Implementing RFIDs to track and identify the train and calculating ETA to a particular Station

Implementing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Detector) to track and identify the train and calculating an (ETA) Estimated Time of Arrival to a particular Station Dissertation submitted to Department of CSE, ASETK, AMITY UNIVERSITY KOLKATA in Partial Fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering By Debshikhar Das A91005215094 Under the Guidance of Prof. Saubhik Bandopadhyay

ASETK AMITY UNIVERSITY KOLKATA 2018-19.

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Index Page S.No.

Title

Page No.

1

Cover Page

1

2

Index Page

2

3

Dedication Page

3

4

Declaration Page

4

5

Acknowledgement Page

5

6

References

6

7

Abstract

7

8

Table of Contents

8

9

Bibliography

39

10

VITA

40

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Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parent’s as without their constant support, I would not have been able to complete this project. I would also like to dedicate this project in memory of my late grand-father who served as an inspiration to my practical development. I would like to thank my mentor and my dear friends to help me with the project work and making it successful at the end.

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DECLARATION

I, Mr. Debshikhar Das hereby declare that the project report entitled “Implementing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Detector) to track and identify the train and calculating an (ETA) Estimated Time of Arrival to a particular Station” submitted to the Department of Computer Science in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING and that this Report has not previously formed the basis for the award of any other degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other title.

Place: Kolkata

(……………..)

Date: 26/04/19

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS People who had helped / assisted / guides me to do the research 1. Prof. Saubhik Bandopadhyay (Amity University Kolkata) 2. Dr. Anirban Das (Dept. Of Computer Science, UEM Kolkata) 3. Prof. Abhishek Das ( Amity University Kolkata) 4. Prof. Mrityunjay Ghosh ( Amity University Kolkata)

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References 1. RFID Deployment in INDIAN RAILWAYS: A case study of E-Transport Initiative in India by Debashish Das 2. Hong Kong Rail Company Tracks Components via RFID Systems published in RFID Journal 3. Development of condition monitoring system for railway facilities using opportunistic communication by Minoru Tanaka , Ryohei Ikeda , Hiroshi Yoda , Masayuki Aiba 4. Performance analysis of "fast-moving" RFID tags in state-of-the-art high-speed railway systems by Xiaoqiang Zhang , Vasileios Lakafosis , Anya Traille , Manos M. Tentzeris 5. An RFID based technique for train localization with passive tags by Alice Buffi , Paolo Nepa 6. Application of RFID Technology in Railway Track Inspection by Bo Yan , Wang Yu 7. An active RFID system for railway vehicle identification and positioning by L. T. Lee ; KF Tsang

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Abstract In this project, we aim to reduce the chances of human error regarding the management of traffic in Railways by devising an automated detection of the arriving traffic towards a particular station.

We know, that the Indian Railways serves the heart of transportation mechanism. IR(Indian Railways) runs more than 20,000 passenger trains daily, on both long-distance and suburban routes, from 7,349 stations across India. The trains have a five-digit numbering system. Mail or express trains, the most common types, run at an average speed of 50.6 kilometres per hour (31.4 mph).

This enormous management of the crowd requires a full-proof and errorless procedure that is highly complex in nature. Till date, the Railways use traditional methods that requires manual operations starting from the alignment of tracks, till the monitoring of heavy traffic over an area.

This human intervention, can sometimes be quite hectic especially when working at any metro cities. Therefore in this project, we have devised a suitable, machine based and cost effective method that can be highly efficient and work flawlessly during heavy traffic.

In this project we have aimed to use an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Detector), to trace the Train Number and the Speed at which the train crosses the sensor. RFID or Radio Frequency Identification System is a technology based identification system which helps identifying objects just through the tags attached to them, without requiring any light of sight between the tags and the tag reader.

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Table of Contents

S.No.

Topic

Page No.

1

Brief Overview of the Project

9

2

Components of RFID and its Types

10

3

Important Apparatus Required

14

4

ConnecGon of RFID and Arduino - Pinout

15

5

Proposed System of the Working Model

20

6

CommunicaGon between two Micro - controllers

21

7

CalculaGon of EsGmated Time of Arrival

22

8

Brief History of RFID Technology

24

9

IntroducGon to RFID Technology

25

10

Uses of RFID Technology

31

11

Case Study 1

34

12

Case Study 2

37

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Brief Overview of the Project In this project, we aim to reduce the chances of human error regarding the management of traffic in Railways by devising an automated detection of the arriving traffic towards a particular station.

We know, that the Indian Railways serves the heart of transportation mechanism. IR runs more than 20,000 passenger trains daily, on both long-distance and suburban routes, from 7,349 stations across India. The trains have a five-digit numbering system. Mail or express trains, the most common types, run at an average speed of 50.6 kilometres per hour (31.4 mph). In the freight segment, IR runs more than 9,200 trains daily. The average speed of freight trains is around 24 kilometres per hour (15 mph).

This enormous management of the crowd requires a full-proof and errorless procedure that is highly complex in nature. Till date, the Railways use traditional methods that requires manual operations starting from the alignment of tracks, till the monitoring of heavy traffic over an area.

This human intervention, can sometimes be quite hectic especially when working at any metro cities. Therefore in this project, we have devised a suitable, machine based and cost effective method that can be highly efficient and work flawlessly during heavy traffic.

In this project we have aimed to use an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Detector), to trace the Train Number and the Speed at which the train crosses the sensor. Now let us understand the concept of an RFID. RFID or Radio Frequency Identification System is a technology based identification system which helps identifying objects just through the tags attached to them, without requiring any light of sight between the tags and the tag reader. All that is needed is radio communication between the tag and the reader. The main components of the RFID are: RFID tag: It consists of a silicon microchip attached to a small antenna and mounted on a substrate and encapsulated in different materials like plastic or glass veil and with an adhesive on the back side to be attached to objects.

