CONTENTS
IFCNATOEODDEMONSTRATIONSANDTRIALS2023
5ICORTECHNOLOGY
7GARRETTMETALDETECTORS
8SAFEPROGROUPINC.
83DX-RAYLTD
9FOREWORD
ByRobHyde-Bales,ConsultingEditor,Counter-IEDReport
11TELEDYNEICM
13DECISION-MAKINGANDPROBLEM-SOLVINGINBOMBDISPOSAL:
ASTUDYINTOTHECOGNITIVEPROCESSESUSEDBYPRACTITIONERS
ByEdwinA.Bundy,Ph.D.inF.S.,Ph.D.inEd,CIPBI ProgramManager(GS-15),EOD/EXOSubgroup, IrregularWarfareTechnicalSupportDirectorate
23ISIMPLEMENTATIONOFWESTERNC-IEDENTERPRISESSUITABLE WHENPROVIDINGDONORC-IEDASSISTANCE?
ByPaulAmoroso,anexplosivehazardsspecialist
atAssessedMitigationOptions(AMO)consultancy
30DEFENSE&SECURITY2023
31ASTRATEGICPRINCIPLESAPPROACHTOREGIONALC-IEDENTERPRISES
ByPaulAmoroso,anexplosivehazardsspecialist
atAssessedMitigationOptions(AMO)consultancy
4 COUNTER-IEDREPORT,Spring/Summer2023
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CONTENTS
38DEVELOPMENTFROMIMPROVISEDHOMEMADETOMASSMARKET
CONSUMERELECTRONICSCOMPONENTSINIEDs
BySerkanKoc,Major(OF-3)TUR-A,ElectronicWarfareSpecialist,NATOC-IEDCoE
47 AIRBORNEMAGNETICS-AVIABLETOOLFORDETECTIONANDQUALITYCONTROL
ByDipl.-Ing.WolfgangSuß,ManagingDirector,SENSYS
54NEXT-GENERATIONDEMININGWITHAIANDDRONES
ADVANCEDSOFTWAREALGORITHMSPOWERNEXT-GENSOLUTIONS
FORAUTOMATINGTHREATDETECTIONANDIDENTIFICATION BySafeProAI(aSafeProGroupInc.Company)
58EDEX2023
59UNATTENDEDPACKAGES–THESECURITYOFFICER’SDILEMMA
ByVincentDeery,CEO,3DX-RayLtd
62IDEF2023
63PIRSENSORSINIEDs USINGCONSTANTPOTENTIALGENERATORS
ByTeledyneICM
68INDIA–THEIEDCHALLENGES
ByColonelHRNaiduGade–IndianArmyVeteran
76“DONBASSWILAYAT”ORHOWTOPLAYWITHJIHADISMINUKRAINIANLANDS
ByLieutenantColonelJoseMRufas,ChiefofAttacktheNetworksBranch, C-IEDCentreofExcellence
IBCMILIPOLPARIS2023
OBCSCANNAMSC
6 COUNTER-IEDREPORT,Spring/Summer2023
CONTENTS
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FOREWORD
Theearlypartofthisyearhasbeendominatedby thecontinuingarmedconfictinUkrainewhich startedin2014andledtothefull-scaleRussian invasioninFebruary2022.
Aswithmostarmedconficts,thewarinUkraineis leavingbehindanever-growinglegacyofunexploded landmines,operationallyfunctionalImprovised ExplosiveDevices(IEDs)andotherExplosive RemnantsofWar(ERW).Anestimated174,000 squarekilometresofUkrainianterritoryarecontaminatedbylandmines–bothanti-tankandantipersonnel1 –thelatterincontraventionoftheOttawa Treaty1997banningtheuseofanti-personnelmines. ThecontaminatedareaislargerthanEngland, NorthernIrelandandWalescombinedandrepresents amassiveclearancetaskasandwhentheoperational environmentpermitssuchclearance.
