ACTIVE ENGLISH EDITORES Copyright 2008 All the Rights of this book are reserved, no part Of this publication may be reproduced stored In a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way Or by any means, Electronic, mechanical, photocopying , Recording or otherwise , without the prior permission of the Publisher.
Introduction ACTIVE ENGLISH is a complete, modern and contextualize english program based on daily life situations designed to help the student on a step by step learning process which begins with phonological awareness as a base for te student to acquire the knowledge, the correct usage of the languaje and the practice for a standard speaking, comprensi贸n, Redding and writing level. Each Act, contains curios information around the World in different topics such as history, Money, geography, people, countries, etc., and a proverb or an idiomatic expresi贸n at the end of each one. Active your pronunciation: Here, the student will find how te sound is produced an the way in wich the airsteam is modified as it passes through the vocal tract and which articulators are envolved in the production of a particular sound either vowel, diphthongs consonant or combinations. This will give the estudents the opportunity to improve and clarify the correct pronunciation and intonation. Vocabulary: The student can find the most useful vocabulary within the context of the act to give you the necessary Tools for understanding the practice and conversation How to act : We give you the necessary grammar explained in the most practical way so it can be understood and practicad along the act and the course. Active English: To improve pronunciation vocabulary and grammar you can`t forget the listening part. The exercises in Active English, allows you to listen, repeat and learn more, while you practice along the act with the questions and full sentences providing a complete and final understanding of the language, developing your conversational skills. Answer the questions: It is the opportunity for the student to show their interest and understanding to discuss and debate the topics on the Reading using the vocabulary and grammar learned. Answer the questions: It is the opportunity for the student to show their interest and understanding to discuss and debate the topics on the Reading using the vocabulary and grammar learned.
What to do before the session?: 1.Don’t wait until the last minute to open your books 2. Listen and repeat the sound as many times as you can 3. Prepare the Vocabulary: look for the definition in English do not translate! 4. Read the information in “How to act” 5. Listen and repeat the sentences in “Active English” as many times as you can 6. Select 10 sentences from “Active English” and write then down. 7. Read the information in “ Act the part” and write down the words and sentences you don’t know. 8. Look in a dictionary for them and write down the definition. 9. Write down the answer to the questions 10. Prepare yourself for a complete English session fullof fun! 11. Make an appointment to show your perfomance READY TO ACT?: 1.Please,be on time! 2. Feel confortable in the session 3. Enjoy your time leaming 4. Listen and repeat every time you are asked to do so 5. Participate actively 6. Memorize the script for the best performance 7. Make mistakes don’t worry! WHAT TO DO AFTER THE SESSION?: 1.Don’t wait until the last minute to open your books 2.Evaluate yourself and practice one more time what you have learned today, with your activity book. Practice makes perfect! Please practice everyday at home via Internet, talking to your friends or watching TV. WARNING! Do not miss your sessions
Table of contents Module A1
Module A2
Module A3
Gerunds and infinitives Did you know? About 27% of food in developed countries are wasted each year. It’ s simply throws away.
A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The consonant / l / The tongue tip and portion of the tongue blade contact the alveolar ridge in the midline. Liberty Loaf Laugh
Logical Load Lash
Lemon Lie Light
Lobby Lay Lift
B. VOCABULARY Assignment Cheating Submitted
Due Quickly Denied
Suddenly Typed Somewhere
Middle Cheat Expect Forget
HOW TO ACT: A “gerund” is a verb + ing. An infinitive is to + the verb. The “gerund” and the infinitive are the objects of the verbs in the sentence. However, as noun substitutes, gerunds and infinitives can also be the subject af a sentence. + - I quit smoking last week I just decided to quit - Her Favourite fantasy is to play basketball professionally Her Favourite fantasy is playing basketball professionally
-
I don’t like dancing or to dance How to act in gerunds and infinitives in a sentence depends on the first verb. Here is a listo f verbs that are usually followed by a verb in gerund fom: Admit, appréciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel, like, finish, forgive, give up, can’t help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, report, resent, risk, can’t stand, suggest, understand. Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive form without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, Intend, like, love, prefer, propose, and start. *For a listo f verbs followed by infinitives and gerunds see appendix 15.
ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1.She is considering having a Holiday. 2. Do you feel like gong out? Yes, I feel like going to the park today. 3. I can’t help falling in love with you. 4. I can’t stand not seeing you. 5. I like to play tennis. I like playing tennis 6. It started to rain. It started raining. 7. I have three shorts that need washing. I have three shorts that need to be washed. 8. This letter requires signing. This letter requires to be signed. 9. The house wants repainting. The house needs to be repainted. 10. I like writing in English. I like to write in English. 19. They don’t like to drive on the road
11.Yoko wants to go abroad. 12. Her mother suggested going to canada. 13. She decided to visit British Columbia 14.She considers studying in Vancouver 15. However, she hates living in big cities. 16.Finally, she coses to go to victoria. 17. I like listening to music 18. I hate going to the movies on Tuesdays I hate to go to the movies on Tuesdays
D. Act the part:
I don’t like dancing or to dance
CHEATING Jackson was in his first year t university, studying History. He was Heather a lazy student, and he tended to avoid working whenever he Could. In the middle of the semester, his history profesor gave outan assignment, but he postponed writing it for a week. The following week, he forgot to do it. The night before the assignment was due, he suddenly remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried to read as much as possible on the topic, Burt there wasn’t enough time. Jackson considered asking for more time to do his paper, but the History professor was known to be very tough on students, so finally he decided to cheat and copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old article on the same topic, and quickly typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper. The following week, he was alarmed to see the professor approaching him, looping angry. “Is this your own work, or did you copy it?” asked the professor. Jackson denied copying the paper. “If you expect me to believe that, you must be very stupid,” said the professor. “Every Word is taken from an article I wrote myself five years ago. Did you really think I E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: What`s the difference between cheating and copying? Have you ever cheated in exams? Is cheating necessary and worth it? F. DICTATION: More and more kids are using Mobile phones to cheat in the exams. In the UK more than 1100 pupils were caught smuggling phones into exams last year making hi- tech trickery the most popular form of cheating hmong students. Not Only can vital bits of information be stored as text on phones, more adventurous students can also use their mobiles to access the net. It’s a fac cry from when students had to cheat by writing on their hand or by making notes on a hanky.
Tag Questions Did you know? The people killed most often during bank robberies are the robbers.
A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The vowel sound/ei/ The tongue is positioned forward and high in the oral cavity with the sides in contact with the teeth laterally and the tip positioned behind the lower teeth. Away
Maid
Pay
Afraid
Delay
Stay
Gain
Escape
Painful
Aim
Paint
Vein
HOW TO ACT: A “Tag question” is a device used to turn a statement into a question. It nearly always consists of a pronoun, a helping verb, and sometimos the Word not. Although it begins as a statement, the tag question prevails when it comes to the end – mark: use a question mark. Notice that when the statement is positive, the tag question is expressed in the negative; when the statement is negative,
+
-
Positive statement, Snow is White,
Negative tag? Isn’t it?
-
+
Negative statement You don’t like me, Positive tag? Do You?
ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1.He should quit smoking, shouldn’t he? 2. He shouldn’t have quit his diet, should he? 3. They’re not doing very well, are they? 4..He finished on time, didn’t he? 5. She does a beautiful job, doesn’t she? 6. Harold may come along, mightn’t he? 7. There were too many people on the dock, weren’t there? 8. The instructor asked the students what they were doing, didn’t he? 9. I asked my sister if she had a date, didn’t I? 10. Cheney will run for vice president again, won’t she? 11. We can get to Boston quicker, can’t we? 12. His question was, “ who is she” wasn’t it? 13. She ended her remarks with a resounding, didn’t she? 14. Jack’s happy, isn’t he? 15. Susan’s tired, isn’t she? 16. It’s warm today, isn’t it? 17. They’re busy, aren’t they? 18. You and I are fun people, aren’t we? 19. You’re quiet, aren’t you? D. Act the part: ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE About one hundred years ago many educated people learned and Spike French when they met people from other countries. Today most people speak English when they meet foreigners. It has become the new International language. There are more people who speak English as a second language than people who speak English as a second language than people who speak English as a first language. Why is this? There are many reasons why English has become so popular. One of them is that English has become the langauge of Business. Another important reason is that popular American culture (like movies, music, and McDonald’s) Has quikly Spreads throughout the World. It has briught its language with it. Is it good that English has Spread toa ll parts of the World so quickly? I don’t know. It’s important to have a language that the people of the Earth have in common. Our World has become very global and we need to comunícate with pne another. On the other hand, English is a fairly complicated language to learn andi t brings its culture with it. Do we really need that? Scientists have already tried to create an artificial language that isn’t too difficult and doesn’t include any one group’s culture. It is called Esperanto. But it hasn’t become popular. But maybe the popularity of English won’t last that long either, will it? Who knows? There are more people in the World who speak Chinese than any other language. Maybe some day chinese will be the new International language.
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: Give five rehaznos why English is the most spoken language in the World. Do you consider English an easy language to learn? Why? Which English accents do you find easy to understand? For what reasons are you studying English? Which ability (reading, speaking, writing, listening) do you find easier when leaming English? What would you advice a person who is just starting to learn English?
F. DICTATION: English is spoken as a first language by several countries including Great Britain, Australia, New Zeland, South Africa, Canada, and the United States. While all of these countries share the same mother tongue, there are some differences in the way they speak and write. The first difference is in the Accent. Each country has its own Accent. And within each country there are a variety of accents called regional accents. Another difference is the spelling of some words, like color and colour, or theater and theatre. And a third difference is that some of the words are not the same at all. For example, Americans say restroom, Canadians say washroom, and the British say W.C. (WATER CLOSET). But all of these words have the same meaning ( the room where the toilet is located). So which English is the best English to learn? Well, there is no best English. They are all equally good and correct. So which English is the best English to learn? Well, there is no best English. They are all equally good and correct.
Go fry an egg This is used to tell someone to go away and leave you alone.
used to... But not anymore Did you know? Forks, mostly being two- tiend, used to known as “splits spoons”.
A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The long vowel sound / uu / The tongue body is elevated into a mid – high position with contact against the upper molars. While the tongue root is not as retracted as other back vowels Away
Maid
Pay
Afraid
Delay
Stay
Gain
Escape
Painful
Aim
Paint
Vein
B. Vocabulary: Smoke Clean Come
Cut Hang Wear
Teach Throw Garbage
Thin Sell Watch
C. How to Act: We use “used to” to talk about a past situation or habit that continue for months or years and to emphasize that the situation today is different. Bill doesn’t live in Rome now. He used to live in Rome. My husband smoked for five years. He used to smoke a lot but not anymore.
ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1. Fred used to smoke before he got sick. 2. Brit used to eat meat but now, he eats vegetables. 3. Paul doesn’t clean the house anymore, but he used to do it every day. 4. Daisy used to be a good student but now she has fallem in love. 5. I didn’t used to watch too much TV, but I do now 6. Pauline used to be fit when she played tennis for the school. 7. Kate used to come to school on time but not anymore 8. Troy; my dog used to bite every stranger but it doesn’t do it anymore 9. I used to cut the bread into little pieces for breakfast 10. What means of transport do you take to come to work? I used to take a bus but now I drive 11. She used to drink a lot but the doctor told her to stop 12. She used to hang the clothes in the kitchen until he moved in 13. People in the old times used to walk miles every day 14. My nephew used to speak slowly, before the therapy 15. I used to wake up early on Sundays for church but now I Only live ten minutes away. 16. She used to wear very small clothes but not anymore 17. Teacher Sophia used to teach in that bilingual school 18. I used to go out with john but he went back to Las Vegas 19.They used to think we had a strong relationship 20. Donald used to sell books in front of the school
D. Act the part: THE STORY OF UNCLE BILL My uncle Bill used to work on the railway; that’s why I was reminded of him just now. It wasn’t at a big station like this; it was a little place called Hampton Cross. Only about two trains a day used to go there, and Bill was the station – master, chief porter and signalman all in one; in fact Bill used to do any work that came along, and there wasn’t a happier man in the whole of England. Hampton Cross was the pride of his heart; the waiting – room used to be clean every day by the chief polisher (Bill); and the tickets used to be sell
I used... but not anymore And collected , by the chief ticket – collector (Bill),-sometimes there were as many as four tickets a day;- and the Money was counted every evening by the chief clerk (Bill) One day, there was US$13, the biggest amount that was ever taken in one day during the whole 50 years that Bill was there. That station was run well: Bill used to be very strict about “rules”. He knew what a passenger was allowed to do and what te was not allowed to do, where he was allowed to smoke and where he was not allowed to smoke. And if any passenger dared to do anything that was against the rules, there was trouble at Hampton Cross. He was there, for 50 years and then he had to retire. There is no doubt that Bill used to do his Job well; in all the 50 years he had been there.