A Reader: It consists of a scanner with antennas to transmit and receive signals and is responsible for communication with the tag and receives the information from the tag.

A Processor or a Controller: It can be a host computer with a Microprocessor or a microcontroller which receives the reader input and process the data.

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DiagrammaGc RepresentaGon of RFID Components In this project, it is aimed that the RFID tag is attached to a suitable position at the outer body of the locomotive and the RFID Reader is placed at a distance of 3-4 km from the platform. Now, mostly the speed of a locomotive is roughly to be assumed at 100km/hr when it passes on the RFID Reader. Reading the signal from a fast moving RFID tag is often quite tedious task and thus suitable counter measures can be taken in the following way.

1. Single Reader Multiple Antennae RFID : The key in setting up a high-speed application with one reader and multiple antennas is the spacing between the antennas. The goal is to setup a perfectly spaced read zone so that the first antenna sends a signal and energizes the tag, and the second or third antenna in line can receive the response.

2. Multiple Reader Multiple Antennae RFID : This setup addresses the potential issue of setup one above by using multiple readers with one antenna attached to each, ensuring that the power is sent to the right antenna at the right time. In this setup, one reader/ antenna combination will energize the RFID tag, and the next reader/antenna setup can receive the backscattered reply.

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Diagrammatic Representation of the two types of RFID We propose the former approach to use in our project. Now, we are quite familiar with the working of an RFID. In this project we propose the usage of a far coupling RFID i.e. the UHF RFID because the only concern regarding the success of this project will be the speed of arrival of the locomotive. Therefore as we know that the UHF RFID can transmit the radio waves ranging up to 10-15 metres, this shall be the optimum device out of the other varieties. Proper preventive measures needs to be taken into account during the placement of the RFID tag in the locomotive.

The diagrammatic circuit diagram of the RFID Reader is shown below :

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The diagrammatic circuit diagram of the RFID Tag is shown below:

Brief Illustrations of the above mentioned components present in each circuit are mentioned below: RFID Reader 1. RFID Signal Generator: RF signal generators are capable of producing CW (continuous wave) tones. The output frequency can usually be tuned anywhere in their frequency range. Many models offer various types of analog modulation, either as standard equipment or as an optional capability to the base unit. This could include AM, FM, ΌM (phase modulation) and pulse modulation. Another common feature is a builtin attenuator which makes it possible to vary the signal’s output power.

2. Microcontroller: A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

3. RF Signal Detector : RF signal detectors are tools used for detecting the presence of electromagnetic noise (also EMF or EM field) and radio frequency signals in your surrounding. In order to detect the presence of RF signal or even noise, a wide-band receiver is required to capture these signals.

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RFID Tag 1.Transponder : In telecommunication, a transponder is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a different signal in response. In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a flight transponder is an automated transceiver in an aircraft that emits a coded identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal. In a communications satellite, a satellite transponder receives signals over a range of uplink frequencies, usually from a satellite ground station. The transponder amplifies them, and re-transmits them on a different set of downlink frequencies to receivers on Earth, often without changing the content of the received signal or signals.

2.Rectifier Circuit : A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.The process is known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current.

Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.The process is known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.

3. Microcontroller: A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

4. Memory : Typically a tag carries no more than 2 kilobytes (KB) of data—enough to store some basic information about the item it is on. Simple "license plate" tags contain only a 96-bit or 128bit serial number. The simple tags are cheaper to manufacture and are more useful for applications where the tag will be disposed of with the product packaging. The aerospace industry wants to store parts histories on high memory tag, which has led to the introduction of passive UHF tags that store 4KB or 8KB of data.

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Important Apparatus Required for the Project

MFRC522 RFID Reader

Active RFID Tags

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Arduino Uno Module It is to be understood that the RFID Tag that is used to test in the project, is a passive one because it is cost effective and does not require any additional power source. Also it must be noted that there exist some difficulties due to the same which has been discussed later.

It must also be kept in mind that the information is stored inside the RFID tag must be matched equally with the Load of the RFID tag in order to transmit a strong signal back to the RFID Reader.

Below mentioned is the Pinout Structure of Arduino Module with MFRC522 RFID Module :

Pin

Wiring to Arduino Uno

SDA

Digital 10

SCK

Digital 13

MOSI

Digital 11

MISO

Digital 12

IRQ

unconnected

GND

GND

RST

Digital 9

3.3V

3.3V

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Diagrammatic Representation Showing the Circuit Pinout Configuration After the connection is successfully established, we have to proceed with the software setup which is shown below: 1. Library Setup • • • •

Download the RFID library Unzip the RFID library Install the RFID library in your Arduino IDE Restart your Arduino IDE

2. Reading Data from a RFID tag • After having the circuit ready, go to File > Examples > MFRC522 > DumpInfo and upload the code. This code will be available in your Arduino IDE (after installing the RFID library).

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•

Then, open the serial monitor. You should see something like the figure below:

•

Approximate the RFID card or the keychain to the reader. Let the reader and the tag closer until all the information is displayed.

Diagrammatic Representation of the RFID Tag Displayed on the Serial Monitor 17 of 41

•

This is the information that you can read from the card, including the card UID that is highlighted in yellow. The information is stored in the memory that is divided into segments and blocks as you can see in the previous picture.

•

You have 1024 bytes of data storage divided into 16 sectors and each sector is protected by two different keys, A and B.