Accordingtoajointassessmentreleasedon23 March2023bytheGovernmentofUkraine,theWorld BankGroup,theEuropeanCommission,andtheUnited Nations,Ukraineneeds$37.4billiontocarryout humanitariandeminingofitslands.Thissumincludes morethan$397millionneededjustfortheyear2023.2
Intermsofglobaldeminingeffortstherearesome positivenews.AccordingtoareportbytheCambodian MineActionandVictimAssistanceAuthority(CMAA), thefrstfourmonthsofthisyearsawa65percent decreaseinnumberofvictimscomparedtothesame periodlastyear.3
InYemen,thefragiletrucebetweenwarringparties bringssomepositivedevelopmentsandhopeforthe countryaftermorethaneightyearsofwar.Yemen alongsideIraq,Afghanistan,Cambodia,Bosnia& HerzegovinaandCroatia,tonameafew,isoneofthe mostLandmineandExplosiveOrdnance(EO) contaminatedcountries,makingmanyresidential neighbourhoodsuninhabitableanddangerous.
InAfghanistan,heavyERWlandcontamination spanningfordecadesbacktotheSovietinvasion posesadditionalchallengestothefarmersandrural communitiesdevastatedbyfoodshortagesand insecurity.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsOffcefor theCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs(OCHA)some $18.3millionisneededyearlyforsurvey,explosive ordnancedisposal,andlandmine/ERWclearance inAfghanistan.4
1 https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/01/31/ukraine-banned-landmines-harm-civilians
2 https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099184503212328877/pdf/P1801740d1177f03c0ab180057556615497.pdf
3 https://phnompenhpost.com/national/cmaa-mine-victims-down-65-cent
4 https://twitter.com/OCHAAfg/status/1630094885112934407
FOREWORD
9 counteriedreport.com
ByRobHyde-Bales,ConsultingEditor,Counter-IEDReport
Theviolencecausedbyimprovisedexplosive devices(IEDs)continuesaroundtheworld.Oneofthe deadliestattacksthisyeartookplaceon30January 2023whenasuicidebomberdetonatedhisvest atthePeshawarPoliceLinesmosqueinPakistan, asnumerousworshippers,includingmanylocal policemen,wereprayinginside.Atleast100people werekilledintheblastand225wereinjured.
Theuseofcarbombingsasapreferredmethod ofattacktargetinggovernmentoffcials,securityforces, lawenforcementoffcersandjournalistsisnotedin Somalia,Kenya,Nigeria,Niger,Cameroon,Burkina Faso,Mali,Iraq,Syria,India,Pakistan,Afghanistan, Cyprus,Myanmar,RussiaandRussian-occupied territoriesofUkraine.
Inamostthought-provokingarticle, Dr.EdwinA. Bundy,a SeniorProgramManagerfortheU.S. DepartmentofDefenseattheIrregularWarfare TechnicalSupportDirectorate(IWTSD), discusses decision-makingandproblem-solvinginbombdisposal anddescribesarecentstudyundertakenintothe cognitiveprocessesusedbybombdisposal practitioners.Inearly2022datawascollectedfrom currentandformerEODpractitionersin17countriesin ordertoinvestigatecognitiveapproachesusedin problem-solvinganddecision-making.Thestudyused IEDsasthecatalysttostimulatecognitiveprocessesin studyparticipants.Theparticipantshadbetween1and 35yearsofexperienceandwidelydifferingeducation levels.Forthestudy,participantshadaccesstoan onlinesitecomprising18scenarios,eachconsistingof twoorthreeimagesofapotentialIEDcircuit,checklists oflabelstoidentifycomponentsofthecircuit,potential hazardstheyconsideredassociatedwiththecircuit,and thecircuit’stype-by-function.Thescenariosrangedfrom veryeasytoverydiffcult.Participantswerealsoasked toidentifyfactorsorfeaturesregardingthecircuitsthat drovetheirdecisionmakingandfnallytoratetheir confdencelevelsineachscenariointermsofcircuit components,potentialhazards,andtype-by-function. Datafromthestudyparticipantssuggestthattheyused pattern-matchingorheuristicstoreach90%oftheir decisions.Incontrast,thestudyfoundthatlessthan 6%ofdecision-makingistheresultofamore
deliberateandanalyticalprocess.Theauthoropines thattheresultsofthisstudyhavesomeveryserious implications,nottheleastofwhichisforhowbomb techniciansaretrained.Whilemostdecisionsmade duringanaverageday,inanyoccupationoractivity, arebasedonlearned,repetitivebehaviours,or whatcognitivescientistscallheuristics,innewor criticalsituations,relyingonheuristicscanfail catastrophically.Thecommunityowesittobomb technicianstoprovidebettertoolsandtrainingin thecognitivedomain.Notonlywillthisimprove survivability,butitwillallowourpractitionersto keeppacewithadversaries,whoaremorelikelythan ever,tousenot-yet-seencomponentsandcircuitsin theirdevices.
