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kZe‡l©i m¤úK©

: kZe‡l©i m¤úK© [cÖeÜ msKjb]

cÖexi weKvk miKvi cÖKvkKvj: †deª“qvwi, 2011 cÖ”Q` I A½m¾v: cÖexi weKvk miKvi Noriko Miyazawa

cÖKvkbv ms¯’v:

we‡eK cÖKvkbx wVKvbv n‡e

†hvMv‡hvM: ( †Uwj‡dvb bv¤^vi, B‡gBj)

cwi‡ekK:

(†h mKj eB‡qi †`vKv‡b ivLv n‡e evsjv‡`k I Rvcv‡b †mm‡ei bvg)

gy`ªY: (QvcvLvbvi bvg) g~j¨: .........UvKv .........B‡qb Printed in Bangladesh, 2011 ISBN:................................

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ZLb Zuvi gv g„ZzëiY K‡ib 1871 mv‡j| Zuvi wcZv Zuv‡K †eŠ× gw›ì Z_v cvwievwiK gw›ì †PvI‡qbwRÕ‡Z cvVvb| †mLvbKvi †Mb‡`vI Iwk‡qvI bvgœx R‰bK we‡kl‡Ái Kv‡Q wZwb Pxbv fvlv I aªæc`x mvwnZ¨ wk¶vR©b K‡ib GKwbôfv‡e| Zv QvovI jywK‡q jywK‡q wZwb Rb †ejv‡Mi ¯‹z‡j `k eQi ch©š— Bs‡iwR wk¶v MÖnY K‡ib| 3 wkïeq‡mB wZwb Pxbv I Bs‡iwR fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wk¶vjvf K‡iwQ‡jb e‡jB c~e©-cwðg m¤úK© ev `yB gnv‡`kxq mf¨Zv‡Z eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb hv Avgiv Zuvi iPbv‡Z Lyu‡R cvB| 1873 mv‡j Zuvi wcZv B‡qv‡Kvnvgvi eëmv ¸wU‡q ivRavbx †UvwKIi wb‡nvbevwk hv ZrKvjxb mg‡qi cÖwm× evwYR¨bMix GLv‡b G‡m ÔIKvKziv ZvweKvbÕ bv‡g GKwU mivBLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib|4 †Zbwkb‡K miKvwi †UvwKI we‡`wk fvlv we`¨vj‡q fwZ© Kwi‡q †`b| wcZvi eëmvq mvdj¨ Avmvi d‡j Zuvi c‡¶ D”Pwk¶vjv‡fi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv evav wQj bv| `yB eQi ci 1875 mv‡j †UvwKI KvB‡mB Mv‡°v ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nb| 1877 mv‡j GLv‡b wk¶vaxb Ae¯’vq GB we`¨vjqwU †UvwKI †gwW‡Kj ¯‹z‡ji m‡½ GKwÎZ n‡q †UvwKI B‡¤úwiqvj wek¦we`¨vj‡q iƒcvš—wiZ nq| wZwb GB wek¦we`¨vj‡qi d¨vKvwë Ae †jUvm© wefv‡M ivRbxwZweÁvb I A_©bxwZ wel‡q mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib 1880 mv‡j| wZwb wQ‡jb GB wefv‡Mi cÖ_g wk¶v_©x‡ì Ab¨Zg| G QvovI wZwb GB cÖwZôv‡bB Rvcvwb, Pxbv I Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ wel‡qI Ávbjvf K‡ib, ZLb cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi ìRvB wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ wQj Db¥y³| †h `ywU wel‡q wZwb my‡hvM †c‡jB wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z †h‡Zb Zv wQj Pxbv Ges Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨| Pxbv aª“c`x cov‡Zb ZrKvjxb me©Rbkª‡×q cwÊZ Aa¨vcK bvKvgyiv gvmvbvI (1832-91) Ges Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ cov‡Zb Aa¨vcK DBwjqvg IqvU©b, wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb `„p Pwi‡Îi Bs‡iR cwÊZ| wZwb cov‡Zb Bs‡iwR aª“c`xmvwnZ¨ †hgb wR‡qv‡d« Pmvi, A¨vWgvÛ †¯úbmvi, Rb wgëb Ges DBwjqvg †k·wcqvi| †Zbwkb Lye AvMÖnmnKv‡i GB wk¶‡Ki e³e¨ ïb‡Zb, co‡Zb Bsj¨vÛ I Av‡gwiKvi aªæc`x †jLK‡ì MÖš’vw`| Zuvi Av‡M Ab¨vb¨ Qv‡Îi Kv‡Q cvðv‡Zï aª“c`x mvwnZ¨ AZ RbwcÖq wQj bv| m¤¢eZ †ZbwkbB me‡P‡q fv‡jv Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï QvÎ wQ‡jb Zuvi mgqKv‡j| Ab¨w`‡K we`¨vwk¶vi cÖwZ cÖej AvMÖnx †Zbwkb Aa¨vcK bvKvgyivi †kªYx‡Z cÖvPxb Pxbv mvwnZ¨ QvovI wLª÷vb ag©, KbdzwkqvwbRg, †eŠ×ag© cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯—i Ávbjvf K‡ib| QvÎve¯’vq ZrKvjxb L¨vwZgvb Pxbv fvlv KvbwR we‡klÁ, Kwe I ÔwkbeybwkÕ KweZv cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †gvwi ïb‡ZvI (1819-89) Gi ¯‹z‡j KvbwRKweZvPP©v iß K‡ib|5 GB wk¶‡Ki cÖfv‡e 30wU KweZvwU wj‡L Ômvb‡mvI‡`vI wk‡mvIÕ Z_v Ômvb‡mvI‡`vI KweZvÕ bv‡g Kve¨MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡i Av‡jvob †Zv‡jb| myZivs ejv hvq ˆK‡kv‡iB wZwb Kwe n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| KweZv Zuvi i‡³i m‡½ wg‡k wM‡qwQj e‡jB g„Zz¨ ch©š— KL‡bv wb‡R‡K wew”Qbœ K‡ibwb Kve¨PP©v †_‡K, Zvi iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 14

cÖgvY wcÖq¤^`v e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1871-1935) Gi Kv‡Q wjwLZ wPwV¸‡jv| PgrKvi Kvwe¨KZviB cÖgvY Zz‡j a‡i Zuvi KweZv hv wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Rvcvwb I Bs‡iwR‡Z| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ _vKvKvjxb wZwb IKznviv †mB‡Kv g~j bvg B‡K`v †mrmy (1837-1913) bvgœx ZrKvjxb weL¨vZ GK bvix wPÎwkíx, Kwe I †jwLKvi Kv‡Q `w¶Y Pxbv ixwZi wPÎKjvI wk¶vjvf K‡ib| 6 d‡j hrmvgvb¨ QweI wZwb Gu‡K‡Qb| D‡jøL¨ †h, IKznvivi cÖwZ kª×vÁvcb¯îƒc KweZvI wj‡L‡Qb| 7 G QvovI Rvcv‡bi †`kxq exYv Z_v Ô†Kv‡ZvÕev`bI wk‡LwQ‡jb e‡j Rvbv hvq| Zv‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v welq QvovI myKzgvi wk‡íi cÖwZI wZwb cÖejfv‡e AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| 8 \`yB\ †Zbwk‡bi Rxe‡b †mvbvwj hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡iwQ‡jb GKRb gvÎ e¨w³ Aa¨vcK Av‡b©÷ d«vwÝm †d‡bvjmv (1853-1908)| wZwb †gBwR miKv‡ii Avgš¿‡Y †UvwKI B‡¤úwiqvj wek¦we`¨vj‡q `k©‡bi wk¶K wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib 1878 mv‡j| wZwb bvbv Kvi‡YB AvRI Rvcv‡b ¯§iYxq e¨w³| we‡kl K‡i Rvcvwb avivi wPÎKjv Ôwb‡nvbMvÕi cybR©xeb`vb Ges g~jëvb mvs¯‹…wZK m¤ú` AbymÜvb I cyi“×v‡ii Rb¨ we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Av‡gwiKvi GK †¯úwbmAv‡gwiKvb wcZv-gvZvi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| AvRxeb wQ‡jb GKRb D`¨gx `vk©wbK| 1874 mv‡j nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K mœvZK wWwMÖ AR©bKvix †d‡bvjmv †UvwKI B‡¤úwiqvj wek¦we`¨vj‡q cov‡Zb `k©b I hyw³we`¨v| wZwb weL¨vZ `vk©wbKØq nve©vU †¯úbmvi I †d«WwiK †n‡M‡ji Abymvix wQ‡jb| G `y‡Uv welq cov‡bvi cvkvcvwk ivRbxwZ Ges A_©bxwZI cov‡Zb| Rvcvwb wkíKjvi cÖwZ wQj Zuvi Mfxi AvMÖn| wb‡RB G wel‡q covï‡bv Ki‡Zb| Rvcv‡b Avmvi Av‡M wZwb bKkv AuvKv, Qwe AuvKv wk‡LwQ‡jb eQiLv‡bK †ev÷b wgDwRqvg Ae dvBb AvU©m cÖwZôv‡b| Rvcv‡b Avmvi ci Rvcvwb cÖvPxb mvwnZ¨, wPÎKjv Ges g„rwk‡íi cÖwZ µgvš^‡q AvK…ó n‡q M‡elYvq eªZx nb| wbtm‡›`‡n Rvcvwb wkíKjvi cÖwZ Zuvi GB AvMÖnB †Zbwk‡bi m‡½ †hvMm~Î ¯’vc‡b mnvqK nq| hLb Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmvi GKRb eyw×gvb mn‡hvMxi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q ZLb wZwb †mŠfvMëkZ †Zbwkb‡K Lyu‡R cvb, KviY †Zbwkb Bs‡iwR fvlvq wQ‡jb cvi`k©x| †Zbwkb QvÎve¯’vq m‡Z‡iv eQi eq‡m weL¨vZ GK cwiev‡ii †g‡q IIKv †gv‡Zv‡Kv (1865-1922) †K we‡q K‡ib 1879 mv‡j hLb †gv‡Zv‡Kvi eqm gvÎ †PŠÏ| c‡ii eQiB Zuvi mœvZK wWwMÖi cix¶v, Gi Rb¨ `yB gvme¨vcx g~jëvb mgq jvwM‡q Awfm›`f© wj‡LwQ‡jb Bs‡iwR‡Z Ôiv‡óªi ZË¡Õ bv‡g| wKš‘ †Zbwk‡bi ciKxqvNwUZ cvwievwiK Kjn‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zuvi ¯¿x Awfm›`f©wU Av¸‡b cywo‡q †d‡jb| d‡j Zuv‡K ¯^ímg‡qi g‡a¨ ÔwkíKjvwelqK cÖeÜÕ bv‡g Awfm›`f© wjL‡Z nq, hv mgq wb‡qwQj `yB mßvn| ivRbxwZweÁv‡bi e`‡j m¤ú~Y© wfbœ iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 15

wel‡qi Ici wjwLZ GB Awfm›`f©wU Zuv‡K †kªYxK‡¶ wØZxq ¯—‡ii bMY¨ Qv‡Î cwiYZ K‡iwQj e‡j wb‡R g‡b Ki‡Zb| 9 Z‡e GUv Zuvi Rxe‡bi w`Kwb‡`©kbv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iwQj ejvB evûj¨| Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmvi Kv‡Q Zuvi GB Awfm›`f©wU cÖkswmZ n‡qwQj| cieZ©x‡Z †Zbwkb Zuvi Nwbô mn‡hvMx wbhy³ nb| Zuvi cÖfv‡eB †Zbwkb µ‡g µ‡g Rvcvwb Kjvwk‡íi BwZnv‡m g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z _v‡Kb| Aek¨ cieZ©xKv‡jI Zuvi Rxe‡b †d‡bvjmvi wPš—v I Kg©KvÊ Mfxi cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj| ïay †d‡bvjmvB bq, AviI KwZcq we‡`wk M‡elK I wk¶vwe‡ì Kg©Kv‡Êi w`‡K Zuvi `„wó wbe× nq| huviv Rvcvwb BwZnvm, HwnZ¨, †jvKms¯‹…wZ Ges wkíKjvi Dcv`vbmg~n msi¶‡Y Zrci wQ‡jb| Rvcvwb ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ we‡`wk‡ì GB AvMÖn Zuv‡K ¯^‡`k Ges cvðv‡Zï AvaywbK Kjvwk‡íi cÖwZ Mfxifv‡e AvK…ó K‡i †Zv‡j| 1880 mv‡j †UvwKI wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf Kivi ci wZwb miKv‡ii wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb m½xZ wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e wbhy³ nb| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, Gi †cQ‡b wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fvBm-†cÖwm‡W›U wewkó ivRbxwZwe`, wk¶vwe` wfmKvD›U nvgvI AvivZvÕi (1849-1925) mycvwik Kvh©Ki wQj| Aek¨ †Zbwk‡bi †gaveyw× Av‡M †_‡KB wk¶vwe` nvgvIi bRi †K‡owQj| gš¿Yvj‡q Zuvi wb‡qvM wQj Av‡gwiKvb m½xZwe‡klÁ jy_vi ûB‡Ub g¨vmb (1818-96) Gi mnKvix †`vfvlx wn‡m‡e| g¨vmb Rvcv‡b GKwU m½xZ ¯‹zj cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e Avgwš¿Z n‡qwQ‡jb †gBwR miKvi KZ…©K 1879 mv‡j| †Zbwkb Zuvi cÖLi eyw×gËv Ges mvejxj Bs‡iwR ejvi Kvi‡Y wk¶K g¨vm‡bi `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib Ges AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zuvi fv‡jv eÜz n‡q I‡Vb| wKš‘ GLv‡b †Zbwkb †ewk w`b _vK‡Z cv‡ibwb| 10 1881 mv‡j miKv‡ii GKRb Avgjv Ges g¨vm‡biB cÖv³b QvÎ BRvIqv ïDwR (1851-1917) Av‡gwiKvq †cÖwiZ nb †mLvbKvi mgKvjxb m½xZ cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨| c‡ii eQi wZwb KvR †kl K‡i wd‡i G‡m gš¿Yvj‡qi m½xZ wefv‡Mi cÖavb Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e c‡`vbœwZ jvf K‡ib| †mLv‡b PvwiwÎK êcix‡Zï Kvi‡Y `yR‡bi Ø›Ø-we‡iva †`Lv †`q| BRvIqv wQ‡jb K‡Ævi †Muvov ïw×ev`x Avi †Zbwkb wQ‡jb Db¥y³ D`vicš’x| GK ch©v‡q 1882 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m BRvIqv cvðvZëvw`Zvi †Rvi LvwU‡q †UvwKI m½xZ we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U c‡` Avmxb nb| Avi †Zbwkb‡K bw_cÎ msi¶Y wefv‡M ¯’vbvš—wiZ Kiv nq| 11 Gi g‡a¨ 1880 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi cÖ_g m¤ú~Y© AvBb wk¶vwelqK ¯‹zj †mbïD Mv‡°vI cÖwZôv K‡ib ¯^bvgab¨ ivRbxwZwe`, A_©bxwZwe`, AvBbwe‡klÁ Ges e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK †KB‡qvI wMRyKz we`¨vj‡qi cÖfvlK †mvIgv bvMvZv‡b (18501924)| 1882 mv‡ji w`‡K †Zbwkb GB ¯‹z‡ji ¯^íKvjxb wk¶K wbhy³ n‡q Gi iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 16

AMÖMwZ‡Z we‡kl Ae`vb iv‡Lb| QvÎ‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Z m¶g nb| eZ©gv‡b GwU ¯^bvgab¨ wek¦we`¨vjq wn‡m‡e Rvcv‡b mycwiwPZ| eûgyLx ¸‡Yi AwaKvix †Zbwkb m½xZ wk¶K g¨vm‡bi mnKvix n‡qI Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmvi m‡½ Mfxifv‡e RwoZ wQ‡jb| 1882 mv‡ji †g gv‡mi 14 Zvwi‡L †d‡bvjmv GKwU e³…Zv cÖ`vb K‡ib Rvcvwb wPÎKjvi f~qmx cÖksmv K‡i AwfRvZ †kªYxi wkíKjvwelqK msMVb ÔwiDIwPKvBÕ Gi AvnŸv‡b| Bs‡iwR‡Z wjwLZ wbR¯^ wPš—v I DcjwäRvZ ÔUªy_ Ae AvU©Õ GB e³…ZvwU c‡i Rvcvwb‡Z fvlvš—wiZ n‡q ÔwewRrmy wkb‡mrmyÕ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi Abyev‡ì Kv‡R †h mn‡hvMx †Zbwk‡bi nvZ wQj Zv Avi bv ej‡jI P‡j| KviY wZwb †d‡bvjmvi eû e³„Zv I fv‡lï †`vfvlx Ges Abyev`‡Ki KvR K‡i‡Qb| GB e³…Zvq Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmv Rvcvwb wPÎKjvi bvbv w`K e¨vL¨vmn, cvðvZ¨ wPÎKjvi m‡½ Zzjbv Ges Dcmsnv‡i Rvcvwb wPÎKjv cvðv‡Zï m¯—v wPÎKjvi †P‡q †kªô e‡j gš—e¨ K‡ib| Zuvi GB gš—‡e¨ †Zbwkb †h Av‡jvwoZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| GB e³…Zvi Kvi‡Y m‡PZb Rbgn‡j e¨vcK cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq| we‡kl K‡i m‡egvÎ Rvcv‡b Av‡gwiKvb Ges B‡qv‡ivcxq wPÎKjvPP©v ïi“ n‡q‡Q, `yBGKwU KvwiMwi wkíKjvi ¯‹zj M‡o D‡V‡Q BZvjxq wkíx-cÖwk¶K A¨vš’bxq dš— v‡bwm (1818-82) cÖgy‡Li Øviv| †mBme ¯‹zj eÜ n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| ïay e³…Zv w`‡qB †_‡g _v‡Kbwb †d‡bvjmv, Rvcvwb HwZnëvnx wPÎKjvi ¸i“Z¡ Zz‡j a‡i G¸‡jvi cÖPvi, cÖmvi I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wZbwU Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv MÖn‡YiI cÖ¯—ve iv‡Lb| G¸‡jv n‡jv : 1. GKwU Pvi“Kjv ¯‹zj cÖwZôv, 2. wPÎwkíx‡ì Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ges 3. RbmvaviY‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv| m¤¢eZ Zuvi GB e³…Zv †_‡KB Rvcvwb A¼bwPÎ Ôwb‡nvbMvÕ bvg aviY K‡i| GB eQ‡iB †d‡bvjmvi GB e³…Zv ÔwewRrmy wkb‡mrmyÕ Ges †Zbwkb wjwLZ wjwcKjvwelqK GKwU cÖeÜ ÔwjwcKjv wkíKg© bqÕ Gi mgv‡jvPbv cÖKvwkZ nq| †k‡lv³ cÖeÜwU wj‡LwQ‡jb cvðvZävivi wewkó wPÎwkíx †Kvqvgv †kvIZv‡ivI (1857-1916)| cÖe‡Ü †jLK KZ…©K †h mKj hyw³ cÖ`wk©Z nq Zv wQj : 1. wjwcKjvi †h mKj we`¨gvb bxwZ †m¸‡jv hvPvB‡hvM¨ bq| 2. wjwcKjvi cÖwµqvq ˆkwíK Dcw¯’wZ †bB| 3. wjwcKjvi ˆkwíK †Kv‡bv g~jÏ †bB| 4. wjwcKjv wkíKg© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nIqv DwPZ bq| 12 ejvB evûj¨, GB hyw³¸‡jv †Zbwkb‡K ¶zä K‡i †Zv‡j| Kwegb †h †Kv‡bv †mŠ›`‡h©i c~Rvix; Rb¥MZfv‡e Kwe †Zbwkb m‡egvÎ Zuvi wk¶v¸i“ †d‡bvjmvi gva¨‡g ¯^‡`kx Ges cvðv‡Zï wkíKjvi ¯îƒc I weiƒc‡K †evSvi cvV wbw”Q‡jb †mB mgq GB weZwK©Z welqwUi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zv †h wb‡RB †jvfvZzi; GUv GKwU UvKv ˆZwii †gwkb; †mLv‡b `wi`ª AviI `wi`ª nq, abx AviI abx BZ¨vw` e‡j K‡Vvi †¶vf I wZ³Zv e¨³ K‡ib| 13 Zuvi GB iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 17

mgv‡jvPbv e¨vcK Av‡jvob †Zv‡j| Gi Rb¨ Zuv‡K g‡b n‡Z cv‡i wZwb cvðvZ¨ms¯‹…wZwegyL| e¯‘Z Zv bq, †Zbwkb eiveiB wQ‡jb wek¦Rbxb gvbeZvev‡ì Ab¨Zg fvl¨Kvi| Z‡e cÖvP¨ Z_v Rvcvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i wek¦‡K †`L‡Z I eyS‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi eÜz Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g‡Zv wZwbI cvðv‡Zï wKQz wKQz w`K ev bxwZ wb‡q wQ‡jb Amš‘ó| wZwb huvi mvwbœ‡a¨ †_‡K we¯§„Z, cwiZ¨³ ¯^‡`k I RvZxqZv‡eva‡K Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb †mB cÖvP¨‡cÖgx Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmv wQ‡jb cvðvZ¨ mf¨ZviB gvbyl| cvðv‡Zï mewKQz‡K N„Yv Ki‡j wZwb †ev÷‡b Rvcvwb, Pxbv Z_v cÖvP¨ wkíKjv Rv`yNi M‡o Zzj‡Z AvMÖnx n‡Zb bv| †ev÷b wkíKjv Rv`yNi Av‡qvwRZ wbqwgZ e³…Zvbyôv‡b wZb-wZbevi cÖvP¨Kjv m¤ú‡K© e³…Zv w`‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K mv¤§vwbK Gg G wWwMÖ Zuvi bv‡g †cÖiY KiZ bv| 14 GB ai‡bi wWwMÖ ZLb wQj Av`‡ZB `yj©f! wZwb Avm‡j `ywU Kvi‡Y GB mgmvgwqK wPÎwkíx †Kvqvgvi Ici weivM cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb : GKUv n‡jv, Zuvi ¯^vRv‡Zï cÖwZ Ae‡njv Ges Ab¨wU, wkíKg© Z_v cÖvP¨wkí m¤ú‡K© AÁZv| g‡b Kiv hvq †h, GB NUbvi ci †_‡K †Zbwkb cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi AgvbweK w`K¸‡jv †hgb, A¨vs‡jv m¨vKmb‡ì mvgªvRëv`, RvwZwe‡Øl, eY©we‡Øl, wfbœ ms¯‹…wZmf¨Zvi cÖwZ AwfRvZ †kªYxi DbœvwmKZv cÖf„wZi mgv‡jvPbv ïi“ K‡ib| c~e©‡`k Rvcvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zuvi wfZ‡i ax‡i ax‡i cÖvP¨åvZ…Z¡‡eva Z_v c¨vb-GwkqvwbRg `vbv euva‡Z ïi“ K‡i| ZviB ewntcÖKvk N‡U cieZ©xKv‡j wjwLZ †`k-we‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cÖeÜ-wbeÜ Ges KvjRqx MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z| IB mg‡q mviv wek¦ †hLv‡b †k¦Zv½ mvgªvRëv`xi c`Z‡j, cv‡kB i‡q‡Q D`xqgvb mvgªvRëv`x kw³ ivwkqv wVK †mB mg‡q cvðv‡Zï mgv‡jvPbv Kivi GB mvnwmKZvi †cQ‡b KvR K‡i‡Q D`vicš’x, ¯úófvlx †d‡bvjmvi Mfxi cÖfve Ges Rvcv‡bi cÖwZ eûKvje¨vcx Pxb, g‡½vj Ges ivwkqvi AvµgYvZ¥K ZrciZvi BwZnvm| Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmvi ci †Zbwk‡bi Rxe‡b wØZxq †h cÖfvekvjx e¨w³i AvMgb wZwb n‡jb cÖfvekvjx ivRbxwZK e¨vib KzwK wiDBwP (1852-1931)| wZwb wQ‡jb mvgyivB es‡kv™¢~Z mywkw¶Z miKvwi Avgjv, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Rvcv‡bi ivóª`~Z Ges ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, wZwb wQ‡jb †Zbwk‡bi cÖavb c„ô‡cvlK| wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi wkíKjvwelqK cÖavb Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e ivóªxq ms¯‹…wZ bxwZgvjv ˆZwi‡Z Zuvi wQj f~wgKv weivU| GB bxwZgvjvi Aax‡b mvs¯‹…wZK I cÖZœZvwË¡K m¤ú` ms¯‹vi Ges msi¶‡Yi cÖ_g D‡`¨v³v| Aek¨ Gi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q 1878 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi c¨vwim kn‡i AbywôZ Avš—R©vwZK †gjv ev Exposition Universelle de Paris, 1878 cwi`k©‡b wM‡q †m †`‡ki wkíKjvi i¶Yv‡e¶‡Y gy» nIqvi Mfxi cÖfve| †`‡k wd‡i G‡m wZwb Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmv I Zuvi wkl¨ †Zbwk‡bi m‡½ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wkíKjv M‡elYv I msi¶‡Yi cwiKíbv MÖn‡Y me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡ib| 1882-84 ch©š— wZwb wb‡R cÖvPxb ivRavbx wK‡qv‡Zv I bvivi wewfbœ wk‡š—vI Ges †eŠ× gw›ì cwi`k©b I Rwic KvR m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ m½x K‡i iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 18

