Contents
Preface
xiv
Part 1 Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology Chapter 1
Interactionist View of Crime
Crime and Criminology
A Definition of Crime
3
Crime and the Criminal Law
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise Criminal Statistics/Crime Measurement
4
4
Common Law
5
5
7
Summary
Penology: Punishment, Sanctions, and Corrections
7
Key Terms
Classical Criminology
9
Positivist Criminology
10
Sociological Criminology Conflict Criminology
24 24
9
The Nature and Extent of Crime 27
11
12 12
Contemporary Criminology
13
Primary Sources of Crime Data
Profiles in Crime Kiddie Porn 15
15
28
NIBRS: The Future of the Uniform Crime Report Survey Research
17
Profiles in Crime A Pain in the Glass Self-Report Surveys
17
32 32
34
Evaluating Crime Data
Crime Trends
31
31
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 16
Consensus View of Crime
36
37
Trends in Officially Recorded Crime Š Reuters/Paul Sakuma/Pool/Landov
28
Official Records: The Uniform Crime Report
Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 14
Conflict View of Crime
22
Chapter 2
Developmental Criminology
The Concept of Crime
21
23
Critical Thinking Questions
A Brief History of Criminology
20
Thinking Like a Criminologist
Understanding and Describing Criminal Behavior
Becoming Deviant
19
The Evolution of Criminal Law
Ethical Issues in Criminology
Policy and Practice in Criminology Should Sex Offenders Be Registered? 6
Victimology 8
18
18
Contemporary Criminal Law
Sociology of Law / Law and Society / Socio-Legal Studies Developing Theories of Crime Causation
17
17
Trends in Victimization
37
38
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology International Crime Trends 40 What the Future Holds
Crime Patterns
41
43
The Ecology of Crime
43
vii
© AP Images/Athens Banner-Herald, Richard Hamm. Inset: Courtesy and by permission of the Office of Marketing and Communications, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia
Fear
The Victim’s Household Victim Characteristics
64
Victims and Their Criminals
Lifestyle Theories
46
Age and Crime Race and Crime
68 68
69
Deviant Place Theory
48
48
Gender and Crime
67
Victim Precipitation Theory
44
63
64
Theories of Victimization
Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime
70
Current Issues in Crime Escalation or Desistance? The Effect of Victimization on Criminal Careers 71
49
51
Routine Activities Theory
Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers What Causes Chronicity?
53
54
Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept
Thinking Like a Criminologist
55
71
Caring for the Victim
74
Victim Service Programs
75
Victims’ Rights
54
77
Profiles in Crime Jesse Timmendequas and Megan’s Law 78
55 56
Thinking Like a Criminologist
Critical Thinking Questions
57
Summary
80
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 3
Victims and Victimization
59
60
Victimization’s Toll on Society
60
60
Blaming the Victim Long-Term Stress
81
© AP Images/Tina Fineberg
The Victim’s Role
79
79
Key Terms
Economic Loss
63
The Social Ecology of Victimization
Use of Firearms
Key Terms
63
The Nature of Victimization
Current Issues in Crime Explaining Trends in Crime Rates
Summary
62
Antisocial Behavior
61 61
Part 2 Theories of Crime Causation Chapter 4
Is Drug Use Rational?
Choice Theory: Because They Want To 83
Can Violence Be Rational?
Development of Rational Choice Theory Concepts of Rational Choice Evaluating the Risks of Crime
85
Structuring Crime
Is Crime Rational? Is Theft Rational?
viii
Why Do People Commit Crime? Controlling Crime
91
92
Situational Crime Prevention
92 92
Policy and Practice in Criminology Reducing Crime through Surveillance 94
86
86
The Costs and Benefits of Situational Crime Prevention
87
General Deterrence
Profiles in Crime Looting the Public Treasury
90
Crime Prevention Strategies
85
Offense- and Offender-Specific Crime Structuring Criminality
84
89
Certainty of Punishment
88
Severity of Punishment
89
Swiftness of Punishment
89
95 96 96 97
Critique of General Deterrence
Contents
97
95
© Reuters/Jeff Zelevansky/Landov
Social Policy and Trait Theory
Profiles in Crime Andrea Yates Thinking Like a Criminologist Summary Key Terms
Specific Deterrence
99
Can Incapacitation Reduce Crime?
133
Social Structure Theory
101
Child Poverty
103
Thinking Like a Criminologist
104
Poverty and Crime
104
Critical Thinking Questions
105
137
139
Social Structure Theories
140
Social Disorganization Theory
Chapter 5
The Work of Shaw and McKay
Trait Theory
107
Development of Trait Theory Contemporary Trait Theory Biological Trait Theories
The Social Ecology School
Strain Theories
108
109 110
Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime
145
151
Institutional Anomie Theory
153
Relative Deprivation Theory
153
General Strain Theory (GST)
113
Cultural Deviance Theory Current Issues in Crime Teenage Behavior: Is It the Brain?