Inhisinformativearticleonthetransitionfromhomemadetomassproduced,commercialoff-the-shelf (COTS)electroniccomponentsintheproductionof IEDs,MajorSerkanKoç oftheTurkishArmyand currentlyservingastheEWSpecialistat theNATOCounter-IEDCentreofExcellenceexamines theimpactofthistransitionbothontheproducersof IEDsandIEDDspecialists.Hepointsoutthatthemass productionofthesecomponentshasresultedintheir ever-increasingavailabilitytogetherwithfallingprices. Inparticular,theproliferationofRadioControlledIEDs (RCIEDs)haspresentedalowcost,highlyfexibleand unpredictablethreattotheC-IEDworld.Accordingto INTERPOL,internationalorganisedcrimeisamajor componentinthehighlylucrativetradeincounterfeit goods–includingcounterfeitelectroniccomponents, manyofwhicharecomponentsofRCIEDs,toinclude transformers,relays,timers,fusesandwiring accessories.Therearestronglinksbetweenthistrade andillegalnarcotics,moneylaunderingandgeneral systemicglobalcorruption.IntheCounter-IED campaignboththeAttacktheNetworksandDefeatthe Devicepillarsofthecampaignareusedextensivelyto combattheubiquitousthreatofRCIEDs.COTS electronicdevicesenablegreateruseofthecontested electromagneticenvironment–ofparticularuseinthe RCIEDfeld.Theyalsomakeitmorediffculttoidentify theelectronicsignatureofanIEDmanufacturer.There isnodoubtthattheomnipresentRCIEDstogetherwith
FOREWORD 10 COUNTER-IEDREPORT,Spring/Summer2023
thevictimoperatedpressureplatesub-surfaceIEDs continuetocreatemajorchallengestoboththegeneral publicandtheCounter-IEDoperativesinbothcurrent andformerwarzonesandotherhostileenvironments.
Inhisthought-provokingarticleonthesuitabilityand effectivenessofWesternCounter-IEDenterprises whenprovidingdonorC-IEDassistance,PaulAmoroso ofAssessedMitigationOptionsexaminesthe challengesandpotentialpitfallsinherentinsuch assistance.Heusestheterm “Counter-IEDenterprise”asa collectivetermtodescribeallaspects ofC-IEDactivitiesdesignedand intendedtomatchandideally overmatchtheuseorthreateneduse ofIEDs.Heopinesthat,giventhe transnationalnatureoftheIEDthreat today,regionallycoherentC-IED responsesarerequired,basedon strategicapproaches.Heexamines theneedforregionalC-IED enterprisesastodate,insomecases theeffortsofWesternC-IEDdonor enterpriseshavebeendisjointed, lackingincoordination,and cooperationandoftenresultingin duplicationofeffort.Aspartofhis research,heidentifedC-IED strategicprinciplesforEastAfrica.He examinesregionalandglobalC-IED effortsincludingthoseoftheUNand AfricanUnion.Hefurtherhighlights responsesfromtheUS,NATO,the UKandAfghanistan.TheC-IED experienceoftheUKwashoned duringtheso-called“Troubles”in NorthernIrelandfrom1969onwards, whenthesecurityforcesinboth NorthernIrelandandmainlandUK facedthemostskilfulbombmakersin theworldatthattime.Hehighlights Afghanistanasonenationbeyond WesternC-IEDeffortsthathasa nationalC-IEDstrategy,dueinlarge
measuretothepresenceofNATOforcesfghtingthe Taliban2004-2014.Heconcludesthattodevelopan effectiveC-IEDstrategy,strategicprinciplesare requiredtoachieverequisiteimpactsandoutcomes whenprovidingC-IEDdonorassistance.