†bb †Zbwkb‡K| Zuvi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvq Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmv I †Zbwkb Rvcv‡bi cÖvPxb gw›ìmg~‡ni wPÎ, g~wZ©mn mvs¯‹…wZK wb`k©bmg~‡ni ms¯‹vi, Rv`yN‡i msi¶YK‡í K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡ib| 15 1884 mv‡j `yR‡b bvivi 1200 eQi cÖvPxb †nvIwiDwR †eŠ× gw›`‡ii PZ¡‡i Aew¯’Z wcÖÝ †kvI‡ZvKz ZvBwki (wLª. 574-622) ¯§„wZweRwoZ BD‡g‡`v‡bv cÖv_©bvM„‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z m¶g nb GB cÖ_g| GLv‡b Zuviv Amvgvb¨ GK Avwe®‹vi mvab K‡ib| ÔBqy‡g‡`v‡bv Kvb&‡bvbÕ bvgK GKwU †eŠ×ag©xq ÔKi“YvÕ †èxg~wZ© Lyu‡R cvb hv wQj 700 eQi a‡i ev‡·ve›`x| GB we¯§qKi Avwe®‹vi m¤ú‡K© c‡i `yRbB Zuv‡ì Abyf~wZ wj‡L †i‡L †M‡Qb| 1885 mv‡j †Zbwkb wk¶v¸i“ †d‡bvjmvi m‡½ †hŠ_fv‡e wPÎKjv msi¶Y mwgwZ/Society for the Appreciation of Paintings cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1886-87 mv‡j GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ wZwb wkíKjvi M‡elK wn‡m‡e Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmvi m‡½ Bsj¨vÛ, BZvwj, Rvg©vwb, Aw÷ªqv, †¯úb Ges gvwK©b hy³ivóª md‡i hvb| Av‡gwiKvq wM‡q ivóª`~Z KzwK wiDBwPi m‡½ mv¶vr Ges AvwZ‡q_Zv MÖnY K‡i KzwKi m‡½B c‡i Rvcv‡b wd‡i Av‡mb| GB md‡ii mgq wZwb BZvwj‡Z †`Lv †i‡bmuv hy‡Mi wPÎKjvi f~qmx cÖksmv K‡ib| GUv wQj Zuvi Rb¨ GK PgrKvi my‡hvM cvðvZ¨ wkíKjvi m‡½ Rvcvwb wkíKjv‡K Zzjbv Kivi †¶‡Î| G †¶‡Î Rvcvwb wPÎKjv‡K Zuvi DrK…ó e‡jB g‡b n‡q‡Q| wd‡i G‡m miKvwi cwiKíbvax‡b 1887 mv‡j †UvwKI weRyrmyMv‡°v ev †UvwKI dvBb AvU© ¯‹zj (eZ©gv‡b †UvwKI †MBRyrmy `vBMvKz ev †UvwKI Pvi“Kjv wek¦we`¨vjq) cÖwZôvi m‡½ RwoZ nb| ¯‹z‡ji cÖ_g wcÖwÝcvj wbhy³ nb wk¶vwe` nvgvI AvivZv| Avi Kg©mwPe wbe©vwPZ nb †Zbwkb| Gi `yB eQi ci 1889 mv‡j wZwb nb GB cÖwZôv‡bi Aa¨¶| Avi GLvb †_‡KB Rvcv‡bi RvZxq wkíKjv Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv Ges †Zbwk‡biI AMÖhvÎvi `yqvi GKUvi ci GKUv Db¥y³ n‡Z _v‡K GB mgq †_‡K| GKvwaK miKvwi-†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| 1888 mv‡j †UvwKI B‡¤úwiqvj Rv`yNi (eZ©gv‡b †UvwKI b¨vkbvj wgDwRqvg) Gi wkíKjv wefv‡Mi cÖavb wbhy³ nb, KzwK wiDBwP hvi cÖavb wKD‡iUi| 1889 mv‡j wZwb KzwK Ges cÖfvekvjx Avmvwnwk¤^yb cwÎKvi m¤úv`Kxq Kjvg †jLK †Kb‡Rv ZvKvnvwk (1855-1898)Õi m‡½ †hŠ_fv‡e Rvcv‡bi cÖ_g Pvi“KjvwelqK mvgwqKx Ô†Kv°vÕ ev ÔRvZxq †mŠifÕ cÖKvk K‡ib| GB mvgwqKx cieZ©xKv‡j Rvcvwb Ges KjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK ÔBqs‡e½jÕ wPÎwkíx‡ì Av‡›`vjb, wPš—vwewbgq‡K we‡klfv‡e DrmvwnZ K‡i| Zv‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq Rvcvwb Zi“Y wPÎwkíx‡ì cvkvcvwk Aebx›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1871-1951), my‡i›`ªbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq (1885-1909), b›`jvj emy (1882-1966) cÖgy‡Li wPÎKg©| 1890 mv‡j ivRKxq wkíKjv GKv‡Wwgi wePviK wbhy³ nb| 1891 mv‡j cÖwZôv K‡ib Rvcvb Zi“Y wPÎwkíx msN/Japanese Association of Young Painters. 1896 iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 19

mv‡j Rvcvb wPÎKjv mwgwZi mn‡hvMx cwiPvjK| cvkvcvwk cÖvPxb wk‡š—vI Ges †eŠ× gw›ì msi¶Y Kwgk‡bi m`m¨ nIqvi my‡hvMI jvf K‡ib| 1898 mv‡j B‡¤úwiqvj Rv`yN‡ii Uªvw÷ m`m¨ wbe©©vwPZ nb| 1889-93 mvj ch©š— c¨vwim, Av‡gwiKvi wkKv‡Mv Avš—R©vwZK cÖ`k©bx‡Z Rvcv‡bi HwZnëvnx wkímvgMÖx ˆZwi‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| D‡jøL¨ †h, GBme cÖ`k©bx‡Z ZLb Rvcvwb HwZnëvnx wkíKjvi RbwcÖqZv wQj µgea©gvb| GB NUbvI †Zbwkb‡K wkíKjv M‡elYvq AvMÖnx K‡i Zz‡jwQj| wKš‘ GB †mvbvwj mgq Zuvi Rb¨ `xN©¯’vqx nqwb| 1898 mv‡jB †Zbwkb‡K B‡¤úwiqvj Rv`yN‡ii Uªvw÷ Ges †UvwKI dvBb AvU© ¯‹z‡ji Aa¨‡¶i c` †_‡K AcmviY Kiv nq| ZLb Ggb GKUv mgq hLb Rvcvb cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi Øviv e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡q cowQj| gvby‡li Rxebhvcb, wk¶v, we‡bv`b, ivRbxwZ, cÖkvmb, K…wl, eëmv-evwYR¨-wkí-KviLvbv, †mbvevwnbx cÖvq mewKQyB cvðvZ¨KiY cÖeYZv †`Lv w`‡qwQj ¶gZvmxb ivRbxwZK‡ì g‡a¨| Rvcvwb bMievmx ZLb cvðv‡Zï `ª“Z cwieZ©bkxj †fvMev`x ms¯‹…wZi †bkvq eyu`| Kv‡RB wkíKjvi †¶‡ÎI Gi cÖfve wQj ZxeªZi| †`kxq I cvðvZ¨ a¨vbaviYvm¤úbœ wPÎwkíx, wkíKjvi wk¶K Ges c„ô‡cvlK‡ì Ø›Ø, A‰bK¨, `jv`wj Ges Mfxi loh‡š¿i wkKv‡i cwiYZ nb †Zbwkb| `xN©Kvj Zuvi wei“‡× loh‡š¿i cwiKíbv K‡i mdj nb ZuviB GKKv‡ji wkl¨ Ges cvðvZ¨ ixwZi wWRvBwbs cÖ‡dmi dzKzBwP gvZvBwP (1862-1909)| GB loh‡š¿i †cQ‡b cvðvZ¨cš’x cÖfvekvjx AvgjvivI BÜb †RvMvq †hgb wk¶vgš¿x mv‡qvbwR wKb&‡gvwP (1849-1940) ¯^qs wQ‡jb cvðvZ¨cš’x| Ab¨vb¨ cvðvZ¨cš’x wkíxiv wQ‡jb †Kvqvgv †kvIZv‡ivI, Kz‡iv`v wK‡qv‡q‡Zi“ (1866-1924) cÖgyL| Zuviv D³ ¯‹zj‡K †d‡bvjmv-†Zbwkb KZ…©K cÖewZ©Z bxwZ I c×wZi cwie‡Z© cvðvZ¨ ixwZi wkíKjv wk¶vi cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì we‡ePbvq HwZnëvnx Rvcvwb wkíKjv ZLb AcvO&‡³q Ges AvaywbKZvi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© bq| GK ch©v‡q Zuviv †Zbwk‡bi wei“‡× bvbv iKg weiƒc mgv‡jvPbv I Kzrmv cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb mfvmgv‡e‡k Ges msev`c‡ÎI| bvbv iKg Acev` Rwo‡q cÖPvicÎ wewj Ki‡Z _v‡Kb miKvwi Awdm, †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z| Zv Qvov, Zuvi mœvqy‰eKj¨ N‡U‡Q Ges wZwb Avi `vwqZ¡-KZ©‡eï cÖwZ AbyMZ bb; wk¶K wn‡m‡e Zuvi Avi †hvM¨Zv †bB BZ¨vw` gy‡L gy‡L AccÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Gi g‡a¨ i¶Ykxj GKwU `j huviv HwZnëvnx wkíKjvi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb ZuvivI †d‡bvjmv-†Zbwk‡bi bxwZ-c×wZi wei“×vPiY K‡iwQ‡jb| †h Kvi‡Y †Zbwkb webv cÖwZev‡` ¯‹z‡ji wcÖwÝcv‡ji c` †_‡K B¯—dv w`‡Z eva¨ nb| Aek¨ Zuvi e¨w³MZ wKQz Kg©KvÊI we‡ivax c¶‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡iwQj †hgb, Am½wZc~Y© AvPvi-AvPiY, AwZgv`Kvmw³, c„ô‡cvlK e¨vib KzwK wiDBwPi cZœx nvrmy‡KvÕi iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 20

(1860-1931) m‡½ ciKxqvNwUZ †K‡j¼vwi BZ¨vw`| ejvevûj¨, GBme NUbv Zuvi e¨w³Z¡‡K µgk Aby¾¡j K‡i ZzjwQj| wKš‘ †Zbwkb AvMv‡Mvov wQ‡jb †ivgvw›UK gvbyl, ZvB ¶z`ªgbv gvby‡li ¶z`ªwPš—v, AvPvi-AvPiY‡K KL‡bvB Avg‡j †bbwb| ZvB Gme NUbvq †gv‡UB `‡g hvbwb †Zbwkb| wZwb c`Z¨vM Kivi ci ¯‹z‡ji wk¶v Abyl‡ì 17 Rb m`m¨ Zuv‡K mg_©b K‡i PvKwi †_‡K B¯—dv †`b| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb Aa¨vcK, wPÎwkíx, fv¯‹i, wWRvBbvi †hgb B‡qv‡Kvqvgv ZvBKvb (1868-1958), nvwk‡gv‡Zv Mv‡nvI (1835-1908), wk‡gvgyiv KvbRvb (1873-1930), wnwk`v ïb‡mvI (1874-1911), IKv‡e KvKzBqv (18731918), †ZivmvwK †KvIwM‡qvI (1866-1919), †iv°vKz wkmyB (1867-1950), †Kv‡evwi †Zv‡gv‡Zv (1864-1931), wbB‡iv PzD‡bvmy‡K (1869-1954), Bqvgv`v †KBPzD (1868-1934), mvKzivB gvmvrmy¸ (1867-1950), †mwK Bqvmy‡bvmy‡K (1868-1945), KvIqvmvwK wP‡Zviv (1837-1902), mvB‡MvI †Kv‡Mrmy (1873-1912), †Kb‡gvwP PzDwk‡ivI (1864-1919), mvKzivIKv mvbwk‡ivI (1870-1919) I †Mv‡ZvI mv`vBDwK (1850-1903)| Guiv †mB mgq Ges cieZ©xKv‡j cÖf~Z mybvg AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb Zuv‡ì AmvaviY gbxlv I wkíK‡g©i Rb¨| GB NUbvi ci 1898 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡mB wZwb Zuvi KwZcq wkl¨‡K wb‡q D‡q‡bv kni¯’ cÖv³b ¯‹z‡ji Kv‡QB bvKvBqv Dckn‡i Ôwb‡nvb weRyrmyBbÕ ev Ôw` Rvcvb AvU© BÝwUwUDUÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb nb Gi AvPvh©| D‡jøL¨ †h, ¯¿x †gv‡Zv‡Kvi civg‡k© †Zbwkb Zuvi GK Av‡gwiKvb eÜz wPwKrmK Ges wkíKjvi wewkó mgS`vi whwb 1982 mv‡j Rvcvb ågY Ki‡Z G‡m †Zbwk‡bi m‡½ Nwbô n‡qwQ‡jb †mB BDwjqvg ÷viwMm weM‡jv (William Sturgis Bigelow, 18591925)Õi KvQ †_‡K `k nvRvi Wjvi Puv`v wb‡qwQ‡jb GB ¯‹yjwU cÖwZôv Kivi mgq| Zv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ cÖfvekvjx e¨w³I ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb †hgb mvsevw`K, BwZnvmwe`, mgv‡jvPK Ges ivRbxwZwe` †ZvKz‡Zvwg BBwP‡ivI (1863-1957), IIKziv RvBevrmy cÖwZôvZv eëmvqx IIKziv wKnvwP‡ivI (1837-1928), mvgyivB es‡kv™¢~Z ivRbxwZwe` Ges AvBbRxex nv‡Zvqvgv KvRyI (1856-1911), mvwnwZ¨K I RvZxq wkíKjv GKv‡Wwgi m`m¨ †KvI`v †ivnvb (1867-1947), mvwnwZ¨K IRvwK †KvI‡qvI (1868-1903), mvwnwZ¨K, mgv‡jvPK, Abyev`K I bvU¨Kvi rmy‡evDwP wk‡qvI‡qvI (18591935), wkí mgv‡jvPK, wPš—vwe` I †UvwKI wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖfvlK W. ZvKvqvgv †PvwMD (1871-1902) cÖgyL D‡jøL‡hvM¨| 16 GB ¯‹z‡ji wk¶K wn‡m‡e AvPvh© †Zbwk‡bi wb‡`©‡k wkíx ZvBKvb I wnwk`v wKQy bZzb avivi wPÎv¼b c×wZ D™¢veb K‡ib †hgb Ô†gvI‡ivIZvBÕÑA¯úó m~²‡iLvhy³ wPÎv¼b c×wZ| ¸i“‡è †Zbwk‡bi wb‡`©‡k Zuviv GB c×wZ‡Z evZv‡miI Qwe AuvK‡Z m‡Pó nb| wKš‘ cÖwZôvbwU h_v_©fv‡e cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z m¶g nbwb †Zbwkb| Gi Rb¨ Zuvi ewnwe©‡k¦ Mgb, PÂjgb¯‹Zv, Avw_©K m¼U, eva©K¨RwbZ Amy¯’Zv QvovI wkíx I wk¶K †ZivmvwK †KvIwM‡qv Ges wk‡gvgyiv KvbRv‡bÕi cÖv³b ¯‹z‡j cÖZ¨veZ©b iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 21

BZ¨vw` `vqx wQj| 1902 mv‡j †Zbwkb fviZ †_‡K wd‡i Avmvi ci 1903 mv‡j ZvBKvb I wnwk`v‡K cvVvb fvi‡Z K‡qK gv‡mi Rb¨| Dcvqš—i bv †c‡q 1906 mv‡j †UvwKI †_‡K BevivwK-†Rjvi mgy`ªZximsjMœ cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i AgiveZx e‡j L¨vZ ÔBRyivÕ bvgK ¯’v‡b Zuvi ¯‹zjwU ¯’vbvš—wiZ K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b Zuvi Pvi Abymvix ZvBKvb, KvbRvb wk‡gvgyiv, wnwk`v Ges eyRvb wKgyiv (1876-1942) emevm Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wKš‘ ¯‹zjwU †ewk w`b mPj _v‡Kwb| †Zbwkb RvcvbAv‡gwiKv-fviZ hvZvqv‡Zi Kvi‡Y bRi w`‡Z e¨_© nb| 1908 mv‡j Zuvi Abymvix nvwk‡gv‡Zv Mv‡nvI Ges 1911 mv‡j wnwk`v ïb‡mvI g„ZzëiY K‡ib| 1913 mv‡j †ZbwkbI P‡j hvb c„w_exi Avov‡j Ges GKwU eY©vX¨ hy‡Mi Aemvb N‡U Rvcv‡b| Zuvi g„Zzï ci Aek¨ cÖwZôvbwU cybM©wVZ nq miKvwifv‡e| \wZb\ 1902 mv‡j †Zbwk‡bi cÖ_g fviZågY GK HwZnvwmK Zvrch©c~Y© NUbv| Rvcvb I evsjv AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ GK bZzb w`M‡š—i D‡b¥vPb| we‡kl K‡i bZzb GK Av‡jvwKZ eÜzi m‡½ fviZ Z_v evOvwji cwiPq N‡U| Zuvi GB ågY `yB †`‡ki g‡a¨ wkíKjv, mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î my`~icÖmvix GK cÖfve †i‡L hvq| †Zbwk‡bi fviZ åg‡Yi †cQ‡b wQj GKvwaK cUf~wg : cÖ_gZ, †Zbwkb Rvb‡Zb †h †eŠ×a‡g©i g~j Rb¥¯’vb fviZ| fviZ †_‡K Pxb, †Kvwiqv n‡q Rvcv‡b G‡m‡Q| cÖvPxb mvs¯‹…wZK m¤ú` cybi“×v‡ii msKí wb‡q hLb †eŠ×ag©xq gw›ì, m~Î, mvwnZ¨; cÖwZgv, g~wZ©, Avbylw½K e¯‘-mvgMÖx BZ¨vwì ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mb ZLb Zuvi wfZ‡i GB ag©msµvš— GK AvwZ¥K †mŠ›`h©‡ev‡ai Rb¥ nq| †mB Zi“Y eq‡mB g‡b g‡b GB a‡g©i g~j wkKo I †mŠ›`h© AbymÜv‡b AvMÖnx n‡q I‡Vb| wKš‘ mgq I my‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e AbymÜv‡bi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb ZLb| †mB my‡hvM Av‡m cÖv³b ¯‹zj †_‡K B¯—dv †èvi ci hLb bZzb ¯‹zj cÖwZôv K‡ib Ges GKmgq hLb †mB †ZR I Kvh©µg µgk w¯—wgZ n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K ZLb fMœgb¯‹Zv †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Z wZwb Pxb ågY K‡ib 1983 mv‡j| g~j D‡Ïk¨ Gwkqvi Ab¨Zg gnvmf¨Zvi †`k Pxb‡K †`Lv Ges †mLvbKvi †eŠ×a‡g©i †mŠ›`h©‡K Avwe®‹vi Kiv| we¯—…Zfv‡e Pxb mf¨Zv‡K †`‡L wZwb gy» n‡jI ag©xq PP©v I †mŠ›`‡h©i g‡a¨ Lye GKUv ZviZg¨ Lyu‡R cvbwb e‡jB g‡b nq, KviY Rvcvwb †eŠ×a‡g©i Ici †Mvov †_‡K Pxbv †eŠ×a‡g©i cÖfve eûjvs‡kB we`¨gvb wQj †m †Zv wZwb wb‡RB ¯^P‡¶ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i‡Qb Rvcv‡bi wewfbœ ¯’vb Ny‡i| myZivs Zuvi g‡b D`q nq GB a‡g©i gvZ…¯’vb fviZe‡l©i gyL hv‡K Avwe®‹v‡ii ¯^cœ wZwb Zi“YKv‡jB †`‡LwQ‡jb| wZwb fv‡jv K‡iB Rvb‡Zb †eŠ×cwÊZ KvIqv¸wP GKvB (1866-1945) Ges wbwk †nvbKvbwR †eŠ×gw›`‡ii cÖavb cy‡ivwnZ IIZvwb †KvIRyB (1876-1948) Gi fviZ I ga¨ Gwkqvq mvs¯‹…wZK Awfhv‡bi msev`| djZ wZwbI Zuv‡ì c_ AbymiY K‡iwQ‡jb| iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 22

wØZxqZ, wZwb Rvb‡Zb fvi‡Zi AvaywbK ag©ms¯‹viK ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›ì (18631902) bvg| 1893 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m ¯^vgxwR Av‡gwiKvi wkKv‡Mv‡Z AbywôZ cÖ_g wek¦ ag©xq m‡¤§j‡b †h HwZnvwmK e³…Zv w`‡qwQ‡jb †m m¤ú‡K© †Zbwkb AewnZ wQ‡jb e‡jB g‡b nq| µgk ¯^vgxwRi bvg BD‡iv‡cI Qwo‡q covi msev`, e³…Zv, iPbv BZ¨vw` msev`cÎ gva¨‡g ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K fv‡jv K‡iB †R‡b _vK‡eb| ZLb †_‡KB wZwb ¯^vgxwRi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡Z _v‡Kb| myZivs bZzb‡Z¡i A‡š^lK D`¨gx †Zbwk‡bi g‡b Rvcv‡bI Abyiƒc GKwU m‡¤§jb Av‡qvRb Kivi B‡”Q †h †R‡MwQj Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| GB wel‡q wZwb ¯^bvgab¨ †eŠ× cy‡ivwnZ I cwÊZ I`v †ZvKz‡bvI (1860-1911) Gi m‡½ D‡`¨vMI MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi AvnŸv‡b †ZvKz‡bvI KjKvZvqI hvb| Z‡e Kxfv‡e GB m‡¤§jb Ki‡eb †m m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv cÖvgvY¨ `wjjcÎ cvIqv hvqwb| wKš‘ 1902 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡mi 4 Zvwi‡L ¯^vgxwRi AK¯§vr gnvcÖqv‡Yi d‡j GB D‡`¨vM Avi mdj nqwb| hwÌev fviZ †_‡K wd‡i Avmvi ci †Zbwkb wK‡qv‡Zvi bMicÖav‡bi m‡½ GB m‡¤§jb Abyôv‡bi wel‡q cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Bs‡iwR msev`c‡Î weÁvcbI †`b| wKš‘ †nvbKvbwR gnvgw›`‡ii we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y Zuvi ¯^cœ ev¯—evwqZ nqwb| cÖK…Zc‡¶, e„wUk ivRbxwZK I eyw×Rxexiv ZLb Rvcvwb I fviZxq †eŠ×ag©xq RMr `ywU mshy³ nIqvi Avk¼v cÖKvk KiwQ‡jb| Zv‡Z K‡i `yB †`‡ki g‡a¨ kw³kvjx m¤úK© M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i hv mvgªvRëv`x bxwZi cÖwZ GK`v ûgwK n‡q ùvov‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ cieZ©xKv‡j †mUvB n‡qwQj| e„wUk‡ì GB Avk¼v cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj Rvcvb‡K, KviY GB eQi Rvcvb I e„wUk ˆgÎx Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡qwQj| ¯^vgxwRi g„Zz¨ Zuvi f³ †Zbwkb‡K Lye gg©vnZ K‡iwQj ZvB wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb we‡eKvb‡›ì cweÎ ¯§„wZi D‡Ï‡k GB ag©xq m‡¤§jbwU mdj K‡i Zzj‡Z| 17 Z…ZxqZ, cÖvP¨ Z_v Gwkqv wb‡q †Zbwk‡bi wPš—vfvebv| 1901 mv‡ji w`‡K wZwb Bs‡iwR‡Z Ôw` AvBwW‡qjm Ae w` B÷ BD_ †¯úkvj †idv‡iÝ Uz w` AvU©m Ae RvcvbÕ kxl©K GKwU cÖeÜ wj‡Lb| †mwU cvV K‡ib Zuvi D‡q‡bv kn‡ii BqvbvKv¯’ evmfe‡b ZLb †mLv‡b Ab¨‡ì g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb gvwK©b bvMwiK wgm †Rv‡mwdb g¨vKjvDW (1858-1949)| GB cÖeÜwU‡K MÖš’vKv‡i †jLvi Rb¨ cÖ¯— ve Rvbvb wZwb| ZLb cvðv‡Zï GB abx Kb¨v wgm †Rv‡mwdb g¨vKjvDW Ges Zuvi GK evÜex wgm nvBW Rvcv‡b wkíKjvi Ici M‡elYv Kivi Rb¨ G‡m †Zbwk‡bi Kv‡Q wk¶vjvf KiwQ‡jb| †Zbwkb Zuv‡ì Aby‡iv‡a mßv‡n GKw`b wk¶v w`‡Zb| wgm g¨vKjvDW wQ‡jb ¯^vgxwRi Nwbô evÜex| 1895 mv‡j wbDBq‡K© wZwb ¯^vgxwRi m‡½ mv¶vr Ki‡Z G‡m Zuvi f³ n‡q c‡ob| ¯^vgxwRi cÖavb wkl¨v wm÷vi wb‡ew`Zv (1867-1911) Z_v AvBwikKb¨v GwjRv‡e_ gvM©v‡iU †bve‡jiI evÜex wQ‡jb wZwb| 18 m¤¢eZ wgm g¨vKjvDW †Zbwk‡bi D³ cÖeÜwU c‡o Rvcvwb wkíKjvi m‡½ iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 23

fviZxq wkíKjv, ms¯‹…wZ Ges BwZnvm‡K Aš—fy©³ Kivi AvKv•¶v †cvlY K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq| †h Kvi‡Y wZwb †Zbwkb‡K DrmvwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb GKevi fviZågY K‡i ¯^vgxwRi m‡½ mv¶vr Kivi Rb¨| †Zbwk‡bi cÖ‡cŠÎ Aa¨vcK I M‡elK IKvKziv ZvKvwki fvl¨ †_‡K Rvbv hv‡”Q †h, wgm g¨vKjvDW Avm‡jB Rvcv‡b GKwU Avš—R©vwZK ag© m‡¤§jb Kivi evmbv wb‡qB Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb| 19 GUv aviYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, GB e¨vcv‡i ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` wb‡RB g‡b nq AvMÖnx wQ‡jb GB Kvi‡Y †h, wZwb wkKv‡Mv hvIqvi c‡_ Amy¯’ n‡q Rvcv‡bi wK‡qv‡Zv, bviv I B‡qv‡Kvnvgv e›ì n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| †h KÕw`b Rvcv‡b wQ‡jb AZ¨š— gy» n‡qwQ‡jb GB †`‡ki AMÖMwZ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i| g‡b g‡b ZvB nq‡Zv Rvcv‡bi m‡½ GKwU eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© Movi ¯^cœ †`‡L _vK‡eb| Av‡gwiKvi wbDBq‡K© mv¶vrKv‡j Zuvi evÜex wgm †Rv‡mwdb g¨vKjvDW‡K †mB evmbvi K_v e‡jI _vK‡Z cv‡ib| ïay Rvcvwb wkíKjv wk¶vi Rb¨ wgm g¨vKjvDW mßvnLv‡b‡Ki mgq wb‡q Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq bv| hv‡nvK, †Zbwk‡bi RbÏ GUv wQj GKwU PgrKvi my‡hvM KviY ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›ì m‡½ wZwb mivmwi cwiwPZ n‡Z cvi‡eb ¯^vgxwRiB GKRb Nwbô ïfvKv•¶xi mn‡hvwMZvq †hLv‡b fviZel© Zuvi Kv‡Q ZL‡bv m¤ú~Y© A‡Pbv-ARvbv GKwU †`k| wgm g¨vKjvDW Rvcv‡b fviZ n‡q Bsj¨v‡Û cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi Rb¨ `ª“Z cÖ¯‘wZ wbw”Q‡jb| †Zbwkb mvb‡›` Zuvi m‡½ fviZåg‡Y AvMÖnx nb| 1901 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡mi 12 ZvwiL †Zbwkb Zuvi GK Zi“Y wkl¨ †eŠ× cy‡ivwnZ †nvwi wk‡ZvKzmn (1876-1903) Rvcvb †Q‡o Kj‡¤^v n‡q 1902 mv‡ji 6B Rvbyqvwi Zvwi‡L `yRb KjKvZvq wM‡q †cuŠ‡Qb| gvSLv‡b wgm g¨vKjvDW wm½vcy‡i †b‡g hvb| †Zbwkb †ev‡¤^ †_‡K KjKvZv e›ì n‡q 9 ZvwiL nvIov¯’ †ejyi g‡V †cuŠ‡Q ¯^vgxwRi m‡½ mv¶vr K‡ib| ¯^vgxwR mvb›`wP‡Ë †Zbwkb‡K Ônviv‡bv fvBÕ e‡j ¯^vMZ Rvbvb Zuvi gw›`‡i| †ZbwkbI GB gbxlxi m‡½ mv¶vr Ki‡Z †c‡i cÖf~Z Awff~Z n‡q c‡ob| wZwb Zuvi GK cwiwPZ †eŠ×wf¶z‡K wPwV‡Z wj‡L Rvbvb †h, ¯^vgxwR mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B GKRb ¸Yx gvbyl Ges Af~Zc~e© AvZ¥kw³ I Ávbm¤úbœ, mK‡jB Zuv‡K m¤§vb K‡i| e¯‘Z †Zbwk‡bi GB fviZågY (1901-2), fwMœ wb‡ew`Zv Ges ¯^vgxwRi m‡½ mv¶vr, eÜzZ¡ Zuvi wjwLZ Ôw` AvBwW‡qjm Ae w` B÷Õ‡K GKwU c~Y©v½ I mv_©K MÖš’ wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î GK Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv †i‡LwQj| MÖš’wUi f~wgKv wj‡L †`b fwMœ wb‡ew`Zv ¯^qs| ZLb †_‡KB wb‡ew`Zvi (1867-1911) m‡½ †Zbwk‡bi eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© M‡o I‡V| wbtm‡›`‡n kZeQ‡ii eëav‡b cÖvP¨`k©b ev Gwkqvi Ava¨vwZ¥K-ms¯‹…wZ wb‡q G iKg Avi †Kv‡bv wØZxq MÖš’ wjwLZ n‡q‡Q e‡j Avgv‡ì Rvbv †bB| GB MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g evKëÜ ÔGwkqv BR IqvbÕ GB KvjRqx msjvcwU †jLvi Aby‡cÖiYv †c‡qwQ‡jb ¯^vgxwRi m‡½ wn›`y `k©‡bi A‰ØZev` m¤ú‡K© Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv †_‡K e‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv M‡elK g‡b K‡ib| 20 Aek¨ †Zbwkb wb‡RI Zuvi GB MÖ‡š’ iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 24