E. Answer the following questions: What’s the difference between smoking and non smoking? What was the name of the station where Uncle Bill worked? How long did he work there? Did Bill like his work? What work did he use to do?
F. Dictation: One day about a year alter Bill had retired, I was staying with my uncle and he said, “Come on, let’s go and visit old Bill. I haven’t seen him for a long time”. So we went To Bill’s house and walked up to his front door, it was a bad day for a visit. It began to rain as we got off the train, and by the time we got to Bill’s house it was raining harder. We walked up the path to the front door; we Knocked, but there was no answer. A day late and a doller short If something is a day late and a dollar short, it is too little, too late
Modal verbs May - Must - Have to Did you know? There world’s average school year is 200 days per year. In the US, it is 180 days; in Sweden 170 days, in japan it is 243 days.
A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of some consonant combinations / nd / - / st / Stand Stop
Nest
Dust
Lost
Sand
Best
Quest
Stay
Bend
B. VOCABULARY Abroad Canoe Belongings
Instant
Village
Establishment Security Checks
Appropriate ID
Home – Cooked Behavior Avoid
Delays C. How to Act: We use “may” to ask for permission May I go to the Park? We use “must” in rules, to say that an action is necessary. Every body “must” speak English in class. We use “have to”, to talk about things that are necessary because of the Rules from other people that oblige us to follow ( use the past form with “had to”). We have to pay for our lessons every six months.
You must... 1. Do you have to go to school tomorrow? Yes, I have to write an exam. 2. Excuse me, may I see the doctor? Yes, what's your name? 3. It's getting dark, I must go home now. 4. Are you going to stay? Yes, but I have to call my mother and let her know. 5. Do you have to get up early on weekends? Do you have to get up early on weekends? 6.Do you have to get up early on weekends? 7. must hurry. I mustn't be late. 8. It's a great movie. You must see it. 9. I had to go to the bank yesterday to get some money. 10. I don't usually work on Saturdays but last week I had to. 11. We don't want to be here but we must stay until the end. 12. We must go to the bank today. We haven't gotany money. 13. Your hands are dirty, you must wash them. 14. This game tomorrow is very important for us. We must win. 15. went to my mother's town last weekend. The bus was full and I had to stand up. 16. I have to keep these documents in a safe place. I need them 17. Mom, may I watch TV? Yes, honey you may. 18. May I see your driving license? Yes, officer here it is. 19. She is pregnant and not feeling well, She must see the doctor now. D. Act the part: TRAVELING ABROAD Many people would like to travel abroad, but not everyone has the opportunity to do so. Global economy and business nowadays are pushing people and tourist to find and meet new places to spend time either for business or pleasure. Traveling abroad can also be the experience of your life time, they are those moments you know you're really alive and experiencing something special. While it could be the instant you see one of the world's great icons for the first time, it is more likely to be the moment you find yourself in the middle of a village square soccer game, being
You must... Treated to a home – cooked meal by your new local friends or sharing a laugh with your family or fellow travelers as you try out a new way of transport…dugout canoe anyone? These unexpected moments are what travelling is all about, and give you a Holiday like no other. Wherever you go, you must take a responsible attitude. That means travelling in a way of respects and benefits local people, their culture and the environment. You may take public transport, stay and eat in small – scale, locally owned establishments, and travel in small groups. 5 tips for being responsable traveler……… You have to learn as much as you can about the country you are visiting: its religión(s), values, customs and rules. You must pay particular attention to appropriate behavior, dress and body language. You may learn some of the local language and don’t be afraid to use it – even simply saying hello can help break the ice. You must always ask before taking photos of people and offer to send copies if it is possible. You must treat environment as if it were your own home. Answer the following questions: What is the most important thing you must remember when visiting a different country? Dictation: If you have already had the opportunity, or if you haven’t yet don’t forget to include the tips a normal passenger should keep in mind; now that security checks are delaying or taking so much importance at airports since the 9/11 You must only carry one hand bag with you on the plane. There shouldn’t be any liquids in your hand bag. You don’t have to check in the counter, if you want you can do i ton line You may arrive on time, two hours before your flight You have to take a proof of ID with picture with you. You must not carry any fruit, medicine or drinks.This is to avoid questions and delays in the security area before boarding.
Modal verbs Might - should - ought to Had better Would Rather Did you know? Accounts from Holland and Spain suggest that Turing the 1500s and 1600s urine was Commonly used as a Tooth - Cleaning agent.s. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of more consonant combinations Scrub
Strap
Milk
Stamp
Clap
Cliff
Plum
Glue
Tree
Film
B. Neighbor Went off Farm
Field
Vocabulary: Toothache
Towards Stick
Dangerous Flammable
C. How to Act: We use “might” to Express uncertain possibility. My sister might come tomorrow We use “ought” to and “should” to say what a good thing for us to do is It’s almost midnight. I Should go home. I saw a robbery what should I do? You ought to report it to the police.
absence Iron Cross
I might or might not We use “had better” to give advice. There’ll be a lot of traffic tomorrow. We “had better” (or we’d better) leave early tomorrow. We use “would rather” to Express preferente
ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1. I should go to the supermarket tonight that I have time, tomorrow; I’m going to be busy. 2. I might visit fred tonight he is in the hospital, and I don’t know; he might have an operation tomorrow. 3. My mother might spend christmas with us this year, please be nice with her. 4. I love children. We might have another girl. 5. Where would you rather go on Holiday? I’d rather go to a very quiet place where I’ve never been before. 6. Are you coming with us tonight? No, I’d rather stay home and rest. 7. Do you think your mother Could make the cake? No She’d rather prepare the drinks 8. Mary has a toothache and it’s very bad. I think she ‘d better see a dentista. 9. You ‘d better call your boss today. He’s been waiting for too Long 10. You ‘d better pass that exam or you’ll be in trouble. 11. I should go now,my mother must be worried. 12. What should I do with this food? Well, you should put it in the fridge. 13. What time is the baby going to bed? He should be in bed by 8:00 pm. 14. I should visit my grandmother; I haven’t seen her since last year. 15. It should be kept away from the fire and children; it’s a dangerous And flammable liquid. 16. I don’t know if I should tell him the bad news. They might not like it. 17. You should iron your shirts before you wear them. 18. We ‘d better stop and put some gas, we are about to run out of it 19. Don’t answer the phone! Marc might call and I don’t want to talk to him 20. He ‘d better come today to class, because the teacher is starting to notice he’s been absent for few days and she might call his parents.
I might or might not D. Act the part: UNSOLVED MISTERY On the evening of March the 20th 1993, Christopher Douglas disappeared. He left his house at about six o'clock in the evening. He told his wife he was going for a walk. He went off in the direction of the hill. His next door neighbor, Mr. Smith, saw him go; a farm worker called George Walsh saw him crossing a field; a painter called Bobby saw him running towards the river bank. No one else saw him. When he didn't return, his wife went next door and told Mr. and Mrs. Smith. Early the next morning, Mr. Smith organized a search party. At the bottom of the mountain, beside the river, they found his hat and stick. They didn't find Christopher Douglas. E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: What should Mrs. Douglas had done when Mr. Douglas disappeared? What is Mr. Douglas real reason for leaving home? Is there anybody who has a reason to harm Mr. Douglas?
F. DICTATION: The painter The last person to see Mr. Douglas was a painter. He was painting a picture of the White Mountain as the sun went down. He'd been painting all day, and was beginningto feel rathertired. He looked at his watch. Twenty-nine minutes past six. Then he saw Mr. Douglas walking rather slowly towards the river bank. The painter saw him take off his hat and run his hand through his hair. Then he disappeared over the top of the hill. Bobby packed up his painting things and went home. As he was walking home, Bobby saw a man on a big black horse riding towards the river. Bobby recognized him. It was Mr. Smith.
Somebody - Anybody-Nobody Did you know? Only one of the seven wonders of the World still survives: the Great Pyramid of giza A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of- ng ending / ending / ng / Bang Sing Bang
Bring Hang Strong
Long Ping – Pong Sting
Spring Sang Fling
B.Vocabulary: Laid Towards filling Thirsty Street
About to Reached Scream Road
ill Sight Moved
C. How to Act: We usually use “somebody” to refer about a person in positive sentences. Somebody told me that it was a good film. We usually use “anybody” / “anyone” for people in negative sentences and in questions we out use “nobody” / “no one” only in negative sentences. Did you know anybody at the party? No, I didn’t know anybody at the party No, I knew nobody at the party.
Died Seemed Frightened
Somebody - Anybody-Nobody ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1. Has anybody called you from the Internet company? No, nobody has called. I should call and find out what happened. 2. Is there anybody in the toilet? Yes, somebody is using it because it’s engaged. 3. Who is in the room? Nobody is in the room. 4. I heard a Boise downstairs! Impossible Nobody is downstairs. You’re paranoid 5. Is there anyone at the door? Yes, somebody is at the door 6. Melissa, somebody called this morning asking for you. 7. I don’t know anybody here. I think I’II go home to find somebody to talk to. 8. Do you know anyone in the office who Could translate this book into French? I don’t know anybody in the office who Could do that but I know somebody in my class who Could do it. 9. That house looks empty. I think nobody lives there.No! Look! Actually somebody is in there! 10. I didn’t know about the meeting Nobody told me. 11. Poor jane! She had to sit alone. Nobody talked to her. 12. I heard a Knock at the door but when I opened it Nobody was there. 13. somebody sent me flowers for my birthday and I don’t know who it Could be. 14. Helen has gone away. Nobody knows where she is. 15. Have you called anyone to fix the sink? Yes, I’ve called the company and somebody is on its way. 16. Who did you see? I didn’t see anybody.
Somebody - Anybody-Nobody Later Sam found an old man, but he was very ill and Could not speak, he died while Sam was asking him questions. Sam Left the town and met a small boy. The boy told him that everyone had gone to the mountain. Sam and the boy went towards the mountain. All the time a huge Black cloud was filling more of the sky. When sam and the boy reached the mountain, Sam saw an extraordinary sight…
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: Why did people leave the town in such a hurry? Why were people afraid to talk? What was the huge Black cloud?
F. DICTATION: THE TOWN When Sam Newman arrived in the small town, it seemed to be deserted. It was late afternoon and the children; should have been out of school – but the stores should still have been open, but there no - one in them; the men should still have been at work but no - one seemed to be working. Sam was hungry and thirsty and wanted somewhere to stay, so he walked down the main street towards the square. There wasn’t a sign of life. The door of one house was open and Sam could see inside. Someone had been eating meal at the table. Beating a dead horse If someone is trying to convince people to do or feel something without any hope of suceeding, they’re beating a dead horse. This is used when someone is trying to raise interest in an issue that no-one supports anymore; beating a dead horse will not make it do any more work.
Something - Anything - Nothing Did you know? About 50 Bibles are sold every minute. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of – le – ending Apple Snufle Gurgle
Castle Tackle Trickle
Jingle Jungle Puzzle
Twinkle Giggle Pickle
B. Vocabulary: Strange Pavement Suddenly
Ambulance Lying Opposite
Bench Yawn Towards
C. How to Act: We use “something” to refer about things in positive sentences. There is something on the table. We use “anything” for things in negative sentences and questions. But we only use “nothing” for negative sentences. Is there anything in the fridge? No, there isn’t anything in the fridge No, there is nothing in the fridge.