•

Write down your UID card

3. Uploading the Code #include <SPI.h> #include <MFRC522.h> #define SS_PIN 10 #define RST_PIN 9 MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);

// Create MFRC522 instance.

void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); // Initiate a serial communication SPI.begin(); // Initiate SPI bus mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Initiate MFRC522 Serial.println("Approximate your card to the reader..."); Serial.println(); } void loop() { // Look for new cards if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) { return; } // Select one of the cards if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) { return; } //Show UID on serial monitor Serial.print("UID tag :");

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String content= ""; byte letter; for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++) { Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " "); Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX); content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" :" ")); content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX)); } Serial.println(); Serial.print("Message : "); content.toUpperCase(); if (content.substring(1) == "BD 31 15 2B") //change here theUID of the card/cards that you want to give access { Serial.println("Authorized access"); Serial.println(); delay(3000); } else { Serial.println(" Access denied"); delay(3000); } }

Screen Shot Showing the Raw Code

• •

In the piece of code above you need to change the if (content.substring(1) == “REPLACE WITH YOUR UID”) and type the UID card you’ve written previously.

Approximate the card you’ve chosen to give access and you’ll see:

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If you approximate another tag with another UID, the denial message will show up:

Screen Shot showing our Experimental Setup The next step is to process the received signal and retrieval of the received information i.e the unique information that belongs to that particular locomotive. This information is then used to detect the Train Number which can be then used to identify the train name. Another Sensor is used that will retrieve the speed at which the locomotive crosses the sensor.

A discussed earlier, two RFID’s are used at each side of the platform as trains arrive from both direction. The two RFID’s are placed at 2km and 4km from the platform respectively. The speed of the locomotive crossing these two Reader’s and the location the device is useful to calculate the Expected Time of Arrival (ETA) by a server computer.

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The proposed system of the working model is shown below :

Diagrammatic Representation of the Working Prototype

Communication between two Micro Controllers : We have used NRF24L01 Transceiver Module for communication between the two microcontrollers. Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s take a closer look at the NRF24L01 transceiver module. It uses the 2.4 GHz band and it can operate with baud rates from 250 kbps up to 2 Mbps. If used in open space and with lower baud rate its range can reach up to 100 meters.

The module can use 125 different channels which gives a possibility to have a network of 125 independently working modems in one place. Each channel can have up to 6 addresses, or each unit can communicate with up to 6 other units at the same time.

NRF24L01 Module

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The power consumption of this module is just around 12mA during transmission, which is even lower than a single LED. The operating voltage of the module is from 1.9 to 3.6V, but the good thing is that the other pins tolerate 5V logic, so we can easily connect it to an Arduino without using any logic level converters. So once we connect the NRF24L01 modules to the Arduino boards we are ready to make the codes for both the transmitter and the receiver.

In the above diagram, we have three phases. Those are : 1. Approaching Phase 2. Intermediate Phase ( Crossing the first RFID ) 3. Arrival Phase Now, we shall learn about each of the phases in detail: Approaching Phase – This phase is characterised as the first phase which involves the locomotive to arrive towards the first RFID Reader. As soon as the first RFID Tag crosses the first RFID Reader, the server receives the information regarding the locomotive and its details. It is to be noted that each locomotive is fitted with two RFID tags containing the same UID. This phase does not involve any calculation but only detection.

Intermediate Phase – This phase is characterised as the phase, where the locomotive crosses the first RFID Reader completely. This phase involves the calculation of the Initial Velocity (V1) of the locomotive by : Length of the train (L) Time for Tag 1 to cross the Reader ( T1) Time for Tag 2 to cross the Reader ( T2) Initial Velocity (V1) = L / T2 – T 1 Arrival Phase - This phase is characterised as the phase where the locomotive has crossed the second RFID Reader completely and is ready to approach the station. In this phase we calculate the final velocity (V2) of the locomotive by : Length of the train (L) Time for Tag 1 to cross the Reader ( T3) Time for Tag 2 to cross the Reader ( T4) Final Velocity (V2) = L / T4 – T 2

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Calculation of Estimated Time of Arrival ( Elaborated ) •

After the Object Crosses the First RFID Reader, the Rate of Deceleration is calculated by : Rate of Deceleration = Final Velocity(V1) – Initial Velocity(V2) / T4 – T2

•

Now, after deceleration the Stopping Distance is calculated by : Stopping Distance = Rate of Deceleration / Initial velocity

•

Now, the Estimated Time of Arrival ( ETA) is calculated by : ETA = Stopping Distance / Final Velocity (V2)

Braking distance (also known as Stopping Distance ) refers to the distance a vehicle will travel from the point when its brakes are fully applied to when it comes to a complete stop. It is primarily affected by the original speed of the vehicle and the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road surface, and negligibly by the tires' rolling resistance and vehicle's air drag.

The type of brake system in use only affects trucks and large mass vehicles, which cannot supply enough force to match the static frictional force.

The braking distance is one of two principal components of the total stopping distance. The other component is the reaction distance, which is the product of the speed and the perception-reaction time of the driver/rider. A perception-reaction time of 1.5 seconds, and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.7 are standard for the purpose of determining a bare baseline for accident reconstruction and judicial notice most people can stop slightly sooner under ideal conditions.

Example to show the relationship between Stopping Distance v/s Rate of Deceleration Assuming I have a body travelling in space at a rate of 1000 m/s. Let's also assume my maximum deceleration speed is 10 m/s2 . How to calculate the minimum stopping distance of the body?

If the speed is 1000m/s and the deceleration is 10m/s2 , it will take 100s to stop. The average speed in that time is 500m/s, so the distance travelled is 500m/s∗100s=5∗10 * (4 times) Working through the same logic with an initial speed v and a deceleration a, the final distance d travelled before stopping is d=vavg∗t=(v/2)∗(v/a)=v2 *a

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Brief History of RFID Technology It’s generally said that the roots of radio frequency identification technology can be traced back to World War II. The Germans, Japanese, Americans and British were all using radar—which had been discovered in 1935 by Scottish physicist Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt—to warn of approaching planes while they were still miles away. The problem was there was no way to identify which planes belonged to the enemy and which were a country’s own pilots returning from a mission.