The Psychodynamic Perspective
158
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology The Code of the Streets 159
118
Psychological Theories and Crime
157
114
Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory
The Psychological Trait View
154
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures
116
Evolutionary Views of Crime
143
144
151
Theory of Anomie
109
Biochemical Conditions and Crime
118
Theory of Differential Opportunity
161
119
Social Structure Theory and Public Policy
120
Thinking Like a Criminologist 163
120
The Behavioral Perspective: Social Learning Theory
Summary 121
Current Issues in Crime Violent Media/Violent Behavior? 122
Key Terms
162
163 164
Critical Thinking Questions
165
124
Personality and Crime Psychopathic Personality Intelligence and Crime
125 126 127
Mental Disorders and Crime
128
© Reuters/Luis Rivera/Landov
Cognitive Theory
136
137
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology More Than Just Race 140
105
Genetics and Crime
135
137
Minority Group Poverty
Key Terms
133
Chapter 6
Problems of the Lower Class
Policy Implications of Choice Theory
Summary
131
Economic Structure and Crime
100
130
132
Critical Thinking Questions
Current Issues in Crime Does Availability of the Death Penalty Discourage Murder? 98 Incapacitation
129
© AP Images/Amy Carcetta
Chapter 7
Social Process Theories 167 Institutions of Socialization Family Relations
169
169
Educational Experience
Contents
170
ix
Instrumental Vs. Structural Theory © AP Images/Gregory Smith
Instrumental Theory Structural Theory
Critique of Critical Criminology
172
173
Differential Association Theory Neutralization Theory
Critical Feminist Theory
Social Control Theory Self-Concept and Crime
The Process of Restoration Restoration Programs
180
Profiles in Crime Alpha Dog
220
184 Thinking Like a Criminologist
185
Summary
186
Key Terms
187
222
222 223
Critical Thinking Questions
188
223
189
Research on Social Reaction Theory Is Labeling Theory Valid?
219
Policy and Practice in Criminology Victim Offender Reconciliation in Denver, Colorado 221
Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory
Differential Enforcement
218
218
The Challenge of Restorative Justice
182
183
Primary and Secondary Deviance
216
217
Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ)
180
Testing Social Control Theory: Supportive Research
Consequences of Labeling
215
The Concept of Restorative Justice
180
Critiquing Social Control Theory
214
Critical Theory and Public Policy
179
Hirschi’s Social Control Theory
212
213
Peacemaking Criminology
173
177
Evaluating Learning Theories
Crime and Labeling
212
Power–Control Theory
Social Learning Theories
211
211
Crime Protection
Patriarchy and Crime 172
189
191
Social Process Theory and Public Policy
191
Policy and Practice in Criminology Head Start Thinking Like a Criminologist
194
194
192
Chapter 9
195
Critical Thinking Questions
Developmental Theories: LifeCourse and Latent Trait 225
195
Chapter 8
Foundations of Developmental Theory
Social Conflict and Critical Criminology 197
Life-Course Fundamentals
Conflict and Crime
198
Origins of Critical Criminology Contemporary Critical Criminology State (Organized) Crime
Problem Behavior Syndrome Pathways to Crime
228
229
Age of Onset/Continuity of Crime
200
Offending Patterns and Trends
201
202
Current Issues in Crime Torturing Terror Suspects 205 206
Contents
© Corbis
How Critical Criminologists View the Cause of Crime 204
x
227
Offense Specialization/Generalization
198
How Critical Criminologists Define Crime
Globalization
210
© Reuters/STR/Landov
Religion and Belief
Key Terms
208
Profiles in Crime Mumia Abu-Jamal Left Realism
Summary
207
208
Research on Critical Criminology
Current Issues in Crime Family Functioning and Crime 171 Peer Relations
207
230 230
230
226
Profiles in Crime The Xbox Killers Theories of the Criminal Life Course Sampson and Laub’s Age-Graded Theory
231 232
233
General Theory of Crime
241
Analyzing the General Theory of Crime
243
Critiquing the General Theory of Crime
244
Current Issues in Crime Love, Sex, Marriage, and Crime 236
Current Issues in Crime Self-Control and Drug Dealing 247
Latent Trait Theories
Public Policy Implications of Developmental Theory
236
Onset and Persistence of Crime
237
Thinking Like a Criminologist Summary
Current Issues in Crime Tracking Down The 500 Delinquent Boys 238 Crime and Human Nature
249
249
Key Terms
250
Critical Thinking Questions
239
248
251
Part 3 Crime Typologies Robbery
Chapter 10
Violent Crime: Personal and Political 253 Causes of Violence Personal Traits
254
Exposure to Violence
255
Cultural Values
257
National Values
257
Thinking Like A Criminologist
Forcible Rape
259
290 290
260 261
Chapter 11
262
Rape and the Law Degrees of Murder
Property Crimes
263
Murder and Homicide
History of Theft
265
Murderous Relations
Occasional Thieves
266
Serial Killers, Mass Murderers, and Spree Killers
Assault and Battery
Larceny/Theft
295
296
Common Larceny/Theft Offenses
272
Nature and Extent of Assault
270
295
295
Professional Thieves
267
Shoplifting
272
Domestic Violence: Assault in the Home
272
293
294
Contemporary Thieves
265
Nature and Extent of Murder
297
297
Profiles in Crime Invasion of the Body Snatchers 298 Credit Card Theft
Š AP Images/Wally Santana
288
289
Critical Thinking Questions
260
286
287
Responses to Political Violence and Terrorism
Key Terms
Causes of Rape
285
Profiles in Crime Azzam the American
Summary
Types of Rape
281
281
What Motivates Terrorists and Terrorism?