A‰ØZev` m¤ú‡K© wKQz K_v e‡j‡Qb| wKš‘ wn›`ya‡g©i GB gZev‡ì Kvi‡Y wZwb ÔGwkqv BR IqvbÕ GB cÖePbwU wj‡LwQ‡jb GgbwU g‡b Kiv KZLvwb hyw³hy³ Zv e¨vcK M‡elYvi `vwe iv‡L| †Zbwk‡bi GB wPš—v-†PZbvi Ici †h fviZxq †eŠ×ag© Ges Pxbv KbdzwkqvwbRg Øviv cÖfvweZ †Kvwiqvb RvwZi Pvi“Kjvms¯‹…wZiI Av‡jv c‡owQj Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB| 21 ZvB Zuvi Dc‡iv³ MÖš’wU Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q cvV Ki‡j †`Lv hvq RvwZ, †MvÎ, BwZnvm, mgvR, wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, wkíKjv, ag©, ivRbxwZ, `k©b bvbv w`K w`‡qB Gwkqvi cÖvq me RvwZi g‡a¨B Mfxifv‡e cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U‡Q| Gi ¯^c‡¶ eû KviY I hyw³ wZwb MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †mB w`K †_‡K ejv hvq †Zbwkb Zuvi Rxe‡bi cÖ_g MÖš’ Ôw` AvBwW‡qj Ae w` B÷Õ-G g~jZ Rvcv‡bi wkíKjvi BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q Gi wfZ‡i c„w_exi cy‡iv BwZnvm Ges mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ‡KB †U‡b G‡b‡Qb| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki †Zv e‡UB, mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi i³m¤úK© Ges wPš—vi Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Drmmg~nI Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| Zvi P~ovš— cÖwZdjb wea„Z n‡q‡Q 1906 mv‡j Av‡gwiKv‡Z cÖKvwkZ AmvaviY MÖš’ Ôw` eyK Ad wUÕ‡Z| ÔGwkqv BR IqvbÕ GB AvßevK¨wU evsjvi ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡b e¨vcK DÏxcbv hywM‡qwQj wbtm‡›`‡n| fviZxqiv G‡K weiƒcfv‡e bv wb‡jI A‡bK Pxbv, †Kvwiqvb eyw×Rxex Ges A‡bK evgcš’x RvcvwbI D`vi `„wó‡Z GB welqwU MÖnY K‡ibwb, GB wb‡q AvRI weZK© Pj‡Q| GB welqwU wb‡q we¯—i M‡elYvI nqwb| †Zbwkb cÖPÊ RvZxqZvev`x Ges c¨vb-Gwkqvwb÷ wQ‡jb †hgb wQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_ (18611941)| Zvi cÖgvY aiv c‡o wb‡R‡ì MÖš’¸‡jv Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖKvk Kivi g‡a¨| GB MÖš’¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Zuviv wek¦evmx‡K Rvbv‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb †h, Gwkqv Z_v cÖvP¨ mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZ-weÁvb cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi †P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡kB Kg bq| eis Avgv‡ì Avwe®‹vi, D™¢veb, wPš—v-†PZbv I `k©b‡K Avkªq K‡i BD‡ivc Zvi AvaywbK mf¨Zv‡K M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| fvi‡ZB Ae¯’vbKv‡j †Zbwkb Bs‡iwR‡Z AviI GKwU cvÊzwjwc wj‡Lb ÔDB Avi IqvbÕ bv‡g hvi cÖwZwU Ask cvV K‡i †kvbv‡Zb my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii (18721940) evmvq AvMZ Zi“Y wecøex‡ì| cvÊzwjwcwU cieZ©xKv‡j me©cÖ_g Rvcvwb fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q Ô†ZvI‡qvI †bv †gRv‡gÕ (w` A¨vI‡qKwbs Ad w` B÷) bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq 1938 mv‡j| Zvici Avevi c‡ii eQi Ô†ZvI‡qvI †bv KvKz‡mBÕ (w` A¨vI‡qKwbs Ad w` B÷) bv‡g cybgy©w`ªZ nq| MÖš’wU‡Z cvðvZ¨ Dcwb‡ekev‡ì cÖPÊ mgv‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb †Zbwkb| wKš‘ RxeÏkvq GwU inm¨RbKfv‡e wZwb cÖKv‡k AvMÖn †`Lvbwb| g„Zzï ci cvÊywjwcwU Lyu‡R cvb Zuvi AvZ¥xq¯^Rbiv| Gi Av‡M 1935 mv‡j †Zbwk‡bi cÖ_g cvÊywjwc Ôw` AvBwW‡qjm Ad w` B÷ BD_ †¯úkvj †idv‡iÝ Uz w` AvU© Ad RvcvbÕ Rvcvwb fvlvq cÖKvwkZ nq Ô†ZvI‡qvI †bv wi‡mvIÕ bv‡g| ejvevûj¨, GB MÖš’¸‡jv Rvcvwb fvlvq cÖKv‡ki †cQ‡b KviY iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 25

wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q ZrKvjxb Rvcv‡bi ivR‰bwZK wPš—v-†PZbv I cwiw¯’wZ| A_©vr Rvcvbe¨vcx RvZxqZvev` RvMÖZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B MÖš’¸‡jvi cÖKvk| wØZxq wek¦hy× PjvKvjxb mvgwiK miKvi KZ…©K ÔGwkqv BR IqvbÕ cÖePbwU †hgb eëüZ n‡q‡Q †Zgwb †Zbwk‡bi eÜz Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔcÖv_©bvÕ KweZvwUI| 22 evsjvi ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi hy‡M Ges 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡×i mgq †hgb iex›`ªbv‡_i KweZv I Mvb eëüZ n‡q‡Q GI †Zgwb GKwU NUbv Rvcv‡bi BwZnv‡m| Gi Rb¨ †hgb †Zbwkb I iex›`ªbv_‡K †`vl †`qv hvq bv †Zgwb Zuv‡ì K‡Ævi RvZxqZvev`x e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv Awf‡cÖZ bq, KviY ZLb ¯^‡`ki¶v I ¯^vaxbZvi cÖkœwU RvwZi Aw¯—‡Z¡i m‡½B wQj Awew”Qbœ| fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi Øviv cÖf~Z cÖfvweZ n‡q fviZe‡l©i cÖZ¨vwkZ gyw³i Rb¨ †Zbwkb †h ivR‰bwZKfv‡e bv n‡jI Ava¨vwZ¥Kfv‡e cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³ Pxb I Rvcv‡bi mn‡hvwMZv cÖv_©bv K‡i ÔGwkqv BR IqvbÕ AvßevK¨wU iPbv K‡ibwbÑGUv mÁv‡b A¯^xKvi KivI m‡Zï Acjvc e‡jB g‡b nq| 23 PZz_©Z, fvi‡Z e„wUk mvgªvRëv` KZ…©K `ytkvmb I †kvl‡Yi BwZnvm †Zbwkb Rvb‡Zb bv GgbwU g‡b Kivi KviY †bB| †gBwR hy‡M (1868-1912) e„wUkfvi‡Zi m‡½ Rvcv‡bi K~U‰bwZK I evwYR¨ m¤úK© M‡o D‡VwQj| `yB †`‡ki eëmvqxmn bvbv †ckvi gvbylRb hvZvqvZ Ki‡Zb| cÎ-cwÎKv, MÖš’vwì Av`vbcÖ`vb wQj Zuv‡ì gva¨‡gB| Zv Qvov Zuvi QvÎx wgm g¨vKjvD‡Wi KvQ †_‡K fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK LeivLei †Zbwkb G‡Kev‡iB †kv‡bbwb Zv Kíbv Kiv `y®‹i| Kv‡RB fvi‡Zi msev` wZwb †h wKQz bv wKQz Rvb‡Zb Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq KjKvZvq ¯^vgxwRi biI‡qwRqvb wkl¨v mviv wm. eyj (18501911) Gi cÖ`Ë myax mgv‡e‡k hLb †Zbwkb mivmwi my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K wR‡Ám K‡i e‡mb, ÔAvcwb Rb¥f~wgi Rb¨ Kx Ki‡eb e‡j fve‡Qb?Õ GB K_v ï‡b Zi“Y my‡i›`ªbv_ we¯§qvf~Z n‡q c‡ob! ejvevûj¨ ZLb e„wUk-evsjvq Pj‡Q Zzgyj ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb| my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKzi GB Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Kv‡RB Zuvi eyS‡Z †`wi nqwb †h, †Zbwkb Kx ej‡Z Pv‡”Qb? wZwb †h ïay wkíKjvi cwÊZB bb, RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvm¤úbœ bZzb GK eÜz civaxb fviZe‡l©i Rb¨ Zuvi gyL †`‡LB Dcjwä Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| myZivs Gici KjKvZvq †Zbwk‡bi bvbvb Kg©KvÊ fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi w`‡KI Mwo‡q †M‡Q ag©, wkíKjv, ms¯‹…wZ wewbg‡qi GKB †mªv‡Zi m‡½ wg‡jwg‡k wM‡q ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡eB| †Zbwkb wQ‡jb Rb¥MZfv‡eB ¯^vaxb‡PZv, K‡g©v‡`¨vMx, wµqvkxjZvq wek¦vmx ZvB KjKvZvq AbywôZ evsjvi RvZxqZvev`x †i‡bmuv Av‡›`vjb, ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg Zuvi i³‡K Db¥vZvj K‡i Zz‡jwQj| wZwb KjKvZvq bZzb cÖvY Lyu‡R †c‡qwQ‡jb, bZzb cÖv‡Yi mÂvi K‡iwQ‡jb evOvwj mgv‡R we‡kl K‡i Zi“Y cÖR‡b¥i g‡a¨| G cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv_ 1929 mv‡j Rvcv‡b G‡m Zuvi GK e³…Zvq †Zbwkb m¤ú‡K© hv e‡j‡Qb Zv cÖwYavb‡hvM¨: ÔSome years ago I had the real meeting with Japan when a great original mind, from these shores came in our midst. He was our guest iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 26

for long time and he had immense inspiration for the young generation of Bengal in those days which immediately preceded a period of a sudden ebullition of national self-assertion in our country. The voice of the East came from him to our young men. That was a significant fact, a memorable one in my own life. And he asked them to make it their mission in life to give some great expression of the human spirit worthy of the East. It is the responsibility which every nation has, to reveal itself before the world.’ 24 Zuvi eÜz

my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ¯§„wZPviY †_‡KI Rvbv hvq †h, Kx cÖPÊ AvMÖn wb‡qB bv †Zbwkb evsjvi c‡_-cÖvš—‡i-M‡ÄNv‡U-†gjv-nv‡U HwZnëvnx cY¨mvgMÖx, ag©xq, mvs¯‹…wZK, †jvKR wRwbmcÎ LyuwU‡q LyuwU‡q ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Zb! GBme †h †eŠ× I wn›`ya‡g©i m‡½ Rvcvwb ms¯‹…wZi g‡aÏ RvqMv K‡i wb‡q‡Q eû eQi a‡i Zv fvi‡Z †`L‡Z †c‡q wew¯§Z n‡qwQ‡jb êwK! me wel‡qB wQj Zuvi Mfxi AbymwÜrmv| evsjvi MÖvg¨ ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ G‡Kev‡i wg‡k wM‡qwQ‡jb †Zbwkb| 25 \Pvi\ hyMcyi“l †Zbwkb `xN©vqy jvf bv Ki‡jI RxweZKv‡j Zuvi `k©b, GKvwaK Kg©KvÊ Amvgvb¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i `vwe`vi G K_v bv ej‡jI P‡j| wek¦RbxbZv Ges cÖvP¨v`k© wQj Zuvi mviv Rxe‡bi Avivabv I mvabv| †hgbwU Zuvi eÜz Kwe iex›`ªbv‡_i| Avi G `ywU cÖe„wËi ùziY N‡UwQj Zuv‡ì wkïKv‡jB hLb Zuviv we‡`wk gvbyl I we‡`wk fvlv-mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZi ms¯ú‡k© G‡mwQ‡jb| †Zbwkb GZB wb‡ew`ZcÖvY n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb Bs‡iwR fvlvi cÖwZ †h Avcb gvZ…fvlv ch©š— AvZ¥¯’ Ki‡Z fy‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb! iex›`ªbv‡_iI e„wUk ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ AvMÖn Av‡`Š Kg wQj bv! cÖK…Zc‡¶, cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi AvaywbK wb‡`©kbv ev wfbœ ms¯‹…wZi D¾¡j iwk¥ Zuv‡ì wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ-mf¨Zvi ¸ß-myß †mŠ›`‡h©i Ici cÖej Av‡jv †d‡jwQj| hv Zi“YKv‡jB Zuv‡ì †fZ‡i MfxiZi Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| d‡j ¯^D‡`¨v‡M Avcb ms¯‹…wZi myi¶v I g~j¨vq‡b Zuviv AMÖmi n‡qwQ‡jb, Kuv‡a Zz‡j wb‡qwQ‡jb Amva¨mva‡bi `vwqZ¡fvi| †Zbwkb wb‡Ri a¨vbaviYv †_‡K cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb wb‡nvb weRyrmyBb ¯‹zj, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †`kxq wk¶v, wkíKjv, m½x‡Zi cybi“×vi Av‡›`vjb hv‡K Avgiv e‡j _vwK evsjvi †i‡bmuv| Zuv‡ì `vwqZ¡ cvjb, my‡hv‡Mi mØënvi †h me mgq gm„Yfv‡e m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q Zv bq; e¨w³MZ Kvgbv-evmbv ev fyj-åvwš—i Kvi‡Y bvbv iKg evav-wec` G‡jI †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB Zuviv KL‡bv wcQcv nbwb| GUv ejv wb®cÖ‡qvRb †h, cÖej RvZxqZvev`x, Pxbv Kbdzkxq cš’vbymvix mvgyivB es‡ki DËivwaKvix †Zbwk‡bi †fZ‡iI g„Zz¨ ch©š— cÖevwnZ wQj ¯^v‡`wkKZvi i³‡mªvZ| Avcb ms¯‹…wZ‡K cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi cv‡k ¯’vcb Kivi ZvwM` Avg„Zz¨ Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb| cvkvcvwk cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi DbœvwmKZv, †k¦Zv½ AvwacZëv`, ivR‰bwZK †kvlY I êlg¨ Zuv‡K †Nvi RvZxqZvev`x‡Z cwiYZ K‡iwQj| Zuvi iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 27

Abb¨mvaviY MÖš’ Ôw` eyK Ad wUÕ GB wPš—v-†PZbviB Amvgvb¨ dmj| hv cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZi `vw¤¢KZv Ges AeÁvi cÖwZ cÖvP¨ms¯‹…wZi GK Zxeª cÖwZev` ej‡j KgB ejv nq| MZ GKk eQi a‡iB Zuvi Ôw` eyK Ad wUÕ ev ÔPv-MÖš’Õ Av‡gwiKv I B‡qv‡iv‡c cÖej cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i Av‡Q| cÖvq wekwU we‡`wk fvlvq fvlvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q e‡j Zuvi cÖ‡cŠÎ Aa¨vcK I M‡elK IKvKziv Zv‡Kwki e³e¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K Avcb ms¯‹…wZi Drm LyuR‡Z wM‡q Gwkqvi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb gnvmf¨Zvi †`k fvi‡Z G‡m Lyu‡R †c‡qwQ‡jb GK Avß`k©b : ÔGwkqv GKÕ/ ‘Asia is One.’ g~jZ Ava¨vwZ¥K I mvs¯‹…wZK †PZbvjä GB gZev` cÖej cÖfve †d‡jwQj wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq Rvcv‡bi Ici ivR‰bwZKfv‡eI| Gwkqvi A‡bK RvZxqZvev`x c¨vb-Gwkqvwb÷‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| †Zbwkb m¤ú‡K© evsjvfvlx cwÊZ, iex›`ª-M‡elK Ges wek¦fviZxi cÖv³b Aa¨vcK W. KvRyI AvRygv e‡jb, ÒAvaywbK fviZ Zvi mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei Ab¨Zg †K›`ª¯’j e½‡`k| wVK G mg‡q Rvcv‡bI AvaywbK Kjvwk‡íi bZzb avivwU IKvKziv †Zbwkb Ges Zuvi cÖwZwôZ Ôwb‡nvb weRyrmyB‡bÕi gva¨‡g ev¯—evwqZ n‡qwQj| A_©vr GKB mgq Dfq †`‡kB Kjvwkí, m½xZ I mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei weKvk N‡UwQj| fviZ I Rvcv‡bi mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei `yB †mªv‡Zi wgjb n‡qwQj GB e½f‚wg‡Z| GB wgjb NUv‡bvi cÖ_g gvbyl n‡jb †Zbwkb| †mw`b †Zbwkb fvi‡Zi wewfbœ †¶‡Î Rvcv‡bi wKQyUv cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Z mnvqK n‡qwQ‡jb| †mw`b wZwb ïay wb‡R‡KB fviZ Kj¨v‡Y wewj‡q w`‡q ¶vš— nbwb eis wkl¨ wPÎwkíx ZvBKvb, wnwk`v, †kvIwKb KvrmyZv cÖgyL‡K e½f‚wg‡Z cvwV‡qwQ‡jb Zuv‡ì weivU f‚wgKv‡K mycÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨|Ó 26 †Zbwk‡bi e½f~wg‡Z Mgb Ges ZrKvjxb RvZxqZvev`x evOvwj †bZ…¯’vbxq eyw×Rxex Ges wecøex‡ì m‡½ mL¨ fvi‡Z e„wUk-mvgªvRëv`we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb‡K bZzb w`Kwb‡`©kbv w`‡qwQj, my`~icÖmvix cÖfve we¯—v‡ii m~Pbv K‡iwQj| wecøecš’x my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ ¸ß wecøex ms¯’v ÔAbykxjb mwgwZÕ MV‡b c‡iv¶fv‡e †cÖiYv I Drmvn w`‡qwQ‡jb †Zbwkb| c~e©e‡½i XvKvqI GB mwgwZi kvLv MwVZ n‡qwQj| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi †h Abj-gš¿ evsjvi wecøex‡ì Aš—‡i wZwb RvwM‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb Zvi DËvc cieZ©xKv‡j Rvcvb ch©š— m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡qwQj| dj¯îƒc †kl ch©š— fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv AwR©Z n‡qwQj †Zbwk‡bi †`k Rvcv‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq| KjKvZvq Zuvi ¸ß Kg©KvÊ, kjvcivg‡k©i K_v e„wUk cÖkvm‡bi Kv‡bI †cuŠ‡QwQj| d‡j Zuvi MwZwewai Ici wQj †Mv‡q›`v‡ì Kov`„wó| eÜzei ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›Ì Zuvi GB ai‡bi mswnm wPš—v‡K mg_©b K‡ibwb e‡j Kw_Z Av‡Q| wKš‘ mk¯¿ wecøe Qvov fvi‡Zi Afxó gyw³ †h mn‡R Avm‡e bv †m m¤ú‡K© `vk©wbK †Zbwkb fv‡jv iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 28

K‡iB eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Z‡e fviZevmx‡K ¯^vwaKvi AR©‡b AvZ¥wek¦vmx nIqvi Rb¨ †Zbwk‡bi †h Ae`vb Zvi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb AZ¨š— kª×vi m‡½ my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ges iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zuv‡ì ¯§„wZK_v I e³…Zvq| GUv ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv †h, iex›`ª-IKvKziv m¤úK© GKwU KvjRqx BwZnvm| `yRbB `yR‡bi Øviv Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb| †Zbwkb g‡bcÖv‡Y wek¦vm Ki‡Zb iex›`ªwen‡b wZwb eo GKv, Ab¨w`‡K iex›`ªbv_ evisevi eÜz †Zbwkb‡K ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb KL‡bvB we¯§„Z nbwb| we‡kl K‡i 1916, 1924 Ges 1929 mv‡j †h mKj e³…Zv wZwb w`‡q‡Qb Rvcv‡b †mLv‡b eÜzei †Zbwk‡bi cÖÁv, †gav, ¯^vaxb wPš—v, Pxb-fviZ Z_v Gwkqvi Rb¨ AK…wÎg ì` cÖm‡½ cÖksmvq cÂgyL n‡q‡Qb| 1913 mv‡j †klev‡ii g‡Zv Av‡gwiKvi †ev÷‡b mv¶vr n‡j †Zbwkb iex›`ªbv_‡K GKm‡½ Pxb åg‡Yi cÖ¯—ve w`‡qwQ‡jb| A‡Pbv-ARvbv Pxbmf¨Zv‡K wZwb mvMÖ‡n iex›`ªbv_‡K †`Lv‡bvi B‡”Q †cvlY K‡iwQ‡jb| 27 wKš‘ Zv Avi m¤¢e nqwb †Zbwk‡bi kvixwiK Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y| †hgwb K‡i wÎcyivi ivRvi Avgš¿‡Y †Zbwkb †mLv‡b hvIqvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb wKš‘ e„wUk †Mv‡q›`v‡ì ZrciZvi Kvi‡Y †mUv djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡iwb| †Zbwkb hLb Zuvi evÜex fwMbx wb‡ew`Zvi Avgš¿‡Y fviZ ågY K‡ib ZLb KjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK evOvwj mvs¯‹…wZK beRvMi‡Yi Av‡jvob j¶ K‡ib ZrKvjxb wewkó e¨w³Z¡ Aebx›`ªbv_, MM‡b›`ªbv_ (1867-1938), iex›`ªbv_, b›`jvj emy cÖgy‡Li g‡a¨| Zuv‡ì AMÖYx f~wgKvq evsjvi wkíKjv, mvwnZ¨, m½xZ, †jvKms¯‹…wZ bZzb cjø‡e cjøweZ nw”Qj| GB mgq A_©vr 1902 mv‡j †Zbwkb fvi‡Zi KjKvZvq ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` QvovI my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKzi, Aebx›`ªbv_, MM‡b›`ªbv_, iex›`ªbv_, b›`jvj emy, fvBmiq jW© KvR©b (1859-1925) cÖgy‡Li m‡½ cwiwPZ nb| ¯^vgxwRi m‡½ Zuvi Mfxi mL¨ M‡o I‡V| Zuvi bv‡gi ÔKzivÕ kãwU‡K evsjv ÔLyovÕi g‡Zv †kvbvq e‡j ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` †Zbwkb‡K ÔAv‡¼jÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab Ki‡Zb| cÖfvekvjx c¨vb-Gwkqvwb÷ ¯^vgxwRi wPš—v I Av`k© Zuvi g‡b Mfxi †iLvcvZ K‡iwQj| ¯^vgxwR‡K †Zbwkb Zuvi cwiKwíZ wK‡qv‡Zv bM‡i Aby‡ôq Avš—R©vwZK ag© m‡¤§j‡b Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb e‡j Kw_Z Av‡Q wKš‘ kvixwiK Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y ¯^vgxwR †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| 28 KjKvZvq wZwb AvwZ_¨MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii evwo‡Z| fvi‡Z cÖvq `k gvme¨vcx Ae¯’vbKv‡j weL¨vZ †eŠ× Zx_©¯’vb, gw›ìmg~n cwi`k©b K‡ib| fMevb ey‡×i ¯§„wZweRwoZ cweÎf~wg ey×Mqv‡Z Rvcvwb‡ì Rb¨ GKwU mivBLvbv I gw›ì cÖwZôvq D‡`¨vMx nb| Zuvi †`vfvlx Ges c_cÖ`k©K wQ‡jb iex›`ªbv‡_i åvZz®úyÎ my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKzi| G QvovI mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib ¯^vgxwR, iex›`ªbv_, Aebx›`ªbv_ cÖgyL cÖfvekvjx e¨w³eM©| ey×Mqv, mvibv_ Zx_©¯’v‡b ¯^vgxwR Zuvi m½x n‡qwQ‡jb| †Zbwk‡bi fvi‡Z Ae¯’vbKv‡jB ¯^vgxwR Bn‡jvK Z¨vM K‡ib| GLv‡bB iPbv K‡ib KvjRqx `ywU MÖš’ : ‘The Ideals of the East’ Ges ‘The iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 29

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iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 30

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e‡qvmwÜKv‡j †cŠi“‡li ù~iY N‡UwQj| Zuvi cÖ_g †cÖg wQj ¯¿x †gv‡Zv‡Kvi m‡½, we‡qi Av‡MB `yRb ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ Abyi³ n‡q c‡owQ‡jb| 34 Z‡e GKvwaK bvix‡K †Zbwkb †cÖgwb‡e`b †_‡K ïi“ K‡i we‡q ch©š— Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb e‡j cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Dò mvwbœaÏ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb †hgb fwMbx wb‡ew`Zv| Ab¨‡ì g‡a¨ nvrmy‡Kv, mijv †Nvlvj, Gg&gv _vm©we, Bmv‡ejv MvW©bvi cÖgyL D‡jøL‡hvM¨| 35 Avevi GUvI g‡b Kiv A¯^vfvweK bq †h, Zuvi Amvgvb¨ Kvwikgvi cÖwZ ZuvivI Kg AvK…ó nbwb! wKš‘ †kl ch©š— euvav c‡owQ‡jb GKR‡bi Kv‡QBÑevsjvi bvix Kwe wcÖq¤^`v e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †cÖ‡g| cig wek¦vm Avi wbf©iZvq †Zbwkb Zuvi †kl Rxe‡bi A‡bK K_vB wcÖq¤^`vi Kv‡Q cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †hgbwU GKmgq K‡iwQ‡jb Av‡gwiKvi wg‡mm MvW©bv‡ii Kv‡Q| wcÖq¤^`vi KweZv †Zbwkb‡K Mfxifv‡e bvov w`‡qwQj| Rxe‡bi †kl iPbv 1913 mv‡j g„Zzï Av‡M wjwLZ Ôw` †nvqvBU d·Õ wgDwRK¨vj A‡civ bvU‡K wcÖq¤^`vi KweZv‡K ¯’vb †èvi B‡”Q cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| cvÊzwjwcI cvwV‡q‡Qb Zuv‡K Ges Aby‡iva K‡i‡Qb cÖg_ †PŠayix, iex›`ªbv_, my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖgyL‡K †`wL‡q mK‡ji Abyf~wZ Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨| †ev÷‡b wjwLZ Zuvi GKgvÎ bvUKwU g~jZ Rvcv‡bi mgªvU gyivKvwg †Zb‡bvI (926-967)-Gi kvmbvg‡ji GKwU RbwcÖq wKse`š—x Ôwk‡bv`vrmygvÕ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| †ev÷‡bi GKwU A‡civ †Kv¤úvwb KZ…©K Abyi“× n‡q GwU wj‡LwQ‡jb e‡j Kw_Z Av‡Q| bvUKwU Bmv‡ejv MvW©bvi‡K DrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb| 36 wKš‘ Rxe‡bi †kl w`‡K wZwb cÖv‡P¨B wd‡i G‡mwQ‡jb| GKRb e½igYxi Rb¨ Zuvi AvKzjZv-e¨vKzjZv e½f~wgi cÖwZ MfxiZg GK fv‡jvevmvi †h Rb¥ w`‡qwQj Zuvi gb‡b Gi m‡›`nvZxZ cÖgvYB n‡”Q wcÖqe¤^`v‡K wjwLZ wPwV¸‡jv| evOvwj I evsjv fvlv Zuv‡K GZB cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj †h wPwV¸‡jv‡Z evisevi my‡ib, iex›`ª, Aeb VvKzi cÖgy‡Li cÖm½ G‡m‡Q| evsjv fvlv Rv‡bb bv e‡j `ytL cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb wcÖq¤^`v‡K wjwLZ cÖ_g wPwV‡ZB| †mB wPwV‡ZB Avevi wcÖqmLv‡K Rjer AK…wÎgfv‡e cvevi Rb¨ evsjv fvlv wk¶vjv‡fi AvMÖnI cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb! wØZxq wPwV wj‡Lb †ev‡¤^ e›ì †Q‡o hvIqv RvnvR †_‡K| Zv‡Z wcÖq¤^`vi K_v †f‡e ARvbv GK †e`bvq Avµvš— nIqvi K_v e¨³ K‡i e‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi iƒcmx evsjvÕq Avi GKevi wd‡i hvIqvi g‡Zv A`g¨ B‡”Qi wkKvi n‡q c‡owQ|Õ 37 wKš‘ Zuvi me B‡”QB †_‡K †Mj wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ Ac~Y©| AvR wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq, mewKQy Qvwo‡q-Qvwc‡q Zuv‡ì GB †ivgvw›UK m¤úK© Rvcvb-evsjv m¤cÖxwZi AgiZ¡ iPbv K‡i †M‡Q| hvi Av‡jv‡K bZzb GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK fvewewbg‡qi †mvbvwj w`M‡š—i D‡b¥vPb n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi 2007 mv‡j KjKvZvq iex›`ª-IKvKziv feb cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q| Z_¨m~Î : 01] †mKvB †bv bvKv †bv wb‡nvb: IKvKziv †Zbwkb †Zv †mv‡bv wRAvB/IKvKziv ZvKvwk/AvKvwk †kv‡Zb/2006 iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 35