The Germans discovered that if pilots rolled their planes as they returned to base, it would change the radio signal reflected back. This crude method alerted the radar crew on the ground that these were German planes and not Allied aircraft (this is, essentially, the first passive RFID system).

Under Watson-Watt, who headed a secret project, the British developed the first active identify friend or foe (IFF) system. They put a transmitter on each British plane. When it received signals from radar stations on the ground, it began broadcasting a signal back that identified the aircraft as friendly. RFID works on this same basic concept. A signal is sent to a transponder, which wakes up and either reflects back a signal (passive system) or broadcasts a signal (active system).

Watson – Watt with the first Radar Apparatus

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Advances in radar and RF communications systems continued through the 1950s and 1960s.

Scientists and academics in the United States, Europe and Japan did research and presented papers explaining how RF energy could be used to identify objects remotely. Companies began commercializing anti-theft systems that used radio waves to determine whether an item had been paid for or not. Electronic article surveillance tags, which are still used in packaging today, have a 1-bit tag. The bit is either on or off. If someone pays for the item, the bit is turned off, and a person can leave the store. But if the person doesn't pay and tries to walk out of the store, readers at the door detect the tag and sound an alarm.

The First RFID Patents Mario W. Cardullo claims to have received the first U.S. patent for an active RFID tag with rewritable memory on January 23, 1973. That same year, Charles Walton, a California entrepreneur, received a patent for a passive transponder used to unlock a door without a key. A card with an embedded transponder communicated a signal to a reader near the door. When the reader detected a valid identity number stored within the RFID tag, the reader unlocked the door. Walton licensed the technology to Schlage, a lock maker, and other companies.

The U.S. government was also working on RFID systems. In the 1970s, Los Alamos National Laboratory was asked by the Energy Department to develop a system for tracking nuclear materials. A group of scientists came up with the concept of putting a transponder in a truck and readers at the gates of secure facilities. The gate antenna would wake up the transponder in the truck, which would respond with an ID and potentially other data, such as the driver's ID. This system was commercialized in the mid-1980s when the Los Alamos scientists who worked on the project left to form a company to develop automated toll payment systems. These systems have become widely used on roads, bridges and tunnels around the world.

At the request of the Agricultural Department, Los Alamos also developed a passive RFID tag to track cows. The problem was that cows were being given hormones and medicines when they were ill. But it was hard to make sure each cow got the right dosage and wasn't given two doses accidentally. Los Alamos came up with a passive RFID system that used UHF radio waves. The device drew energy from the reader and simply reflected back a modulated signal to the reader using a technique known as backscatter.

Later, companies developed a low-frequency (125 kHz) system, featuring smaller transponders.

A transponder encapsulated in glass could be injected under the cowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skin. This system is still used in cows around the world today. Low-frequency transponders were also put in cards and used to control the access to buildings.

Over time, companies commercialized 125 kHz systems and then moved up the radio spectrum to high frequency (13.56 MHz), which was unregulated and unused in most parts of the world.

High frequency offered greater range and faster data transfer rates. Companies, particularly those 25 of 41

in Europe, began using it to track reusable containers and other assets. Today, 13.56 MHz RFID systems are used for access control, payment systems (Mobile Speed pass) and contactless smart cards. Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re also used as an anti-theft device in cars. A reader in the steering column reads the passive RFID tag in the plastic housing around the key. If it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get the ID number it is programmed to look for, the car won't start.

In the early 1990s, IBM engineers developed and patented an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID system. UHF offered longer read range (up to 20 feet under good conditions) and faster data transfer. IBM did some early pilots with Wal-Mart, but never commercialized this technology. When it ran into financial trouble in the mid-1990s, IBM sold its patents to Intermec, a bar code systems provider. Intermec RFID systems have been installed in numerous different applications, from warehouse tracking to farming. But the technology was expensive at the time due to the low volume of sales and the lack of open, international standards.

Cattle Tagging UHF RFID got a boost in 1999, when the Uniform Code Council, EAN International, Procter & Gamble and Gillette put up funding to establish the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Two professors there, David Brock and Sanjay Sarma, had been doing some research into the possibility of putting low-cost RFID tags on all products made to track them through the supply chain. Their idea was to put only a serial number on the tag to keep the price down (a simple microchip that stored very little information would be less expensive to produce than a more complex chip with more memory). Data associated with the serial number on the tag would be stored in a database that would be accessible over the Internet.

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Sarma and Brock essentially changed the way people thought about RFID in the supply chain.

Previously, tags were a mobile database that carried information about the product or container they were on with them as they traveled. Sarma and Brock turned RFID into a networking technology by linking objects to the Internet through the tag. For businesses, this was an important change, because now a manufacturer could automatically let a business partner know when a shipment was leaving the dock at a manufacturing facility or warehouse, and a retailer could automatically let the manufacturer know when the goods arrived.

Between 1999 and 2003, the Auto-ID Center gained the support of more than 100 large end-user companies, plus the U.S. Department of Defense and many key RFID vendors. It opened research labs in Australia, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Japan and China. It developed two air interface protocols (Class 1 and Class 0), the Electronic Product Code (EPC) numbering scheme, and a network architecture for looking up data associated on an RFID tag on the Internet. The technology was licensed to the Uniform Code Council in 2003, and the Uniform Code Council created EPCglobal, as a joint venture with EAN International, to commercialize EPC technology. The Auto-ID Center closed its doors in October 2003, and its research responsibilities were passed on to Auto-ID Labs.

Some of the biggest retailers in the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Albertsons, Metro, Target, Tesco, Wal-Martâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and the U.S. Department of Defense have said they plan to use EPC technology to track goods in their supply chain. The pharmaceutical, tire, defense and other industries are also moving to adopt the technology. EPC global ratified a second-generation standard in December 2004, paving the way for broad adoption.