Dipl.-Ing.WolfgangSüß,istheManagingDirectorof SENSYS,aGermancompanybasedeastofBerlin, whichmanufacturesmagnetometersandtimedomain electromagnetics.Inhisinformativearticlehe
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FOREWORD 11 counteriedreport.com REAL-TIME X-RAY INSPECTION GO-SCAN
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describeshowCOTSdronescombinedwithadditional computingpowerandmagnetometersarebeingused inthefeldforUXOdetection,areaobservationand qualitycontrol.SENSYSfocusonFluxgate Magnetometers–passivesensorsthatmeasurethe Earth’smagneticfeld.Ferrousobjectssuchas landminesdistorttheEarth’smagneticfuxlinesand thisisdetectedbythemagnetometersasanomaliesin theEarth’smagneticfeld.Thedetectionsystem describedinthearticlecomprisestheSENSYS MagDroneR4Datalogger,fveSENSYSFluxgate sensors,combinedwiththeLatvianproduced SkyHubTrueTerrainFollowingsystemallmountedon aCOTSDJIM300commercialdrone.This enablesthe droneinanautonomousterrainfollowingmode,ideally ataheightbetween0.5and1meteronapreprogrammedfightpatterntocoverupto30hectaresin asingleday.Hedescribestwoprojectsusingthis system.Thefrstisonafringrangeordnanceimpact areawhichwasusedfrstbytheSovietarmedforcesin theerstwhileDDR,andsubsequentlybytheGerman Bundeswehr.Theotherprojectisthesurveyofaformer GermanWorldWarTwoairfeldconstructedbyforced labourtowardstheendofthewar.Inbothoperationsthe SENSYSdronemountedsurveillancesystemhas provedtobehighlyeffective.Ithasalsobeenused elsewhereinGermanyandinUkraine.SENSYSisnow turningitsattentiontothechallengeoflocatingnonferrousERW.
InhishighlytopicalarticleVincentDeery,CEOof 3DX-RayLtdexaminesthesecurityissuesassociated withunattendedpackages.Hebeginswithanoverview oftheglobalsecuritysituationtodayandnotesthat therewasawelcomereductioninbothdeathsand incidentsresultingfromterroristattacksfrom2021to 2022.However,ofthetoptenmostlethalattacks,six involvedIEDstodevastatingeffect,illustratingthat explosivesremainafavouredmethodofattackby terrorists.InEuropefor2021,themajorityofreported terroristattackswereclassifedasjihadistterrorism withacontinuingintenttousebothIEDsandIIDsas weaponsofattack.Hethendescribestheproblemof anorganisation’ssecurityoffcerwhenconfrontedby anunattendedpackage.Iftheoriginofthepackage
cannotbeidentifed,thenthesecurityoffcerneedsto identifythecontentsofthepackage.Ifthiscannotbe donevisually,thedilemmaisthenwhethertoescalate toafull-scalebombthreatincidentnecessitatingthe evacuationofanareaortakereasonablestepsto identifythecontentsofthepackage.Thesurest methodofsuchidentifcationisbymeansofaportable x-rayscanner.SuchascannerallowstheEOD operatortoexaminethecontentsofthepackage withouttouchingordisturbingit.3DX-Rayoffersa comprehensiverangeofportablescanningsystems. Themostsignifcanttechnicaldevelopmentinx-ray scanningsystemshasbeentheintroductionofcolour differentiatedscanswhichenabletheoperatorto accuratelyidentifythecontentsofthepackage.The 3DX-Raysuiteofscannersutilisesthreecolourscan systems,whereasmostotherscannersusejusttwo, thusreducingtheaccuracyofpackagecontents identifcation.Astheauthorpointsout,allsecurity offcersshouldconsidertheacquisitionofaportable x-rayscanner,butseeingcontentsinjustblackand whiteisnolongergoodenough. ■
RobHyde-Balesbiography
DuringhiscareerintheUKRoyal Engineers, RobHyde-Bales was responsibleforlandmineclearancein Libyaand,morelatterly,Afghanistan intherunningofthefrstUnited Nationshumanitarianlandmine clearancetrainingprogramme–OperationSalam.TheprogrammetrainedAfghanmale refugeesinlandmineclearancetechniques,andAfghan womenandchildreninmineawarenessandavoidance training.MorerecentlyhesetuptheCaribbeanSearch CentreinKingston,Jamaica.TheCentreisdesignedto trainsecurityforcesacrosstheCaribbeaninmodern searchtechniques.Afterretiringfromthearmyhejoined CranfeldUniversityatShrivenham,nearOxford,and undertookaresearchprojectonbehalfoftheUK MinistryofDefencethatexaminedwaystoimprovethe sharingofIEDthreatinformationbetweenthemilitary andcivilianorganisationsinhazardousareas.
FOREWORD 12 COUNTER-IEDREPORT,Spring/Summer2023
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