02] IKvKziv †Zbwkb/wK‡bvwkZv bvMvwn‡iv/wgb©vfv †kv‡ev/2005 03] wPwP IKvKziv †Zbwkb/IKvKziv BwP‡qvI/PzDI †KvI‡ivbkv/1971 04] †mKvB †bv bvKv‡bv wb‡nvb : IKvKziv †Zbwkb †Zv †mv‡bv wR`vB/IKvKziv ZvKvwk/AvKvwk †kv‡Zb/2006 05] IKvKziv †Zbwkb †gv‡bvMvZvwi/AvivB Gwg‡Kv/KvbvMvIqv wk¤^ybkv/2004 06] †gv‡qi“ AvwRqv †Zv wb‡nvb †bv †Mb‡Zb/B‡K`v mv‡Zvwk/mvb‡cvKvb/1974 07] IKvKziv †Zbwkb †gv‡bvMvZvwi/AvivB Gwg‡Kv/KvbvMvIqv wk¤^ybkv/2004 08] Ikimatsu, Keizo, Profile of Asian Minded Man IV, IDE-JETRO http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Periodicals/De/pdf/66_04_10.pdf

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16] KzwK †Zv †Zbwkb : †gBwR †bv RyqvbZvwP/wKZv Bqvrmy‡Zvwk/wcGBPwc GwWUvm© MÖ“c/2008 17] IKvKziv †Zbwkb †gv‡bvMvZvwi/AvivB Gwg‡Kv/KvbvMvIqv wk¤^ybkv/2004 18] http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/~aurora/pdf/6 Tenshin Okakura pdf_put.pdf 19] †mKvB †bv bvKv †bv wb‡nvb : IKvKziv †Zbwkb †Zv †mv‡bv wRAvB/IKvKziv ZvKvwk/AvKvwk †kv‡Zb/2006 20] H 21] †gv‡qi“ AvwRqv †Zv wb‡nvb †bv †Mb‡Zb/B‡K`v mv‡Zvwk/mvb‡cvKvb/1974 22] †Qb‡mvI †bv MÖvwdRg : d«›U A rmyKzËv wn‡Zvwe‡Zv/ZvMvIqv †mBBwP/†nB‡evbkv/2000 23] http://www2.eur.nl/fw/hyper/IAA/ Yearbook/iaa7/fujita_ haruhiko.pdf 24] Talks in Japan/Edited by Supriya Roy/Shizen/2007 25] IKvKziv †Zbwkb wn‡Zv †Zv wk‡mvI/nvwkKvIqv eyb‡mvI/†nB‡evbkv/1993 26] K‡_vcK_b: Aa¨vcK W.KvRyI AvRygv/2005 27] Talks in Japan/Edited by Supriya Roy/Shizen/2007 28] K‡_vcK_b: KvRyI AvRygv/2003 29] http://maglog.jp/OKAKURA/Article.html&type=2&subtype=200804&page=1 30] Zv‡Mvi/AvRygv KvRyI/†iBZvKz `vBMvKz ïàvbKvB/2006 31] IKvKziv †Zbwkb †gv‡bvMvZvwi/AvivB Gwg‡Kv/KvbvMvIqv wk¤^ybkv/2004 32] http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/P_0286.HTM 33] IKvKziv †Zbwkb †Zv Bb‡`v †RvIwiD wkwRb: †ebMvi“ †bv BDïD/IInviv †ZvwgG/dzKzZv‡K †kv‡Zb/1986 34] wPwP IKvKziv †Zbwkb/IKvKziv BwP‡qvI/PzDI‡KvI‡ivbkv/1971 35] Naughty and Lotus Heart: The Okakura-Priyambada Correspondence/ Reitaku Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies/2003

36] http://www.jade.dti.ne.jp/~azm/tensin/index.html 37] †nvI‡mwK †Kv‡q bvi“ wn‡Zv wb : wcÖq¤^`v †`ex †Zv IKvKziv KvKz‡Rv, AvB †Zv †ZMvwg/IIKv gv‡Kv‡Zv.IIKv AvwKiv/†nB‡evbkv/1997

iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 36

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wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci cÂvk `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS ch©šÍ iex›`ªbv‡_i †Kv‡bv nw`mB Lyu‡R cvIqv hvqwb Rvcv‡b| Avg~j cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q fqven hy‡×i cÖfv‡e c„w_exi Avbv‡PKvbv‡P| Rvcvb †Zv e‡UB| †`kwU Ggbfv‡e weaŸ¯Í n‡qwQj †h †mB aŸsm¯—‚c †_‡K D‡V `uvov‡Z cÖwZwU Rvcvwb bvMwiK‡K D`q¯Í nvofvOv cwikªg Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| e„wUk bxwZ ÔWy Avi WvBÕ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡qwQj G †`k‡K| †mB wek„•Lj, w`Kwb‡`©kbvnxb, Abv‡jvwKZ RvwZ‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Z, AvZ¥kw³‡Z ejxqvb n‡Z fvi‡Zi w`‡K `„wó wb‡¶c Ki‡Z n‡qwQj G †`‡ki wKQzmsL¨K eyw×Rxex‡K| 1954 mv‡j iex›`ªf³ †UvwKI wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fviZxq `k©‡bi Aa¨vcK, †e`všÍ M‡elK, fviZZË¡we` W. nvwR‡g bvKvgyivi D‡`¨v‡M cybivq wek¦fviZxi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq, †mLv‡b cÖwZôv Kiv nq Rvcvwb wefvM hv wQj iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯^cœ| Avevi wk¶v-mvs¯‹…wZK m¤ú‡K©i cybR©vMiY †`Lv †`q ¶xY †mªv‡Zi g‡Zv `yB RvwZi g‡a¨| GB †mªvZaviv AK¯§vr ùxZ I †eMevb nq 1958 mv‡ji w`‡K hLb wek¦e¨vcx Kwe iex›`ªbv‡_i kZZg Rb¥RqšÍxi cÖ¯—ywZ ïi“ nq fvi‡Z| 1957 mv‡jB iex›`ªf³ cÖavbgš¿x RInijvj †b‡ni“ iex›`ªRb¥kZel© D`hvc‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki iex›`ªf³‡K AvnŸvb Rvbvb| wek¦fviZx †_‡K Aby‡iva Rvbv‡bv nq we‡klfv‡e Rvcv‡bi Kv‡Q, †Kbbv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rvcvb †`kwU‡K Rb¥f~wgi ci me‡P‡q †ewk fv‡jv‡e‡mwQ‡jb| GB fv‡jvevmvi Kvi‡YB wZwb cuvP-cuvPevi iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 39

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n‡qwQj †h, fviZxqiv AZ¨waK Svj, jeYv³ ÔKvwiÕ †L‡q _v‡Kb, †mBm‡½ cvb K‡ib cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Rj| cvPK †mBiKg LveviB ivbœv Ki‡jb Ges h_vmg‡q †Uwe‡ji Ici mvwR‡q ivL‡jb| †L‡Z e‡m GK MÖvm †L‡qB †ZvwgZv‡iv I qywKI ci¯ú‡ii gyL †`Lv‡`wL Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| †ZvwgZv‡iv ej‡jb, Am¤¢e e¨vcvi, GZ Svj Avi jeYv³ Lvevi gvbyl †L‡Z cv‡i bv! Avgvi c‡¶ AwZw_‡ì Lvev‡i m½ †Ìqv wKQy‡ZB m¤¢e bq! †`vfvlx qywKI iex›`ªbv_‡K Lvevi †Kgb n‡q‡Q Rvb‡Z PvB‡j Kwe Rvbv‡jb, my¯^v`y n‡q‡Q, m½xivI Zuv‡K mg_©b Ki‡jb| Zuv‡ì mš‘wó‡Z hyMcr †ZvwgZv‡iv Ges qywKI `yRbB welg †L‡jb! Zuv‡ì †PvL Kcv‡j D‡V †Mj! ejv cÖ‡qvRb Rvcvwbiv Svj Lvevi †L‡Z G‡Kev‡iB Af¨¯— bb| hv‡nvK, GKB ai‡bi ÔKvwiÕ LveviB Uvbv `yB mßvn Pjj Ges ïay AwZw_ PviRbB Zv †L‡jb| `yB mßvn c‡i iex›`ªbv_ nVvr K‡i e‡j em‡jb, ÒAvgv‡ì mgq n‡q †M‡Q Av‡gwiKv hvevi, GLbB P‡j †h‡Z n‡e|Ó †ZvwgZv‡iv AevK n‡jb! e‡j wK! g‡b g‡b AuvP Ki‡jb GKUv wKQy n‡q‡Q, bvn‡j GZ ZvovZvwo Zuv‡ì P‡j hvIqvi K_v bq! wVK Av‡Q, P‡j †h‡Z Pv‡”Qb hLb Kx Avi Kiv| wZwb GK mÜ¨vq ïfwe`vq Dcj‡¶ Pxbv Lvev‡ii Av‡qvRb Ki‡jb, cwiev‡ii mevB‡K wb‡q †Uwe‡j em‡jb| wZwb aviYv Ki‡jb †h, fviZxq ixwZi Kvwi †L‡q †L‡q AwZw_‡ì nq‡Zvev weiw³ a‡i †M‡Q Gevi we`v‡qi j‡Mœ wfbœ¯^v‡ì Lvevi cwi‡ekb KivB n‡e †kªq, Zv Qvov Pxbv Lvev‡i Svj †bB ¯^vÌ nvjKv †mUv AwZw_mn mK‡jiB fv‡jv jvM‡e| †L‡Z e‡m Zuviv mK‡jB wewfbœ c‡ì Lvevi Avb‡›ì m‡½ †L‡jb Ges AwZw_iv Lvev‡ii f~qmx cÖksmv Ki‡jb| †ZvwgZv‡iv eyw×gvb gvbyl, AwZw_‡ì D¾¡j gyL †`‡L m‡½ m‡½ eyS‡Z cvi‡jbÑZvn‡j Lvev‡iB hZ MÊ‡Mvj wQj! Avm‡j j¾vq AwZw_iv wKQy ej‡Z cv‡ibwb! Gw`‡K GB ALv`¨ †L‡q mK‡jB Amy¯’ n‡q c‡owQ‡jb! †k‡l AwZw_iv qywKI gvidZ AvKv‡i-Bw½‡Z †ZvwgZv‡iv‡K †evSv‡jb †h, LveviUv fv‡jv n‡j AviI wKQyw`b _vKv m¤¢e| †Kbbv RvqMvUv Zuv‡ì LyeB fv‡jv †j‡M †M‡Q| †ZvwgZv‡iv ¯^w¯—i wbtk¦vm †dj‡jb| GB NUbvi ci †_‡K AwZw_‡ì Zuv‡ì i“wPgvwdK Lvevi I †mevh‡Zœi w`‡K we‡kl bRi †Ìqv n‡jv| mvb‡KBGb-G Ae¯’vbKvjxb cwÎKvi mvsevw`K ev` w`‡q A‡bK gvbyl Kwei mv¶vrcÖv_©x n‡Zb| Gwkqv‡Z cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vicÖvß Kwe Rvcv‡b Av‡Qb, GLv‡b †mLv‡b e³„Zv w`‡”Qb Qwemn †mB msev` me©Î Qwo‡q c‡owQj cÎ-cwÎKvi e‡`Šj‡Z| d‡j GKbRi †`Lvi RbÏ gvby‡li Xj bvgvB wQj ¯^vfvweK NUbv| †Zgwb G‡mwQ‡jb ZrmgqKvi weL¨vZ MxwZKvi, m½xZÁ, M‡elK †bveyrmybv mvmvwK; iex›`ªbv_ m¤úwK©Z Zuvi Abyf~wZ e¨³ Ki‡Z wM‡q wj‡L‡Qb : ÔRyb gvm, iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 50

B‡qv‡Kvnvgv mvb‡KBGb-G Ae¯’vbiZ Kwe¸i“ iex›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ Rvcv‡bi GKRb m½xZKg©x wn‡m‡e Avgvi mv¶vr Kiv DwPZ| 19 ZvwiL mv¶vr Ki‡Z wM‡q hLb cyKz‡ii av‡i ùvwo‡q wQjvg ZLb Ab¨w`‡Ki cvnvo †_‡K Kwe †b‡g AvmwQ‡jb| m‡½ wQ‡jb Zuvi R‰bK mwPe, †`vfvlx qywKI Bqvwk‡iv| †`Ljvg `xN©‡`nx, Pv-i‡Oi Uzwc, j¤^v Pzj, D¾¡j a~mi i‡Oi †cvkvK, †Mi“qv i‡Oi Ry‡Zvmn AwfRvZ GK e¨w³Z¡ Avgvi `„wó‡MvPi n‡jb| Ges Avgvi m¤¢vl‡Yi Rev‡e wbtk‡ã `yB nvZ ey‡Ki Kv‡Q wb‡q Ki‡Rv‡o Zi“wkimg gv_v bZ K‡i cÖwZm¤¢vlY Rvbv‡jb| ZLb Avwg Zuv‡KÑÒGKB cÖv‡P¨ Rb¥, KweZv Avi Mv‡bi †`‡ki Ggb GKRb gvbyl AvcwbÑAvcbvi mvwbœa¨ cvIqv mwZ¨B Avb‡›ì welqÓ, GB K_v e‡j Avgiv cyKz‡ii cvo a‡i wKQy¶Y nuvUjvg| cyKz‡ii A‡a©K cÙdz‡j †Q‡q hvIqv `„k¨ †`‡L wbPz ¯^‡i ej‡jb, ÒAvgvi †`kI cÙdzj †dvUvi †`kÓ| Ggwb Zuvi KÉ¯î g‡b n‡jv †hb ¯^‡cœi †`k †_‡K K_v ej‡Qb| Zvici GKcv‡k ÔAvIBÕ Ab¨cv‡k cÙdzj †dvUv c‡_i ga¨ w`‡q †nu‡U ÔKvbrmywKAvbÕ bvgK Pv-M„‡ni w`‡K P‡j †M‡jb| iv‡Z †kvIdzKvKz fe‡bi ˆbk‡fv‡Ri †Uwe‡j e‡m K‡qK NÈv a‡i KweZvq myi cÖ‡qvM, Pvi“Kjv, wk¶v welq Ges MZKvj‡K †`Lv †bvn& bvUK m¤ú‡K© Zuvi m‡½ we¯—i Av‡jvPbv n‡jv| ZLb mgy`ª †_‡K †a‡q AvmwQj cÖPÊ S‡ov evZvm| GKmgq ê`y¨wZK Av‡jv wb‡f hvIqvq K¶wU AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z n‡q †Mj| wKQy¶Y ci †gvgevwZ R¡vjv‡bv n‡j c‡i †mUv †`‡L Kwe gš—e¨ Ki‡jb, Òcyi‡bv Rvcv‡bi AvZ¥v G‡m bZzb mf¨Zv‡K gy‡Q w`j|Ó †mw`b g‡b n‡qwQj ¯^K‡Y© †kvbv Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii my‡ijv KÉ KL‡bv fyjevi bq| ev¯—weKB mvmvwK †bveyrmybv Kwe‡K fyj‡Z cv‡ibwb| Ggwb AviI A‡bK e¨w³Z¡B Kwe‡K wb‡q ¯§„wZK_v iPbv K‡i‡Qb hv GL‡bv D×v‡ii evwK| ïay Kwe, wk¶K, `vk©wbK wn‡m‡eB bq, wkíxmËvi AwaKvix iex›`ªbv_ Rvcvwb wPÎKjvi cÖwZI Av‡M †_‡KB Mfxifv‡e AvK…ó n‡qwQ‡jb| mvb‡KBGb evMvbevwo‡Z †ZvwgZv‡iv GKwU mg„× HwZnëvnx Rvcvwb wPÎK‡g©i Rv`yNi M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| †mLv‡b iex›`ªbv_ cÖvqB Qy‡U †h‡Zb cÖvK…wZK `„k¨vwì wPÎKg©¸‡jv LyuwU‡q LuywU‡q †`Lvi Rb¨| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, Rvcvwb wPÎKjv Gwkqvi mKj wkíKjv‡K Qvwo‡q eûkx‡l© Av‡ivnY K‡iwQj Ges f~qmx cÖksmv K‡iwQ‡jb cÖvP¨ HwZ‡nï avivevwnKZvq wkíKjvi Dbœqb NUv‡bvi †¶‡Î Rvcv‡bi AvaywbK cÖ‡Póv‡K| msMÖnkvjvi AmsL¨ wPÎ †_‡K GKwU wZwb kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b wb‡q †h‡Z AvMÖn cÖKvk Ki‡jb †ZvwgZv‡ivi Kv‡Q| Kjvwk‡íi LuvwU mgS`vi †ZvwgZv‡iv AKzÉwP‡Ë ivwR n‡jb Dcnvi wn‡m‡e †èvi Rb¨ Z‡e bKj K‡i †bevi Aby‡iva ivL‡jb| Kwe Zv‡ZB ivwR n‡jb| ÔB‡qv‡iv‡evwkÕ bvgK wkíKg©wU wQj ¯^bvgab¨ wkíx wk‡gvgyiv KvbRvb Gi GKwU myweL¨vZ Qwe A_©vr gv÷viwcm| †ek eo GB KvRwU K‡i †èvi Rb¨ †ZvwgZv‡ivi †mœnfvRb wkl¨ wPÎwkíx wn‡ivKvZv (Kvb‡cv) iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 51

AvivB Gi Ici `vwqZ¡ eZ©vj| AvivB `xN© mgq wb‡q ûeû Kwc K‡iwQ‡jb GwU| GB Ac~e© KvR †`‡L iex›`ªbv_ AZ¨š— Avbw›`Z n‡qwQ‡jb Ges AvivB‡K kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| wkíx AvivB iweVvKz‡ii Aby‡iva †i‡LwQ‡jb Ges †mB eQiB b‡f¤^‡i `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ kvwš—wb‡KZ‡bi ÔwewPÎvÕ fe‡b Aa¨vcbv Kivi Rb¨ P‡j †M‡jb ZvBKv‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq| †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbKv‡j AvivB wjwLZ w`bwjwc‡Z kvwš—wb‡KZb Z_v fvi‡Zi A‡bK Z_¨ AeMZ nIqv hvq| GwU evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib wewkó iex›`ªM‡elK Ô†`wk‡KvËgÕ Aa¨vcK KvRyI AvRygv| AvivB Rvcv‡b †divi Av‡M ARš—v ¸nvi cÖvPxb †eŠ×wPÎ¸‡jvi bKj K‡i Rvcv‡b wb‡q G‡m †UvwKI‡Z GKwU cÖ`k©bxi Av‡qvRb K‡iwQ‡jb| iex›`ªbv_ wQ‡jb Kwe Avi †ZvwgZv‡iv eëmvqx| GKRb m„wókxj `vk©wbK Ab¨Rb ev¯—eev`x †KŠkjx| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Av`wk©K êcixZ¨ _vKvB ¯^vfvweK| ZviB cÖgvY cvIqv hvq Zuv‡ì wPš—v I †PZbvi g‡a¨| †hgb GKevi AwZw_ Kwe‡K wb‡q †ZvwgZv‡iv KvbvMvIqv-wcÖ‡dKPv‡ii cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i jxjvf~wg nv‡Kv‡b kn‡i Aew¯’Z Zuvi MÖx®§Kvjxb Avevm‡b wb‡q hvb| †mLv‡b wKse`wš—i `yB exiåvZv Ry‡iv I †Mv‡iv Gi mgvwacÖ¯—i †`wL‡q Zuv‡ì exi‡Z¡i Kvwnbx eY©bv K‡ib| ZLb KvgvKziv hyM (1192-1333)| mvgšÍ cÖkvmK mvgyivB-†kŠ¸b (†hv×v-†mbvcwZ) wgbv‡gv‡Zv †bv B‡qvwi‡gv‡Zv `ywU wb®úvc evjK‡K mgy`ªZx‡i wki‡ñ‡ì Av‡`k †`b| bvevjKØ‡qi Aciva, Zviv Zv‡ì wcZvi nZ¨vKvix B‡qvwi‡gv‡Zvi Aaxb¯’ Kg©Pvix Kz‡`v my‡Krmy‡b‡K nZ¨vi gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡kva †bIqvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQj| cÖK…Zc‡¶, Kz‡`v, Ry‡iv Ges †Mv‡ivi wcZvgn my‡KwPKvi g‡a¨ Rwg`Ljmsµvš— Ø›Ø wQj| my‡KwPKv Kz‡`vi Rwg †Rvic~e©K `L‡ji Kvi‡Y Awfhy³ wQ‡jb| Kv‡RB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c‡` `vwqZ¡kxj miKvwi Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e Kz‡`v Acivax my‡KwPZv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q NUbvµ‡g Zvi cyÎ my‡KBqvmy‡K †g‡i †d‡jb| ¯^fveZB g„‡Zi `yB †Q‡j wcZ…nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z D‡`¨vM †bq| wKš‘ e¨_© n‡q AwP‡iB Kz‡`vi nv‡Z aiv c‡o Ges kvw¯—¯îƒc g„Zz¨`‡Ê `wÊZ nq| wki‡ñ‡ì Rb¨ wbhy³ Rjøv` Zv‡ì †kl B‡”Qi K_v Rvb‡Z PvB‡j Zviv e‡j, miKvi †hb Zv‡ì gv‡K Rvbvq †h, wcZ…nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z wM‡q Avgiv mš—vb wn‡m‡e ex‡ii g‡Zv g„ZzëiY K‡iwQ! bvevjKØ‡qi GB ex‡ivwPZ evK¨ ï‡b Rjøv` Zvi Z‡jvqvi bvwg‡q †d‡j Zv‡ì ¶gv K‡i †èvi Rb¨ †kŠ¸b‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib| wKš‘ †kŠ¸b B‡qvwi‡gv‡Zv †m Aby‡iva cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Av‡`k envj iv‡Lb| Zvici cÖfvekvjx R‰bK mvgyivB‡qi Av‡e`‡b mvov w`‡q †kŠ¸b evjKØq‡K gy³ K‡i †`b| GB NUbvi 11 eQi c‡i cÖwZwnsmvcivqY evjKØq nš— viKÑwPikÎ“ Kz‡`v‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z mg_© nq| wcZ…nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kvag~jK GB Kvwnbx cieZ©xKv‡j RbwcÖq exiZ¡Mv_vag©x †jvKmvwnZ¨ Ges KveywK bvU‡K mshy³ n‡q AvRI Aewa cÖPwjZ| iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 52

†ZvwgZv‡iv GB KvwnbxwUi Ici iex›`ªbv_‡K GKwU KweZv iPbv Ki‡Z Aby‡iva K‡ib hv wZwb cÖ¯—idj‡K wj‡L ivL‡Z AvMÖnx| Kwe GB Aby‡iv‡a mvov w`‡q †h KweZvwU wj‡Lb Zv cvV K‡i †kvbv‡j †ZvwgZv‡iv weivM cÖKvk K‡ib| †Kbbv wZwb Avkv K‡iwQ‡jb †h, Kwe evjKØ‡qi mvnmx wcZ…‡cÖ‡gi cÖksmv Ki‡eb| wZwb AvkvnZ n‡q cwiKíbvwU ev¯—evqb K‡ibwb| KweZvwU wQj G iKg : Each bore the other a grudge, each other they killed. People sung their praises But God was ashamed Quickly He buried Memory of the bloodletting Beneath the green grass.