Square Fix Understand
ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1. Is there anything I can do for you? No. I’m going to be fine thank you? 2. Is there anything interesting in that library? No, there isn’t anything interesting. 3. What’s there for me? There is nothing for you. 4. There is nothing to see in thast small town 5. I heard something about a Queen at the museum. 6. Did you learn anything today? Yes. something about a country in Asia 7. It was too late to do something . They had al ready done everything tos ave her life 8. If you don’t mention anything to mum and dad They won’t find out. 9. Something was dropped from that car. Be careful! 10. There was Something Left in the toilet 11. anything you say, anything you do they’ll know it. 12. There is Something obstructing the way. 13. Something is going on! People look upset. It Must be Something about the price of the tickets. 14.Would you do anything he asks you to? No, not anything 15. nothing I say would make you change your mind. 16. Do you have anything to do tonight? No, not really 17. Is there anything to cover the toys with? Yes, there is Something in the Basement 18. nothing was griten about the accident on the Papers. They were hiding Something 19. They have nothing to do with the problem. Keep Them away. 20. There is nothing more pleasant than seen your Children having fun.
D. Act the part: THE MAN IN THE BLACK SUIT One morning Mrs. Sara Moore Woke up, and Wole up her husband. While Mrs. Moore and her husband were looking out of their bedroom Window, They saw something very strange in the little Squire outsider:Somebody suddenly fell down on the pavement.Mrs. Moore was even more worried when she went to wake up her son. He didn’t answer her shouts and his door was locked. Her daughter, tried to wake him too but it was no good.Mr. Moore wasn’t worried so they had breakfast together without their son. Several ambulantes went past the house. During breakfast Mr.Moore read the newspaper. The news were very bad. He told his wife about it. Then Mr. Moore tried to wake up his son. He shouted and knocked on the door. But his son still didn’t answer. Finally Mr. Moore broke down the door. When they went into the room, Mrs.Moore screamed. His son was lying on the bed and…
Somebody - Anybody-Nobody E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: Did anyone fall down? Why didn't the son answer his parents or sister? What was the "bad" news in the paper? Why did several ambulances pass the house?
F. DICTATION: HOT MORNING It was early morning. People were getting up. Mrs. Sarah Moore woke up. She looked at the clock on the wall opposite the bed: six-thirty. She got out of bed and walked over to the window. She opened the window and looked out. Another hot day! There were only a few people in the square outside - an old man was walking very slowly towards the newspaper shop; a girl was sitting on a bench; a young man was leaning against the wall, next to the hairdresser's shop. Mrs. Moore yawned and walked back to the bed. Her husband was still sleeping.
Active notes
Every / Each One / Another Other / Others Did you know? The Bible was written in three languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of -nk endings /nk/ Bank Thank Pink
nk Blanket Sink
Monkey Sunk Tank Plunk Stink Think
B. Vocabulary: Learn Mention Price
Translate Simple Language
Brilliant Exceptional Pleasant
C. How to Act: We use "every" and "each" to talk about all people or things in a group or series. We use "every" / "each" + singular noun + singular verb. She has sent invitation to every member of the staff. We use "one" to talk about a person or a thing when there are several or many. One of the passengers on the bus was sick. . We use "another" with the meaning "one more" or a different one. She would like to have another child. We use "other" with the meaning "different ones" or "ones" that have not been mentioned.! The other restaurants on the beach were more expensive. We use "others" with the meaning "other people or things". Some people like movies and others aren't interested at all.
Town Hide Caver
ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1. I’ve told each of my friends what you have done. 2. Each house in the neighborhood has its own garden. 3. Could I ask you another question? 4. One of the animals at the zoo had been caught in África. 5. Every applicant has to fill the form for an interview 6. Each member of the family has to pay full price ticket. 7.He put each of the documets on the desk and the others in an envelope. 8.There is one flight at 5:00 pm and another at 7:00pm which one did you take? I checked on each flight and I decided to take one in the morning 9. How was the ceremony did everyone arrive on time? I arrived first and the others came later 10. There are no tickets for tomorrow. I have called each bus company in town. 11. What will the others say when I tell them about this? 12.Do you Know any other cities as romantic as this one? Well, I Know some other cities but not as this one. 13. Could we continue this meeting any other day? Yes, of course any day, any time you want sir. 14.She’s got two cars, one is blue and new, and the other one is Black and old but the old one is a classic Cadillac 15. One of his children is studying in london and the other one is at home 16.Each candidate would have an interview with the jury. Well, there is only one who Could be crown Miss Universe and the others can go back home. 17.One of the houses was completly destroyed by the storrm but all the others can be repaired. 18. One of my sisters bought me this jacket and the others sent me Money from spain 19. I did all the hard work and the others didn’t move a finger. 20. Spanish is one of the most difficult languages to learn.
D. Act the part: THE MAN IN THE BLACK SUIT Gabriel Garcia Marquez is one of the most famous writers for the last Century. He had a successful career. One reason for his success is that he has such a relaxing and simple way to tell in each of his stories everything from his own perspective with the most glamorous vocabulary in a tropical country. His best writing was:”One hundred years of solitude” a price Nobel and one of the most famous books ever translated into many languages.”No one writes to the colonel” is another of his best Sellers with the same brilliant magic than all the others,also,
Everyone wants another one! "Big mama's funeral" is another rich piece of writing from this exceptional author, and it should send anyone who has not read "One hundred years of solitude" straight to it.
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: What are some other best sellers from this famous writer? What has he done for the last forty years? What is so special about his writings? What is the reasson for his succes?
F. DICTATION: NO ONE WRITES TO THE CORONEL "The Colonel took the top of the coffee can and saw that there was only one little spoonful left. He removed the pot from the fire, poured half the water onto the earthen floor, and scarped the inside of the can with a knife until the last seraI pings of the ground coffee, mixed with bits of rust, fell into the pot. While he was waitingfor it to boil, sitting next to the stone fireplace with an attitude of confident i and innocent expectation, the colonel experienced the feeling that fungus and poisonous lilies were taking root in his gut. It was October. A difficult morning to get through, even for a man like himself, who had survived so many mornings like this one. For nearly sixty years - since the end of the last civil war - the - colonel
Active notes
who wers the pants? The person who wears the pants in a relationahip is the dominant person
Either Or - Neither Nor Did you know? The CD was developed by Philips and Sony in 1980. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of more - le endings/|/ Able Table Ramble
Scramble Middle Jumble
Impossible Bubble Bible
Cradle Possible Comfortable
B.Vocabulary: Farming Roads Raising
Skyscrapers Camping chickens
Valleys Clean air Growing rice Pine trees
C. How to Act: We usually use “somebody” to refer about a person in positive sentences. Somebody told me that it was a good film. We usually use “anybody” / “anyone” for people in negative sentences and in questions we out use “nobody” / “no one” only in negative sentences. Did you know anybody at the party? No, I didn’t know anybody at the party No, I knew nobody at the party.
Raising pigs Fishing
ACTIVE ENGLISH:
Either I or you can
1. Where is she now? She's either at the office or at airport 2. He's either at home or at the gym working out 3. Derek will either travel by train or by plane. 4. Do you know how I can get in touch with him? Yes, I can either give you his phone number or his e-mail. 5. David can either play tennis or volleyball. 6. Sarah is neither studying English nor Spanish. 7. Neither Emily nor Frank presented the exam. 8. Neither Tom nor Anna passed the interview. 9. Donald got the job; he'll either accept it or_ father decline it. 10. She participated on the competition she can either win or have a good experience. 11.There are two flights in the morning we can either buy tickets for the 7:00 am or the 10:00 am. 12. We wanted to go to the game but we didn't have money. 13. They neither write nor read in english 14. He either goes to the museum or to the park. 15. We can either drive or take a bus to the city. 16. Your accent is neither Australian nor South African. 17. She'll become either a doctor or a nurse. 18. She neither lives with her mother nor her father 19. They neither drink nor smoke. 20. We will either move next week or next month, but definitely before Christmas. D. Act the part: PEACE IN THE MOUNTAIN "Peace in the mountains", that's what many people in big cities look forward to go when they get a chance to go on holidays, it is either the mountain or the beach. If you are looking for quiet places you may think that going away from big noises and crowed shopping centers will give you a quite time, but have you ever thought about ghosts? Are you afraid of them? Or when it comes to pleasure you don't really care. Gerry Miller (a writer) was looking for peace. He wanted somewhere peaceful to work. He found a mountain above a small town and he decided to build a house on the top of the mountain. His wife didn't like the mountain. She found it strange: nothing grew on it - no flowers, no trees, and no plants. But the writer had made up his mind.
Either I or you can Then the writer and his wife went to see a builder and showed him the plans for the house. Unwillingly, the builder agreed to do the work and six months later it was finished. The writer began to work but he was not at peace. He heard strange noises, and on the third day‌.. E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. Why was everybody very surprised when the writer told them that he wanted to Guild a Houston top of the mountain? 2. Why did the man want to build a house on the mountain? 3. Why couldn’t the man work at home?
F. DICTATION: The building of the house took a long time. First of all it was very difficult to get the men. They wanted neither to visit nor to work on top of the mountain. But the man offered the builder more Money and six men were found. Then the work itself went very slowly. All the men seemed nervous and they lost things, and dropped things and forgot things. But, finally, alter six months, the house was ready and the builders went away. Then the man moved in a desk and some chairs, shelves for his books, pen and
Active notes
Ugly as a stick If someone is as ugly as a stick, they are very ugly indeed to say about something
Becouse, in case, so, so that Did you know? About one – third of recorded CDs are pirated. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of- qu/ ku/ Quack Quake Queen
Quit Quite Quiz
Quickly Squeal Squash
Quarrel Square Esquire
B.Vocabulary: Stand Polite Laught Left
Dark Outside Along Explain
C. How to Act: We use “because” to give the reason for something Jack is in the hospital because he had an accident. We use “because” of with a noun. Jack is in the hospital because of the accident. We use “in case” when the reason is something that might happen: I’m taking my umbrella in case it rains.
Carry Height Trustful Narrow
Business Suit Popular
Just in case
We use “so” to talk about the result of something. I was late so l called my boss.
We use “so” that to talk about the purpose o fan action. I called my boss so that he wouldn’t get upset for me being late. ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1. They missed the bus so they had to wait for another one. 2. He didn`t want to talk to me because of what you said. 3. Peter had travel at the airport because he forgot his passport. 4. I’ll take a book t oread in case my train delays. 5. I’m on a strict diet so I can lose some weight. 6. Take the Keys so that I don’t have to wake up to open the door for you. 7. I want a cold drink because I’m thirsty. 8. Carol goes to the gym everyday so she can be fit and healthy. 9. Jeremy and Laura had registered in the library so that they can borrow some books. 10. Gina had to go out and get something toe at because she was starving. 11. Lina has a bad cold so she is in bed. 12. Somebody was screaming last night on the street so I called the police 13. Our school had bought more Computers so that we can have more access to technology. 14.I’ll take a taxi so that you won’t have to wait for me. 15. I watch the news everyday so that I know what’s going on in the World 16. Tommy will get early to the airport in case she takes an early flight 17. I’ll call Carmen in case she wants to come. 18. Michael doesn’t like meat so he eats vegetables and grains. 19. Jill is still upset because of the letter. 20. Put the bird inside the cage so that it won’t fly away. D. Act the part:
MADLY IN LOVE
Leo Dean lived in a large grey building in a large garden. At the edge of the garden there were big gates.From his Windows, every day, Leo watches a girl working in the garden. He called her “juliet”.He never Spoke to her but he fell in love with her. One day, when nobody was looking, he followed her home, he saw her going inside a house and shut the door. Leo Knocked on the door and an old woman opened it. Leo asked for “juliet” but the old woman didn’t know her. The old woman was frightened of Leo and ran away.
Just in case Leo went into the house. He knocked on a door and went into a room. Somebody was having a meeting in the room. Leo asked them for "Juliet" but nobody knew her. Leo went into another room and found "Juliet" but she didn't recognize him.
Love is bund
So many relationships fail because the parties involved fail to establish the ground rules before they enter into a full time commitment with each other. This is exactly how people suddenly go from saying "I love you" to "Have we met before?" three or four months into the relationship. Never under-estimate the power of testerone or estrogen to drive unsuspecting victims prematurely to the altar, heavy breathing does not mean he loves you. He might merely means he has asthma-Yet seriously, there is a reason why they say "love is blind". Many people fall under the illusion that we are with Mr. or Mrs. Right while in the throes of passion, only to find out later that love is also deaf and dumb as we refused to hear or communi- cate our aims with our partner. n order to determine whether or not your current partner is Mr. or Mrs. Right, they both need to sit down with each other and do the homework. This is more than about just determining whether or not the two people like the same movies or music.
