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Cattle Evolution and Diseases
Africa
Livestock Farming Systems, Africa
Henk Udo, Animal Production Systems
N’Dama White Fulani
taurine cattle sanga zebu mixed Muturu
Watusi
taurine x zebu
Regions with the distribution of African types of cattle
Development Pathways Farming Systems
Livestock Farming Systems
Organization
Three major systems are being distinguished:
Pastoral and agro-pastoral systems
Mixed crop-livestock systems
Industrialized systems
Specialization Intensification
SPECIALIZED CROPS
SPECIALIZED CROP
CROP SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
Area - wide crop and livestock
MIXED SYSTEMS
General overview purposes
Environmental impact
integration New functions INDUSTRIAL
GRAZING
LIVESTOCK
SYSTEMS Intensification
SYSTEMS Involution
Nutrient surplus
Nutrient depletion
Health&Welfare
Population pressure, economic growth
SPECIALIZED LIVESTOCK
Societal acceptance
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Mixed Systems
Grazing Systems Feed comes for 90% or more from pastures, rangelands, forages 25% of terrestrial surface; 45% of usable surface
more than 10% feed DM from crop (by)products 65% and 75% of the meat and milk in the developing world
24% global meat production Areas with abundant land and low population pressure Asia, in many countries grazing lands disappeared Africa, very much under pressure, conflicts, population pressure!
Mixed Systems
Crops and livestock integrated
functions livestock
multiple functions supporting livelihoods Worldwide the dominant farming system -
soil fertility is declining
-
involution
Different Benefits of Livestock
To understand decision making of the farmers
allocation of resources
decisions not at optimum biological moment
products
manure, draught
Smallholders more productive than often assumed
insurance finance
intangible benefits
status
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Specialised systems
Agro-ecology Sub-Saharan Africa
Specialised monogastric and ruminant systems
External inputs Market-oriented 55% global pork and 71% global poultry production
Zone
Farming system Cattle
Specialised livestock production grows twice as fast
Area
(%)
(%)
Economies of scale
Arid
grazing systems
18
30
Semi-arid
grazing & mixed f.
31
25
Not in equilibrium with their environment
Sub-humid
mixed farming
21
20
Humid
mixed farming
4
20
Highlands
mixed farming
26
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Tsetse
Driving Forces for Changes Livestock revolution: - population growth - economic development - urbanisation
Poverty alleviation
Demands for biofuel
Can farmers respond?
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Intensification as Major Response
Driving Forces for Changes
Intensification: increased use of inputs and services
to increase output quantity or value per unit input
Often understood as advanced production styles to increase
How will intensification work out?
Livestock Revolution
1 billion people are starving
Livestock kept by more than 1 billion smallholders mixed farmers
production per animal, ha or labour unit
Are all animals the same?
Smallholder Dairying,
Kenya
Driving forces: demands and the reduced land sizes
Does intensification live up to its expectations?
Cows or chickens?
Intensification:
Free-grazing
Zero-grazing
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Smallholder Dairying and Markets Zambia extensive grazing system
Total annual income PPP$ Cash income
%
Income in kind
Breed Preferences
Sri Lanka cattle under coconuts
1345
Kenya zero2grazing intensive dairying
1456
2973
22
75
59 33
%
41
16
Intangible benefits %
37
9
8
Labour productivity d21
15
15
12
PPP$: purchasing power parity $
Kenya
Scientists and extension workers favour smaller breeds
No differences in milk production between European breeds
Farmers prefer Friesians because of their potential higher milk yield
Friesians have higher market value
Moll et al., 2007
• Labour productivity higher than for crops or wage labour • Market major pull factor for dairy development in Kenya
Smallholder dairying,
600 000 households (hh) in dairying
Cattle major income source, 1073 $ y-1 total benefits
Smallholders 80% of the milk market Smallholder dairying is competitive: family labour,
Kenya
Cattle
Dairying gives substantial income improvement
Dairying most successful in countries with strong dairy traditions
Not for the really poor households
Feed the main on-farm constraint
Milk production 5-6 kg d-1
Calving rates (25-50%) are too low to maintain herds
Frequent buying and selling in smallholder herds
Major reason for selling is urgent cash need
less investments compared with large commercial farms
Hh with cattle own twice as much land as hh without cattle
Some other hh specialise in selling forages
Health problems: ECF, anaplasmosis, parasites
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Small Ruminants
Sheep and goat farmers among the poorer groups in society
Tool in poverty alleviation or
Sign of poverty?