KweZvwU‡Z iex›`ªbv_ gvby‡li wnsmv-cÖwZwnsmvcivqYZvi Rb¨ Ck¦i ¯^qs †hLv‡b jw¾Z, †mLv‡b gvby‡li cÖksmv‡K ¸i“Z¡ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ibwb| Zuvi Kv‡Q ÔAb¨vq †h K‡i Avi Ab¨vq †h m‡nÕ `y‡UvB `nbkxj; wVK †Zgwb wnsmvcÖwZwnsmvI gbyl¨Z¡‡K ¶q K‡i| Ôgvbyl‡K n‡Z n‡e ¶gvkxjÕÑKweZvwUi GB wbM~p A_©wU nq‡Zvev ev¯Íeev`x wn‡mwe gvbyl †ZvwgZv‡ivi MÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b nqwb| ïay mvb‡KBGbB bq, Rvcv‡bi wewfbœ RvqMvq Zuvi wePiY N‡UwQj| GB evMvbevwoi †h Pv-M„‡n wZwb HwZn¨evnx Pv-Abyôv‡bi (wU wm‡igwb) AwZw_ n‡qwQ‡jb †mwU GL‡bv `uvwo‡q Av‡Q| †h M„‡n wQ‡jb †mwU †bB Z‡e GKwU Z_¨djK BwZnv‡mi wPý enb Ki‡Q| B‡qv‡Kvnvgv‡K iex›`ªbv_ Lye cQ›` Ki‡Zb ZvB Zuvi ¯§„wZi¶v‡_© GKwU Rv`yNi I †U‡Mvi ¯‹zj cÖwZôvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”Qb B‡qv‡Kvnvgv¯’ ÔRvcvb-evsjv A¨v‡mwm‡qk‡bÕi Kg©mwPe iex›`ªf³ kªxgwZ Zvwg‡Kv IIev| cÖK„Zc‡¶, iex›`ªbv_‡K †K›`ª K‡i KZ ARmª Mí G †`‡k BwZnvm n‡q Av‡Q e‡j nq‡Zvev †kl Kiv hv‡e bv| Z_¨m~Î : 1] Aaybvjyß †M°vb ZvB‡qv (gvwmK m~h©) 2] †Zbwkb wK‡bb BRyiv weRyrmyKvb (BRyiv †Zbwkb ¯§„wZ wkíKjv feb) ¯§viK MÖš’ 3] mvb‡KBGb Gi ZË¡veavqK wiDwR KvIqvnvZvi m‡½ K‡_vcK_b 4] Rvbv ARvbv Rvcvb (MÖš’) * 2008 mv‡j ˆ`wbK hyMvšÍi cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 53

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†ek K‡qK eQi a‡i iex›`ªbv_ I Rvcvb m¤ú‡K©i Ici Z_¨ I `wjjcÎ Lyu‡R P‡jwQ| MZ cuvP eQ‡i we¯—i msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q wewfbœ RvqMv †_‡K| wewfbœ Rvcvwbi KvQ †_‡K nv‡Z G‡m †cuŠ‡Q‡Q A‡bK, GL‡bv Avm‡Q| m¤¢eZ Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K wb‡q GZ Z_¨ we‡`‡ki Avi †Kv‡bv †`‡k Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e e‡j g‡b nq bv! Z‡e AwaKvskB KwVb Rvcvwb fvlvq wjwLZ| d‡j †mme †_‡K evsjvq A_© I BwZnvm D×vi Kiv Kx †h Kómva¨ Zv Avi bv ej‡jI P‡j| KviY Rvcvwb we‡k¦i GK b¤î KwVb fvlv e‡j we‡ewPZ| ïay fvlvB †h KwVb Zv bq, cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB HwZnvwmK m¤úK© h_v_©fv‡e AvRI wjwLZ nqwb e‡j bvbv iKg fyjåvwš— I mb-Zvwi‡Li Miwgj we`¨gvb| wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qB msiw¶Z †bB Ggb `wj‡ji K_v Rvbv hv‡”Q, Rvcv‡bI `y®úªvc¨ n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q| A‡bK Rvcvwb iex›`ªbv‡_i mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡mwQ‡jb †`‡k-we‡`‡k, A‡b‡K wj‡L‡Qb Zuv‡K wb‡q, K‡i‡Qb M‡elYv †mme GLb Lyu‡R cvIqv ev¯—weKB KwVb| Z‡e iex›`ªbv_ GL‡bv †hgb cÖexY‡ì g‡b fv¯î n‡q Av‡Qb Avevi hviv fviZ ev evsjv‡`‡ki bvg Rv‡bb iex›`ªbv_‡K wPb‡Z Zv‡ì †eM †c‡Z nq bv| Zviv mvMÖ‡n iex›`ªbv‡_i K_v Rvb‡Z Pvb| AviI GKwU welq j¶Yxq †h, iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb: kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 54

2. MZ wW‡m¤^‡i (2010) Avš—R©vwZK L¨vwZm¤úbœ Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZv Zvbfxi †gvKv‡¤§j Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb Zuvi Kv‡R| 7 ZvwiL m‡Ü¨‡ejv Zuvi Ae¯’vbiZ AwZw_feb myweL¨vZ †KvKzmvB eybKv †m›Uvi ev B›Uvib¨vkbvj nvD‡mi jwe‡Z K_v ejwQjvg wewfbœ wel‡q| Ggb mgq †mLv‡b Awek¦vmïƒ‡c Dcw¯’Z n‡jb nvjKv P‡Kv‡jU i‡Oi wm‡éi kvwo cwiwnZv `xN©v½x, †QvU K‡i QuvUv mv`v-Kv‡jv †KkeZx AZ¨š— ¯§vU© GKRb f`ªgwnjv| wb‡RB my¯úófv‡e evsjvq K_v e‡j GwM‡q G‡jb Avgv‡ì mvg‡b| †n‡m ej‡jb, ÔAvcbviv wK evOvwj?Õ Zvici wb‡Ri bvg e‡j cwiPq w`‡jb, ÔAvwg MvqÎx PµeZ©x ¯úxfvK| AvR‡K GKUv †mwgbvi Av‡Q Avgvi GLv‡b| wn‡Zvrmyevwk wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Avgš¿‡Y G‡mwQ|Õ e‡j A`~‡i emv `yRb Rvcvwb‡K Kv‡Q Avm‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbv‡jb| GKRb cyi“l I GKRb gwnjvÑ`yR‡bB D³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK| Zuviv AwZw_ MvqÎx PµeZ©xi Rb¨ cÖZx¶v KiwQ‡jb| Avgiv Avgv‡ì cwiPq w`‡ZB KjKwj‡q DV‡jb, ej‡jb, Ôevsjv‡`k! †ek K‡qKevi wM‡qwQ Avcbv‡ì †`‡k| Kwe dinv` gRnvi, Wv. Rvdi“jøvn& †PŠayix Guiv Avgvi eÜz|Õ Avgiv K_v ej‡Z †j‡M †Mjvg| Avwg Zuvi bvgwU Avm‡j fv‡jv K‡i ïb‡Z cvwiwb| wKš‘ Gi g‡a¨ Avgiv ci¯úi cwiwPZ n‡q †Mjvg| Zuvi gyL †`‡LB Avgvi g‡b nw”Qj †Kv_vq Zuv‡K †`‡LwQ| Zuvi e³…ZvI ï‡bwQ| wKš‘ wVK ¯§iY Ki‡Z cviwQjvg bv| Zvbfxi fvB‡K iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb: kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 55

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†mw`‡bi GB AvKw¯§K NUbvwU bvbv Kvi‡YB KvKZjxq! cÖ_gZ, GB fe‡b 1960 mv‡j Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii 99Zg Rb¥evwl©Kx Abvo¤î Av‡qvR‡b AbywôZ n‡qwQj kZZg Rb¥evwl©Kxi cÖvi¤¢ wn‡m‡e| wØZxqZ, iex›`ªf³ Zvbfxi fvB‡qi Kj¨v‡Y MvqÎxwì m‡½ gv½wjK mv¶vr n‡jv whwb wb‡RB GKRb GKwbô iex›`ªf³| Z…ZxqZ, kª‡×q MvqÎxwì e‡`Šj‡Z mv¶vr n‡q †Mj GKRb Rvcvwb iex›`ªf‡³i m‡½ huvi gva¨‡g iex›`ª-Rvcvb m¤ú‡K©i we¯§„Z GKwU Aa¨v‡qi mÜvb †cjvg| ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZB nq, iex›`ªvZ¥v me©e¨vcx we¯—…Z hv wN‡i Av‡Q Avgv‡ì‡K| 3. c‡ii w`bB m‡Ü¨‡ejv cÖ‡dmi mvKv‡gv‡Zv wn‡iv‡Kv B-†gB‡j Avgv‡K gnvN©¨ `ywU c„ôvi d‡UvKwc cvVv‡jb| ÔwnqvKz Kv wnqvKz †QbÕ (ÔkZ dzj kZ msMÖnÕ) bvgK ¯§viKMÖš’ †_‡K 64 I 65 `ywU c„ôv m¤ú~Y© iwOb| `yB c„ôve¨vcx PviwU Qwemn GKwU †QvÆ Z_ïPbv| †jLvwUi m‡½ eo K‡i wk‡ivbvg gyw`ªZ : ÔBb‡`v †bv wkwRb Zv‡Mvi-i“ †Zv †bv †KvIwiDIÕ A_©vr Ôfvi‡Zi Kwe VvKz‡ii m‡½ fvewewbgq|Õ wk‡ivbv‡gi wb‡P AviI `yB jvBb †jLv Av‡Q : Ôü`q †avqvi mgqUv‡K Dc‡fvM KivÕ Ges ÔRvcvb‡ev×v‡K kª×v Ávcb KivÕ| G‡ZB †evSv hv‡”Q †h, iex›`ªbv‡_i Ae¯’vbUv †Kv_vq wQj! iex›`ªbv‡_i GKwU Bs‡iwR †jLvi Askwe‡kl QvovI cv‡kB i‡q‡Q Rvcvwb bvix m¤ú‡K© Zuvi ÔRvcvbhvÎxÕ MÖš’ †_‡K D×„Z gš— e¨, m¤¢eZ ZvBwP Zv cvV K‡i gy» n‡qwQ‡jb e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| gš—e¨wU G iKg : ÔGLv‡b †g‡q‡ì Kvc‡oi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K ¯¿x‡jvK e‡j weÁvcb †èvi wKQygvÎ †Póv bvB| cÖvq me©ÎB †g‡q‡ì †e‡ki g‡a¨ Ggb wKQy fw½ _v‡K hv‡Z †evSv hvq, Zviv we‡klfv‡e cyi“‡li †gvn`„wói cÖwZ `vwe †i‡L‡Q| GLvbKvi †g‡q‡ì Kvco my›ì, wKš‘ †m Kvc‡o †`‡ni cwiPq‡K Bw½‡Zi Øviv †`Lvevi †Kv‡bv †Póv bvB| Rvcvwb‡ì g‡a¨ PwiÎ‡`Še©j¨ †h †Kv_vI †bB Zv Avwg ejwQ †b, wKš‘ ¯¿xcyi“‡li m¤^Ü‡K wN‡i Zz‡j cÖvq mKj mf¨‡`‡kB gvbyl †h GKUv K…wÎg †gvncwi‡eób iPbv K‡i‡Q Rvcvwbi g‡a¨ Aš—Z Zvi GKUv Av‡qvRb Kg e‡j g‡b nj Ges Aš—Z †mB cwigv‡Y GLv‡b ¯¿xcyi“‡li m¤^Ü ¯^vfvweK Ges †gvngy³|Õ GB gš—‡eï A‡_©i m‡½ wgjbvZ¥K ZvBwPi gš—eÏ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q cvkvcvwk| Zuvi gš—e¨wU G iKg : ÔmvRm¾v n‡”Q ewni½‡K msMwVZ Kivi Kvq`v wn‡m‡e e¨w³Z¡‡K cÖùzwUZ Kivi GKwU cš’v, wKQy‡ZB gvbyl‡K cÖjyä Kivi A‡_© †Kvb K…ZKg© bq|Õ GBfv‡e cÖwZc¶ †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi D”PZv‡K kª×vi m‡½ Avwj½bKvix iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖwZ ZvBwPi bxie meyR GKUv m¤úK© M‡o D‡VwQj| Gevi Z_ïPbvwU‡Z hv †jLv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv : ÔweÁvcb cwiKíbvq L¨vwZgvb wn‡m‡e Kw_Z, djcÖmvix weÁvcb wbg©vY‰kjx‡Z Amvgvb¨ eyw×gËvi ¯^v¶i enbKvix bvKvqvgv ZvBwP m½Zfv‡eB g‡bvgy»Ki, ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Z AvZ¥kw³m¤úbœ gvbyl wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv AR©b Kivi cvkvcvwk SzuwKc~Y© e¨w³I wQ‡jb| e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b wcZv I wcZvg‡ni cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ `qvkxjZv, mvij¨ Ges avwg©KZvq wQ‡jb Dòü`‡qi gvbyl| we‡kl K‡i, ü`q ïwPï× K‡i w`‡Z m¶g e¨w³, iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb: kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 57

D”PZi Ava¨vwZ¥KZvq DbœxZ K‡i w`‡Z mg_© e¨w³‡ì Kv‡Q wZwb cweÎg‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡Zb| (Zuv‡ì g‡a¨) †hgb †nvbKvbwR †eŠ×gw›`‡ii gnvcy‡ivwnZ IIZvwb †KvIRyB (1876-1948), †gBwR hy‡Mi cÂg cÖavbgš¿x IIKzgv wk‡M‡bvey (1838-1922); Zuvi Avcb wk¶K cwÊZ I ivRbxwZ-mgv‡jvPK Kvrmyiv BqvBwP (1849-1939) cÖgyL Ab¨Zg| cwÊZ Kvrmyivi myü` †bvwM gv‡imy‡K (1849-1912) hLb †gBwR mgªv‡Ui A‡š—¨wówµqvi mgq m¯¿xK nvivwKwi K‡i AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib ZLb bvKvqvgv ZvBwP cÖPÊ †Ku‡`wQ‡jb| fvi‡Zi weL¨vZ Kwe Gwkqv‡Z cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi AR©bKvix wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii m‡½I bvKvqvgv ZvBwP HKvwš—K g‡bvfve wb‡q gy‡LvgywL n‡qwQ‡jb| wek¦ågY K‡i ågYwjwc wj‡L ivLv VvKzi, we‡kl K‡i huvi ÔRvcvbhvÎxÕ LyeB weL¨vZ| Av‡gwiKv, BD‡iv‡ci †`k¸‡jvi kvmbZ‡j Ae¯’vbKvix Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU gvÎ ivóª Rvcvb †gBwR gnvms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZvi aviK e‡jB AvMÖnc~e©K 1916 mv‡j cÖ_g åg‡Yi ci AviI wZbevi Rvcv‡b G‡m‡Qb wZwb| VvKzi wØZxqev‡ii mgq 1924 mv‡j Rvcvb åg‡Y G‡j c‡i Ry‡b 4 ZvwiL †_‡K cuvP w`‡bi Rb¨ †iv‡°vI Gi ZvB‡qvIKvKz-†Z Ae¯’vb K‡iwQ‡jb| GB mgq ZvBwP cÖwZw`b mKvj-weKvj (iex›`ªbv‡_i) gy‡LvgywL Avmb MÖnY K‡i (Zuvi) a¨vbgMœZvi MfxiZvq AvcøyZ n‡Zb e‡j Rvbv hvq| AwaKvsk Rvcvwb bvMwiK KZ…©K Ae‡nwjZ ARvbv Rvcv‡bi GKRb †ev×v wn‡m‡e VvKzi‡K ZvBwP Mfxi kª×v Ki‡Zb| (VvKz‡ii cÖwZ) cÖZ¨vkv¯îƒc ZrKvjxb msev`cÎmg~n (iex›`ªbv‡_i) cÖksmv K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ ZvBwPi w`KwU we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, (iex›`ªbv‡_i mvwbœ‡a¨ †_‡K) DrmyKfiv wP‡Ë we¯§qgy» mgqUv‡K Dc‡fvM Kivi kvwš—‡Z (Zuvi) eyKUv †Kej ùxZB n‡q‡Q! VvKz‡ii me©‡kl Rvcvb åg‡Yi mgq 1929 mv‡ji Ry‡b IIKziv Ava¨vwZ¥K ms¯‹…wZ M‡elYv †K‡›`ª ¯’vwcZ †U‡Mvi †g‡gvwiqvj A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi cwiPvjK IIKziv Kzwbwn‡Kv (1882-1971) Gi †UvwKI evmfe‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ cybivq mv¶vr Ki‡Z hvb Ges ci¯úi Avjvc K‡ib|Õ 4. cÖkœ n‡”Q †K GB bvKvqvgv ZvBwP? huv‡K iex›`ªbv‡_iI fv‡jv †j‡MwQj? bv n‡j Zuvi cÖwZwôZ AwZw_kvjvq †Kb AwZw_ n‡eb, Gfv‡e mgq †`‡eb Zuv‡K? G‡nb ZvBwP wQ‡jb Rvcv‡bi †gBwR hyM (1868-1912), ZvB‡kvI hyM (191226) Ges †kvIqv hy‡Mi (1926-89) ¯^bvgab¨ wkícwZ, mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡mex| 1881 mv‡j Bqvgv¸wP-wcÖ‡dKPv‡i Rb¥ ZvBwP gvÎ 20 eQi eq‡m AvaywbK Rvcv‡bi cÖfvZj‡Mœi PviwU cÖavb cÖmvabx †Kv¤úvwbi GKwU cÖwZôv K‡ib 1903 mv‡j ÔKzivey Km‡gwUKm& (K¬ve Km‡gwUKm&) †Kv¤úvwbÕ bv‡g| ÔbvKvqvgv ZvB‡qvI‡`vIÕ bv‡g GKwU †mŠ›`h©gwÊZ wecwYweZvbI ¯’vcb K‡ib †hLv‡b Kzivey iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 58

eªv‡Ûi cY¨mvgMÖx wewµ n‡Zv| GB eªvÛ AvRI Rvcv‡b mycwiwPZ| 1915 mv‡j ImvKv kn‡i ¯’vcb K‡ib bvKvqvgv M‡elYv †K›`ª| 1919 mv‡j cÖwZôv K‡ib †jLv‡RvLv, `vßwiK cY¨ cÖ¯‘ZKviK KviLvbv cyiv‡Zvb (†cø‡Uv) eyb¸ †Kv¤úvwb| 1922 mv‡j ZuviB cÖwZwôZ cÖKvkbv I †cÖm Ôcyiv‡Zvb kvÕ cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq AvaywbK iwOb bvixms¯‹…wZ I d¨vkbwfwËK gvwmK g¨vMvwRb Ô†Rv‡mBÕ ev ÔbvixÕ bvKvqvgv ZvB‡qvI‡`vI Gi 20Zg cÖwZôvevwl©Kx Dcj‡¶| wecyj mvov †d‡j KvMRwU mviv Rvcv‡b| GB KvM‡R iex›`ªbv‡_i KweZvI Rvcvwb fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q cÖKvwkZ nIqvi msev` cvIqv hvq| me msL¨v AbymÜvb Ki‡j †h AviI GKvwaK cÖKvwkZ iPbvi mÜvb cvIqv hv‡e Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB e‡jB g‡b nq, KviY ZLbKvi eo eo ˆ`wbK cwÎKv QvovI mvgwqKx¸‡jv‡Z iex›`ªbv‡_i KweZv, Mvb, cÖeÜ I e³…Zv cÖKv‡ki wnwoK c‡o wM‡qwQj Zuvi e¨vcK L¨vwZi Kvi‡YB| D‡jøL¨ †h, GB cyiv‡Zvb kv cÖKvkbv cÖwZôvb †_‡KB 1924 mv‡ji 15 †m‡Þ¤î iex›`ªbv‡_i 23wU e³…Zvi msKjb ÔBwbwk‡q †bv wgwPÕ ev Ôcyi‡bv c_Õ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| GUv LyeB g~jëvb GKwU HwZnvwmK `wjj iex›`ª-Rvcvb m¤ú‡K©i BwZnvm iPbvi †¶‡Î| LyeB †KŠZ~n‡jvÏxK NUbv GB †h, GB MÖš’wUi gy`ªvKi wn‡m‡e huvi bvg gyw`ªZ i‡q‡Q wZwb Rvcv‡bi eûkÖ“Z Jcb¨vwmK, wPÎbvU¨Kvi Ges Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZv bvIwK mvbRyI‡Mv (1891-1934)| ZLb wZwb cyiv‡Zvb kv cÖwZôv‡b PvKwi Ki‡Zb| 1935 mvj †_‡K Zuvi bv‡g ÔbvIwK †kvIÕ ev ÔbvIwK cyi¯‹viÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib Rvcv‡bi AZ¨š— cÖfvekvjx mvwnZ¨ I BwZnvmwfwËK mvgwqKx Ôeyb‡MB ïbRyDÕ Gi KY©avi L¨vwZgvb mvwnwZ¨K, bvU¨Kvi I mvsevw`K wKKzwP Kvb (1888-1948)| GB g¨vMvwRbwUi mvd‡jï c‡ii eQi 1923 mv‡j GB cÖwZôvb †_‡KB AviI GKwU g¨vMvwRb cÖKvwkZ nq ÔKzivKzÕ ev Ô`ytLmyLÕ bv‡g| RbwcÖq mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZwelqK gvwmK GB KvM‡Ri cÖ_g m¤úv`K wQ‡jb D³ bvIwK| cÖKvkbv¸‡jv‡Z ZLbKvi weL¨vZ I †ckv`vi mvwnZ¨Kg©x I wWRvBbvi‡ì mgv‡ek NwU‡qwQ‡jb bvKvqvgv ZvBwP I Zuvi AbyR bvKvqvgv †Zv‡qv‡RvI| bvixi †mŠ›`h©PP©vi †¶‡Î ZvBwPi wPš—vfvebv wQj LyeB AvaywbK Ges ˆkwíK ¸Yv¸Ym¤úbœ| we‡kl K‡i bvix †mŠ›`h©PP©v I cÖmvabxmsµvš— iwOb †cv÷vi wWRvBb, gy`ªY I cÖea©‡b wZwb wQ‡jb AMÖ`~Z| bvix‡ì Rb¨ d¨vkb †mjybI GKvwaK ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb AvR †_‡K kZel© Av‡MB| GKvav‡i AvaywbK, D”Pvwfjvlx Ges cÖvP¨‡`kxq Av`‡k© wek¦vmx ZvBwP eëmv-evwY‡Rï cvkvcvwk ZLbKvi Ab¨vb¨ K…Zx wkícwZi g‡Zv wk¶vi cÖmvi I mvgvwRK †mev †¶‡ÎI Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb| evwYR¨ cÖwZôvb‡K mvgvwRK †mevi †¶‡Î wb‡qvwRZ ivLvi f~wgKvq wZwb wQ‡jb Rvcv‡b cÖ_g eëmvqx| ivRbxwZi m‡½I IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ wQ‡jb| 57 eQi eq‡m 1939 mv‡j AwfRvZ †kªYxi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ivRKxq msm‡ì m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi Ae`v‡bi iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 59

¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc g„Zzï Av‡M m‡e©v”P ivóªxq c`‡KI f~wlZ nb| 5. ¸i“‡è iex›`ªbv_ 1924 mv‡j hLb Z…Zxqev‡ii g‡Zv Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb ZLb †Kv‡e e›ìbM‡ii †iv‡°vI KzivKzGb bvgK ¯’v‡b ZvBwP KZ…©K m`¨ cÖwZwôZ (1922) AwfRvZ ÔZvB‡qvIKvKzÕ bvgK AwZw_kvjvq Ry‡bi 4 ZvwiL †_‡K cuvP w`‡bi Rb¨ 8 ZvwiL ch©š— Ae¯’vb K‡iwQ‡jb| GwU ZLb Aek¨ evwYR¨ gnvbMi ImvKvi cÖkvmwbK AwZw_kvjv wn‡m‡eI eëüZ n‡Zv| wKš‘ GLv‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i Ae¯’v‡bi mb-ZvwiL wb‡q wKQy weåvwš— Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| 2007 mv‡j KjKvZvi wk‡Rb cÖKvkbv ms¯’v †_‡K cÖKvwkZ, mywcÖq ivq m¤úvw`Z ÔUKm& Bb RvcvbÕ MÖš’wU †_‡K Rvbv hv‡”Q †h, iweVvKz‡ii wØZxq Rvcvb md‡ii mgq (Z…Zxq mdi n‡e e‡j g‡b nq KviY iex›`ªbv_ 1917 mv‡jI Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb) wZwb Zuvi m½x cwÊZ w¶wZ‡gvnb †mb, wkíx b›`jvj emy, BwZnvmwe` W. Kvjx`vm bvM Ges wjIbvW© A¨vjgnv÷©‡K wb‡q mvsnvBgvi“ bvgK Rvnv‡R P‡o 29 †g 1924 Zvwi‡L Rvcv‡bi w`‡K iIqvbv n‡q 31 Zvwi‡L bvMvmvwK e›`‡i †cuŠ‡Qb| †mLv‡b Zuv‡K Af¨_©bv Rvbvb kªxgZx †Zvwg Iqv`v (1896-1993) cÖgyL| GB åg‡Yi Av‡qvRb K‡i Ôw` †U‡Mvi †mvmvBwU Ae †Kv‡eÕ e‡j MÖ‡š’ DwjøwLZ| wKš‘ Avg„Zz¨ iex›`ªf³ †Zvwg Iqv`v Ii‡d †Zvwg †KvivÕi Rxebe„Ëv‡š— wZwb wj‡L‡Qb : Ô†mB mgq VvKzi wcwKs-G Av‡Qb Rvb‡Z †c‡i Avwg Avmvwnwk¤^yb cwÎKv‡K Aby‡iva K‡i Zuvi Rvcv‡bi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b e³…Zv cÖ`v‡bi k‡Z© Rvcvb md‡ii cwiKíbv Kwi| Avjvc mvejxjfv‡e GwM‡q hvq| VvKzi Avgvi cÖ¯—ve AvšÍwiKZvi m‡½ MÖnY K‡i `yRb Pxbv BwZnvm M‡elK, wb‡Ri wkl¨ wZbRb Ges `yRb cv`ªxÑ†gvU mvZRb‡K wb‡q Rvcv‡b Av‡mb| ZLb 1924 mv‡ji MÖx‡®§i cÖvi¤¢|Õ Zuvi †jLv‡ZI †`Lv hv‡”Q †Kv‡ei †iv‡°vI-†Z iex›`ªbv_ wekªvg MÖnY K‡ib wKš‘ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Zvwi‡Li D‡jøL †bB|

kªxgwZ bvKvMvIqv wKby‡Kv, 1920 mv‡j wK‡qv‡Zv‡Z Rvcv‡bi weL¨vZ wPÎwkíx gyivKvwg KvMvKz (1888-1939) Gi †R¨ôKb¨v wn‡m‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| gvÎ Pvi eQ‡ii mgq wKby‡Kv Zuvi wcZvgvZvi m‡½ †Kv‡e kn‡ii Bqvgv‡Zv †ivKz-†PŠ‡g ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z †mB‡bbKvb fe‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i e³…Zv ïb‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb| †mB ¯§„wZ GL‡bv Zuvi g‡b A¤-vb| Zuvi wcZv wkíx gyivKvwg iex›`ªbv‡_i GKwU QweI Gu‡KwQ‡jb, AvRI †mwU mh‡Zœ msiw¶Z n‡”Q wkíxi ¯^M„‡n| GKwU wkïKb¨vi g‡b hw` iex›`ªbv_ wPi¯’vqx Avmb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib Zvn‡j AvaywbK Rvcv‡bi Ab¨Zg mªóv‡ì GKRb AmvaviY †gavm¤úbœ bvKvqvgv ZvBwPi g‡b wZwb Kx cÖfve †d‡jwQ‡jb Zv e¨vL¨vi AZxZ| ZvB †`Lv hvq 1929 mv‡j hLb Kwe †klev‡ii g‡Zv Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb KvbvWv †_‡K fvi‡Z †divi c‡_, AwZw_ n‡qwQ‡jb †UvwKIi †g¸‡iv kni¯’ wkícwZ I wk¶vwe` W. IIKziv Kzwbwn‡Kvi evmfe‡b ZvBwP Lei †c‡qB Qz‡U G‡mwQ‡jb Kwei m‡½ cybe©vi mv¶vr Kivi Rb¨| Kwe¸i“ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rvcvwb weØrmgv‡Ri Kv‡iv Kv‡iv weivMfvRb n‡qwQ‡jb mwZ¨, wKš‘ AwaKvsk AMÖmi AvaywbK gvby‡li Kv‡Q Kx iKg fw³ I kª×vi cvÎ wQ‡jb Zv Avgv‡ì‡K wew¯§Z K‡i êwK! bvKvqvgv ZvBwP wQ‡jb Zuv‡ìB GKRb| * 2011 mv‡j mvßvwnK 2000 G cÖKvwkZ