Compatibility is actually about sharing common spiritual values and goals in life. It is also about taking the time to really get to know someone instead of panicking and inserting a finger into an engagement ring "in case no-one better comes along." Most people fear talking about their relationship for fear that a discussion of practical considerations will deflate the romantic value of the connection. Although this is definitely true, it is better to know the truth about a partner, rather waste your time with a heart that is possibly made of Fool's gold. If you want to spare yourself a bad case of "disappointed expectations" I recommend that you make the other person answer the following questions.
Just in case You must be aware that the following inquiries contain a comprehensive list of everything that you need to know before you decide to fall in love and that if even one of these questions results in an affirmative reply it means you have encountered a Mr. or Mrs. Wrong. Are you currently married?, living with someone?, in jail?, a member of a cult?, an alcoholic?, a manic despresive?, unemployed?,scared of Clowns?, have more than two pets or envolved in organizad or disorganized crime?. If he or she answers yes or even “I don’t know” to any of these questions, drop him or her like a hot potato! If your partner succeeds in replying “no” to part one of the discussion, then you must proceed to part two: The Definition of the Relationship. If you like, you may even put the following rules down as a paper agreement. For the first thirty days of the dating, neither person should be able to refer to the other as my boyfriend. My girlfriend, my significant other, my lover, my one and only or my fiancee. Acceptable descriptions are “the person I am seeing”, “the person I am dating” and “the person I am going out with”. All expetations of a relationship shall be terminated under the following conditions: This is what we call Grounds for Immediate Termination of Date and Any Future Relationship. 1.Phone call not returned in 24 hour period. 2. One or other cancels date to see ex girlfriend or boyfriend. 3.Either party suggests bringing a friendo on the date. 4. Mani s too broke to pay for the first date. 5. Either party says I love you before having met the other. 6. Either party compares the other to his or her ex. 7. Woman asks for crédito card or visa Lumber to process payment for services rented.
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. Why do you or don’t you agree with the writer? 2. How would you describe Mr or Mrs. Right? 3. Why do you think many relationships fail?
F. Dictation: BUND DATE Searching on the internet has become very popular for the last 10 years. Many people around the world are using it for different purposes, although information on the net is not trustful there is a big amount of users form different ages who only sees this as an important key for meeting people, places, or simply finding the right person to date or why not, to marry?.
Active notes
That’s all she wrote This idiom ia used to show that something has ended and there is nothing more
Althoungh, While, However, Despite Did you know? Elvis favourite collectibles were oficial badges. He collected police badges in almost every city he performed in.
A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of ph / f / The inner border of the lower lip contacts the upper teeth to create a constriction
Photo Phone Telephone
Elephant Alphabet Phoebe
Christopher Phillip Ophelia
Josephine Phrase Dolphin
B. Vocabulary: Lit Rich Servants
Beat Busy – body Stay
Lorry Beat – up Find – out
C. How to Act: We use “although” to contrast two ideas or situations with in a sentence. The president declared the days as Holiday although the people were against it. We use “while” to contrast two aspects of the same thing or two similar things with in a sentence. I’m doing all the work here while you stay home resting. We use “however” when the contrast is expressed in a separate sentence I agree with your idea. However, I don’t think it’s practical.
Go – away Outside In – side
Just in case
We use “despite” witha noun to Express concesión or contrast. Despite it was raining, we decided to go out. ACTIVE ENGLISH: 1. Despite working hard, Kevin failed the examination. 2. Although Mrs, Sims had lived in Hong Kong all her life, she knew very little Cantonese. 3. Although I have a successful career, I haven’t met the men I am looking for 4. While it was sunny on the sea front, the wind was cold. 5. Despite all the effort we couldn’t win the race. 6. the teacher made us run although we were tirad alter the game. 7. My mother turned the TV right up while l was on the phone 8. You called while I was in the bathroom 9. The jo bis well paid while it is dead boring 10. I am interested in economics, although I don’t like math. 11. Despite of my asthma I really enjoy going into the sauna 12. I am not staying in New York, although the plane stops at JFK airport 13. London is a very beautiful city.However, It’s very expensive. 14. My wife is a very beautiful woman.However I like her to go to the hairdresser every weekend. 15. I always work until 9:00 pm although the company doesn’t pay overtime 16. Alcohol is a sociable drink, However, it shouldn’t be abuse of. 17. In the Uk children can buy cigarettes at the age of 16, althought it is forbidden to smoke in public places. 18.I consider John not to be a very handsome man. However, women follow him everywhere. 19. English is United States oficial language. However Spanish is widely spoken in this country. 20. There is no way you can get tickets for tonight’s concert. However, my cousin is the manager, we can try to call him! D. Act the part:
BUSYBODY
Mrs. Cable was a very rich woman and she lived in a big house in a large city. She was also a busybody – she always wanted to know everything: what was happening, what people were doing, why people were doing things, etc. an away.
He went out although…… D. Act the part: One morning when she was sitting at a window, watching the Street, a lorry stopped outside her house and three men got out. They lifted a large box out of the lorry. One of the men drove the lorry away while the others stayed with the box. Mrs. Cable wanted to find out what they were doing. She sent two of her servants to find out: first she sent Sam and the men told him to go away. The she sent George, the head servant, and the men beat him up. Finally she went herself…
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. Was the city Mrs. Cable lived in, a peaceful one? 2. Who telephoned Mrs. Cable just before nine o’clock? 3. What sometimes happens to busybodies?
F. DICTATION: Mrs. Cable was extremely rich – the richest in the city. She was also a busybody – she always wanted to know what everyone was doing. From the windows of her large house, she looked out at the street. She looked out morning, afternoon, and evening. She didn’t work she didn’t go out, and she didn’t read. She just watched people in the street. Her servants brought her meals on a tray, and when she wanted anything, she rang bell.
Did you know? In May 1997, Paul McCartney broke his own world record by obtaining his 81st gold disc. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The consonant sound /k/ Kilo Peaking Wake Kick Knock
Chemistry
Cow
Keep
Kill
Hook
B.Vocabulary: Charge Available More and more popular
Products Steal Behave
Credit card Nervous Convinient
Account Branches Sale
C. How to Act: The “full stop”, also called “period”, is a punctuation mark consisting of a mall dot (.). It is one of the most important punctuation marks, and the most emphatic, because its main function is to mark the end of a sentence and so separate one sentence from another, and it is also used following many abbreviations (e.g.; etc.) The children behave very well. They are getting married next week. We are moving house soon. The car broke down. You can choose the restaurant.
SHOPPING ON THE INTERNET Shopping on the internet or sopping on-line is becoming more and more popular. More and more people are using the internet to buy things. Why do people use the internet to shop? Some people say it is more convenient. They don’t have to leave their homes to order something, and they can shop for anything they want at any time, day or night. Other people say they can find things for sale that they can’t find in the stores near their homes. Still other people say they can find better prices on the internet. If you want to buy something on the internet, you need a credit card. You have to type your credit card number and information on the website and send it to the store over the internet. You have to be sure that the store will not use your information in the wrong way. You don’t want someone to get your credit card number and charge something to your account. Of course, you always have to be careful with your credit card number, because people sometimes steal credit card numbers from stores and restaurants too. For people who are too nervous to shop on-line, the internet is a good place to go window-shopping. Window-shopping is when you go to a store and look at the things for sale, but don’t plan to buy anything. Window-shopping is easy on the internet. You can see what kinds of products are available and how much they cost. You can visit stores with branches near you, or you can visit stores that are only on the internet. Some stores have a website for information about their stores, but not for shopping. Some stores have a website for information about their stores, and you can shop on-line there too, and some other stores arte only for on-line shopping.
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: What should Mrs. Douglas had done when Mr. Douglas disappeared? What is Mr. Douglas real reason for leaving home? Is there anybody who has a reason to harm Mr. Douglas?
F. Dictation: BUND DATE With just a click of the mouse, shoppers can buy nearly any product online from groceries to cars, from insurance policies to home loans. The world of electronic commerce, also known as e-commerce, enables consumers to shop at thousands of online stores and pay for their purchases without leaving the comfort of home. For many, the Internet has taken the place of Saturday
Active notes
That’s all she wrote This idiom ia used to show that something has ended and there is nothing more
Pronuctuation Capital Letter Did you know? They very first bomb that the allies dropped on berlin in World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. . A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The consonant sound/n/ The front and sides of the tongue contact the alveolar ridge anteriorly and laterally to obstruct the oral Knob Pound Into Nine Necessity Monkey Nasal
Pin
Minister
Down
Night
Ninja
Information
B.Vocabulary: Current account Savings account Mortgages
Interest Insurance Credit cards
Debit cards Cash Loans
Investments Deposit Withdraw
C. How to Act: Capital letters are not technically speaking punctuation marks, but their use is so closely associated with the use of the full stop, and with exclamation mark so it makes sense to treat their use here. We use “capital letters” as the initial letter of the first word of a sentence or a direct quotation. They left early and said, “I don’t feel well”. A “Capital letters” is always used as the initial letter of a name or proper noun.
Mary, Romeo, and Amber speak Italian and French but they all live in South America. A "capital letter" is also used as the initial letter of the main words in the titles of people, places or works of art, titles of wars and historical, cultural and geological periods. Uncle Fred and Professor John were reading Withering Heights and playing Beethoven's Third Symphony at the Ely Cathedral. A "capital letter" is used as the initial letter of the days of the week, months of the year, and religious festivals. This year, Christmas is going to be celebrated on Monday the 25th of December by Christians. A "capital letter" is used as the initial letter of God, Allah or Jesus Christ, or similar words. When a pronoun refers to God, we also use capital letters. God asks us to trust in Him.
D. Act the part: BANK OF AMERICA STARTED AS BANK OF ITALY Amedeo Giannini, son of Italian immigrants to the US, started the Bank of America in a converted saloon in San Francisco at 9 am on Monday, 17 of October 1904. On the first day, 28 deposits totaled $8,780. When an earthquake struck in 1907, he ran his bank from a plank in the street. Word quickly spread about his service and by 1916 he had several branches. By 1929, the bank was strong enough to withstand the Great Depression stock crash. Giannini changed the name to Bank of America in 1928 and remained chairman until 1963. The Bank of Italy in Italy, was created in 1893 through the merger of 3 of the 6 banks at the time: Banca Nazionale nel Regno d'ltalia and 2 Tuscan banks. The Bank of England was founded by William Patterson after King William III of England found himself badly in need of funds to fight a war with France in 1694. Patterson provided the funds after the king agreed to order all the goldsmiths of London to stop issuing receipts as depositories for precious metals, forcing merchants to store their gold with the new bank. The Bank of England was finally authorized in 1946. The Reichsbankof Germany was founded by Meyer Amschel Rothschild (1743-1812), who appointed his son Karl over the Bank of Naples, and his son Salomon over the Bank of Vienna. Later, his son Edmund presided over the Bank of Germany, and his son Nathan over the Bank of England.
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. What benefits do you get from putting your money in a bank account? 2. What types of accounts can you open? 3. How long does it take to open an account? 4. What do you need to open an account? 5. What other services or products do you receive from a bank?
F. DICTATION: By the time of the American Civil War (1861 – 1865) there were 1600 banks in the US, issuing about 7,000 different kinds of bank notes. In 1861, the US congress authorized “promissory notes,” calling them “greenbacks” to contrast in colour with notes issued by private bank. The US Treasury held the impressive sum of $346,681,016.
Active notes
Caught with your hand in the cookie jar If someone is caught with his or her hand in the cookie jar, he or she is caught doing something wrong.
Punctuation Question Mark Did you know? Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera, created Tom and Jerry in 1939. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The consonant sound /v / The inner border of the lower lip contacts the upper teeth to create a constricVerbs Voice Vanish
Conceive Microwave Vary
Device Serve Dissolve Visit
Vincent Verify
B. Vocabulary: Package Food Produce Ingredients Broiled Meal
Food Labels Voluntary Serving County
Raw Poultry Nutrition Facts Merchant Meat
C. How to Act: The "question mark", sometimes also known as the query and written as (?), is used to mark the end sentence which asks the question. Where are we? Is right time? Who is that? Why did they early? Does he always behave so badly?