In 1945, LĂŠon Theremin invented a listening device for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with the added audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a covert listening device, rather than an identification tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of RFID because it was passive, being energized and activated by waves from an outside source.

Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder, was routinely used by the allies and Germany in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by most powered aircraft. Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman,who predicted that "... considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."

Mario Cardullo's device, patented on January 23, 1973, was the first true ancestor of modern RFID, as it was a passive radio transponder with memory.[7] The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users. It consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a 27 of 41

toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media.

The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic checkbook, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history).

An early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Frayman at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1973.The portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of today's UHFID and microwave RFID tags.

The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983.

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Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader.

Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries. For example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID microchips in livestock and pets enables positive identification of animals.

Since RFID tags can be attached to cash, clothing, and possessions, or implanted in animals and people, the possibility of reading personally-linked information without consent has raised serious privacy concerns. These concerns resulted in standard specifications development addressing privacy and security issues. ISO/IEC 18000 and ISO/IEC 29167 use onchip cryptography methods for untraceability, tag and reader authentication, and over-the-air privacy. ISO/IEC 20248 specifies a digital signature data structure for RFID and barcodes providing data, source and read method authenticity.

Design of RFID (1) Tags A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response.[11] RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery-assisted passive. An active tag has an onboard battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery-assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of an RFID reader. A passive tag is cheaper and smaller because it has no battery; instead, the tag uses the radio energy transmitted by the reader. However, to operate a passive tag, it must be illuminated with a power level roughly a thousand times stronger than for signal transmission. That makes a difference in interference and in exposure to radiation.

Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a key into a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag by the system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple; "blank" tags may be written with an electronic product code by the user.

RFID tags contain at least three parts: an integrated circuit that stores and processes information and that modulates and demodulates radio-frequency (RF) signals; a means of collecting DC power from the incident reader signal; and an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. The tag information is stored in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag

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includes either fixed or programmable logic for processing the transmission and sensor data, respectively.

An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the tag. The RFID tag receives the message and then responds with its identification and other information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific information. Since tags have individual serial numbers, the RFID system design can discriminate among several tags that might be within the range of the RFID reader and read them simultaneously.

(2) Readers RFID systems can be classified by the type of tag and reader. A Passive Reader Active Tag (PRAT) system has a passive reader which only receives radio signals from active tags (battery operated, transmit only). The reception range of a PRAT system reader can be adjusted from 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2,000 feet (0â&#x20AC;&#x201C;600 m), allowing flexibility in applications such as asset protection and supervision.

An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system has an active reader, which transmits interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from passive tags.

An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use a Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small battery to power the tag's return reporting signal.

Fixed readers are set up to create a specific interrogation zone which can be tightly controlled. This allows a highly defined reading area for when tags go in and out of the interrogation zone. Mobile readers may be handheld or mounted on carts or vehicles.

(3) Signalling Signaling between the reader and the tag is done in several different incompatible ways, depending on the frequency band used by the tag. Tags operating on LF and HF bands are, in terms of radio wavelength, very close to the reader antenna because they are only a small percentage of a wavelength away. In this near field region, the tag is closely coupled electrically with the transmitter in the reader. The tag can modulate the field produced by the reader by changing the electrical loading the tag represents. By switching between lower and higher relative loads, the tag produces a change that the reader can detect. At UHF and higher frequencies, the tag is more than one radio wavelength away from the reader, requiring a different approach. The tag can backscatter a signal. Active tags may contain functionally separated transmitters and receivers, and the tag need not respond on a frequency related to the reader's interrogation signal.

An Electronic Product Code (EPC) is one common type of data stored in a tag. When written into the tag by an RFID printer, the tag contains a 96-bit string of data. The first eight bits are a header which identifies the version of the protocol. The next 28 bits identify the organization that manages the data for this tag; the organization number is assigned by the EPCGlobal consortium. The next 24 bits are an object class, identifying the kind of product; the last 36 bits are a unique serial number for a particular tag. These last two fields are set by the organization that issued the tag. Rather like a URL, the total electronic product code number can be used as a key into a global database to uniquely identify a particular product.[17] Often more than one tag will respond to a tag reader, for example, many individual products with tags may be shipped in a common box or on a common pallet. Collision detection is important to allow reading of data. Two different types of protocols are used to "singulate" a

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particular tag, allowing its data to be read in the midst of many similar tags. In a slotted Aloha system, the reader broadcasts an initialization command and a parameter that the tags individually use to pseudo-randomly delay their responses. When using an "adaptive binary tree" protocol, the reader sends an initialization symbol and then transmits one bit of ID data at a time; only tags with matching bits respond, and eventually only one tag matches the complete ID string.

(4) Miniaturization RFID tags are easy to conceal or incorporate in other items. For example, in 2009 researchers at Bristol University successfully glued RFID micro-transponders to live ants in order to study their behavior.This trend towards increasingly miniaturized RFIDs is likely to continue as technology advances.

Hitachi holds the record for the smallest RFID chip, at 0.05 mm Ă&#x2014; 0.05 mm. This is 1/64th the size of the previous record holder, the mu-chip. Manufacture is enabled by using the silicon-oninsulator(SOI) process. These dust-sized chips can store 38-digit numbers using 128-bit Read Only Memory (ROM).A major challenge is the attachment of antennas, thus limiting read range to only millimeters.

Uses of RFID The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices.

In 2011, the cost of passive tags started at US$0.09 each; special tags, meant to be mounted on metal or withstand gamma sterilization, can go up to US$5. Active tags for tracking containers, medical assets, or monitoring environmental conditions in data centers start at US$50 and can go up over US$100 each. Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tags are in the US$3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10 range and also have sensor capability like temperature and humidity.