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GKvwaK mfvmwgwZ‡Z| myZivs Gi Av‡Mi gv‡m Gwkqvq cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii bvg wZwb ï‡b _vK‡eb e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| A_ev 1915 mv‡j Rvcv‡b AvwkªZ iex›`ª-Avkxe©v`cyó wecøex gnvbvqK ivmwenvix emyi gva¨‡gI †R‡b _vK‡Z cv‡ib †Kbbv †bv¸wP ivmwenvixi Nwbô eÜz wQ‡jb| wKš‘ †bv¸wP wK iweVvKz‡ii cyi¯‹vi AR©‡bi Av‡M Zuvi KweZv ev iPbv cvV K‡iwQ‡jb? †`k-we‡`‡k ZZw`‡b iex›`ªbv_ h‡_ó cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ †bv¸wP Rvcvb Z_v Gwkqvi Kwe wn‡m‡e Av‡gwiKv Ges BD‡iv‡c e¨vcK Av‡jvob Zz‡j‡Qb 1896 mv‡j weL¨vZ Ôw` jvK©Õ KvM‡R cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g KweZv Ôw` bvBU wi‡fwiR Ae A¨vb G·vBj / The Night Reveries of an ExileÕ Gi e‡`Šj‡Z| wfbœavivi KweZv wn‡m‡e cÖf~Z cÖksmv Kzwo‡qwQj KweZvwU Av‡gwiKvi AwfÁ Kwegn‡j| GB KweZvwU‡Z Zuvi Av‡gwiKvq Ae¯’vbKvjxb Kómwnòz Rxe‡bi AwfÁZvjä Abyf~wZi D¾¡j ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q| ZLb Zuvi eqm 21 eQi| GKBm‡½ Zvi GK KvbvWxq eÜz Kwe we-m Kv‡g©b/ (Bliss Carman, 1861-1929) Gi gva¨‡g †PceyK (Chapbook) KvM‡RI cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Zuvi KweZv| GB mv‡jB cÖKvk K‡ib Ôwmb A¨vÛ Avbwmb/ Seen and Unseen’ bv‡g cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’| Gi f~wgKv wj‡L †`b wR‡jU evi‡Mm/ Frank Gelett Burgess, (1866-1951)| c‡ii eQi mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq Ôw` f‡qm Ae f¨vwj / The Voice of the ValleyÕ wØZxq Kve¨MÖš’| 1901-2 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi GK my`k©bvi m‡½ NwbôZv nq †bv¸wPi| wk¶K, m¤úv`K Ges mvsevw`K GB Zi“Yxi bvg wjIwb wMj‡gvi (Léonie Gilmour, 1873-1933), Zuvi mn‡hvwMZvq cÖKvk K‡ib cÖ_g I wØZxq Dcb¨vm h_vµ‡g Ôw` Av‡gwiKvb Wv‡qwi Ae G RvcvwbR Mvj© / The American Diary of a Japanese Girl’ Ges Ôw` Av‡gwiKvi †jUvim Ae G Rvcvwbm cvj©i †gBW /The American Letters of a Japanese Parlor-Maid Õ. Gme Av‡gwiKvi gnvbMi wbDBq‡K© AwR©Z AwfÁZv †_‡K wjwLZ| 1903 mv‡j jÛ‡b G‡m wbRe¨‡q cÖKvwkZ eûj cÖkswmZ gvÎ 16 c„ôveûj myZbyKv Kve¨MÖš’ Ôd«g w` B÷vb© wm/ From the Eastern Sea’ hv‡K cÖwm× Kwe, we`» †jLK, mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK, bvU¨Kvi Ges mvsevw`K h_vµ‡g BDwjqvg gvB‡Kj †iv‡mwÆ (William Michael Rossetti, 1829-1919), Av_©vi mvBgbm (Arthur William Symons, 18651945), Ugvm nvwW© (Thomas Hardy, 1840-1928), Avj‡d«W Aw÷b (Alfred Austin, 1835-1913), j‡iÝ webqb (Robert Laurence Binyon, 18691940), BDwjqvg evUjvm B‡qUm (William Butler Yeats, 1865-1939), j‡iÝ †nŠmg¨vb (Laurence Housman, 1865-1959), Av_©vi †ib‡mvg (Arthur Mitchell Ransome, 1884-1967) cÖgy‡Li `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| ïay ZvB bq, e„wUk Kwe †Kvjwi‡Ri (Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834) m‡½ Zzjbv K‡ib †KD †KD| GUv Zuvi Z…Zxq Kve¨MÖš’| jÛb Z_v BD‡iv‡c Zuvi GB mdjZv wbDBq‡K©i Zi“Y mvwnZ¨ gn‡j e¨vcK mvov RvMv‡Z m¶g nq| GB MÖš’wU 11 eQi c‡ii iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔMxZvÄwj : ms AdvwismÕ Gi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q, iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 63

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w`‡Z eva¨ nb? Av‡gwiKvb ¯¿x Rvcv‡b wkï cyÎmš—vb‡K wb‡q G‡m `xN© eQi Bs‡iwR fvlvi wk¶KZv K‡i Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡i‡QbÑGKeviI †bv¸wP Zuvi cÖwZ, cyÎmš—vb Bmvgy †bv¸wPi cÖwZI AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡ibwb e‡j Rvbv hvq| GgbwK cyÎ †bv¸wP‡K Zuvi c`we eënvi bv Kivi wel‡q PvcI cÖ‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| D‡jøL¨ †h, Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvi AwaKvix Bmvgy †bv¸wP cieZ©xKv‡j fv¯‹i I Kjvwe` wn‡m‡e cÖf~Z wek¦L¨vwZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h †bv¸wPi agbx‡Z cÖengvb mvgyivB i³ Zuv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj RvZxqZvev‡ì w`‡K Szu‡K co‡Z| mvgš—ev`x mvgyivBiv wQ‡jb cÖPÊ RvZxqZvev`x| †mBm‡½ Avš—R©vwZK ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZI Zv‡K bvov w`‡qwQj ¯^‡`‡ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vq| ejv n‡q _v‡K, Zuv‡K ivRKxq mgiev` cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡iwQj Px‡bi cÖwZ Rvcv‡bi ivR¨we¯—v‡ii cwiKíbv‡K mg_©b`v‡bi Rb¨| wKš‘ whwb wQ‡jb MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ Zi“Y eqm †_‡KB †mv”Pvi, weL¨vZ evgcš’x Rvcvwb KvMR ÔKvB‡RvÕ‡Z wj‡L‡Qb MYZš¿, MYgyw³i wel‡q cÖeÜ-wbeÜ Ges i“k-Rvcvb gnvhy‡× (1904-5) weRqx GKRb Rvcvwb bvMwiK n‡qI KÆi RvZxqZvev` Zuv‡K Av”Qbœ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| 1937 mv‡j hLb wØZxq Pxb-Rvcvb hy× ev‡a †eBwRs‡qi gv‡K©vc‡jv weªR AvµgY‡K †K›`ª K‡i ZLb wZwb Rvcv‡bi fwel¨r wel‡q Akwbm‡¼Z Abyfe K‡ib| ZLb AwaKvsk Rvcvwb eyw×Rxex wQ‡jb GB hy‡×i c‡¶| g~jZ GB hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ NwU‡qwQj KwgDwb÷cš’x R‰bK Pxbv bvMwiK, hy‡×i ci AbywôZ †UvwKI wgwjUvwi UªvBeybv‡j (1946-48) wZwb Zv ¯^xKviI K‡i‡Qb| †bv¸wP wZbevi Rvcvb miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa n‡q fvi‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb fviZxq †bZ…e„›`‡K GB hy‡×i cUf~wg, g~j KviY Ges fwel¨r cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v †èvi Rb¨ e‡j Kw_Z Av‡Q| cÖfvekvjx fviZxq‡ì g‡a¨ Zuvi wcÖq eÜz iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi I m‡ivwRbx bvBWyI wQ‡jb| iex›`ªbv‡_i B‡”Q wQj †bv¸wP‡K fvi‡Z Avgwš¿Z K‡i Rvcvb m¤ú‡K© e³…Zv cÖ`v‡biÑZuvi d‡j 1935 mv‡j wZwb fvi‡Z hvb Ges `kwU wek¦we`¨vj‡q e³…Zv †`b, weL¨vZ HwZnvwmK ¯’vbmg~n cwiågY Ges iex›`ªbv_, bvBWy, MvÜx, D`qk¼i cÖgy‡Li m‡½ mv¶vr I Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| fvi‡Z Zuvi wZbwU e³…Zv wQj h_vµ‡g ÔRvcv‡bi KweZv I MvbÕ, ÔRvcv‡bi wkíKjvÕ Ges ÔcÖK…wZ cÖkw¯—Õ wKš‘ Gi evB‡i ÔRvcv‡bi kvwš—ev`x Av`k©Õ wel‡q e³…Zv K‡iwQ‡jb hv ¯’vbxq Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK BwÛqvb G·‡cÖm msev`c‡Îi m¤úv`Kxq‡Z mgv‡jvwPZ n‡qwQj| cwÎKvwU †bv¸wP‡K D‡Ïk K‡i e‡jwQj, fviZevmx Rvcv‡b mgiev`wei“× Av‡›`vjb Ges Rvcv‡bi Pxb Awfhvb m¤ú‡K© Aa¨vc‡Ki Kx fvl¨ Zv Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx| †bv¸wP GB wel‡q fviZxq msev`cÎ I RbMY‡K we‡`wk msev`cÎ‡K AwZwi³ wek¦v‡mi †`v‡l Awfhy³ K‡iwQ‡jb| GB md‡ii mgq iex›`ªbv_ I MvÜxi m‡½ GB wel‡q Avjvc n‡qwQj m‡›`n †bB wKš‘ †mB Z_¨ †KD wjwce× K‡i hvbwb| Kv‡RB AÁvZ i‡q †M‡Q †mB Av‡jvPbv| 1937 mv‡j hLb Pxb-Rvcvb hy× †e‡a †Mj Gi c‡ii eQi 1938 mv‡j †bv¸wP iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 68

I iex›`ªbv_ `yR‡bi g‡a¨B cÖPÊ GK cÎhy× ev‡a| GB hy‡× `yRb `yRb‡K bMœfv‡eB ev¯—e me hzw³mnKv‡i AvµgY K‡ib| `yRb Kwei `ywU K‡i PviwU cÎhy‡×i Ggb NUbv BwZnv‡m Avi †bB| e¯‘Z iex›`ªbv_ †h Rvcvwb RvZxqZvev`x mgiev‡ì Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb, cÖwZev` K‡iwQ‡jb Px‡b gvbyl nZ¨vi e¨vcv‡i †mB iex›`ªbv_ Rvcvwb mgiev`‡K c‡iv¶-cÖZ¨¶fv‡e mg_©bKvix GKvwaK KÆi RvZxqZvev`x †bZvi m‡½ Rvcv‡bB mv¶vr K‡iwQ‡jb 1924 mv‡j, Rvcv‡b AvwkªZ fviZxq wecøex‡ì mg_©b w`‡qwQ‡jb| me‡P‡q eo †h weeªZKi NUbvi Rb¥ w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb Zv n‡jv : BZvwj‡Z d¨vwm÷ gy‡mvwjwbi m‡½ Ki`g©b! Zv‡Z K‡i Zuvi ivR‰bwZK wPš—vi MfxiZv m¤ú‡K© m‡›`‡ni D‡`ªK Kiv Qvov Dcvq _v‡K bv| ïay ZvB bq, wZwb †Kvwiqv I Px‡bi cÖwZ Rvcv‡bi ivR‰bwZK f~wgKvi K_vI Lye fv‡jv K‡i †f‡e †`‡LwQ‡jb wK bv m‡›`n †R‡MB _v‡K| we‡`wk cÎ-cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ Pxb, Av‡gwiKv, e„‡Ub I ivwkqvi cÖcvMvÛvg~jK msev` I Av‡jvKwPÎ †`‡L iex›`ªbv_mn fviZxq †bZ…e„›` AvMv‡MvovB wek¦vm K‡iwQ‡jb| Gme Z_¨ I Av‡jvKwPÎ AvR‡K wg‡_¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡”Q Rvcvwb I we‡`wk M‡elK Ges ZrKvjxb Px‡b Ae¯’vbiZ mswk-ó e¨w³e‡M©i ¯^xKv‡ivw³g~jK BwZnv‡mi gva¨‡g| Pxbv RvZxqZvev`x †bZv †Rbv‡ij wPqvs KvB-†kK (Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975) hv‡K iex›`ªbv_ Ôex‡ivwPZ †hv×vÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb †bv¸wP‡K wjwLZ GKwU wPwV‡ZÑZuvi Kx Ae¯’v n‡qwQj? Av‡gwiKvi Kv‡Q UvKvi wewbg‡q †`kwewµ Kivi ¸i“Zi Awf‡hvM wQj KvB-†k‡Ki wei“‡×| Av‡gwiKv, e„‡U‡bi mvgwiK kw³ avi K‡iI KvB-†kK Pxb‡K HKë× ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb, ivwkqv Øviv cÖej cÖfvweZ KwgDwb÷‡ì Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡q di‡gvRv Øxc Z_v ZvBIqv‡b cvjv‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb Avcb Rb¥¯’vb †Q‡o| A_P wZwb Zuvi ¸i“ Pxbv RvwZi wcZv GKwbô RvZxqZvev`x †bZv I c¨vbGwkqvwb÷ W. mvb Bqvr-†m‡bi (SunYat-sen, 1866-1925) K~UbxwZ Abyhvqx hw` Rvcv‡bi m‡½ mym¤úK© eRvq ivL‡Zb Zvn‡j wØZxq wek¦hy× msMwVZ n‡Zv wK bv m‡›`n nq| Z‡e fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv K‡e †h AvmZ ejv KwVb| †kl ch©š— †mB †Zv RvZxqZvev`x mgiev`x‡ìB Rq n‡jv, Rvcv‡bi mvgwiK mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q †bZvwR myfvlP›`ª emy (1897-1945?) fviZel©‡K ¯^vaxb K‡i w`‡q †M‡jb| iex›`ªbv_ †`‡L †h‡Z cvi‡jb bv GB weRq| Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb bv cÂvk nvRv‡iiI †ewk Rvcvwb ˆmwbK g„ZzëiY K‡i‡Qb †bZvwRi †bZ…Z¡vaxb Bçj Awfhv‡b| Ab¨w`‡K †bv¸wP †hgb ivRbxwZwe` wQ‡jb bv iex›`ªbv_I bb, eis `yR‡bB wQ‡jb gvbe‡cÖgx Ges LuvwU †`k‡cÖwgK| 1947 mv‡j g„Zzï Av‡M †bv¸wP Pxb-Rvcvb hy×‡K mg_©b`vb Ges cyÎ Bmvgyi cÖwZ AeÁv-Ae‡njv cÖ`k©b †h fyj wQj Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i †M‡Qb| fyj K‡i fyj ¯^xKvi Kiv g‡b nq cÖK…Z gnvbyfe e¨w³‡ìB gvbvq| †`k‡cÖ‡gi †¶‡Î `yR‡bB mwVK wQ‡jb ïay cÖK…Z RvZxqZvev` m¤ú‡K© weåvš— n‡qwQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq| Avevi hw` AvR‡Ki ev¯—eZvi w`‡K bRi ivwL iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 69

†`L‡Z cvB Gwkqvi cÖwZ Rvcv‡bi ZrKvjxb mvgªvRëv`x f~wgKvI GK Gwkqvi HK¨‡K mycÖwZwôZ Kivi cÖqvm †_‡KB DrmvwiZ wQj| cwÊZ IKvKziv ÔGwkqv BR IqvbÕ GB Avß`k©‡bi ¯^vwcœK cyi“l wQ‡jb, cÖfvweZ K‡iwQ‡jb Gwkqvi ZrKvjxb eû c¨vb-Gwkqvw÷‡KÑ†bv¸wP I iex›`ªbv_ Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg| wØZxq wek¦hy× †kl nIqvi Aa©kZvãx ci †bv¸wP Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© GZUzKz ¤-vb nqwb| †bv¸wPi wPš—v I †jLv mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j Av‡gwiKvi GwkqvbAv‡gwiKvb cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q µgk AvMÖn RvwM‡q Zzj‡Q Avš—tRvZxqZvev‡ì (Transnationalism) Av‡jv‡K| Ab¨w`‡K iex›`ªbv_ GKzk kZ‡K G‡m cÖK…wZwPš— vi cÖZxK n‡q D‡V‡Qb| fvi‡Zi evB‡i †h †`‡ki ïwPwmœ» Ges †iŠ`ªcÖvY cÖK…wZ Øviv wZwb Mfxifv‡e Av‡jvwoZ n‡qwQ‡jb †mB †`kwU wQj Rvcvb| Rvcvwb gvby‡li cÖK…wZ‡cÖg Zuv‡K evisevi Rvcv‡b †U‡b G‡b‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rvcvb ågY K‡i‡Qb cuvPevi, †bv¸wP fviZ ågY K‡i‡Qb wZbevi| fvi‡Z e„wUk Ackvm‡bi mwZ¨Kvi wPÎwU wZwb cÖ_g Abyaveb K‡iwQ‡jb Kwe m‡ivwRbx bvBWy KZ…©K †cÖwiZ ¯îwPZ Kve¨MÖš’ Ôw` †eªv‡Kb DBsÕ / The Broken Wing’ c‡o| we¯§qvnZ n‡qwQ‡jb †bv¸wP! Zvici †_‡KB civaxb fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖv‡gi cÖwZ Mfxifv‡e mnvbyf~wZkxj n‡q c‡owQ‡jb| Zuvi fviZågY w`bwjwc ÔBb‡`v Iqv MvZvi“Õ ev ÔfviZfvl¨Õ (1937) QvovI ÔAwK‡Z‡qv Bb‡`vÕ ev Ô†R‡M D‡Vv fviZÕ (1943) cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ÔAwK‡Z‡qv Bb‡`vÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’ wZwb evsjv AÂ‡ji cÖK…wZ, bvix‡K †h KZLvwb Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb GKvwaK KweZvq †mB Abyf~wZ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| iex›`ªbv_‡KI wb‡q wj‡L‡Qb KweZv ÔZv‡Mv-i“ wb AvZv‡ni“Õ ev Ô†U‡Mvi‡K wb‡ew`ZÕ wk‡ivbv‡g| g„Zz¨ ch©š— eÜzei iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖwZ Zuvi kª×vfw³ I fv‡jvevmvi †h GZUzKz NvUwZ nqwb GB KweZvB Zvi eo cÖgvY| GB `yB Kwei g‡a¨ wgj-Awgj _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zuviv A‡bK wel‡qB wQ‡jb Gwkqvi g‡a¨ AMÖmi Ges cw_K…r| * 2010 mv‡j evsjv wbDR WUKg 24 Ges ˆ`wbK msev` cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ

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iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 70

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PgrK…Z K‡i| GB wel‡q evsjv fvlvq Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q wK bv Rvbvi †mŠfvM¨ GL‡bv nqwb| VvKzi cwiev‡ii m‡½ IKvKzivi Av‡M †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM wQj bv| IKvKzivi evÜex fMœx wb‡ew`Zvi (B‡½v-AvBwik mgvR ms¯‹viK gvM©v‡iU GwjRv‡e_ †bvej, 1867-1911) gva¨‡g Zuvi cÖ_g cwiPq N‡U ¯^vgx we‡eKvb‡›ì m‡½, Zvici ¯^vgxRxi gva¨‡g cwiPq N‡U iex›`ªbv‡_i åvZz®úyÎ my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii (18581948) m‡½| my‡i›`ªbv‡_i gva¨‡gB IKvKziv MM‡b›`ª, Aebx›`ª, iex›`ªbv_, b›`jvj emy cÖgy‡Li m‡½ cwiwPZ nb Ges fvi‡Z 10 gvm Ae¯’vbKvjxb Zuv‡ì m‡½ Nwbô eÜ‡b Rwo‡q hvb| IKvKziv I iex›`ªbv_ cÖvP¨ ms¯‹…wZ, `k©b I Av`k© i¶vq GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib| IKvKziv Gi Av‡M Av‡gwiKvi †ev÷b, BD‡iv‡ci d«vÝ, BZvwj, Aw÷ªqv, myBURvij¨vÛ, †¯úb cÖf„wZ †`k Ges Pxb ågY K‡i Gwkqv Z_v cÖvP¨ m¤ú‡K© Zuvi gb‡b †h Mfxi cÖZxwZ R‡b¥wQj Zvi wfwË‡ZB wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h, Gwkqvi wPš—v I †PZbvi g‡a¨ eûjvs‡k wgj i‡q‡QÑwe‡kl K‡i mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva, ¯^vaxb wPš—v, ag©xq HK¨, cÖK…wZwbf©i Ava¨vwZ¥K wk¶v cÖf„wZi †¶‡Î Gwkqvi wZb cÖvPxb mf¨Zv wmÜz, Pxb I Rvcvb ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj| Zuvi wjwLZ Ôw` AvBwW‡qj Ae w` B÷Õ MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g evK¨ ÔGwkqv BR IqvbÕ Gi g‡a¨B GB wecyj Dcjwä wbwnZ Av‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi GB Dcjwä‡K mg_©b w`‡qwQ‡jb| Rvcv‡b wd‡i G‡m IKvKziv Zuvi `yRb wkl¨ wPÎwkíx ZvBKvb B‡Kv‡qvqvgv (1868-1958) Ges ïb‡mvI wnwk`v‡K (1874-1911) KjKvZvq cvVvb 1903 mv‡j| Zuviv gvm Q‡qK KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzievwo‡Z wPÎwkíx Aebx›`ªbv_, MM‡b›`ªbv_ cÖgy‡Li m‡½ fve Ges Kjv‰kjx wel‡q gZwewbgq K‡ib| Zuviv ci¯ú‡ii Ici Mfxi cÖfve we¯—vi K‡ib| ZvBKvb Aebx›`ªbv_‡K Rvcvwb avivi Iqvk-c×wZ wkwL‡q‡Qb| ZvBKvb, ïb‡mvI fviZxq wPÎKjv †_‡K Mfxi cÖfve MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvBKvb 1903 mv‡j Aw¼Z Zuvi ÔwiD‡ZvÕ (fvmgvb cÖ`xc), ÔBb‡`v gv‡gvwiMvwgÕ (Kvjx‡èx) I ÔkvKv †Zv gv‡RvÕ (kvK¨ I †gvwnbx); 1906-7 mv‡j Aw¼Z ÔKvbbbÕ (¶gvi †èx), 1911 mv‡j Aw¼Z ÔkvKv RyD‡ivKz ivKvbÕ (kvK¨gywb I 16 Rb An©r)Õ, 1912 mv‡j Aw¼Z Ôwe‡qveyÕ (kvwš— I †cÖ‡gi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv) cÖf„wZ wPÎK‡g© †mB cÖfve my¯úófv‡e `„k¨gvb| Abyiƒc ïb‡mvIi †¶‡ÎI| 1903 mv‡j Aw¼Z Zuvi ÔmvivmyqvwËÕ (mi¯^Zx‡èx), Ôwg‡kvIÕ (ey‡×i nvwm), ÔwbDgv wK‡qvI‡qvIÕ (`y»‡gvn c~‡Rv); 1909 mv‡j Aw¼Z ÔweqvKzG KvbbbÕ (ïå Kvbbb) cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gme wP‡Î evsjvi cÖfve LyeB Mfxifv‡e `„k¨gvb| cÖ‡Z¨KwU wPÎKg©B weL¨vZ Ges Rvcv‡bi Ag~j¨ mvs¯‹…wZK m¤ú`| Zuv‡ì ci 1905 mv‡j fvi‡Z hvb IKvKzivi †mœnfvRb wPÎwkíx KvrmyZv †kŠwKb iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 72

(1879-1963)| wZwb wQ‡jb dzKzwkgv-†Rjvi mš—vb| IKvKziv cÖwZwôZ cÖ_g miKvwi Pvi“Kjv gnvwe`¨vj‡qi QvÎ wQ‡jb, Zvici miKv‡ii K…wl I evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ewnwe©‡k¦ evwYR¨ cÖwk¶Y cÖK‡íi e„wË wb‡q fvi‡Z bKkv M‡elYv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Mgb K‡ib| fvi‡Z hvIqvi cÖK…Z KviY wb‡q †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Z‡_ï †¶‡Î mskq j¶ Kiv †M‡jI wZwb †h IKvKzivi B‡”Q‡Z Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i Avgš¿‡Y fvi‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb Zv Zuvi wbR¯^ ¯§„wZPvi‡Y my¯úó| wZwb `yB eQi fvi‡Z wQ‡jb| AwaKvsk mgq †Rvovmuv‡Kv Ges kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b Ae¯’vb K‡ib| IKvKziv, ZvBKvb Ges ïb‡mvI GB wZbR‡bi †KDB kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| KvrmyZvB cÖ_g Rvcvwb whwb wkíKjvi wk¶K wn‡m‡e kvwš—wb‡KZ‡bi eªþPh©vkª‡g wbhy³ nb iex›`ªbv_ KZ…©K| KjKvZvi miKvwi Pvi“Kjv we`¨vjq Ges kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b Rvcvwb I cÖvP¨ wPÎKjv wk¶v †`b| wkívPvh© Aebx›`ªbv_, MM‡b›`ªbv_ cÖgy‡Li m‡½I gZwewbgq K‡ib| Rvcvwb iex›`ªM‡elK W. KvRyI AvRygvi fvl¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, kvwš—wb‡KZ‡bi AvenvIqv I cwi‡ek wkíx KvrmyZvi Lye fv‡jv †j‡MwQj| GLv‡b wZwb GKvwaK Rvcvwbi mvwbœa¨ jvf K‡ib †hgb, †eŠ×cwÊZ KvIqv¸wP GKvB (1866-1945), RyRyrmy (Ry‡`v, Kzw¯—) cÖwk¶K wRb‡bvmy‡K mv‡bv (1842-1934), Kzmy‡gv‡Zv bvgK R‰bK `vi“wkíx cÖgyL| KvIqv¸wP GKvB Gi m‡½ `vwR©wjs cvnv‡o wM‡qI Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb| kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b †RvQbv iv‡Z Zuviv mviv ivZ †R‡M †R‡M Mí Ki‡Zb, ¯^‡`‡ki K_v fve‡Zb| wZwb fvi‡Zi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ey‡×i ¯§„wZweRwoZ gw›ì I g~wZ©i Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb| Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb wn›`y †cŠivwYK †è‡èx, dzj-jZvcvZv, RxeRš‘i| 1907 mv‡j Rvcv‡b wd‡i Avmvi ci miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq RvZxq cÖ`k©bx‡Z Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb †mBme we¯—i wkíKg©| wZwb Rvcvwb HwZnëvnx avivi wPÎwkíx n‡jI Zuvi wPÎK‡g© cvðv‡Zï ev¯—eev‡ì j¶Y we`¨gvb| hwÌev Zuvi wPÎKg© Rvcv‡b AbywôZ GKvwaK Rvcvb-fviZ wkíKjv cÖ`k©bx‡Z GKeviI Dc¯’vwcZ nqwb| †m GK inm¨ e‡U! Aa¨vcK AvRygv AviI Rvbv‡”Qb †h, iex›`ªbv‡_i Mfxi eÜzZ¡ M‡o D‡VwQj KvrmyZvi m‡½| Kwe hLb 1916 mv‡j Rvcvb cÖ_g mdi K‡ib Zuvi msea©bv cwil‡ì Ab¨Zg m`m¨ wQ‡jb wkíx| GB mgq Kwei m‡½ ågYm½x wQ‡jb wkíKjvi QvÎ wK‡kvi eqmx gyKzjP›`ª †`| wZwb KvrmyZvi Kv‡Q Aebx›`ªbv_ I MM‡b›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii A‡bK Qwe Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb| iex›`ªbv_ hZeviB Rvcv‡b G‡m‡Qb wkíx KvrmyZv Zuvi †mevh‡Zœ wbhy³ n‡q‡Qb| KweI Zuvi Ici we‡kl Abyi³ wQ‡jb weavq ¯îwPZ KweZv ÔJgÕ (wec‡` †gv‡i i¶v K‡iv....) Zuv‡K ¯^n‡¯— wj‡L Dcnvi cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb 1916 mv‡j| Ab¨ GK Drm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, KvrmyZv wQ‡jb cÖ_vwe‡ivax wkíx| cieZ©x‡Z miKv‡ii m‡½ m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i Avcb Rb¥kn‡ii wkíx‡ì wb‡q †UvwKI‡Z mwgwZ iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 73

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It is not a bower made white with the bunches of Jasmine It is waves swiging with the turbulent foam.

