Internet Governance
provide them with one, preferably intergovernmental, ‘address’ where they could discuss all related issues.8 Since 2002, WSIS, WGIG, and in particular the IGF have made considerable progress in strengthening pro-development aspects of the multistakeholder process, including addressing the risk of under-representation of small and developing states. On a formal level, the IGF ensures that all sessions and panels have adequate participation from the various stakeholders in developing states. The increasing level of participation from developing countries was visible at the IGFs in Rio and in Hyderabad. The IGF process has helped many small and developing states to make better use of available human resources. These may not be diplomats, but other nationals with Internet governance expertise, working at Internet organisations or universities around the world. Taking advantage of experts working abroad is essential, especially for small states. Physical participation – i.e. attending the meetings – does not necessarily equate to equal participation. Equal participation requires adequate knowledge, skills, and confidence on the part of each delegate to engage in the policy process. The IGF has tried to ensure equal participation through capacity-building activities. Since 2002, more than 850 officials and professionals from small and developing states have been involved in training and other capacity-building activities that go beyond traditional academic
Formal vs functional equality in climate change negotiations
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