GUIDELINES

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Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, et al. Intensive, dynamic back-muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo-control treatment of low-back pain: a randomized, observer-blind trail. Spine. 1993;18:98-108. Indahl A, Velund L, Reikeraas O. Good prognosis for low back pain when left untampered. A randomized clinical trial. Spine. 1995;20:473-7. Lindstrom I, Ohlund C, Eek C, et al. The effect of graded activity on patients with subacute low back pain: a randomized prospective clinical study with an operant-conditioning behavioral approach. Phys Ther. 1992;72:27990; discussion 291-3. Mellin G, Harkapaa K, Vanharanta H, et al. Outcome of a multimodal treatment including intensive physical training of patients with chronic low back pain. Spine. 1993;18:825-9. Mellin G, Harkapaa K, Vanharanta H, et al. Outcome of a multimodal treatment including intensive physical training of patients with chronic low back pain. Spine. 1993;18:825-9. Mitchell RI, Carmen GM. The functional restoration approach to the treatment of chronic pain in patients with soft tissue and back injuries. Spine. 1994;19:633-42. Ostelo RW, de Vet HC, Waddell G, Kerckhoffs MR, Leffers P, van Tulder MW. Rehabilitation after lumbar disk surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD003007. Scheer SJ, Watanabe TK, Radack KL. Randomized controlled trials in industrial low back pain. Part 3. Subacute/chronic pain interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:414-23. Schonstein E, Kenny DT, Keating J, Koes BW. Work conditioning, work hardening and functional restoration for workers with back and neck pain (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Issue 3; 2002. van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Bombardier C, Koes BW. Back schools for nonspecific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000261. van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, Bouter LM, Maljers LD, Driessen AP. Chronic low back pain: exercise therapy, multidisciplinary programs, NSAIDs, back schools and behavioral therapy effective; traction not effective; results of systematic reviews. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2000;144(31): 1489-94. van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, Koes B. Exercise therapy for low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine. 2000;25:2784-96.

RADIOGRAPHY AND IMAGING Carragee EJ, Chen Y, Tanner CM, Truong T, Lau E, Brito JL. Provocative diskography in patients after limited lumbar diskectomy: a controlled, randomized study of pain response in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Spine. 2000;25:3065-71. Carragee EJ, Paragioudakis SJ, Khurana S. 2000 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies: lumbar high-intensity zone and diskography in subjects without low back problems. Spine. 2000;25:2987-92.

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OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE PRACTICE GUIDELINES


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