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f~wgKv| 1960 mv‡j Ô†U‡Mvi †g‡gvwiqvj A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ MwVZ n‡j c‡i Gi Kvh©wbe©vnx mfvi Ab¨Zg cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib wZwb| iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q wjL‡Z _v‡Kb GKvwaK iPbv| AbyevÌ K‡ib D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQy iex›`ªiPbv| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ iwe VvKz‡ii ÔbZzb Puv`Õ Kve¨MÖš’ mwe‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| 1959 mv‡j KvbvMvIqv-†Rjvi gvbvRyi“ kn‡i wb‡Ri bZzb evwoi bvgI †i‡LwQ‡jb iweVvKz‡ii m¤§vbv‡_© Ôkvwš—wb‡KZbÕ, m¤¢eZ Ggb NUbv we‡`wk iex›`ªf³‡ì g‡a¨ Avi †KD NwU‡q‡Qb e‡j Avgv‡ì Aš—Z Rvbv †bB| 1981 mv‡j iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯§„wZweRwoZ Ges Zuvi m‡½ cÖ_g gy‡LvgywL nIqvi ¯’vb Kvi“BRvIqvi gvD›U Avmvgvi cv`‡`‡k bxie-wbR©b mey‡Ri gv‡S Kwei GKwU Ave¶ g~wZ© ¯’vcb K‡ib| GwUB GLb ch©š— Rvcv‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i GKgvÎ cÖvgvY¨ ¯§„wZZx_©| gv`vg †Kvivmn Kwe¸i“i Rvcvwb f³ Ges wek¦fviZx‡Z mswk-ó mK‡ji `xN©w`‡bi B‡”Q wQj GKwU Rvcvwb wk¶vcÖwZôvb, †mwU wbg©v‡Yi †¶‡ÎI wZwb cvjb K‡i †M‡Qb gyL¨ f~wgKv| Zv Qvov ¸i“‡`‡ei Rb¥-g„Zzëvwl©Kx D`hvcb, fvi‡Zi m‡½ mvs¯‹…wZK wewbgq †Rvi`vi Kivi †¶‡Î Zuvi Ae`vb Ag~j¨ GK BwZnvm| RxeÏkvq iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q †f‡e‡Qb †Zgwb wj‡LI †M‡Qb cÖPziÑAbyevÌ K‡i‡Qb Z‡e meB Rvcvwb fvlvq †hgb, Abyev` MÖš’ wn‡m‡e Av‡Q Ôwkb rmywK.wMZvb‡RvwiÕ/bZzb Puv`, MxZvÄwj, 1962; Ôwk †Zv wRb‡m Zv‡Mv‡ivÕ/KweZv I Rxeb iex›`ªbv_, 1967; ÔqyDKvb †ZrmyMvKzÕ/Aem‡ii `k©b, 1929|

gv`vg †Zvwg †Kviv wQ‡jb ¯^bvgab¨ GKRb †jwLKvÑRvcv‡bi mgm¨v, wek¦mgm¨v, bvixgyw³ Av‡›`vjb Ges ivR‰bwZK wel‡qI AmsL¨ cÖeÜ-wbeÜ wj‡L †i‡L †M‡Qb| †h¸‡jv Zuvi Kb¨v Kwe i“wg‡Kv †KvivÕi mym¤úv`bvq †`v‡gR cÖKvkbv ms¯’v KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †h¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Dc‡iv³ iex›`ªwelqK iPbv¸‡jv Aš— fy©³ Av‡Q, hv Rvcvwb fvlv Qvov Ab¨ Avi †Kv‡bv fvlvq GL‡bv ch©š— Ab~w`Z nqwb| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi m¤ú‡K© Zuvi Avi †Kv‡bv bvixf³ GZ †jLv wj‡L‡Qb e‡j Rvbv hvq bv| Avg„Zz¨ iex›`ª Abymvix GB gnxqmx bvix 1993 mv‡j 96 eQi eq‡m †jvKvš—wiZ nb| Z_¨m~Î : K] Avwnmv A BwKi“Ñ†Kviv †Zvwg wR‡Zb (MÖš’) L] †Kv‡bv wR`vB wb BKvmv‡i‡Z (¯§iwYKv) M] †U‡Mvi †g‡gvwiqvj A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb ey‡jwUb (18) * 2008 mv‡j mvßvwnK 2000 C`msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ

1916 †_‡K 1992 mvj ch©š— Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q †jLvi cvkvcvwk iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q cÖeÜ-wbeÜ wj‡L‡Qb h_vµ‡g : Zv‡Mv‡iv A A‡gvD/iex›`ªbv_‡K ¯§iY; wkwRb Zv‡Mv‡iv †Zv wb‡nvb †bv †Pv‡gBbv MvKv ZvBKvb/Kwe iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcv‡bi cÖwm× wPÎwkíx ZvBKvb; ivweb‡`v‡ivbv‡Zv.Zv‡Mv‡iv †Zv wb‡nvb †nv‡gvb/iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ges Rvcvb AvMgb; Zv‡Mv‡iv wk‡mB Mv †bv‡KvwkZv †gv‡bv/FwlKwe iex›`ªbv‡_i †i‡L hvIqv wRwbm; ivweb‡`v‡ivbv‡Zv. Zv‡Mv‡iv †Zv wb‡nvb/ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ges Rvcvb/¸i“.†`‡ev, Zv‡Mv‡iv †bv A‡gvB‡`/¸i“‡`e iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯§„wZ; Zv‡Mv‡iv †Zv IKvKziv †Zbwkb/iex›`ªbv_ Ges IKvKziv †Zbwkb/Zv‡Mv‡iv AI B‡°v gyKv‡q‡Z/¸i“ iex›`ªbv‡_i `j‡K Af¨_©bv; ivweb‡`v‡ivbv‡Zv.Zv‡Mviv †bv A‡gvB‡`/iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ¯§„wZ; Zv‡Mv‡iv †bv ivB‡PvD/VvKz‡ii cÖ_g Rvcvb ågY; Zv‡Mv‡iv Kv‡RvKz G †bv AvB/VvKzi cwiev‡ii cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv/Zv‡Mv‡iv †RvD ïB‡kv/iex›`ªbv‡_i g~wZ© ¯’vcK weeiYx; wk‡mB Zv‡Mv‡iv †Zv Kvi“BRvIqv/FwlKwe iex›`ªbv_ Ges Kvi“BRvIqv; Zv‡Mv‡iv †bv wn †evwi‡qvKz †mKvB/iex›`ªbv‡_i Awnsm fzeb; wk‡mB Zv‡Mv‡iv †bv †Rv‡mB Kvb/FwlKwe VvKz‡ii bvix `„wófw½ BZ¨vw`| G QvovI evsjv AÂj I fviZwelqK Ab¨ iPbvw`‡ZI iex›`ªbv‡_i K_v evisevi DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 88

iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 89

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2. iex›`ªbv_ mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi (1913) cvevi ci wek¦e¨vcx e¨vcK mvov c‡owQj| †Kbbv e„wUk mvgªv‡Rï Dcwb‡ek wn‡m‡e cvðv‡Z¨ fviZel© GKwU Ae‡nwjZ, Abv‡jvwPZ Ges wbK…ó AÂj| †mLvb †_‡K †KD †bv‡ej weRqx n‡Z cv‡i GUv wQj aviYvi evB‡i! iex›`ªbv_ †mB Amva¨mvab K‡iwQ‡jb cÖ_g wek¦¯^xK…wZ AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| †h Kvi‡Y Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki me©Î Zuvi mybvg Qwo‡q c‡owQj `vevb‡ji g‡Zv| ce©Zmg m¤§vb wZwb AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb Rvcv‡b 1916 mv‡j| Rvcv‡bi †mB m¤§vb cÖ`v‡bi msev` cv‡ki †`k †KvwiqvqI Qwo‡q c‡owQj RvcvbcÖevmx †Kvwiqvb bvMwiK‡ì Kj¨v‡Y| †mB mgq †Kvwiqv wQj Rvcv‡bi Dcwb‡ek (1910-1945)| Gwkqvi cÖ_g wk‡ívbœZ ivóª wn‡m‡e Rvcvb g‡b K‡iwQj Gwkqvq cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi G †`‡ki †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Kwe wKsev mvwnwZ¨KB cv‡eb| wKš‘ Zv nqwb, †c‡qwQ‡jb fviZe‡l©i evOvwj Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, d‡j Rvcvb Zuvi G †`‡k Avmvi AvMÖn‡K m¤§vb Rvwb‡q Avgš¿Y cvVvq| G †`‡k G‡m wZwb GKvwaK e³„Zv K‡ib| Rvcv‡bi fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv wb‡q AKzÉ cÖksmvi cvkvcvwk DMÖ RvZxqZvev`, mgiev` Ges m¤cÖmviYev` m¤ú‡K© K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡ZI wØav‡eva K‡ibwb| Zuvi GB D®§vi K_v †Kvwiqvi RvZxqZvev`x Zi“Y wecøex‡ì Kv‡bI wM‡q †cuŠQvq| Zviv D‡ØwjZ nq| e¯‘Z Rvcvwb‡ì g‡Zv †KvwiqvbivI iex›`ªbv‡_i †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi AR©‡bi ciciB Zuvi cÖwZ AvMÖnx n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| 1913 mv‡jB ÔMxZvÄwjÕi evYx ZrKvjxb †Kvwiqvb Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K Z_v eyw×Rxex‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK Av‡jvob Zz‡jwQj| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ me©Rbkª‡×q ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi AMÖbvqK †eŠ×wf¶z, ms¯‹viK, wecøex Kwe iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 91

gvbnv‡q nvb Bqs-Db (1879-1944) Ab¨Zg| wZwb wKQy KweZv Abyev` K‡i Zuvi cÖKvwkZ gvwmK KvMR ÔBDwmgÕ ev ÔAvZ¥kw³Õ‡Z cÖKvk K‡ib| ïay ZvB bq, wkï‡ì Rb¨ ¯’vwcZ we`¨vj‡q GBme KweZv c‡o †kvbv‡Zb wZwb| cÖf~Z cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb iex›`ªbv‡_i gigxev`, cÖK…wZev` Ges gvbeZvev`x wPš—vØviv| Zuvi KweZvq †mB wPš— vi Qvc we`¨gvb| 1916 mv‡j iex›`ªbv‡_i wKQy KweZv †Kvwiqvi ZrKvjxb mvwnZ¨ mvgwqKx Ô†PvsPzbÕG nv½yj (†Kvwiqvb fvlvi bvg) fvlvq cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Ab~w`Z nq 1920 mv‡j| 1924 mv‡j Ôw` wµ‡m›U gybÕ I ÔMv‡W©bviÕ Ges 1926 mv‡j ÔWvKNiÕ Mímn Ab¨vb¨ AviI wKQy cÖeÜ| †mB aviv Abyhvqx G ch©š— Qq L‡Ê iex›`ªiPbvewj cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q nv½yj fvlvq Aek¨B Bs‡iwR †_‡K| wewfbœ mgq iex›`ªf³iv GB Abyev‡` we‡kl f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Abb¨mvaviY n‡jb †Kvwiqvi ¯^bvgab¨ Ges cÖfvekvjx AvaywbK bvixKwe wKg Bqvs-wkK (1931-)| Rvcvwb iex›`ªM‡elK W. KvRyI AvRygvi mgmvgwqK GB Kwe GKB mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wmD‡ji Gn&Iqv gwnjv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi (Ehwa Women’s Univ.) Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ wefvM †_‡K mœvZK, †`vsKzK wek¦we`¨vj‡qi (Dongkuk Univ.) fviZxq `k©b wefvM †_‡K Gg G wWwMÖ Ges GKv‡Wgx Ae B›Uvib¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm Ae †cv‡qU&m ms¯’v †_‡K m¤§vbRbK W±‡iU AR©bKvix wKg Bqvs-wkK 1981 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ Ô†U‡Mvi †mvmvBwU-†KvwiqvÕi cÖwZôvZv †cÖwm‡W›U| G Qvov AviI GKvwaK RvZxq Ges Avš—R©vwZK gh©v`vm¤úbœ cÖwZôv‡bi wZwb Kvh©Kix m`m¨| 1971 †_‡K 2007 mvj ch©š— ¯îwPZ Kve¨MÖš’, cÖeÜ QvovI we‡`kx Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K‡ì we¯—i iPbv Abyev` K‡i‡Qb hvi MÖš’msL¨v 25wUi KvQvKvwQ| m¤úv`bv I cÖKvkbv K‡g©i g‡a¨ mvZwU eo KvR Zuvi mvwnZ¨cÖwZfvi ¯^v¶i enb K‡i| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ iex›`ª-Abyev` n‡”Q : ÔMxZvÄwjÕ, Ô†cv÷ AwdmÕ, ÔwPÎv½`vÕ, ÔmvBKj Ae w¯cÖsÕ, Ôdvqvid¬vBRÕ, ÔmvabvÕ| G Qvov K…ò K…cvjbxi Ô†U‡Mvi : G jvBdÕ MÖš’wUmn Ab¨vb¨ L¨vwZgvb fviZxq †jL‡Ki MÖš’I D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Zuvi GKvwaK KweZv wnw›`, Pxbv, gvjq, Rvcvwb, divwm, Bs‡iwRmn Ab¨vb¨ fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| wZwb †¯úb, †ejwRqvg, ivwkqv, Pxb, gvj‡qwkqv Ges fvi‡Zi wewfbœ Avš—R©vwZK Kwem‡¤§jb, mvwnZ¨mfv I wek¦we`¨vj‡qi e³„Zvgvjvq AskMÖnY K‡ib| fvi‡Zi w`wjø‡Z RInijvj †b‡ni“ wek¦we`¨vjq, kvwš—wb‡KZ‡bi wek¦fviZxI Gm‡ei Aš—fy©³| iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q Zuvi GKvwaK M‡elYvag©x cÖeÜ, wbeÜ i‡q‡Q| `xN© Kg©Rxe‡b mvwnZ¨ I kvwš—welqK we¯—„Z Kg©Kv‡Êi g~j¨vqb¯îƒc 1969 †_‡K 2002 mvj ch©š— GKvwaK RvZxq m¤§v‡b m¤§vwbZ n‡q‡Qb wZwb| iex›`ª-wb‡ew`ZcÖvY kªxgwZ wKg 2002 mv‡j fviZ miKvi-cÖ`Ë ÔcÙkªxÕ c`‡K f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb m¤¢eZ `~icÖvP¨ †_‡K wZwbB cÖ_g| iex›`ªPP©v QvovI †Kvwiqvq fviZxq wkíms¯‹…wZ‡K `xN©Kvj a‡i e¨vcKfv‡e cwiwPZ Kivi †cQ‡b Zuvi Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| Zuvi ZË¡veav‡b †U‡Mvi ms¯’v †_‡K Ô†Kvwiqvb-BwÛqvb KvjPviÕ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ mg„× mgvwqKx GKwU HwZnvwmK KvR| AwZm¤cÖwZ †Kvwiqv-fviZ wØcvw¶K m¤úK© iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 92

kw³kvjx wfZ iPbv K‡i‡Q hvi g~‡j i‡q‡Qb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| †mB BwZnv‡mi m~Pbv n‡qwQj Rvcv‡b 1924 mv‡j Kwe¸i“ iwPZ Ges Dcnvi wn‡m‡e cÖ`Ë GKwU Pvi jvBb wewkó KweZvi ga¨ w`‡q; hv AvR †Kvwiqvi RvZxq Rxe‡bi Awew”Qbœ BwZnvm wn‡m‡e mycÖwZwôZ| 3. 1924 mv‡j hLb iex›`ªbv_ Pxb †_‡K Rvcv‡b Av‡mb Zuvi f³ W. gv`vg †Zvwg †Kvivi Avgš¿‡Y ZLb wZwb 63 eQi eqmx| kvixwiK w`K w`‡q †Zgb k³-mg_© bb| gv`vg †Kviv Zuv‡K wb‡q Rvcv‡bi K‡qKwU ¯^v¯’¨Ki ¯’vb cwiågY K‡ib| GB mgq †UvwKI Ae¯’vbKv‡j wZwb GKvwaK e³„Zv †`b, msea©bv mfvq ¯îwPZ KweZv evsjv I Bs‡iwR‡Z cvV K‡i Af¨vMZ‡ì Awff~Z K‡ib huv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖevmx †KvwiqvbivI Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| ZLb cÖPzi †Kvwiqvb QvÎ Rvcv‡b †eŠ×ag© Ges wek¦we`¨vj‡q D”Pwk¶v MÖnY KiwQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ cieZ©xKv‡j L¨vwZgvb wecøex Ges Pv-wkíx (Tea Master) wf¶z wn‡qv‡`s †PvB †eIg-myj (1904-1979) Ab¨Zg| whwb iex›`ªbv‡_i evsjvq cwVZ KweZv ï‡b we‡gvwnZ n‡q †Kvwiqv wd‡i wM‡q wecøex Kwe gvbnv‡q‡K eY©bv K‡iwQ‡jb| Abyiƒc ZLb †UvwKI¯’ †Kvwiqvi cÖfvekvjx Ô`s-G Bj‡evÕ ev Ôc~e©Gwkqvi msev`Õ cwÎKvi ey¨‡ivcÖavb mvsevw`K wj Zv‡q-†iv cwÎKvi c¶ †_‡K Kwe‡K wmDj åg‡Yi Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| wKš‘ Kwe Av‡R©wUbvMvgx weavq GB Avgš¿Y i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Zvi cwie‡Z© wZwb wj Ges Zuvi m½x Kwe Ry BI-nvb‡K GKwU KweZv wj‡L Dcnvi †`b| Bs‡iwR‡Z wjwLZ †mB KweZvwU n‡jv : In the golden age of Asia/Korea was one of its lamp bearers/And that lamp is waiting to be lighted once again/for the illumiation of the East. KweZvwUi wk‡ivbvg A Lamp of the East. GwU †Kvwiqvi nv½yj fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib Kwe Ry BI-nvb D³

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cÖ_g Ava¨vwZ¥K-mvs¯‹…wZK M‡elYvi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM †`b| cieZ©xKv‡j wk¶v`x¶vi Ici ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Ges ¯^m¤úwË wewµ K‡i ivRavbx †UvwKIi †g¸‡ivIqvW©¯’ dzwRwg wkïwk¶vjq, mvMv †Rjvi mvB‡Mv MÖv‡g MÖvgxY KvwiMwi we`¨vjq, MÖvgxY gwnjv wk¶v‡K›`ª, we‡`wk QvÎ‡ì Rb¨ QvÎvevm cÖf„wZ cÖwZôv Kivi cÖqvm cvb| wk¶vi cÖwZ Zuvi GB AvMÖn‡K AviI cÖmvwiZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU Aa¨vZ¥welqK PP©v‡K›`ª cÖwZôv Kivi K_v fv‡eb| †kvIqv hy‡Mi (1926-1989) Z…Zxq el© A_©vr 1928 mv‡j †UvwKIi wb‡nvbevwk kn‡i Aew¯’Z Zuvi eëmvcÖwZôvb IIKziv B‡qvwk †Zb Gi Af¨š—‡i GKwU K‡¶ mvgwqKfv‡e Ava¨vwZ¥K PP©v‡K‡›`ªi KvR ïi“ K‡ib| c‡i cÖwm× Rvcvwb ¯’vcZ¨we` D‡nBwR bvMv‡bv‡K g~j fe‡bi bKkv I wbg©v‡Yi Av‡e`b Rvbvb| 1929 mv‡ji MÖx®§Kv‡j fe‡bi cwiKíbv m¤ú~Y© nq| wMÖK †`kxq cÖvK&-†n‡jwbK avivi cÖvmv‡`vcg fe‡bi wbg©vY KvR H mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i ïi“ n‡q D‡Øvab (1932) ch©š— mgq jv‡M `yB eQi mvZ gvm| GB eQi Kzwbwn‡Kv 50 eQi eq‡m c`vc©Y K‡ib| cuvPZjv, eûK¶wewkó GB fe‡b ¯’vwcZ ÔIIKziv †mBwkbeybKv †Kb&wKD‡Rv (IIKziv Ava¨vwZ¥K-mvs¯‹…wZK M‡elYv †K›`ª)Õ hy‡×vËi cÖRb¥¸wji Kv‡Q cwiwPZ bv n‡jI GUvB wQj Rvcv‡bi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g GB ai‡bi RvZxq c`‡¶c| ïay Rvcvwb Aa¨vZ¥we`¨vB bq, Avš— R©vwZK ms¯‹…wZ-PP©viI cwi‡ek Ges my‡hvM wZwb GB cÖwZôv‡b Aš—fy©³ K‡iwQ‡jb| †Kbbv wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, wek¦-ms¯‹…wZ‡K bv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡j ¯^‡`k-mËvi wbR¯^Zv Abyaveb Ges Zzjbvg~jK wk¶v MÖnY m¤¢e bq| A_©vr cÖvP¨ I cÖZx‡Pï gbbkxj-mvs¯‹…wZK †gjeÜb wQj Zuvi Aviva¨| Avi GLv‡bB iex›`ªbv‡_i wPš—vi m‡½ iex›`ªwPš—vi HK¨ N‡U| hvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q eªþ-cÖK…wZgvbe| W. Kzwbwn‡Kvi GKvwaK MÖš’ Ges iPbvivwRi g‡a¨ ÔKvb‡mvDÕ ev My Thoughts myweL¨vZ GKwU MÖš’| GUv 1925 †_‡K 1945 mvj ch©š— wbqwgZ wj‡Lb Ges cÖwZeQi ce© wn‡m‡e MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i eÜz I cwiwPZ‡ì g‡a¨ webvg~‡j¨ weZiY K‡ib| MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g I wØZxq LÊ jÛ‡b M‡elYvKvjxb (1926) Bs‡iwR‡Z Ab~w`Z n‡q cÖKvwkZ nq| Z…Zxq ce© 1927 mv‡j Japan Advertiser Press Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖKvk K‡ib| B‡qv‡Kvnvgv e›ìbMixi ZvIgvwP kni¯’ cvnv‡oi Ici Aew¯’Z D³ cÖwZôv‡bi Kvi‡Y kn‡ii bvg ÔIIKzivqvgvÕ‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nq| eZ©gv‡b B‡qv‡Kvnvgv bMi †cŠimfv ¯’vbxq mvs¯‹…wZK m¤ú` wn‡m‡e cÖwZôvbwUi ZË¡veavb Ki‡Q| Kzwbwn‡Kv RxweZKv‡j hy× PjvKvjxb Ges hy‡×i ci bvbv iKg msK‡U cwZZ nb| Avw_©K msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y wbR¯^ ab-m¤úwË wewµ K‡i †mB A_© w`‡q wb‡Ri M‡elYv cÖwZôvbwU‡K g„Zz¨ ch©š— i¶v I µgvMZ DbœwZ mvab K‡i hvb| cÖwZôvKvj †_‡KB eû cwÊZ, eyw×Rxex, wk¶K, M‡elK, mvwnwZ¨K, ag©xq †bZv, ivRbxwZK cÖgyL iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 98

BwZnvm, HwZn¨, `k©b, ms¯‹…wZ Ges Aa¨vZ¥ wel‡q e³„Zv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| 1961 mv‡j ZrKvjxb cÖfvekvjx ivR‰bwZK †bZv, wecøex ivmwenvix emyi eÜz, Rvcv‡bi wØZxq cÖavbgš¿x wk‡Mi“ B‡qvwk`v GB cÖwZôvb md‡i G‡m W. Kzwbwn‡Kvi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvq wgwjZ nb| GB fe‡bi wfZ‡i Ges cÖv½‡Y Av‡qvwRZ n‡q‡Q eû mfv, †mwgbvi I cÖ`k©bx| cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨š—‡i Aew¯’Z MÖš’vMv‡i M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb A‡bK M‡elK, QvÎQvÎx| `yB jvL cÂvk nvRvi MÖš’ w`‡q GB MÖš’vMvi mvRv‡bv n‡qwQj| wewfbœ cÖKvkbv ms¯’v Zv‡ì cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ I mvgwqKx Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb GB MÖš’vj‡q| †hgb Rvcv‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb gh©v`vm¤úbœ cÖKvkbv ms¯’v BIqvbvwg †kv‡Zb Gi cÖwZôvZv wk‡MI BIqvbvwg wQ‡jb Kzwbwn‡Kvi eÜz, 1930 mv‡j wZwb Zuvi cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ 524wU MÖš’ D³ MÖš’vMv‡i Dcnvi †`b| Kv‡RB †mLv‡b i‡q‡Q eû `yj©f cÖvPxb MÖš’mg~n| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ…©K Kzwbwn‡Kv‡K Dcnvi wn‡m‡e †cÖwiZ 170wU Bs‡iwR I evsjv MÖš’ GL‡bv GLv‡b msiw¶Z Av‡Q| i‡q‡Q iex›`ªbv_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Mªš’ Ges Z_¨vw`, hv Rvcv‡b GLb LyeB `yj©f| D‡jøL¨ †h, GB cÖwZôv‡bB 1952 mv‡j AbywôZ Avš—R©vwZK Ava¨vwZ¥K-mvs¯‹…wZK mfvq wk¶vwe`, †jLK, cÖKvkK Ges GB cÖwZôv‡bi mfvcwZ (1953-56) _vKvKvjxb Bqvmvey‡iv wk‡gvbvKv KZ…©K Avgwš¿Z n‡qwQ‡jb cÖv³b wePvicwZ, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh©, iex›`ª-Aa¨vcK Ges †UvwKI wgwjUvwi UªvBey¨bv‡ji fviZxq cÖwZwbwa W. ivavwe‡bv` cvj| wZwb wQ‡jb L¨vwZgvb †e`všÍev`x| mfvq fviZxq wn›`y `k©b I Ava¨vwZ¥KZv wel‡q e³„Zv cÖ`vb K‡ib| cÖwZôv‡bi c~e©eZ©x Kg©aviv Abyhvqx AvRI mfv, †mwgbvi I cÖ`k©bxg~jK Kg©KvÊ Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| cÖ`k©bxg~jK Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨ iex›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ Kzwbwn‡Kvi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i cÖZxK¯îƒc MÖš’, gyw`ªZ Z_¨vw` Ges Av‡jvKwPÎ Aš—fy©³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| W. Kzwbwn‡Kv GKvav‡i wQ‡jb GKRb ¯^v‡`wkK-Kg©x, mdj eëmvqx, M‡elK, `vk©wbK, wk¶K Ges AMÖmi RvZxqZvev`x| Avg„Zz¨ wQ‡jb RvwZ I iv‡óªi H‡Kï cÖZxK mgªv‡Ui cÖwZ AbyMZ| m‡e©vcwi wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb gnvb gvbeZvev`x e¨w³Z¡| mgªv‡Ui cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ I RvZxqZvev`x wPš—vavivi Kvi‡Y wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Rvcv‡bi civR‡qi ci wgÎkw³ Av‡gwiKv KZ…©K Z_vKw_Z Ôhy×vcivaxÕ wn‡m‡e Awfhy³ n‡q †UvwKI wgwjUvwi UªvBey¨bv‡j (1945-48) Avn‚Z Ges wePv‡i wb‡`©vl cÖgvwYZ nb| cieZ©x Rxe‡b wZwb †Zv‡qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvPvh© wbhy³ n‡qwQ‡jb| NUbveûj Zuvi m¤ú~Y© RxebB AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Qb †`‡ki I RvwZi wk¶vMZ Dbœq‡bi Kv‡R| cÖvPëv`x †Zbwkb IKvKzivi DËim~wi Kzwbwn‡Kv cÖK…wZ, HwZn¨ I cÖvP¨ `k©‡bi cÖwZ wQ‡jb AvRxeb Abyi³| †h Kvi‡Y Gwkqv gnv‡`k n‡q D‡VwQj Zuvi `k©‡bi Kl©‡¶Î| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wQ‡jb GB cÖvPëv‡ì Ab¨Zg cÖavb cy‡ivwnZ Abymvix whwb Acwimxg cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQ‡jb Kzwbwn‡Kvi Rxe‡b| iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 99