D. Act the part: WHY A HAMBURGER IS CALLED A HAMBURGER ALTHOUGH IT CONTAINS NO HAM? During a trip to Asia in the early 1800s, a German merchant – it is said – Noticed that the nomadic tartars softened their meat by keeping it under their saddles. The motion of the horse pounded the meat to bits. The Tartars would then scrape it together and season it for eating. The idea of pounded beef found its way back to the merchant’s home town of Hamburg, where cooks broiled the meat and referred to Hamburg meat. German immigrants introduced the recipe to the US. The term “hamburger” is believed to have appeared in 1834 on the menu from Delmonico’s restaurant in New York but there is no surviving recipe for the meal. The first mention in print of “Hamburg steak” was made in 1884 in the Boston Evening Journal. The honour of producing the first proper hamburger goes to Charlie Nagreen of Seymour. In 1885 Nagreen introduced the American hamburger at the Outgamie County fair in Seymour. (Seymour is recognized as the hamburger capital of the world.) However, there is another claim to that throne. There is an account of Frank and Charles Menches who, also in 1885, went to the Hamburg, New York county fair to prepare their famous pork sausage sandwiches. But since the local meat market was out of pork sausage, they used ground beef instead. The first account of serving ground meat patties on buns-taking on the look of the hamburger as we know it today – took place in 1904 at the St. Louis World Fair. But it was many years later, in 1921, that an enterprising cook from Wichita, Kansas, Walt Anderson, introduced the concept of the hamburger restaurant. He convinced financier Billy Ingram to invest $700 to create The White Castle hamburger chain. It was an instant success. The rest of the history, we might say, belongs to McDonald’s.
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. Was the city Mrs. Cable lived in, a peaceful one? 2. Who telephoned Mrs. Cable just before nine o’clock? 3. What sometimes happens to busybodies?
F. DICTATION: FOOD LABELS "Do companies that package food have to put food labels on their packages? Yes, the food labels give the shop-per important information. Almost all packaged food has food labels. Information on raw foods like meat, poul-try, seafood, and produce isvoluntary. Packaged food didn't always have food labels, did they? A new law in some developed countries like the UK, said most food had to have labels. The labels have to include the ñame of the food, the ñame and address of the company, how much is in the package, a list of ingredients, the size of a
Active notes
Can’t dance and it’s too wet to plow When you can’t dance and it’s too wet to plow, you may as well do something because you can’t or don’t have the opportunity to do anything else
Pronuctuation Exclamation Mark Did you know? There are four types of marriages: monogamy, polygamy (polygamy), polyandry, and group marriage. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The consonant sound /r / The tongue is elevated towards the hard palate in a bunched configuration. Room Raise Resign
Reference Recognize Ring
Rope Press Reckon Relieve Ride Roll
B.Vocabulary: Jump Greet Eager Lounge
Beat Rip-Roaring Grab Quick
Outside Crowded Salary-Men Couple
HopOn Anxiously Friendly A Bit
C. How to Act: Use an exclamation point"[!]" atthe end of an emphatic declaration, interjection, orcommand. "No!" heyelled. "Do itnow!" Run! *Save me! * Itfell done! *Itfhat a beautiful day! * Ouch! *How marvelous! ^Do not overuse the exclamation mark. One is enough at the ci贸se of a sentence.
D. Act the part:
A DAY IN THE LIFE OF AN ENGLISH TEACHER 6:00 a.m.: Get up and jump in the shower! It's early, too early! , but you've got to get to downtown and beat through the early morning traffic. Your first class is, at 7:00 a.m. You catch the bus right outside your door and hop on for a rip-roaring ride through the streets. Even though it's early, the bus is CROWDED! 6:50 a.m.: Arrive at the Institute and get a cup of hot instant coffee. The newer teachers are already there, anxiously preparing their lesson plans for the morning. Just like you when you first arrived. You've been doing this for 6 months now, and you know most of your lesson plans by heart. Goodbye, preparation time! 7:00 a.m.: Greet your first class, a group of eager "salary-men" and "salary-women." They are anxious to get in their hour of English before they start their jobs at various banks and corporations. It's an advanced class, and most of the students have been at the Institute for several semesters. It's a relaxed and friendly class, despite the early hour. The topic for today? It's a "free talking" class, and one of the students has selected to talk about space travel! 10:00 a.m.: Time for a short break. You've already taught three 50-minute classes. You hang out with the other teachers in the teacher's lounge, and grab a quick game of cards with a couple of Brits. With ten minutes before your next class, you stop playing to prepare a bit: it's heavy on grammar, and you need some technical research. 11:30 a.m.: Say goodbye to your last class for the morning, a group of students studying for their university entrance exams. You've just spent an hour with them discussing the difference between "had" and "has had". 12:00 p.m.: Grab a quick lunch with a co-worker at the little restaurant round the corner. You've become addicted to the fast food. And at only $1.50, it's the best deal in town. 1:00 p.m.: Time to catch a bus across town to your first private tutoring lesson. This is where the real money is, and although your "split shift" at the Institute is a real pain (you have morning classes, and late evening classes, but nothing in between) it leaves your afternoons free for private lessons, where you can earn three times your Institute salary per hour.
Answer the following questions: What made you choose your career? What did you have to study and how long did you take to finish? Is it necessary to have a degree for every job? Why is it worth it to have a professional degree? What would you be doing if you weren't studying here? Do you consider practical training to be important when starting a new job? Dictation: 2:00 p.m.: When you're having a conversation about cosmetics with a group of housewives on their weekly lesson. You don't think they learn too much (only an hour a week!) and you guess it's more about the experience forthem, well foryou too! You've made some good friends this way - one of the women has invited you out to visit her husband's mushroom farm in the country this weekend, how exciting!
Active notes
Run around the bush If you run around the bush, it means that you’re taking a long time to get
Pronuctuation
The Comma
Did you know? It is said that Cupid's arrows are tipped with diamonds, lending it magic without equal. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The consonant sound /w / The tongue begins in a high-back position similar to the vowel /u/, but the airways are slightly more constricted. Wedding Welcome Wink
Weave Whale Whisper
Weigh Wheel Wet
Wall Wipe Weird
B.Vocabulary: JAncient Marriages Dragged Mythology
Fertility Instead Execution Jealous
Battles Legendary Engagements Disobeyed Feast day Mere
C. How to Act: A "comma" is an extremely common punctuation mark (,).The "comma" is a valuable, useful punctuation device because it separates the structural elements of sentences into manageable segments. We use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. *The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. *The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand.
Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to dinner. We use "commas" after introductory clauses, phrases, or words that come before the main clause. The common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a "comma" include "after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while". While I was eating, the eat scratched at the door. Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor. When the snow stops falling, we'll shovel the driveway. The common introductory words that should be followed by a "comma" include "yes, however, well". Well, perhaps he meant no harm. Yes, the package should arrive tomorrow morning. However, you may not be satisfied with the results. We use "commas" to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series. The Constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The candidate promised to lower taxes, protect the environment, reduce crime, and end unemployment. * The prosecutor argued that the defendant, who was at the scene of the crime, who had a strong revenge motive, and who had access to the murder weapon, was guilty of homicide. We use a "comma" near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift. He was merely ignorant, not stupid. The chimpanzee seemed reflective, almost human. You're one of the senator's close friends, aren't you? The speaker seemed innocent, even gullible. We use "commas" to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names.
D. Act the part: SAINT VALENTINES DAY CELEBRATED ON FEBRUARY 15TH, NOT 14TH Valentine's Day originates from the ancient Román fértility festival of Lupercalia, which was celebrated on 15 of February in honour of the gods Lupercus and Faunus, as well as the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus. Duringthe festival, young men would / draw the ñames of women from a box, and each couple would be paired until nextyear's celebration. Often they would fall in love and marry. At around 270AD Rome was facing battles and civil uprising. The men were not keen to join the army. Emperor Claudius II believed that the men did not want to leave their loved ones and summarily cancelled all marriages and engagements. Two priests, Valentine and Mar- ius, disobeyed the decree and secretly performed marriage cer- emonies. Valentine was caught on 14 of February and dragged to jail. Later in the day he was clubbed to death and beheaded. It is said that, before his execution, Valentine himself had fallen in love with the jailer's daughter. He signed his final note to her, "From your Valentine." In 391AD, Emperor Theodosius I declared Christianity as the official religión of Rome. The fertil-ity festival was celebrated until 496AD when Pope Gelasius replaced it with a similar celebration. For patrón saint of the celebration, he chose the "lovers" saint, St Valentine. He also moved the date of the celebration from the 15 of February to the date of St Valentine's death, 14 of February. Through the centuries, Valentines became to be remembered more as the festival of love instead of a religious day. In 1969 it was dropped from the Román Catholic calendar as a designated feast day.
E. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: What would be a great Valentine's presentforyou? Why do American people celébrate Valentine's Day? What isthe real celebration about Valentine's Day?
F. DICTATION: CUPID Cupid has always played a role in the celebrations of love. Those whose hearts are pierced by his arrows fall deeply in love. In Greek mythology he was known as Eros, the young son of Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. To the Romans, he was Cupid, son of Venus. But where there's love, there often is jealousy. Venus was jealous of the beauty of Psyche, a mere mortal, and ordered Cupid to punish her (for being so beautiful). Instead, Cupid fell deeply in love and took her as his wife.
Pronuctuation the Parenthesis Did you know? There are more earthquakes in Alaska than in California. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The consonant sound /p / The lips are brought together to obstruct the oral cavity and the air is released as an explosion. Place Pile Go Up
Plague Pick Past
Plan Pinch Hope Group Drop Develop
Vocabulary: Earthquake Wave Unexpectedly Geologic
Fault Narrow Damage
Fracture Layer Undetected Frightenin Awesome Power Tectonic
C. How to Act: Use "parentheses [()]" to include material that you want to de-emphasize or that wouldn't normally fit into the flow of your text but you want to include nonetheless. If the material within parentheses appears within a sentence, do not use a capital letter or period to punctuate that material, even if the material is itself a complete sentence. (A question mark or exclamation mark, however, might be appropriate and necessary.) If the material within your parentheses is written as a separate sentence (not included within another sentence), punctuate it as if it were a separate sentence.
*Thirty-five years after his death, Robert Frost (we remember him at Kennedy's inauguration) remains America's favorite poet. *Thirty-five years after his death, Robert Frost (do you remember him?) remains America's favorite poet. *Thirty-five years after his death, Robert Frost remains America's favorite poet. (We remember him at Kennedy's inauguration.)
If the material is important enough, use some other means of including it within your text-even if it means writing another sentence. Note that parentheses tend to de-emphasize text whereas dashes tend to make material seem even more important.
D. Act the part: 19 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES EVERY YEAR
An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. A fault is a fracture in the crust of the earth along which rocks on one side have moved relative to those on the other side. Stresses in the earth's outer layer push the sides of the fault together, pressure builds up and the rocks slip suddenly, releasing energy in waves that travel through the rock to cause the shaking that we feel during an earthquake. Earthquakes tend to be concentrated in narrow zones. There are 7 major crustal plates on earth, about 80 km (50 miles) thick, all in constant motion relative to one another. They move at between 10 and 130 mm (from less than one half to 5 inches) per year. It is estimated that there are several million earthquakes in the world each year. Many of these earthquakes go undetected because they occur in remote areas or have very small magnitudes. The USGS Earthquake Info Center locates 12.000 to 14.000 earthquakes each year (about 35 per day). On average, about 60 earthquakes per year are classified as significant, with 19 classified as major. A significant earthquake is one of magnitude 6.5 or higher or one of lesser magnitude that causes casualties or considerable damage. Major earthquakes have a magnitude largerthan 7.0.
E. Answer the following questions: What should you do during an earthquake? What continente do you consider to be more likely to experience earthquakes? Haveyou ever experienced an earthquake? F. Dictation: THE EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCE Earthquakes can be both frightening as well as interesting. Everyone who has experienced a large earthquake can tell you that. Frightening because of their awesome power and the ability to strike unexpectedly nearly any-where on the planet and they can destroy homes, business, and communities, and turn thousands of people's lives into rubble within a matterof seconds. Interesting, perhaps to everyone in a different way, but maybe because of the immense geologic proportions that these tectonic processes occur.