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RFID can be used in a variety of applications such as:

Electronic key for RFID based lock system

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Access management

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Tracking of goods

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Tracking of persons and animals

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Toll collection and contactless payment

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Machine readable travel documents

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Smartdust (for massively distributed sensor networks)

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Airport baggage tracking logistics

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Timing sporting events

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Tracking and billing processes

Use of RFID in Passport The first RFID passports ("E-passport") were issued by Malaysia in 1998. In addition to information also contained on the visual data page of the passport, Malaysian e-passports record the travel history (time, date, and place) of entries and exits from the country.

Since 2006, RFID tags included in new United States passports will store the same information that is printed within the passport, and include a digital picture of the owner. The United States Department of State initially stated the chips could only be read from a distance of 10 centimetres (3.9 in), but after widespread criticism and a clear demonstration that special equipment can read the test passports from 10 metres (33 ft) away, the passports were designed to incorporate a thin metal lining to make it more difficult for unauthorized readers to "skim" information when the passport is closed.

The department will also implement Basic Access Control (BAC), which functions as a personal identification number (PIN) in the form of characters printed on the passport data page. Before a passport's tag can be read, this PIN must be entered into an RFID reader. The BAC also enables the encryption of any communication between the chip and interrogator.As noted in the section below on

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security, there are many situations in which these protections have been shown to be insufficient, and passports have been cloned based on scans of them while they were being delivered in the mail.

Use of RFID in Animal Identification RFID tags for animals represent one of the oldest uses of RFID. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since the outbreak of mad-cow disease, RFID has become crucial in animal identification management. An implantable RFID tag or transponder can also be used for animal identification. The transponders are better known as PIT (Passive Integrated Transponder) tags, passive RFID, or "chips" on animals. The Canadian Cattle Identification Agency began using RFID tags as a replacement for barcode tags. Currently CCIA tags are used in Wisconsin and by United States farmers on a voluntary basis.

RFID tags are required for all cattle sold in Australia and in some states, sheep and goats as well.

Human Implantation Biocompatible microchip implants that utilize RFID technology are being routinely implanted in humans. The first reported experiment with RFID implants was conducted by British professor of cybernetics Kevin Warwick who had an RFID chip implanted in his arm by his general practitioner George Boulos in 1998.In 2004 the 'Baja Beach Clubs' operated by Conrad Chase in Barcelona.and Rotterdam offered implanted chips to identify their VIP customers, who could in turn use it to pay for service. In 2009 British scientist Mark Gasson had an advanced glass capsule RFID device surgically implanted into his left hand and subsequently demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems.

The Food and Drug Administration in the United States approved the use of RFID chips in humans in 2004.

There is controversy regarding human applications of implantable RFID technology including concerns that individuals could potentially be tracked by carrying an identifier unique to them. Privacy advocates have protested against implantable RFID chips, warning of potential abuse.

Case Study – 1 (RFID Deployment in INDIAN RAILWAYS: A case study of E-Transport Initiative in India) One of the sunrising industry in India as per Mckinsey is that of Indian Railways. Indian Railway is also accorded with the title of “super JEWEL” by Mckinsey. Having the largest network in India, it contributes a lump sum amount of revenue in terms of freight and passengers. In the recent years, Indian Railways has become one of the favourite modes of transport with a share of nearly 22% in the passenger transport market.[4] The vastness of railways – cars, cargo, track, countries and conditions – presents a massive challenge for management of rolling stock and rail operations. IPICO’s low cost, passive RF technology enables consistently accurate identification and control of assets in virtually any operating environment. This largest railway network is on the verge of undertaking a pilot project on “RFID Deployment” for automatic identification of railway wagons across the whole of India. As a freight giant, the industry is looking forward to improve the utilization of the wagons and has been on a look out for an online system for tracking wagons on its 62000 km worth of rail network. The pilot is conducted on the Talcher-Paradeep33 of 41

Vishakhapatnam section of the East Coast Railway where about five hundred wagons will be affixed with RFID tags. This is expected to identify the possible problem areas and come out with strategies to eliminate them. Under the Information Technology Vision 2012, announced in the Railway Budget for 2008-09 and 2009-10, the railway ministry plans to give the Railways a modern look and feel by implementing Modern Communication systems such as RFID, GPS and GIS. Modernisation of Indian Railways has always been a question in focus for the development of the basic infrastructure of India. Since the railways represent one of the best modes of transport available to the common people, it would be impossible to just keeping increasing the fares to meet the costs incurred due to maintenance, the large workforce and the expansion activities[2].

The Railways should therefore, consider upgrading itself to cutting-edge technologies for better efficiency and cost reduction. One such up gradation is the role of information technology which is achieved with the help of RFID technology. This RFID technology has been extensively used in the identification process with the help of a card and a reader. The idea has evolved from a systematic study of the computerization of railways , Higher demand for Freight and Passenger transport, with planned economic growth, Need for capacity enhancement in the Railway network over the next 10-15 years , Technological upgradation for better maintenance of railway assets and Upgradation of the Railways.

An Example of ASSET-TRACKING Systems using RFID: The most common application of RFID is asset management, which benefits by reduction of lost inventory, elimination of incorrect deliveries, improvement in distribution logistics, etc. an RFID system, in a large warehouse, can track a containerladen palletâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement from the time the pallet enters the warehouse to the time it leaves. Such a system relies on fixed RFID readers placed throughout the warehouse and at points of inbound/outbound shipping. SOFTWARE OVERVIEW FOR DEPLOYMENT OF RFID: RFID Deployment in INDIAN RAILWAYS: A case study of E-Transport Initiative in India 58 International Journal of Instrumentation, Control & Automation (IJICA), Volume 1, Issue 1, 2011 The RFID reader has embedded software that

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manages the interrogation, decoding and processing of the received tag information and it communicates with a storage system that houses a tag database and other relevant information.