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology The Honor Killing of Women and Girls 258
Types of Rapists
280
280
Contemporary Forms of Terrorism
257
277
277
Political Violence and Terrorism
256
Firearm Availability
276
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence
Stalking
256
Incidence of Rape
276
Acquaintance Robbery
Workplace Violence 255
Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct Substance Abuse
The Armed Robber
Hate Crimes
255
Ineffective Families
275
Auto Theft
300
Bad Checks
303
300
False Pretenses/Fraud
303
Receiving and Fencing Stolen Property Embezzlement
305
305
Contents
xi
Pornography and Prostitution
Š AP Images/LAPD
Denial-of-Service Attack
335
Illegal Copyright Infringement
335
Identity Theft
Cyber Stalking
337
Cyber Bullying
337
Cyber Terrorism: Cyber Crime with Political Motives
307
Extent and Costs of Cyber Crime
307
Careers in Burglary
336
Cyber Vandalism: Cyber Crime with Malicious Intent
306
Types of Burglaries
Controlling Cyber Crime
309
Organized Crime Thinking Like a Criminologist
311
Key Terms
313
Enterprise Crime: WhiteCollar Crime, Cyber Crime, and Organized Crime 315 316
Chiseling
Summary
Profiles in Crime Crime of the Century: Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC
320
Current Issues in Crime The Subprime Mortgage Scandal 321 322
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud
Public Order Crimes
323
Law and Morality
324
Corporate Crime
Rationalization/Neutralization View Corporate Culture View
329 329
330
White-Collar Crime and Law Enforcement Systems 330 Controlling White-Collar Crime
Cyber Crime
331
Cyber Theft: Cyber Crimes for Profit
xii
334
334
353
354 354
356
Incidence of Prostitution
356
International Sex Trade
357
Types of Prostitutes
Contents
351
Profiles in Crime The Jessica Lunsford Murder Case 355 Prostitution
332
Computer Fraud
Sex-Related Offenses Pedophilia
330
351
Moral Crusaders and Moral Crusades
Paraphilias
349
350
Criminal or Immoral?
326
Theories of White-Collar Crime
Self-Control View
347
Chapter 13
321
Influence Peddling Client Fraud
347
317
317
318
Exploitation
346
346
Critical Thinking Questions
316
Components of White-Collar Crime White-Collar Fraud
Thinking Like a Criminologist
Š Jay Directo/AFP/Getty Images
White-Collar Crime
343
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology Russian Organized Crime 344
Key Terms
316
341
342
The Future of Organized Crime
Chapter 12
Crimes of Business Enterprise
341
Contemporary Organized Crime Groups Controlling Organized Crime
Enterprise Crime
340
341
The Concept of Organized Crime
Critical Thinking Questions
338
339
Activities of Organized Crime
312
338
339
Characteristics of Organized Crime
311
337
339
What the Future Holds
310
Summary
336
336
Etailing Fraud
Nature and Extent of Burglary
Arson
Distributing Dangerous Drugs Internet Securities Fraud
Current Issues in Crime Confessions of a Dying Thief 306 Burglary
334
335
357
Š Timothy A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images
Pornography and the Law
Substance Abuse
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology International Human Trafficking 358 Becoming a Prostitute
360
Controlling Prostitution Legalize Prostitution?
366
Alcohol and Its Prohibition
366
Extent of Substance Abuse
367
Causes of Substance Abuse
368
Drugs and the Law
371
Drug Control Strategies
372 376
Thinking Like a Criminologist
361
Summary
362
Is Pornography Harmful?
370
Legalization of Drugs
360
365
365
When Did Drug Use Begin?
Drugs and Crime
Pornography
363
Can Pornography Be Controlled?
Key Terms
362
Does Pornography Cause Violence?
379
Critical Thinking Questions
363
377
378 379
Part 4 The Criminal Justice System Concepts of Justice
Chapter 14
Crime Control Model
The Criminal Justice System 381 What is the Criminal Justice System? Police and Law Enforcement The Criminal Court System
Corrections
Due Process Model
382
384 385
Profiles in Crime Canine Cruelty
390
Equal Justice Model
404 406
398
408
Concepts of Justice Today
409
Summary Key Terms
400
Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law
407
Restorative Justice Model
Thinking Like a Criminologist
394
Discretion and the Criminal Justice Process
Š Mark Wilson/Getty Images
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology Does Racial Bias Exist in Criminal Sentencing? 404
Nonintervention Model
Policy and Practice in Criminology Problems of Reentry 392
Courtroom Work Group
401 402
Rehabilitation Model
390
The Process of Justice
401
400
409
410 411
Critical Thinking Questions
411
Notes 413 Glossary 463 Name Index 472 Subject Index 484
Contents
xiii