Active notes
NEW YORK MINUTE If something happens in a New York minute, it happens very fast
Punctuation Question Mark Did you know? The first film animation was "Humorous Phases of Funny Faces" made in 1906 by American J. Stuart Blacton. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The consonant sound /z / The apex and blade of the tongue are elevated into contact with the hard palate, living a narrow midline groove open. Zipper Jazz Dozen
Zero Zoo Cheese
Zone Zoom Buzzer Nose Busy Advertisement
Vocabulary: Bollywood Academy Awards Screen
Flicks
Produced Average Market Successful Equaling ReleasedOutput Worldwide MPAA Animators
C. How to Act: The "quotation marks" ("") are use to show another person's exact words, eitherspoken or in print incorpo-rated into your own writing. Use a set of "quotation marks" to endose each direct quotation included in your writing. Use a capital letter with the first word of a direct "quotation" of a whole sentence. Do not use a capital letter with the first word of a direct "quotation" of part of a sentence.
If the "quotation" is interrupted and then continúes in your sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation. Mr. and Mrs. Alien, owners of a 300-acre farm, said, "W/e refuse to use that pesticide because it might pollute the nearby wells." Mr. and Mrs. Alien stated that they "refuse to use that pesticide" because of possible water pollution. "He likes to talk about football/' she said, "especially when the Super Bowl is coming up." We also use quotation marks to indicate the title of a book, newspaper or movie. Have you ever read "Animal Farm"? D. Act the part: MORE MOVIES PRODUCED IN BOLLYIVOOD THAN HOLLVWOOD Eachyear,moremoviesareproducedin India, where the movingimageindustryis referred to as "Bollywood", than in Hollywood. About 1000 movies are released annually in India, about twice the output of Hollywood. The "B" in Bollywood refers to Bombai (renamed Mumbai). Bollywood movies often are quite long; 3 hours or more of dancing and sing-ing around love as the main plot - although kissing is almost never shown on screen. Everyday, some 14 million Indian people queue for a movie, with more than 4 billion movie Before Bollywood, the first movie screened publicly was "La Sortie des Ouvriers de l'Usine Lumiére" which was presented by Auguste and Louis Lumiére in París in 1895. The first movie to use sound was "The Jazz Singer," released in 1927: the first words, spoken by Al Jolson, were: "Wait a minute, you ain't heard nothingyet." According to the MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America), in 1996 the average Hollywood film cost$35.3 million to makeand another$17.7 million to market. Disney's "The Lion King" cost $45 million to make and employed a total of 800 animators. Bollywood flicks are produced at average $2m.
The most expensive film ever made as at year 2000, was James Cameron's "Titanic." It cost $200 million, but also was the most successful, in the sense that it won 11 Academy Awards, equalling "Ben Hur" of 1959. E. Answer the following questions: What is the best movie you have ever seen? How long does a movie normally last for? What do you need to make a movie? What are the most common types of movies made nowdays? How do you invite people to the movies? F. Dictation: THE TOP FIVE MONEYMAKING FILMS OF ALL TIME "Titanic" ($l,835m), Jurassic Park" ($920m), Independence Day" ($810m), "Star Wars" ($780m), "The Lion King" ($767m). Notice that they all are family-type movies. In fact, movies with strong sexual or violence content usually bomb at the box office. According to the American Family Association, the average cost to produce a movie in 1996 was $40 million. Sex films grossed on average only $700 000. Movies with strong Christian or family content each grossed over $37 million.
Active notes
Mad as a cut snake one who is mad as a cut snake has lost all sense of reason,is crazy, out of control.
Pronuctuation the Hyphen Did you know? That people with high, médium and low income groups spend about the same amount on Christmas gifts. A. ACTIVATE YOUR PRONUNCIATION: The sound of /ks/ The tongue dorsum is elevated and retracted to contact the back of the hard palate and the soft palate to produce the sound /k/ an then the apex and blade of the tongue are elevated into contact with the hard palate, living a narrow midline groove open to produce the sound /s/. Exile Explain Exercise
Exit Explode
Expand Experiment Expect Exorcise Excuse
Vocabulary: Impressed Trustworthy Honesty Skills
Candidatos
Grooming Habits
evant New Hires Verbal Be Babíed Integrity Motivation Work Ethic Flexibility
RelHaving To Initiative Adaptability
C. How to Act: A "hyphen", written as a small stroke (-), is used to join two words together or to indícate that a word has been broken atthe end of Une because of lack of space. It is used in a variety of situations. The "hyphen" is used as the prefix element in a proper noun. *Post-Renaissance *Mother-in-law
* Anti-Terrorist Squad * Matter-of-fact
* Pre-School * Co-operation
They are also used to show the difference between terms which are spelled the same, but which have different meanings:
reformation change for the better recover to regain control re-cover resign to stand down re-sign
re-formation
to form again to cover again to sign again
Act the part: WHAT EMPLOYERS WANT Employers say they are impressed by job candidates who have excellent communication skills, good grooming habits, and relevant work experience. Employers say they want trustworthy new hires who can move right in, get along with their co-workers, and get the job done without having to be babied at each step.
Top 10 Qualities Employers Seek 10 Steps to a successful interview *Communication skills (verbal and written). * Arrive on time. *Honesty/integrity. * Introduce yourself in a courteous manner. *Teamwork skills (works well with others). * Read company materials while you wait. *Interpersonal skills (relates well to others). * Have a firm handshake. *Motivation/initiative. * Listen. *Strong work ethic. * Use body language to show interest. *Analytical skills. * Smile, nod, give nonverbal feedbacktothe interviewer. *Flexibility/adaptability. * Ask about the next step in the process. *Computer skills. * Thank the interviewer. *Organizational skills. * Write a thank-you letter to anyone you have spoken to.
Answer the following questions: How do you prepare yourself for an interview? Do you believe in first impressions at interviews? Do you have any sort of techniques to take you through an interview? What are the most important points that you should write on a resume or CV, e.g. photo? Is the CV or the interview the most important thing in order to get a job?
F. Dictation: HOW TO WRITE A CURRICULUM VITAE A Curriculum Vitae, commonly referred to as CV, includes a summary of your educational and academic backgrounds as well as teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors, and affiliations. International employers often expect to read the type of personal information on a curriculum vitae that would not be included on an American resume. When writing a CV for graduate school or academia, the personal information included in this curriculum vitae template would be omitted. Using the example in this act as a guide, create and write your own CV. In pair do a telephone interview.
Donald Steward George (44)208-1111-420 dstewardgeorge@123.com EDUCATION Sep 2006—Present, Shanghai University, BE Candidate for Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering degree (ME). Major academic courses highlights: Company Property Management; Marketing; Economics; English Technology Communication; Information Management System; Modem Fabrication System. May 2006, Certified Public AccountingTraining(CPA) OCCUPATION Dec 2005—present, ITT investment. China Application Engineer, Sales & Marketing Application support and industry projects tracing to sales office to achieve the sales budget and new industry market application research. Pay suitable visits to end users and DI for seminare and technical presentations with salesperson or distributors while collec marketing information and competitor information analysis. July 2005—Sep 2005, Intel Products Co., Shanghai, China CPU Assembly Engineer (Intemship) Analyzed the yield ratio trend, documented and solved the current problems. Partíclpated in the training of marketing, business process modeling and analysis at Intel University. Visualized a project revlew with impressive presentation and multi-media animation, which was hlghly appreclated by department manager. June 2005—-July 2005, GFFund Management Co., LTD. Campus Intern Analyzed investment principies and mischoose of related financial derived producís Formulated the scheme of market popularizaron and network marketing. AWARDS 2003-2004, Second-Class Scholarship for Excellent Students of Shanghai University. 2004-2005, the Imagine Ambassador of Shanghai Tennis Popularizaron. COMPETENCIES & INTERESTS English Ability: Band 6 and the intermedíate test of interpretation. Germany Ability: 600 hours of Germany lessons in TongJi University. Computer Skills: National Computer Lever 3rd Certifícate. (Network Communication) Professional Certifícate of Assistant Information Officer (AI0). *C++, VBA, Provisión, JMP, AutoCAD, 3Dsmax, Photoshop, Solidworks, Aftereffect. Personal Interests: Basketball (Skills); skating (Speed); English (elegant); Snooker (Stable)
Final Review How to write an essay A. How to Act: An essay can have many purposes, but the basic structure is the same no matter what. You may be writing an essay to argue for a particular point of view or to explain the steps necessary to complete a task. Either way, your essay will have the same basic format. If you follow a few simple steps, you will find that the essay almost writes itself. You will be responsible only for supplying ideas, which are the important part of the essay anyway. Don't let the thought of putting pen to paper daunt you. Get started! These simple steps will guide you through the essay writing process: *Decide on your topic. *Prepare an outline or diagram of your ideas. *Write your thesis statement. *Write the body. *Write the main points. *Write the sub-points. *Elaborate on the sub-points. *Write the introduction. *Write the conclusion. *Add the finishing touches.
B. SAMPLES: ESSAYSAMPLE 1: Physical Punishment of Children: Should párente smack, slap or hit their children to correct misbehaviour? Should we beat children? Maybe! Many párente use physical punishment to discipline their children. Others prefer to use different methods to reward good behaviour or punish misbehaviour. This essay will look at some of the argumente for and against physical punishment of children. It is often claimed that physical punishment will damage children in later life. Opponents of corporal punishment claim thatthe children will grow up to become delinquents oreven beattheirwives. However, many happily married adults today were slapped when they wereyounger but have never hittheirspouses. Another point often made is that physical punishment teaches children that you can use forcé to make others do what you want. In fact children brought up well soon learn that forcé by iteelf is nothing - it must be associated with right. Finally, some people say that punishinga child by smacking him will damage the relationship between the child and the párente. This is clearly wrong. Children who understand the reasons for rules will be happier than children who are notgiven clearguidelines. There are definitely concerns about physical punishment. Some párente lose control and can injure children -even breaking bones or causing bruises. Others can use violence excessively or as the only method of discipline. In this case, the child will be hurt, fearful and anxious and will not leam to distinguish right from wrong. The big-gest problem with physical violence is when it is not appropriate to the age of the child. It can be very effective to quickly smack a two-year-old who is screaming. However, it is not effective to beat a 16-year-old who is late forschool onceagain. In conclusión, physical punishment can bea useful method of discipline. However it should be the lastchoicefor párente. Ifwewantto build a worid with less violence we mustbegin athome, and we mustteach our children to be responsible. 2. Should we beat children? No! There have been big changes in the attitudes of most párente over the last few years. Very few párente would agree with using forcé regularly as a way of dealing with discipline problems in their children. Physical punishment is banned in schools in most countries, and in many countríes, there are moves to ban all corporal punishment of children even in the home. However, many párente still believe that they have a right to use some physical punishment to deal with certain misbehaviors at certain ages. This essay will ask if some physical punishment is acceptable today, and will ask how párente can know what the limite are. It is easy to find reasons to allow some physical punishment. One issue is that many párente find it very dif-ficult to abandon physical punishment completely. Párente argüe that this was the way they were brought up themselves and that it didn't do any harm to them. They believe that for the child's sake that they have the right
to discipline the child in any way they see fit, including using corporal punishment. A second point is that corporal punishment can be quick and effective: there is not much point reasoning with a screaming child in the supermarket. Finally, most parents are reasonable and fair, and very very few would everconsider hurtingtheir children by using unnecessary physical forcĂŠ. There are several reasons howeverwhy we should stop using physical punishment even in the home. One point is that most parents are not trained to deal with misbehaving children. They do not have enough resources or choices to handle the situation. As a result, they immediately react by smacking or hitting the child, even if there are othersolutions to the problem. Another point is that unless people are challenged orforced to change their beliefs they may keep following negative habits. An example is seatbelt use - now most people wear seat belts without thinking, whereas years ago the idea of using safety belts was strange to most people. In the same way, banning physical punishment in the home will allow people to change their habits and break a cycle of violence. However, the most obvious reason for banning all physical punishment of children is to prevent child abuse. If all parents are allowed to hit their children in the Ăąame of discipline, some parents will go too far and will inf lict severe emotional and physical damage on their children. It may only be a small minority of parents, but we need to protectall our children. In conclusiĂłn, parents have to change some of their beliefs and ideas about how
ESSAY SAMPLE 2: Problem and Solution Essay: The layout of a problem and solution essay is almost the same as an argu-ment essay. Have a lookatthis. 1. Why are drugs becoming a problem? Drug abuse is rife in many countries. Billions of dollars are spent intemationally preventing drug use, treating addicts, and fighting drug-related crime. Although drugs threaten manysocieties, their effects can also be com-bated successfully. This essay looks at some of the effects of drug use on society, and suggests some solutions to the problem. Drug abuse causes múltiple problems for countries and communities. The medical and psychological effects are very obvious. Addicts cannot function as normal members of society. They neglect or abuse their families, and eventually require expensive treatment or hospitalization. The second effect is on crime. Huge pólice resources are needed to fight smuggling and dealing. Criminal gangs and mafia underworlds develop with the moneyfrom dmgs. However, the menace of dmgs can be fought. Education is the first battle. Children need to be told at home and in school about drugs. People need to be aware of the effects so that they can make avoid this problem. A second approach is to increase pólice manpower and powers to stop dealers and to enforce the law. However the main target should be the user. Families and counsellors need to talkto children and people at risk. Parents need to look at their children and help them to Jobs are needed to give people a role in society. In conclusión, although the problem of dmgs may seem impossible to elimínate, there are concrete steps that can be taken to weaken the hold of dmgs on society. The danger from dmgs is too great to ignore.