The three elements of the RFID reader software architecture are: the back-end server interface, the middleware, and the front-end tag reader algorithms. HARDWARE: A/D and D/A Converters For communicating with a tag, the mixed-signal front-end (MxFE®) IC forms the interface of interest. MxFE devices are general-purpose, intermediatefrequency subsystems that include A/D and D/A converters, low-noise amplifiers, mixers, AGC circuitry, and programmable filters.

Output streams of I&Q data connect directly to processor parallel ports. Analog Devices MxFE2 IC family members constitute the highest performance narrow-band receivers available, wellsuited to RFID—and other— applications. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a typical MxFE device. .

Blackfin Processors for RFID Applications Blackfin processors provide connectivity to both wired and wireless networks. Some processors, such as the ADSP-BF5363 and ADSP-BF537,4 have a 10-Base-T/100-Base-T Ethernet MAC on chip. On the wireless side, all Blackfin processors can connect directly to both 802.15.4 ZigBee and IEEE 802.11 chipsets via the SPI® and SPORT peripherals. Line-speed transfers can be obtained without consuming the entire processor bandwidth. In addition, Blackfin processors include a parallel peripheral interface (PPI), which can connect directly to ADCs and DACs such as those mentioned above. Some Blackfin processors include two PPIs, which can expand system functionality even further—allowing a camera to be connected to an RFID reader, for instance.

Besides RFID applications, these Blackfin features are also especially attractive for 1D and 2D barcode applications, because of Blackfin’s ability to perform system control, networking, and image processing on the same device. For RFID applications, a single PPI is often sufficient because of the way the RFID reader interrogates tags. First, the PPI is configured in transmit mode, and the processor sends a digital sequence to a DAC. The transmitted sequence is converted to an analog signal, which is then upconverted and sent out to excite/ wake up local RFID tags, which then respond. Simultaneously, the PPI is reconfigured as a receiver in a small number of processor system clock pulses (see EE-Note 236),5 as shown in Figure 3. In this way, a downconverted RF signal can be sampled by an ADC and brought into the Blackfin directly. In the figure, the time between each receive (Rx) and transmit (Tx) interval is measured in system clock cycles. The elapsed time allows for the transmitted signal to reach the tag and for the tag to transmit a response.

In some RFID applications, a Blackfin processor alone can act as the server—for example, when large data stores and database manipulations are not necessary. For instance, imagine an elderly parent wearing a bracelet with a tag that could be monitored within the house. If no signs of activity were noted within a specified time interval, the monitoring agency could alert registered friends or relatives. The software components that make up the infrastructure of a Blackfin RFID reader includes the drivers necessary to interface to the mixed signal, front-end IC, as well as a

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DMA driver that is very useful in moving data through a system. The Clinux-based network stack and SQL database engines are also available. From a system perspective, additional features, such as 802.11 WiFi cards, USB thumb drives, and Compact Flash card interfaces, very quickly be integrated with BlackďŹ n devices.

Conclusion Practical RFID systems are involved in real time tracking and monitoring of events. The system performs appropriate actions in response to events based on certain conditions The case-study gives an overview of the current state and trends of RFID technology. Even though numerous limitations and unresolved issues still hinder the widespread application of RFID, it can be already seen that especially enterprises in complex supply chains will benefit from RFID, once the application difficulties are overcome.

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Case Study 2 ( Hong Kong Rail Company Tracks Components via RFID Systems) A solution from Hong Kong RFID Ltd. provides visibility into where and when parts, such as brakes, air conditioners or LCD screens, are being serviced, thereby boosting efficiency.

A railway company that operates passenger and freight trains throughout Hong Kong has boosted the accuracy and efficiency of data capture related to the maintenance of its passenger cars and locomotives, thanks to the use of active RFID tags and readers provided by Hong Kong RFID Ltd. The technology automatically captures components' locations, as well as the servicing each part has received. By knowing this information, the company can better manage its fleet of passenger cars and locomotives, and be sure that all parts are in working order. To ensure its rolling stock's safety and effectiveness, the rail operator must track the conditions of the components installed on its passenger cars and engines, to verify that they are in good working order. If an item requires repair or is due for maintenance, it is removed from the car or engine and sent to one of the firm's three maintenance centers, also known as depots. Because hundreds of such components are being serviced at each of maintenance center at any given time, tracking those parts and ensuring that they receive the appropriate servicing can be challenging, according to Hong Kong RFID Ltd.

For example, a part may be sent to one maintenance centre for one type of repair, and then to another depot for additional servicing. For the rail company's management, the only way to track 37 of 41