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Kwe¸i“ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii 150Zg Rb¥RqšÍx Avmbœ| AvMvgx eQi wewfbœ †`‡k DrmevKv‡i Zuvi mva©kZRb¥vbyôvb AbywôZ n‡e Avkv Kiv hvq| Kwe¸i“i m‡½ Rvcv‡bi m¤úK© wQj Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki †P‡q MfxiZg| cuvPevi wZwb Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb, cÖ_g 1916 mv‡j| wKš‘ Zuvi G †`‡k Avmvi AviI A‡bK Av‡M 1902 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi m‡½ fvewewbgq N‡U| †mB wn‡me Abyhvqx kZel©cÖvPxb GB m¤ú‡K©i BwZnvm †Kv_vI wjwLZ nqwb wew”Qbœfv‡e wKQy cÖeÜ-wbeÜ Qvov| d‡j A‡bK g~j¨evb Z_¨-DcvË, BwZnvm AvR Rvcv‡b †jvKP¶zi Avov‡j P‡j †M‡Q wKsev wPiZ‡i nvwi‡q †M‡Q| †hgb Rvcv‡b AbywôZ Zuvi Rb¥kZe‡l©i NUbvmg~n wjwce× nqwb ej‡jB P‡j| A_P GBme Z_¨-BwZnvm fwel¨‡Z iex›`ªwelqK M‡elYvq Ag~j¨ AvKi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv bv Ki‡j bq| GB cÖe‡Ü †mB BwZnv‡mi wKQy Z_¨ cvV‡Ki ÁvZv‡_© Zz‡j aiv n‡jv : 1961 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi †UvwKI, ImvKv, bvMvmvwK kn‡i kZZg iex›`ªRb¥Rqš—x AbywôZ n‡qwQj| wekvj GK cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q Ggb NUv K‡i Rb¥kZevwl©Kx fviZ Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv †`‡k n‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv †bB| H mv‡j †QvU-eo A‡bK †`‡kB iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 116

D`hvwcZ n‡qwQj R‡b¥vrmewU wKš‘ eo e¨wZµg wQj Rvcv‡b †hfv‡e n‡q‡Q| G †`‡k e¨vcK AvKv‡i Abyôv‡bi Aš—iv‡j †h cUf~wg Zv GKvwaK Kvi‡Y AZ¨š— Zvrch©c~Y©| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Rvcv‡b iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii 99Zg Rb¥evwl©Kx cvj‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡qB kZRb¥evwl©Kx hv‡Z mdj Kiv hvq †mfv‡eB GwM‡qwQ‡jb iex›`ªf³iv| ivRavbx †UvwKI‡Z †hfv‡e D`hvwcZ n‡qwQj Zvi ARvbv BwZnvm wb‡qB GB cÖeÜwU| 1959 I 1961 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ wKQy `yj©f cyw¯—Kv †_‡K Rvbv hv‡”Q †h, 8-101958 †_‡K 20-7-1961 ZvwiL ch©š— mgqKv‡j Rvcv‡b wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv iex›`ª-RvMiY ev Av‡›`vjb m„wó n‡qwQj| cÖ_g RvMiYwU wQj 1913 †_‡K 1945 mv‡ji wØZxq gnvhy× ch©š—| wØZxq RvMi‡Yi m~Pbv nq hy‡×i ci cÂvk `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS g~jZ kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vjq‡K †K›`ª K‡i `yB †`‡ki g‡a¨ wk¶v-mvs¯‹…wZK m¤ú‡K©i cybt‡hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| GB m¤úK©‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i hy×c~e©Kv‡j ¯^bvgab¨ Ges wk¶vbwek KwZcq Rvcvwb bvMwiK KjKvZv, kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b wM‡qwQ‡jb Abyiƒc iex›`ªbv_mn KwZcq bgm¨ evOvwj, iex›`ªf³ we‡`wk cwÊZ Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb| GB wk¶v-mvs¯‹…wZK wewbgq m¤ú‡K©i m~Pbv n‡qwQj 1902 mv‡j KjKvZvq Rvcvwb wkíKjvi cwÊZ I `vk©wbK †Zbwkb IKvKziv Ges Kwe¸i“ iex›`ªbv‡_i †hŠ_ †cŠiwn‡Z¨| 1913 mv‡j Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi AR©b GB m¤úK©‡K GK av°vq Rvcv‡b ce©Zkxl©mg RbwcÖqZvq DbœxZ K‡iwQj| d‡j wØZxq wek¦hy× ch©š— Rvcv‡bi wewfbœ †kªYxi wewkó e¨w³‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj Zuvi e¨w³Z¡, cÖvP¨v`k©, gvbeZvev`x wPš—vfvebv Ges cÖK…wZwbf©i wk¶vc×wZ| Gm‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q †mB mgq Zuv‡ì iPbv Ges iex›`ªiPbvi Abyev`mg~‡n| 1916 †_‡K 1929 mvj ch©š— iex›`ªbv_ cuvPevi Rvcvb md‡ii mgq wZwb GKvwaK iPbvq, e³…Zvq Rvcv‡bi mgiev`x g‡bvfv‡ei AKzÉ mgv‡jvPbv Kiv m‡Ë¡I m‡PZb Rvcvwb‡ì ü`q †_‡K Zuvi bvg gy‡Q †djv m¤¢e nqwb| Aek¨ Rvcv‡bi mvgªvRëv`x nIqvi KviY †h wQj †mUv iex›`ªbv_ D‡c¶v K‡i †M‡Qb eiveiB, wKš‘ Kx Kvi‡Y Zvi inm¨‡f` AvRI nqwb| hvB †nvK, G‡nb iex›`ªbv‡_i Rb¥kZel© D`hvcb Dcj‡¶ fvi‡Z 1957 mv‡ji w`‡K cÖ¯‘wZ ïi“ n‡qwQj| cÖavbgš¿x RInijvj †b‡ni“ †h‡nZz wQ‡jb iex›`ªf³ ZvB GB R‡b¥vrme fviZmn wek¦e¨vcx NUv K‡i D`hvcb Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`k we‡kl K‡i †hmKj †`‡k iex›`ªbv_ wM‡qwQ‡jb ev wbweo m¤úK© M‡o D‡VwQj Zuvi m‡½ †mme †`‡ki iex›`ªf³‡K AvnŸvb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| we‡klfv‡e wZwb Aby‡iva Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb Rvcvb‡K KviY Kwe¸i“ Rvcvb‡K me‡P‡q †ewk fv‡jv‡e‡mwQ‡jb| Rxe‡bi †kl mgqUzKz wZwb Rvcv‡b KvUv‡bvi B‡”Q e¨³ K‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi Rvcvwb iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 118

f³ gv`vg W. †Zvwg †Kvivi Kv‡Q| fviZxq cwiKíbvi Ab¨Zg D‡`¨v³v iex›`ª Rv`yN‡ii cwiPvjK w¶wZk ivq KZ…©KI Rvcvwb iex›`ªf³‡ì Kv‡Q Av‡e`bcÎ †cÖwiZ n‡qwQj| Avevi 1957 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i GK gv‡mi Rb¨ Rvcv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb Avš—R©vwZK †cbK¬ve Rvcvb kvLvi Avš—R©vwZK GK m‡¤§j‡b fvi‡Zi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wek¦fviZx †_‡K †jLK Avb›`k¼i ivq, Zuvi m‡½I Rvcvwb †bZ…e„›` Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| welqwU †h ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges hy×weaŸ¯—, weåvš—, nZvkvMÖ¯— Rvcv‡bi RbÏ w`Kwb‡`©kK eyw×Rxexiv Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb| wm×vš— M„nxZ nq †h, cÖavbgš¿x †b‡ni“i Rvcvb Ae¯’vbKv‡j iex›`ª Rb¥Rqš—x D`hvcb Dcj‡¶ cÖ_g gZwewbgq mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡e| †mB wm×vš— †gvZv‡eK 1957 mv‡j mKb¨v †b‡ni“i Rvcvb md‡ii †kl w`b Bw›ìv MvÜxi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 22 †k A‡±vei Zvwi‡L †UvwKIi ÔK¬ve Kvb‡ZvÕ cÖwZôv‡b cÖvq 60 Rb e¨w³ mg‡eZ nb| huviv wQ‡jb ZrKvjxb mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ, wk¶v, MYgva¨g, ivRbxwZ, eëmv, ag© cÖf„wZ ¯—‡ii cÖfvekvjx †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³| me©v‡MÖ wQ‡jb iex›`ªbv‡_i Nwbô eÜz Rvcv‡bi RvZxq wPÎwkíx e‡qve„× ZvBKvb B‡qv‡Kvqvgv| †mw`b iex›`ª Rb¥kZel© D`hvc‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ KwgwU MwVZ nq| Zvi c‡ii eQi 1958 mv‡ji 7B AvM÷ Zvwi‡L iex›`ªbv‡_i 17Zg g„Zzëvwl©Kx Dcj‡¶ GKwU ¯§iYmfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq D³ K¬v‡eB cÖL¨vZ †jLK, g„rwkíx, wk¶vwe` I cÖKvkK Bqvmvey‡iv wk‡gvbvKvi D‡`¨v‡M| Zv‡Z fviZxq `~Zvev‡mi Kg©KZ©v wg. PµeZ©x I wg. e¨vbvR©x m¯¿xK iex›`ªbv‡_i Qwe‡Z gvj¨`vb Ges m½xZ cwi‡ekb K‡ib| iex›`ªbv_ ¯§i‡Y Av‡jvPbv K‡ib AvMZ AwZw_e„›`| ¯§iYmfv †k‡l Rvcvwb D‡`¨v³viv iex›`ª Rb¥kZel© D`hvcb Dcj‡¶ Av‡jvPbvq wgwjZ nb| GB mfvq wm×vš— nq †h, AviI m`m¨ msMÖ‡ni ga¨ w`‡q fviZxq ivóªcwZ iv‡R›`ªcÖmv‡ì Rvcvb md‡ii AvmbœKv‡ji Av‡M ev c‡i GB mgv‡ek‡K eo Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici cy‡iv`‡g KvR GwM‡q Pj‡jI cÖavb mgm¨v n‡q ùvovq †K cÖavb cwiPvjK n‡eb Ges †bZ…Z¡ †`‡eb GB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wekvj Av‡qvR‡b? KviY cwiKíbvaxb GB R‡b¥vrmewU GKRb mvaviY gvby‡li bq; GB Drm‡ei m‡½ RwoZ Rvcv‡bi RvZxq m¤§vb Ges Gi cÖfve hv‡Z hy‡× civwRZ Rvcvwb RvwZi fMœgvbm‡K †`kMV‡b D¾xweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Av‡jvwKZ fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K c_ †`Lv‡Z m¶g nqÑZviI j¶¨ GB cwiKíbvq Aš—fy©³| †Kbbv hy×c~e©Kv‡j iex›`ªbv‡_i KweZv, Mvb, kvwš— i evYx Rvcvwb weØrmgv‡R cÖf~Z cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj| hy‡×i ci bZzb cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q Zuvi bvg bZzb K‡i cÖPvi Kivi ZvwMÌ Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb GB D‡`¨vMxiv| fviZ miKv‡ii Dchy©cwi Aby‡iva †Zv wQjB| †m‡Þ¤^‡ii 24 Zvwi‡L c~e©wba©vwiZ mfvq DÌvwcZ nq cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e wPš—vwe` W. Kzwbwn‡Kv IIKzivi bvg| GB ch©š— Zuvi bvg D‡`¨v³v‡ì Kv‡iv g‡bB wQj bv! W. Kzwbwn‡KvB †h GB g‡nvrm‡ei GKgvÎ h_v_© KvÊvwi Zv‡Z Avi †Kv‡bv m‡›`n iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 119

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welqe¯‘ : AvaywbK fviZxq mvwnZ¨ Ges ¸i“Z¡| Dcw¯’wZi msL¨v 80 Rb| iex›`ª kZel© R‡b¥vrm‡ei Ab¨Zg êwPÎ¨gq Abyôvb wQj cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ cÖ`k©bx| Gi Rb¨ GKwU Pjw”PÎ cwilÌ MwVZ nq| GB cwil‡ì D‡`¨v‡M kvwš—wb‡KZ‡b cÖwZwôZ wk¶vcÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg Ges iex›`ªbv_ KZ…©K m„wRZ fvi‡Zi Ab¨ GK fveg~wZ©‡K Abyaveb Kivi Rb¨ `yB ch©v‡q Pjw”PÎ cÖ`k©‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq h_vµ‡g 1961 mv‡ji 13B gvP© Ges 14B GwcÖj Zvwi‡L| 13B gv‡P©i cÖ`k©bxwU m‡Ü¨ 6Uv †_‡K ivZ 8Uv ch©š— †mbï wek¦we`¨vj‡q, `k©KmsL¨v 40 Rb, Pjw”PÎ wQj ÔkvwšÍwb‡KZbÕ, Ôwngvj‡qi Avqy‡iLvÕ, ÔAvgv‡ì †b‡ni“Õ Ges Ôfvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvÕ| 18 Zvwi‡Li cÖ`k©bxwU wQj GKB mg‡q IqvBGgwmG wgjbvqZ‡b 30 R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z, Pjw”PÎ ÔfviZbvU¨gÕ, ÔKvwk¥‡ii emš—Õ Ges Ôfvi‡Zi mgKvjxb m½xZ|Õ GB R‡b¥vrm‡ei Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb n‡”Q Rvcvwb I Bs‡iwR fvlvq cÖKvwkZ †ek wKQy g~jëvb cÖKvkbv| †hgb †U‡Mvi †g‡gvwiqvj A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi gvwmK gyLcÎ ÔmZ¨Õ bv‡g 8 †_‡K 12 c„ôvwewkó GKwU mv`vKv‡jv U¨vej‡qW| me©‡gvU iex›`ªwelqK 22wU msL¨v cÖvq wbqwgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| hv‡Z iex›`ªbv‡_i ¸i“Z¡c~Y© iPbvi Abyev`, iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q ¯§„wZPviY, iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q wjwLZ M‡elYvg~jK iPbv Ges AvovB eQie¨vcx R‡b¥vrm‡ei eûgyLx Kvh©µ‡gi mwPÎ msev` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| 5000 †_‡K 6000 wQj Gi cÖPvi msL¨v| m¤¢eZ G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv gyLcÎ fviZmn Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`‡k cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj e‡j Lei cvIqv hv‡”Q bv| Ôwe‡kl ¯§viK cÖeÜ msKjbÕ, Ôiex›`ªbv_ I RvcvbÕ, ÔRvcvbhvÎxÕi Rvcvwb Abyev` MÖ‡š’i K_v Av‡M ejv n‡q‡Q| G QvovI D”Pwk¶v cÖwZôv‡b iex›`ªwPš—vwelqK wk¶vµ‡gi cvV¨cy¯—K wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR `ywU LÊ cÖKvk Kiv nq| cÖ_g L‡Ê wQj iex›`ªbv_ iwPZ Ôw` B÷vb© BDwbfvwm©wUÕ Ges MxZvÄwj †_‡K wKQy KweZv, 1500 Kwc Ges wØZxq L‡Ê wQj mvabv Kve¨MÖš’ I MxZvÄwj †_‡K wKQy evQvBK…Z KweZv, 2000 Kwc| wk¶vcÖwZôvb¸‡jv wQj h_vµ‡g wR‡”Qb gwnjv wek¦we`¨vjq, wb‡nvb wek¦we`¨vjq, bvMvmvwK wek¦we`¨vjq, bvMvmvwK gwnjv gnvwe`¨vjq, ZvgvMvIqv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖf„wZ| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ iex›`ªbv‡_i e¨qeûj wekvj GKwU mv`vKv‡jv Av‡jvKwPÎ wQj Abyôv‡bi we‡kl AvKl©Y| AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj wQj †m mg‡q GB Av‡jvKwPÎwU e‡j Rvbv hvq| †mBm‡½ Zuvi 40 Ges 70 eQi eqmKv‡ji 300wU K‡i Av‡jvKwPÎ gy`ªY Kiv n‡qwQj Zuvi f³‡ì Kv‡Q wewµi j‡¶¨| Zv Qvov AviI GKvwaK ey‡jwUb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hv‡Z i‡q‡Q wewkó e¨w³‡ì iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q wewfbœ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª iPbv, Abyev` Ges Avq-e¨‡qi wn‡mewb‡K‡ki weeiY| †hgb Avwe®‹„Z ey‡jwUb 1 b¤î msL¨vq wj‡L‡Qb W. Kzwb‡nv‡Kv IIKziv, wkb‡cB Kzmv‡bv, wgwPI nviv`v, †kŠwKb KvrmyZv, †Kvwk‡iv IKvKziv, †Zvwkwn‡Kv iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 128

KvZvqvgv, wK‡qv‡m Bqvgv¸wP, †ZvKzgvrmy mvKv‡gv‡Zv, wK‡Rv BbvRy, ZvrmyI †gvwi‡gv‡Zv, †KvmyB Avmv‡bv, †mB‡Rv BqvgvRvwK, Kvb AvivB, wkRyKv Bqvgvgyiv, wkbBqv KvmyMvB, W. Kywb‡qvwk Ieviv Ges †Zvwkwg IZvwb| K‡qKwU †jLv Bs‡iwR‡ZI Ab~w`Z n‡qwQj| R‡b¥vrm‡ei cÖPviK‡í iex›`ªbv‡_i iwOb eo †cv÷vi 1500 Kwc, cÖPvicÎ 18, 000 Kwc, Qwemn †Møvwm‡ccv‡i Abyôvbm~wP h_vµ‡g 2500 Ges 1000 Kwc gyw`ªZ n‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq| GB gnvbyôv‡bi Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K wQj iex›`ªbv‡_i wPÎK‡g©i GKwU cÖ`k©bx| fviZ †_‡K wPÎKg©¸‡jv Rvcv‡b Avbvi †¶‡Î mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj Avš— R©vwZK ms¯’v BD‡bm‡Kv| GB cÖ`k©bx Dcj‡¶ GKwU ¯§iwYKvI cÖKvwkZ nq| Kwe¸i“ iex›`ªbv‡_i kZZg Rb¥Rqš—x D`hvcb wQj Rvcv‡bi ZrKvjxb Av_©mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vc‡U AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj †Kbbv ZLb hy×weaŸ¯Í †`kwU K‡Vvi msMÖv‡g iZ ZxeªZi `vwi`ª¨ve¯’v †_‡K D‡V ùvovevi Rb¨Ñ†mB mg‡q cÖvq wZb eQie¨vcx GB cÖK‡í e¨q n‡q‡Q 6, 550, 500 B‡qb| GLbKvi g~j¨gv‡b 10 ¸Y A_©vr 50, 000, 000 B‡q‡bi mgvb A_© e¨q n‡qwQj e‡j R‰bK Rvcvwb eëmvqx I BwZnvm M‡el‡Ki gšÍe¨| GB A_© PviwU fv‡M msMÖn Kiv n‡qwQj| e„nr, gvSvwi I ¶z`ª wgwj‡q 105wU eëmv-evwYR¨ cÖwZôvb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q †gvU 4, 810, 000 B‡qb| wZbwU A_©-evwYR¨welqK mwgwZ †gvU 430, 000 B‡qb| 22wU ag©xq cÖwZôvb †gvU 1, 026, 000 B‡qb| 10 Rb weL¨vZ e¨w³ †gvU 184, 500 B‡qb Ges Ab¨vb¨ Drm wgwj‡q 100, 000 B‡qb| 1961 mv‡ji GB HwZnvwmK eY©vX¨ iex›`ª Rb¥kZel© Drme †kl n‡j Gi cÖfve hv‡Z my`~icÖmvix nq Zvi Rb¨ GKwU Ô†U‡Mvi †g‡gvwiqvj dvD‡ÛkbÕ cÖwZôvi ¯^cœI †`‡LwQ‡jb D‡`¨vMx Z_v iex›`ªf³iv| hwÌ cÖvgvY¨ `wjjcÎ Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡”Q bv wKš‘ g‡b nq Gi ciI wKQyw`b GB gnvbyôv‡bi DËvc weivR K‡iwQj Rvcvbe¨vcx| wKš‘ 1964 mv‡j Rvcvb `ª“Z A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cwiKíbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i Ges GKB m‡½ AvaywbK gvwK©wb I BD‡ivcxq †fvMev`x ms¯‹…wZ Øviv Aev‡a cÖfvweZ n‡Z _v‡K, e`‡j †h‡Z _v‡K ivZvivwZ Rxeb-hvcb, wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ| dj¯îƒc GB DÏvg AK¯§vr Avg~j cwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e iex›`ª Av‡›`vjb wb‡¯—R n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| G‡K †Zv D‡`¨vMxiv wQ‡jb AwaKvskB e‡qve„× d‡j e„nËi Zi“Y cÖRb¥‡K h_vh_fv‡e AvK…ó Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb, Ab¨w`‡K 1965 mv‡j msNwUZ cvK-fviZ hy×Ñhy×we‡ivax kvwš—ev`x Rvcvb‡K fvi‡Zi cÖwZ weiƒc g‡bvfve †cvl‡Y cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj e‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv M‡el‡Ki `„pwek¦vm| Z_vwc GB Abyôv‡bi mxwgZ cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq lvU-mËi `k‡Ki w`‡K KwZcq Zi“Y mvwnZ¨Kg©x I wk¶K‡K evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© we‡klfv‡e AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjvi †¶‡Î| `yB evsjvi GKvwaK cÖevmx QvÎ I wk¶‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq GB bexb iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 129

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Let me not pray to be sheltered from dangers but to be fearless in facing them. Let me not beg for the stilling of my pain but for the heart to conquer it. Let me not look for allies in life’s battlefield but to my own strength. Let me not crave in anxious fear to be saved but hope for the patience to win my freedom. Grant me that I may not be a coward, feeling your mercy in my success alone; but let me find the grasp of your hand in my failure.

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D‡jøL¨ †h, Aa¨vcK †d‡bvjmv Ges †Zbwk‡bi AvMÖ‡nB g~jZ Rvcv‡bi cÖ_g AvaywbK RvZxq Pvi“Kjv we`¨vjq cÖwZôv Kiv nq ivRavbx †UvwKIi D‡q‡bv kn‡i 1889 mv‡j| GLb RvZxq Pvi“Kjv I m½xZ wek¦we`¨vjq bv‡g mycwiwPZ| Aek¨ 1888 mv‡j wZwb ivRKxq Rv`yN‡ii cwiPvjK wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| 1890 mv‡j wZwb GB Pvi“Kjv we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK I AvPvh© wbhy³ nb| wKš‘ †`kxq I cvðvZ¨ wPÎKjvPP©vKvix‡ì Af¨šÍixY †Kv›`j Ges Zuvi c„ôv‡cvlK cÖfvekvjx miKvwi Avgjv I Av‡gwiKvq Rvcvwb ivóª`~Z e¨vib wiDBwP KzwKi (1852-1931) ¯¿x nvrmy‡Kvi m‡½ ciKxqv †cÖ‡gi Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K Rv`yN‡ii cwiPvjK I we`¨vj‡qi AvPvh© c` †_‡K AcmvwiZ n‡Z nq 1898 mv‡j| 1901 mv‡j †UvwKIi eZ©gvb wb‡àvwi †÷kb msjMœ BqvbvKv kn‡i hv D‡q‡bvi LyeB mwbœK‡UÑ†emiKvwifv‡e wb‡nvb weRyrmyBb ev Rvcvb AvU© Bbw÷wUDU ¯’vcb K‡ib| GwU cÖwZôvK‡í Rvcv‡b cwiwPZ Zuvi GK gvwK©b ïfvKv•¶x Ges Rvcvwb Pvi“Kjv I ms¯‹…wZwe‡klÁ wPwKrmvwe` DBwjqvg ÷viwMm we‡M‡jvÕi (William Sturgis Bigelow, 1850-1926) KvQ †_‡K †m mg‡q 10 nvRvi gvwK©b Wjvi mvnvh¨ wb‡qwQ‡jb| GB eQ‡iB b‡f¤î †_‡K cieZ©x 1902 mv‡ji A‡±ei ch©šÍ wZwb KjKvZvq VvKzi cwiev‡ii AvwZ_¨ MÖnY Ges ey×Mqv, B‡jviv, ARšÍv cÖf„wZ RvqMv cwi`k©b K‡i †eŠ×ag©xq ¸nvwPÎ I Ab¨vb¨ wPÎK‡g©i Abywjwci KvR K‡ib| 1903 mv‡j Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ ÔAvBwWqvjm Ae w` B÷Õ hvi cvÊywjwc fvi‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq jÛb †_‡K| 1904 mv‡j Av‡gwiKv ågY K‡ib Zuvi wZbRb wkl¨ wPÎwkíx ZvBKvb B‡qv‡Kvqvgv, ïb‡mv wnwk`v Ges myBwk †iv°vKzmn| †ev÷b wkíKjv Rv`yN‡ii Pxbv I Rvcvwb wkíKjv wefv‡Mi Dc‡`óv wbhy³ nb Ges c‡ii eQi GB wefv‡Mi cÖavb wbe©vwPZ nb Qq gv‡mi Rb¨| †mLv‡b _vKv Ae¯’vq 1906 mv‡j Zuvi KvjRqx MÖš’ Ôw` eyK Ad wUÕ wbDBqK© †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| GB MÖš’wUi cÖKvkbvi kZel©c~wZ© Av‡jvPbvbyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡iwQjvg Avgiv Rvcvb-†e½j A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb †_‡K 2006 mv‡j B‡qv‡Kvnvgvi c~‡e©v³ wgjbvqZ‡b, Zv‡Z cÖavb Av‡jvPK wQ‡jb †Zbwk‡bi cÖ‡cŠÎ Aa¨vcK I M‡elK ZvKvwk IKvKziv| 1906 mv‡j Rvcv‡b wd‡i G‡m wbMvZv-†Rjvi AvKvKziv ¯’v‡b Av‡iKwU M„nwbevm wbg©vY K‡ib †Zbwkb| GKB m‡½ †UvwKIi BqvbvKv †_‡K BRyiv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib Rvcvb AvU© Bbw÷wUDU| Zuvi PviRb wkl¨‡K GLv‡b mcwiev‡i wb‡q Av‡mb Zuviv n‡jb, ZvBKvb, wnwk`v, KvbRvb wk‡gvgyiv Ges eyRvb wKgyiv| PviRbB AmvaviY wPÎ A¼b K‡ib GLv‡b G‡m hv AvRI gvbyl‡K Awff~Z K‡i! Zuv‡ì cÖ`k©bx‡Z gvby‡li Xj bv‡g| †mB mgqB †Zbwkb †iv°vKz‡`vI ch©‡e¶Y KzVywiwU wbg©vY Kivb| 1907 mv‡j †Zbwk‡bi Rvcv‡b mncvVx wQ‡jb nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mœvZK Av‡gwiKvb wkíKjvi BwZnvmwe` Ges cÖvP¨wkíwe‡klÁ jsWb Iqvb©vi (1881-1956) BRyiv‡Z †Zbwk‡bi mvwbœ‡a¨ wKQyw`b wQ‡jb, Dc‡fvM K‡i‡Qb Zuvi wkíwPšÍv hv BRyiv †Zbwkb wfjv ev wbKzÄi M„n¸‡jv‡Z cwiù~U wQj| 1908 mv‡j Zuvi ¸i“ B‡¤úwiqvj (†UvwKI) iex›`ªbv_ Ges Rvcvb : kZe‡l©i m¤úK© 143

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