C. WRITING ACTIVITY: Now, pick a topic and write your own essay using everything you have learned. Animal Testing: Should we use animal testingfor medicine, cosmetics, Chemicals and food producĂs? Education: Many people now have degrees. Does this make a degree less important? Dangerous Sports: Should sports such as boxing and motor-racing be banned? Other Topics 1. Will telecommuting change the world? 2. Should Rich Countries help poorercountries? 3. Do small children learn more quickly than adults? 4. Should smoking be banned? 5. Does a university education lead to success in Ufe? 6. Are security cameras taking away our privacy? 7. Should governments spend money on art? 8. Should people be torced to retire at 65? 9. Is Home Schooling (Teaching children at home) the rĂght choice?
TOPIC:
INTRODUCTION:
BODY:
CONCLUSION:
Appendix InfinitivePast
SimplePast
Participe
InfinitivePast
SimplePast
Be Beat Become Begin Bite Blow hidden Break Bring Build Buy Catch Choose Come Cost Cut Do Draw Drink Drive Eat Fall Feel Fight Find Fly Forget Get Give
was/were beat became began bit blew
been Go beaten Hang begun bitten blown
went Grow hung Have Hear Hide
gone grew hung had heard hid
broke brought built bought caught chose carne cost cut did drew drank drove ate fell felt fought found flew forgot got gave
broken brought built bought caught chosen come cost cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt fough found flown forgotten got given
Hit Hold Hurt Keep Know Leave Lend Let Lie Light Lose Make Mean Meet Pay Put Read/rid/ Ring Rise Run Say See
hit held hurt kept knew left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read/red/ rang rose ran said saw
Participle grown had heard
hit held hurt kept known left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put read/red/ rung risen run said seen
Appendix InfinitivePast SimplePast Sell Send Shine Shoot Show Shut Sing Sit stood Sleep Speak Spend Stand Steal
Participe
InfinitivePast
SimplePast
sold sent shone shot showed shut sang sat
sold sent shone shot shown shut sung sat
Swim Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Understand
swam took taught tore told thought threw understood
swum taken taught torn told thought thrown under-
slept spoke spent stood stole
slept spoken spent stood stolen
Wake Wear Win Write
woke wore won wrote
woken worn won written
Sounds and Motions creature Ape Ass Bear Bee Beetle Bull Cat Cow Deer Dog Donkey Elephant Frog Horse Hound Hyena Lamb Lion
sound gibbers brays growls hums drones bellows purrs lows bells barks brays trumpets croaks neighs bays screams bleats roars
motion swings jogs lumbers flits crawls charges steals wanders bounds runs trots ambles leaps gallops bounds prowls frisks prowls
commonAdjective ungainly stupid clumsy busy horrid angry sleek stolid fallow faithful obstinate ponderous clammy noble gallant cunning gentle tawny
Participle
Appendix creature Monkey Mouse Person Pig Rabbit Serpent Wolf Bird Cock Crow Curlew Duck Eagle Hen Lark Owl Parrot Pigeon Seagull Sparrow Swallow Turkey Robin Wren
sound chatters squeaks talks grunts squeals hisses howls whistles crows caws pipes quacks screams cackles signs hoots screeches coos screams chirps twitters gobbles chirps warbles
motion climbs scampers walks trots leaps glides lopes flies struts flaps flits waddles swoops struts soars flits flits flutters glides flits dives struts hops hops
commonAdjective ag端e timid average fat timid loathsome lean swift proud black lonely waddling proud domestic gentle tawny saucy gentle tireless little swift plump little tiny
Apendix 3: Abbrevations An abbreviation is the shortening of a word to a few letters. These letters are used in place of a word for brevity. It is customary to mark all abbreviations with a full stop. Abbreviation A.A A.B. A.D.
Word in full Automobile Association Able-bodied seaman AnnoDomini
Meaninq
In the yearofour Lord
Appendix Abbreviation B.B.C. B.C. B.D. B.L B.M.A. B.R. B.Sc. C. C.A. C.I.D. Co. C.O.D. Cr. do. E.E.C. e.g. E.R. etc. F. P.O. M. H.M.S. h.p. H.R.H. i.e. O.O.U. J.P. Lat. LLB. I.b.w. M.A. M.P. N.A.T.O. No. O.k. p.c. P.O. R.A.C.
Word in full
Meaninq
British Broadcasting Corporation Before Christ Bachelor of Divinity Bachelor ofLaw British Medical Association British Rail Bachelor of Science Centigrade Chartered Accountant Criminal Investigaron Department Company Cash of Delivery Credit ditto the same European Economic Comunitary exempli gratia forexample Elizabeth Regina Queen Elizabeth etc茅tera andtheotherthing Fahrenheit General Post Office Her Majesty HerMajesty'sShip horse-power His (or Her) Royal Highness id est that is I owe you JusticeofthePeace Latitude Bachelor ofLAWS Leg before wicket MasterofArts Member of Parliament North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Numero Number all correct P贸lice-constable Post Office Royal Automobile Club
Appendix
Appendix Abbreviation P.O. prox. P.S. P.T.O. R.S.V.P. ult. W.P.
Word in full
Meaninq
postal proximonext postscriptum Please Repondezs'ilvous plait ultimo weather
order month written after turn over Reply if you please last month permitting
Apendix 4: Synonyms (words similar in meaning) abandon abode abundant accused acute adhere affectionate aid ally amazement ancient assemble astonish asunder besieged blank bottom bright broad caution circular clergyman coarse commence comprehend conceal constable conversation
leave dwelling plenty blamed sharp stick loving help friend wonder old gather surprise apart surrounded empty foot shining wide care round minister rough begin understand hide policeman talk
cunning curb custom deceive difficult diligent disaster dusk elude emperor enemy enormous extended exterior fall famous fatigue feeble gap glance glaring gravely greeted grope gruff halt hearth heroic
sly control habit cheat hard steady calamity twilight escape king foe gigantic enlarged outside drop noted weariness weak hole look dazzling sternly saluted feel harsh stop fireside bravery
Appendix
courage crystal insolent intention interior join just lament lean lofty loyal mad malady margin mariner marsh máximum meager mínimum mischief moan modern moisture mute myth nimble noisy odor ornen option peculiar persuade stern stubborn sturdy surrender suspended terror tested
bravery glass rude purpose inside unite honest grieve thin high true insane disease edge sailor swamp most scanty least harm groan new dampness dumb fable active rowdy smell sign choice strange coax strict obstínate strong yield hung fear tried
hoax imítate plume profit prohibit prompt powerful promised protect puny purchase quaint quantity queer raiment ramble rank rapid regret remedy request residence reveal roam robust scene shrine sleek slender small squirming steed vacant velour vanquish wealth wicked withdraw wrath
trick copy feather gain forbid quick strong avowed guard weak buy odd amount peculiar clothes roam position quick sorrow cure desire dwelling show wander strong sight tomb smooth slim little wriggling horse empty bravery defeat riches sinful retire anger
Appendix
thrust tranquil transparent unite
pushed peaceful clear join
wretched wreath yearly
miserable circle annually
Apendix 5: Homonyms (similar sounding words)
Air aisle alley allowed ant ate bad bail ball bare beach bell blew boar board bough boy buy ceiling cellar cereal cheap check coarse core loot made mail main mare meat medal
Heir Isle (I'll) ally aloud aunt eight bade bale bawl bear beech belle blue bore bored bow buoy by (bye) sealing seller serial cheep cheque course corps lute maid male mane mayor meet meddle
council crews currant gilt grate groan hail hair hear heard higher him hoard hole holy hour key knew knight knot knows lair leak lightening loan stake stationary steal stile tail tares tiers
counsel cruise current guilt great grown hale hare here herd hire hymn horde whole wholly
our quay new night not nose layer leek lightning lone steak stationery steel style tale tears tears
Appendix their missed more muscle none oar pail pain pair pause peace peal pearl peer picture right rite ring road root rose rye sail scene scent sea seam sew sight soar sole son
there mist mower mussel nun o'er (ore) pale pane pare (pear) paws piece peel peril pier pitcher Wright write wring rode route rows wry sale seen sent (cent) seen seem so (sow) site sore soul sun
stair threw tide time to told vain vale waist wait weak wood
stare trough tied thyme too (two) tolled vane (vein) veil waste weight week would
Apendix 6: Comparision of adjectives The Positive is used when speaking of or describing an object, e.g. short, big. The Comparative is used when comparing two objects and informed by adding "-er" to the Positive, e.g. shorter, bigger. The Superlative is used when speaking of more than two objects and is formed by adding "-est" to the Positive, e.g. shortest, biggest.
big fast gay great late long small tall thin bad far good little many much
bigger faster gayer greater later longer smaller taller thinner worse farther better less more more
biggest fastest gayest greatest latest longest smallest tallest thinnest worst farthest best least most most
Generally to adjectives of two or more syllables more is used comparatively, and most is used superlatively, e.g. careful, more careful, and most careful.
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful brilliant more brilliant most brilliant cautious more cautious most cautious comfortable more comfortable most comfortable generous moregenerous mostgenerous gracious moregracious mostgracious handsome more handsome most handsome ignorant more ignorant most ignorant
An Adverb is a word which modifies or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs may be divided, accordingto their use, into the following classes:TIME: before, now, since, then, already, soon, seldom. Example: We have met befare. PLACE: here, there, everywhere, nowhere. Example: They carne here yesterday.
MANNER: badly, easily, slowly, well Example: The tall boy won easily. DEGREE: almost, much, only, quite, very, rather. Example: The oĂd lady walked very slowly. NUMBER: once,twice Example: They ran twice round the playground 0 QUESTIONING: where, when, how Example: When did you see him? g) AFFIRMATION and NEGATION: yes, certainly, no, not Examples: She can certainly swim I have not read the book. NOTE: The majority of Adverbs are formed from corresponding Adjectives by adding "-ly", e.g. Quickly, bravely, seriously, happily, clearly, slowly, Quietly, angrily, fatally, suitably.
Adverbs are compared in the same way as Adjectives. As most adverbs are two-syllable words they generally form the Comparative and Superlative by adding "more" and "most" to the positive.
