The project will help to reduce traffic at

expected to accelerate further in 2018-19.

etu Bharatam project was Inaugurated with a budget of Rs 102 billion. The project aims to reconstruct 1500 British-era

bridges and also to ensure no railway crossing along the National

ndia is set to meet its target of adding 10,000 MW of solar capacity in 2017-18, almost twice that of the increase in 2016-

17. The country had added 5,526 MW of solar capacity in the last

the railway crossing and will also reduce the number of deaths caused by railway accidents.

London Cross rail Project

Al Maktoum Airport, Dubai

Source: https://www.thebalance.com/top-ten-largest-constructionprojects-844370

completion in phases, with the first new track going into service

The airport's second expansion phase alone has an estimated

in 2018 and all remaining tracks in service by 2020.

cost of more than $32 billion.

he world's first underground continues to grow, adding 26 miles of tunnel connecting 40 stations. The estimated

cost of construction is $23 billion. The project is scheduled for

Source: https://www.thebalance.com/top-ten-largest-constructionprojects-844370

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

ubai's Al Maktoum International Airport extends over more than 21 square miles. Scheduled for completion in 2018,

the facility is designed to handle 200 wide-body aircraft at a time.

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PROJECTS UPDATE

International Space Station

Source: https://www.thebalance.com/top-ten-largest-constructionprojects-844370

Sagarmala Project

Source: http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/narendra-modis-top-10signature-infrastructure-projects-to-power-new-india/613121/

The eventual cost of the space station and its contemplated

estimated to cost around Rs 12,00,000 crore. The government

expansions could exceed $1 trillion, by which point it could

wants to implement the projects worth Rs 5,00,000 crore under

become a habitat for up to one million off-planet occupants.

the ambitious programme by May 2019.

he ISS circles the earth every 92 minutes. Created by a consortium of 15 nations and 5 space agencies, the ISS has

currently scheduled construction costs exceeding $60 billion.

India’s Longest Rail-cum-Road ‘Bogibeel Bridge’

t aims to promote port- led direct and indirect development and provide infrastructure to transport goods to and from

ports quickly, efficiently and cost- effectively. The project is

South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China

Source:http://railanalysis.in/rail-news/last-span-indias-longest-rail-cum-roadbogibeel-bridge-launched/

Source: https://www.thebalance.com/top-ten-largest-constructionprojects-844370

Modi government also aims for converting all meter-gauge

construction of three huge canals, each more than 600 miles

tracks in the northeastern states to broad-gauge. In Arunachal,

long and carrying water to the North from China's three largest

the Centre has started location survey to connect Tawang, Aalo,

rivers. The project has a 48-year construction schedule. After

Pasighat with broad gauge railway networks.

completion of this project it will supply 44 billion cubic meters of

odi government has brought Arunachal Pradesh on the railway map of India with India’s longest rail-cum-road

bridge — the 4.94-km long Bogibeel bridge over Brahmaputra.

he North of China is home to almost 50 percent of China's population but has only about 20 percent of the country's

water resources. To remedy this imbalance, China has funded

water each year.

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FEB - MAR 2018 | WELDFAB TECH TIMES

STUDENTS CORNER

Weld your Career

hinking of what career to take in life, is one of the most difficult

Here are a few points about welding as a career.

decision you’ll ever make. Why

It’s not just about welding Taking on welding as your primary profession isn’t just about welding

not look at welding as a viable career

You don’t need a degree

bits of metal together. In fact, there’s a

path? It’s relatively easy to pick up the

Unlike a lot of career paths, you don’t

wide range of skills and duties that are

necessary skills and you’ll be in high-

need a college degree when it comes to

involved. You’ll be studying blueprints,

demand. As children, we dream of being

welding, but you should take a course in

doing calculations, maintaining projects,

policemen, firefighters, or doctors. As

the trade. A welding course will ensure

and inspecting structures and goods.

we grow older, we realize that lawyers or

you have all of the required hands-on

Welding gives you the opportunity to

engineers may be more interesting jobs.

training you need and you’ll be taught

learn a range of new techniques and

Although, we all still want to be rock stars

to be a professional welder. It’s also

abilities that you would otherwise not

or astronauts. What can you do with a

worthwhile to take up an apprenticeship

have access to.

high school education? What can you

in order to understand and hone all

do with a university degree? Well, what

of your skills – quite a few companies

There are lot of opportunities

about welding?

will send new hires on these courses.

Welding is the kind of broad job that can

After all, where’s the best place to learn

be applied to many industries. You could

something that was put together with

welding from than a master? Your

create furniture, custom vehicles, or fix

welding. It’s an industry that spans the

welding certificate can be completed

rigging equipment. Quite a few welders

globe and can be applied to a variety of

in as little as seven months, after which

go on to work on oil rigs for several

different sectors. And if you play your

you’ll usually complete a practical

months at a time which affords them

cards right, welding as a profession

exam. Once you’re done, it’s time to

major financial rewards and sometimes

can also be quite lucrative. It’s also a

join the working world. Of course, you

interesting travel opportunities.

job that’s easier to pick up than people

can also study the trade yourself by

Depending on how good you are,

realize, but you do need an eye for

experimenting with welding projects

you’ll be able to specialize in a range of

mathematics and carry a supply of an

and playing around with the

different areas of expertise. For example,

extensive range of welding equipment.

necessary tools.

military support helps to build structures

Today, there’s a chance for you to use

and infrastructure, while underwater welding allows you to repair the item at the bottom of the ocean.

Travel opportunities Welding might not sound like the most glorious or life-altering job, but it does come with a few perks. One of this is the opportunity to travel. As mentioned before, welding can be used in almost any industry or sector to build and maintain a variety of things. Those wanting to, will be able to help lay oil pipes across great distances, construct and repair NASCAR vehicles, or work on ships that need repairing at sea. The

Source: www.mywebtimes.com

WELDFAB TECH TIMES | FEB - MAR 2018

most specialized jobs will net you some decent pay, as well.

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Owner, Printer & Publisher – Eliza Amol Bhalerao Published At - B-3/503, Ekdanth, Gauri Estate, Near Gauri Hall, Manjarli, Badlapur (W), Dist.: Thane – Ulhasnagar - 421503, Maharashtra, India. Editor – Amol A. Bhalerao RNI No.- MAHENG/2017/75007