when and where each part was being serviced, and to know when it would be ready for reuse, had been to make telephone calls and conduct regular manual inventory checks of all components stored at each site. Therefore, says Craig Jo, Hong Kong RFID's business development director, the rail operator contracted with his company in 2012 to provide the tags, as well as fixed and handheld readers, and its Capital Spares Tracking System software, which Hong Kong RFID Ltd. developed specifically for the application. The software collects data from the RFID reads at the three Hong Kong Rail Company Tracks Components Via RFID http://www.rfidjournal.com/ articles/view?10583 Š 2013 RFID Journal 1 of 2 maintenance centers, interprets that information and presents details regarding where parts are in the maintenance process, and when they arrived at that point. The rail operator is employing Hong Kong RFID's Garrison HKRAT-RT02 active 2.4 GHz RFID tags. The waterproof tags have been screwed or bolted to approximately 1,000 pieces of its rail equipment, including train car air conditioners, LCD displays, amplifiers, compressor sets and brake-control units. Installed within each maintenance center are six or seven Empress fixed Wi-Fi readers (HKRAR-EMWF), with a total of 20 interrogators in use by the company. Reader portals are located within the depots at entrances and exits to sections (or workshops) in which specific work is performed. As a tagged item passes a portal, the reader captures the ID number transmitted by the tag, via a proprietary air-interface protocol). The device then forwards that ID via a cabled connection to the Capital Spares Tracking System software, residing on the rail operator's server, where the ID is linked to location data indicating which service is being provided, and to information about that component. By reading the tags as they enter and leave each area, the company can maintain a record indicating what has been done with that tagged item. Maintenance personnel are also equipped with Empress handheld readers (KHRAR-5080EM), Jo says, which they utilize to interrogate each tag as they begin providing service. The workers can use the handheld's keypad to enter data, such as the specific service being provided, and the component's condition. At the end of the day, the employees can dock the reader in order to upload the data to the rail company's server. In some cases, the information is transmitted directly to the back-end system via a Wi-Fi connection. If workers are searching for a particular component or wish to conduct an inventory check within one section of the maintenance center, they can use the handheld to read all tags within that area. Since adopting the RFID solution in 2012, Jo reports, the rail operator has indicated to Hong Kong RFID Ltd. that not only is less labor required to conduct inventory checks, but the data regarding parts' locations is more accurate and thorough. By capturing data automatically via an RFID system at its three depots, the company's managers can view where components are located, when they have been maintained and when services are behind schedule. This enables them to take action to prevent the types of delays that could affect whether a railcar has working components and can thus be operated.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. M. B. Abdelhalim, M. El-Mahallawy, M. Ayyad, and A. El-Mahallawy. Design and implementation of anencryption algorithm for use in RFID system.

International Journal of RFID Security and Cryptography ,1:51–57, March 2012.

2. Behzad Abdolmaleki, Karim Baghery, Bahareh Akhbari, and Mohammad Reza Aref. Cryptanalysis of twoEPC-based RFID security schemes. In International ISC Conference on Information Security and Cryptology – ISCISC2015 , pages 1–6. IEEE, September 2015.

3. Behzad Abdolmaleki, Karim Baghery, Bahareh Akhbari, and Mohammad Reza Aref. Attacks and improvementson two new-found RFID authentication protocols. In International Symposium on Telecommunications – IST 2014 , pages 1–6, July 2014.

4. Shahab Abdolmaleky, Shahla Atapoor, Mohammad Hajighasemlou, and Hamid Sharini. A strengthened versionof a hash-based RFID server-less security scheme.

Advances in Computer Science: an International Journal ,4(3):18–23, May 2015.

5. Srujana Adepwar and P. Swetha. Security solution for real time location systems using distance bounding.

International Journal of Technology and Engineering Science , 2(6):1933–1937, June 2014.

6. A. O. Afolabi, A. A. Atayero, P. Ajayi, and P. Wogu. Implementation of biometric RFID identification system:A case study of covenant university. Covenant University ePrint Repository, 2015.

7. Arjun Agarwal and Mala Mitra. RFID: Promises and Problems, April 2006.

8. Seyed Farhad Aghili, Nasour Bagheri, Praveen Gauravaram, Masoumeh Safkhani, and Somitra Kumar Sanad-hya. On the security of two RFID mutual authentication protocols. In Workshop on RFID Security – RFID-Sec’13 , Graz, Austria, July 2013.

9. Tanvi Agrawal, P.K. Biswas, and A.D. Raoot. An optimized query tree algorithm in RFID inventory tracking– a case study evidence.

IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues , 9(1):85–93, July 2012.

10. Isaac Agudo, Ruben Rios, and Javier Lopez. A privacy-aware continuous authentication scheme for proximity-based access control.

Computers & Security , (0), May 2013.

11. Hadi Ahmadi and Reihaneh Safavi-Naini. Secure distance bounding verification using physical-channel prop-erties. arXiv.org, Computer Science, Cryptography and Security, 2013.

12. Zahra Ahmadian, Mahmoud Salmasizadeh, and Mohammad Reza Aref. Desynchronisation attack on RAPPultralightweight authentication protocol. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2012/490, 2012.

13. Zahra Ahmadian, Mahmoud Salmasizadeh, and Mohammad Reza Aref. Recursive linear and differential crypt-analysis of ultralightweight authentication protocols. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2012/489, 2012.

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VITA The project has been successfully carried out at Amity University, Kolkata, which is a private university in Kolkata in the state of West Bengal, India. It was founded in 2015 and is the eighth university to be established by the Amity Education Group.

The Amity Group's presence in Kolkata began at the end of 2009 as Amity Global Business School (Salt Lake, Sector V), which offered management degrees under Amity University. In 2015, the state legislature of West Bengal passed the Amity University Act, 2014 (West Bengal Act, XXIV of 2014) to enable the establishment of the university in Rajarhat. The university was established on the 6th of January and classes commenced on 31 August 2015. It is the eighth university to be established by the Amity Education Group, which also established Amity University, Mumbai in 2014.

The university offers undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral degrees. Courses are run by constituent institutes and schools situated on its campus. Amity University, Kolkata is currently offering programs in the field of management, engineering, bio-technology, applied sciences, forensic sciences, environment, medical and allied health sciences, nursing, journalism and mass communications, liberal arts, computer science, foreign language, law, architecture, medical, commerce, economics, fashion, fine arts, hotel management both at undergraduate and post graduate levels, besides offering doctoral degrees in many of these disciplines.

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FORWARDING CERTIFICATE This is to duly certify that Mr. Debshikhar Das, a student of final semester at Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Kolkata (ASETK), in the department of Bachelors of Technology (Computer Science & Engineering), batch of 2015-2019 with Enrollment Number – A91005215089 has undertaken this dissertation work having title ‘Implementing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Detector) to track and identify the train and calculating an (ETA) Estimated Time of Arrival to a particular Station’ under my guidance.

He has completed the work diligently and satisfactorily.

………………………..

(Signature) SAUBHIK BANDOPADHYAY Assistant Professor Amity School of Engineering & Technology Amity University Kolkata

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