Positive Comparative Superlative bitterly more bitterly most bitterly bravely more bravely most bravely briefly more briefly most briefly carefully morecarefully most carefully clearly more clearly most clearly cruel ly more cruel ly most cruelly easily more easily most easily freely morefreely mostfreely greedily more greedily most greedily happily more happily most happily loudly more loudly most loudly quickly more quickly most quickly slowly more slowly most slowly wi 11 i ngly more wi 11 i ngly most wi 11 i ngly
early fast long soon
earlier faster longer sooner
earliest fastest longest soonest
badly far forth ill late much well
worse farther further worse later more better
worst farthest furthest worst last most best
acted quickly, suddenly, warily answered correctly, immediately, tartly ate greedily, hungrily, quickly, slowly bled freely, profusely, slightly bowed humbly, respectfully, stiffly caressed fondly, gently, lovingly charged bravely, desperately, furiously chuckled artfully, gleefully, happily crept quietly, silently, softly, stealthily decided carefully, eventually, immediately explained briefly, clearly, concisely, vaguely fell heavily, quickly, suddenly flogged brutally, cruelly, unmercifully fought bravely, furiously, gamely frownedangrily, sulkily, worriedly injured accidentally, fatally, seriously, slightly left hurriedly, quietly, suddenly listened anxiously, attentively, carefully lost badly, heavily, sportingly
mumbled angrily, inaudibly, indistinctly pondered deeply, seriously, thoughtfully pulled hastily, strongly, vigorously ran hurriedly, quickly, rapidly, slowly remembered clearly, distinctly, faintly, slightly sang loudly, softly, sweetly, tunefully shone brightly, brilliantly, clearly, dimly shouted frantically, joyfully, jubilantly, loudly, suddenly slept fitfully, lightly, soundly smiled broadly, happily, ruefully sneered insolently, impudently, tauntingly spent foolishly, freely, recklessly, sparingly spoke clearly, distinctly, earnestly, loudly, plainly, slowly. sprang hurriedly, lightly, quickly, suddenly staggered awkwardly, drunkenly, weakly strove bravely, desperately, manfully stuttered excitedly, haltingly, painfully trembled fearfully, frightfully, visibly waited patiently, anxiously walked clumsily, haltingly, quickly, slowly, smartly, slouchingly. wept bitterly, distractedly, sadly, touchingly whispered audibly, quietly, softly yielded stubbornly, weakly, willingly
I You He She It We You They
me you him her it us you them
my your his her its our your their
mine yourself yours himself his herself hers itself its ourselves ours yourselves yours themselves theirs
a on afloat, ashore, aloft a-, ab-, araway, from avert, absolve, abstract ad-, ac-, arto adhere, accept, arrive ante- before antecedent, anteroom bi-, bis- two, twice bicycle, biped, bisect, biscuit circum- round circumference, circuit com- together comparison, competition contra- against contrary,contraband. Contradiction dedown depress, descend, describe dif-, dis apart, not different, disagree, disappear exout of exhale, export, extract forebefore forecast, forenoon, foretell, foresee im-, in- in, into import, include innot incapable, inhuman inter- between international, interrupt, interval miswrong misdeed, misjudge, mistake obagainst object, obstruction post- after postpone, postscript, post-war prebefore predict, prepare, pre-war proforth proceed, produce reback retake, return, retrace subunder submarine, subway trans- across transfer, transport, transpose unnot, without unfit, unknown, unpaid, unsafe viceinstead vice-Capitan, viceroy able, ยกble capable of being movable, eatable, incredible ain,an oneconnected chaplain, publican anee, ence state of repentance, existence ant one who assistant, servant el, et, ette little satchel, locket, cigarette er, eer, ier one who baker, engineer, furrier ess the female goddess, princess, waitress
Appendix Prefix
Meaning
Examples
fly icle, sel less ling ment ock oon, on ory ous
to make little without little state of being little large a place for full of
glorify, purify, simplify parti贸le, morsel careless, guiltless, merciless codling, gosling, darling merriment, enjoyment hillock, bittock saloon, balloon, flagon dormitory, factory famous, glorious, momentous
Appendix 13: Spelling lists Home attic bolster cellar chimney curtains cushion detergent hearth kitchen lobby mattress meter mirror parlour pillow poker saucer scullery towel tumbler
People adult ancestors aunt babies children comrade cousin friend guest hostess maiden nephew niece orphan p谩rente relation 煤nele visitor widower youth
Body ankles arteries exercise forehead heart knees knuckles limbs lungs muscles nostrils shoulder skeleton skull stomach thigh throat tongue veins wrist
Food bacon biscuits bread butter cheese chocolate cocoa coffee margarine marmalade mutton porridge pudding sago salm贸n sandwich sausages steak sugar venison
Appendix Clothing
Trades
Travel (1)
Travel (2)
braid cloak costume cotton flannel gabardine garments jacket linen lingerie muslin petticoat satin stocking trousers tweed velour velvet waistcoat woollen
butcher carpenter chemist clothier doctor draper druggist engineer grocer journalist lawyer mas贸n mechanic plumber purveyor riveter sawyer Sculptor tailor Wright
aeroplane airship balloon bicycle brakes carriage coach cruise electricity engine express fares gangway guard label locomotive luggage machine 贸mnibus parcel
passengers ped谩is pier platform purser saloon seaplane signal skis sledge sleigh steerage steward tourist tramway traveller tunnel vehicle waggons whistles
Land
Sea
Sky
Coast
cape cliff continent country headland hillock island marsh mound mountain pampas pen铆nsula plain prairie precipice summit
billows breakers breakwater channel crest fiord harbour inlet lagoon lake loch ocean river rivulet sea streamlet
altitude astronomy atmosphere cloudy comet creation crescent dawn eclipse hazy heavens horizon midnight planet solar sunset
bathing beach billows breeze cliffs cockles costume diving herring lobster mussels pier rowing seaweed shingle swimmer
Appendix
tundra valley veldt volcano
torrent tributary trough waves
telescope twilight universe zenith
view whelks winkles wreck
Time
Sport
School
Hospital
ancient annual August autumn century Christmas dawn Easter era February gloaming January minutes modern punctual Saturday September Thursday Tuesday Wednesday
badminton bowls boxing cricket fencing football golf hockey polo putting reléase rounders rugby shinty skating sleighing sprinting tennis wrestling yachting
calendar ceiling chalk composition copies cupboard dictation easel grammar history hymns interval partition pastéis pencil picture poetry pupil scholar teacher
accident casualty chloroform disease doctor fever infection massage medicine ointment operation paralysis physician plaster poison sterilise surgeon thermometer tonic ward
Animals (1)
Animals (2)
Animals (3)
Dogs
ape armadillo badger bat bear beaver buffalo bull camel cat cow deer
goat gorilla haré hedgehog hippopotamus horse hyena jackass jaguar kangaroo leopard lion
otter ox panther pig porcupine puma rabbit rat reindeer seal sheep skunk
Airedale Alsatian bloodhound bulldog borzoi collie dachshund Dalmatian greyhound Newfoundland Pekinese pointer
Appendix dog donkey dromedary elephant ferret fox gazelle giraffe
llama lynx mole mongoose monkey moose mouse mule
squirrel stoat tiger walrus weasel whale yak zebra
Pomeranian poodle retriever Saint Bernard setter sheepdog spaniel terrier
Birds (t)
Birds (2)
Birds |3)
Fish
albatross blackbird budgerigar canary chaffinch cormorant corncrake crane crow cuckoo curlew dipper duck eagle falcon finch flamingo gannet goose guillemot
hawk heron jackdaw kingfisher lapwing magpie moorhen nightingale owl oyster-catcher parrot partridge peewit pelican penguin pheasant pigeon plover puffin raven wren
redshank robin rook sandpiper seagull skylark snipe sparrow starling stork swallow swan swift tern thrush turkey vulture wagtail woodpecker whiting
cod dogfish eel flounder flying-fish goldfish haddock halibut herring mackerel pike plaice roach salmon shark skate sole swordfish trout
Trees
Flowers (t)
Flowers (2)
Insects
apple ash beech birch cedar guillemot
aster bluebell buttercup carnation chrysanthemum raven
lotus lupin marigold narcissus orchid wren
ant bee beetle bug butterfly whiting
Appendix fir hawthorn larch lime maple oak olive palm pine poplar rowan sycamore yew
dahlia daisy dandelion forget-me-not foxglove geranium gladiolus honeysuckle hyacinth iris lilac lily lily- of-th e-va 11 ey
Fruit apple apricot banana blackcurrant bramble cherry currant damson gooseberry grape lemon mel贸n orange peach pear pineapple plum raspberry strawberry tomato
Vegetables bean beetroot cabbage carrot cauliflower celery cucumber garlic leek lettuce onion parsley parsnip pea potato radish rhubarb sprout tomato turnip
poppy primrose queen-of-the-meadow rhododendron rose snowdrop sunflower sweetpea thistle tulip violet wall-flower water-lily
Minerals aluminium brass bronze coal copper gold granite iron lead marble mercury nickel platinum radium silver slate steel sulphur tin zinc
daddy-long-legs drag贸n fly earwig flea fly gnat grasshopper locust louse midge mosquito moth wasp
Liquids acid alcohol beer brine eider cocoa coffee lemonade milk oil paraffin petrel port sherry tea turpentine vinegar water whisky wine
Appendix There are many quite distinct vocabulary differences between American and British English. Below are just a few examples.
AMERICAN ENGLISH
BRITISH ENGLISH
apartment attorney bathroom billfold broil burglarize candy cellphone checkers chips cilantro comedian comicbook cookie cornstarch diaper divide highway driver's license eggplant elevator fall faucet favabean fender(of a car) firstfloor fishsticks freeway frosting football garbage gasoline, gas grocery store Hobo hockey
AMERICANENGLISH
fíat jell-0 lawyer license plate toilet Une wallet liquor store grill mail burgle mailman sweets math mobilephone overpass graughts panties crisps pants coriander parkinglot comedian/comic purse comic range biscuit realstate státe cornflour realtor státe nappy restroom dual carriageway robe driving licence roommate aubergine scotchtape lift shorts autumn shortcake tap sidewalk broadbean sneakers wing soccer groundfloor subway fish fingers traffic circle motorway trash icing trashcan american football truck litter, rubbish trunk(of a car) petrol tub supermarket vacation tramp vest ice hockey veterinarian,vet
BRITISH
jelly number plate queue offlicence post postman maths flyover underpants(ladies) trousers carpark handbag cooker agency agent toilets (public) dressinggown flatmate sellotape underpants(men's) shortbread pavement trainers football, soccer subway/undergraund roundabout rubbish rubbish bin lorry boot bath holiday waistcoat veterinarysurgeon,vet
Appendix hood (of a car) bonnet hooker prostitute intersection crossroads jelly jam
wash cloth, wash rag washup windshield yard zucchini
flannel, face doth wash your hands windscreen garden courgette
APPENDIX 15 : GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Appendix APPENDIX 16: Pronunciation VOWEL SOUNDS Front: A front vowel is produced with a forward shift of the tongue from its neutral or rest position. Central: A central vowel is produced with the tongue in its neutral or rest position. 3. Back: A back vowel is produced with a backward shift of the tongue from its neutral or rest position.
DIPHTHONG SOUNDS Diphthongs are two vowels produced consecutively in the same syllable by movingthe articulators smoothly form the position of one to the other.
CONSONANT SOUNDS Manner: The manner of articulation refers to how the sound is produced and the way in which the air-stream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract. Stop: A stop is a consonant characterized by the complete obstruction of the outgoing airstream by the articulators, a build up of intraoral air pressure, letting the air reléase as an explosión. Fricative: Africative is a consonant produced by forcingthe breath stream through a constriction formed by articulators in the vocal tract. Aff ricative: An afíncate is a consonant characterized as having both a fricative and a stop manner of production. d. Nasal: Nasal refers to a consonant produced with complete closure in the oral cavity along with a lower velum to allow airflow through the nasal cavity. e. Liquid: Is a generic label used to classified two English approximant consonants. f. Glide: A glide is a consonant characterized by continued, gliding motion of the articulators into the following vowel: also referred to a semi vowel. Place: The place of articulation refers to which articulators are involved in the production of a particular sound. Bilabial: Refers to a speech sound produced by contad of the upper and lower lips. Labio-dental: Is one that is produced by the lower lip contacting the upper front teeth. Lingua-dental: Is produced with the tongue contacting the teeth. Lingua-alveolar: Refers to a consonant produced with the tongue contacting the upper alveolar ridge. Lingua-palatal: Refers to a consonant produced with the tongue contacting the hard palate. f. . Lingua-velar: Refers to a consonant produced with the tongue contacting the velum. g . Glottal: Is a place of articulation referring to a consonant that is produced by completely or partially constricting the glottis.
Appendix 3. Voicing: Refers to whetherthe vocal folds are vibrating during a production of a particularsound. Voiced: A voiced sound is produced with vibration of the adducted vocal folds in the larynx. Voiceless: Voiceless sound are consonants produced without vibration of the vocal folds.
Table 1: Vowel sound table
Table 2: Diphthong - sounds
Table 3: Consonant sounds