Small Ruminants Intensification: change in management system, other breeds, increase in numbers
Small Ruminants
Flock sizes on mixed farms: 2-10
Labour productivity below minimum wage level
Farmers do not consider family labour as real costs
Important for urgent cash needs: start school year, preparation cropping season
Small Ruminants
Land degradation often blamed on goats:
Health problems West Africa:
Religious festivities, manure
- Pasteurellosis, Anthrax, PPR
Sheep just as productive as goats; development focus on goats
- malnutrition and predation 40% losses in goat kids
An appreciated secondary activity
- vaccination and deworming (costs?)
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Pigs
Village Poultry,
Renewed interest in pigs
‘Poultry are the first and last resource of the poor’
Poor, in particular women headed hh’s own poultry only
Benefits from poultry about 70 $ y-1
Village poultry important for poor women
NCD vaccinations could double
Intensification through hybrids and concentrates
Ethiopia
income; other innovations require West Africa East Africa - investments: buildings, feed, management
a whole package; crossbreeding not successful
- market
Village Poultry Main problem: mortality, in particular young chicks vaccination against New Castle Disease chick survival from 3 to 6 ‘predators like vaccinated chickens as much as unvaccinated chickens’ predators
simple housing
Commercial Poultry Units
Large- or small-scale
Market-oriented
Competition with other farmers
Competition with imports
Markets easily collapse due to economic crises
Hygiene in housed chickens Feeding housed chickens
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Livestock Ladder
Access to Livestock Technologies
Climbing the ladder:
Own resources
Sharing: cattle to chickens
• life cycle hh
Micro-credit, 20% to 60-80% on livestock
• prices
‘Passing-on-the-Gift’
• production factors
Example: Heifer International (www.heifer.nl)
128 countries • Heifer @ € 450 • Goat € 115 • Chicken flock € 22.50
Micro-credit and Passing-on-the-gift
Livestock Development
Main objective livestock intensification:
Repayment with heifer(s) is (too) difficult Tanzania: after 7 years only 20% of the hh had returned a heifer; Heifers often sold before giving a calf due to urgent cash needs
Easy to return goat kids or weaner pigs
Poultry fit very well in passing-on-the-gift programmes
increase household incomes
smallholder dairying successful in this
small animals not a major income source
small animals an appreciated secondary activity and essential resource for the really poor
Intensification will result in
less households keeping livestock
Less attention to other livelihoods functions
Small animals more suitable for micro-credit and passing-on-the-gift
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Livestock Development: cows or chickens?
Livestock Development
dairy cattle local cattle
pigs, sheep, goats small-scale comm. poultry village poultry
Livestock revolution helps or hinders smallholders?
Industrial systems are growing twice as fast as mixed farming
Smallholders need support to enter the market • Credit • Services
- Returns
• Farmers’ groups • Knowledge, farmers, development workers, policy makers
- Paying back animals/loans
• Household resources: cash, family labour, land, feeds
- Helping the poor
Smallholders or Large-scale Farms?
Large-scale farms: - more efficient in management - access to sufficient capital to intensify
Smallholder development more effective in reducing poverty: - family labour - less capital needed
Ecological Issues
Impact livestock on climate change
FAO: Livestock’s Long Shadow (18% global emissions), mitigation strategies:
reduce animal numbers
improve feed quality
increase production levels
Environmental impact?
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Ecological Issues
Livestock Development
Life Cycle Assessment to quantify resource use and emissions, both on-farm and off-farm:
intensification reduces emissions per kg product
intensification reduces land use per kg product
intensification increases energy use per kg product
intensification increases pollution per animal and per unit area
production increases based on concentrates will increase off-farm
Intensification will continue
Economic, ecological, societal impacts at different levels
environmental impacts (e.g. rainforest)
What can we do for development? Arguments for livestock development: • global food needs, wealthier consumers or • better livelihoods of the poor • both?
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