> > > > > > > > Derek Siewert The Financial System
s l a o G g Learnin 1 Outline the structure and
importance of the financial system.
2 List the various types of
5 Discuss the organization and
functioning of financial institutions.
6 Explain the functions of the Federal
Reserve System and the tools it uses to control the supply of money and credit.
securities.
3 Define financial market, and
distinguish between primary and secondary financial markets.
4 Describe the characteristics of the major stock exchanges.
7
Evaluate the major features of regulations and laws affecting the financial system.
8 Describe the global financial system.
m e t s y S l a i c n a n i F e Th
The financial system is the process by which money flows from savers to users.
e h t g n i d n a t s r e d n U m e t s y S l a Financi • Financial System – Savers – Users – Financial Institutions – Financial Markets
• Savings is a function of many variables. • Funds can be transferred between users and savers directly or indirectly.
s e i t i r u c e S f o s Type • Securities – Financial instruments – Obligations on the part of the issuer • Businesses and Governments
– Provide rate of return to purchasers
• Money Market Instruments • Bonds • Stock
t e k r a M y e Mon s t n e m u r t s In • Short-term Debt Securities – Issued by governments, financial institutions and corporations
• Investors are paid interest for the use of their funds. • Generally low-risk • U.S. Treasury bills, commercial paper, and bank certificates of deposit
Bon d s • Government Bonds – Bonds sold by the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
• Municipal Bonds – Bonds issued by state or local governments • Revenue bonds are used toward a project that will produce revenue, General Obligation Bonds are not.
s g n i t a R d Bon • Price is determined by risk and interest rate. • Several firms rate bonds – Standard & Poor’s (S&P) – Moody’s
• Investment-grade • Speculative/Junk
Stocks • Common stock – ownership claims in corporations. – Vote on major company decisions – Cash dividends – Price appreciation
• Preferred stock – stockholders with preference in the payment of dividends.
s e i t i r u c e S Convertible Stockholder has the right to exchange the bond or preferred stock for a fixed number of shares of common stock.
s t e k r a M l F ina nc ia • Primary Market – firms and governments issue securities and sell them initially to the public. – When a firm offers a stock for sale to the general public for the first time.
• Secondary Market – collection of financial markets in which previously issued securities are traded among investors.
e r u t u F e h T d n a s ECN s t e k r a M k c o t S f o • ECNs – electronic communication networks – The 4th Market – Buyers and sellers meet in a virtual market and exchange with one another – Take place on INET or Archipelago
• INET and Archipelago have been purchased by Nasdaq and NYSE
n o i t a p i c i t r Investor Pa s t e k r a M k c in the Sto •
Investors use brokerage firms, they: 1) Establish an account 2) Enter orders 3) Trade stock
•
The brokerage firm executes the trade on behalf of the investor, charging a fee for the order – Market Order – Limit Order
s n o i t u t i t s n I l a i c n a n i F Commercial Banks Savings Banks and Credit Unions Non-depository Institutions
g n i k n a B c i n o r t c e El An increasing amount of funds move through electronic funds transfer (EFTs). Millions of businesses and consumers now pay bills and receive payments electronically. Most employees directly deposit employee paychecks. Social security and other federal payments are made each year electronically. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) continue to grow in popularity. More than 1/3 of American households use some online banking.
t i s o p e D l a Feder e c n a r u s n I • Enacted by the Banking Act of 1933 • Restore public confidence in the banking system • Before deposit insurance, runs were common as people rushed to withdraw their money from the bank • Deposit insurance shifts the risk of bank failures from individuals to the FDIC
d n a s k n a B Savings s n o i n U t i d Cre • Offer a variety of consumer services • 85% of their loans are real estate loans • Credit unions are cooperative financial institutions that are owned by depositors/members. • Credit unions are created to serve consumers. – Insured by National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) which functions the same as the FDIC
y r o t i s o p Non De s n o i t u t i t s n Financial I Insurance Insurance Companies Companies Pension Pension Funds Funds Finance Finance Companies Companies
e h t f o e l o T he R e v r e s e R l Federa • Created In 1913 • Central bank of the United States • Regulate commercial banks • Perform banking-related activities for the U.S. Department of Treasury • Providing services for banks • Setting monetary policy
e h t f o n o i Organizat e v r e s e R l Federa • 12 Federal reserve districts – Own federal reserve bank
• District banks are run by a nine-member board of directors. • The board of governors is the governing body. • Politically independent • Federal Open Markets Committee (FOMC) sets most policies concerning monetary policy and interest rates.
g n i r a e l C k Chec d e F e h t d n a • Americans still write billions of paper checks. • The process by which funds are transferred from the check writer to receiver • The multiple-step process is managed and cleared by the FED. • The Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act is making this process more electronic.
y c i l o P y r Moneta • Supply of money and credit • Measures of the money supply: M1 & M2 • The FED requires banks to maintain reserves. • Set the discount rate • Open Market Operations
c i h p a r G M1 & M2
e h t f o n o i t a Regul m e t s y S l a i Financ • Bank Regulation • Government Regulation of the Financial Markets • Industry Self-Regulation – Rules of conduct by professional organizations like National Association of Securities Dealers – Market Surveillance
: m e t s y S l a i The Financ e v i t c e p s r e P A G l ob a l • The financial system is more connected. • Financial institutions are more global. • Only 3 of the 30 largest banks in the world are US institutions. • Most nations have a central bank.