simian foamy viruses. Nonhuman primates were also tested for orthopoxviruses. Bird samples were tested for adenoviruses, arenaviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, hantaviruses, henipaviruses, herpesviruses, influenzas, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, retrovirus Lentivirus genus, rhabdoviruses, and simian foamy viruses.
DEEP FOREST HUMAN CONTACT (DFHC) SURVEY The DFHC survey investigated contact between people and potential wildlife reservoir hosts. Previous studies have shown correlations between frequency and type of exposure and risk of zoonotic infection. For example, people in frequent contact with nonhuman primates through their occupation, hunting, or keeping them as pets are at higher risk of infection with viruses harbored by nonhuman primates. In zoonotic disease models, the dynamics of infectious diseases are dependent on the rate of transmission from infectious wildlife hosts to susceptible human hosts. To determine this component of risk, the rate at which people are coming into contact with potential wildlife hosts must be estimated. For known diseases, what constitutes a contact event will depend on the specific pathogen and its mode of transmission. However, for novel viruses this information is unknown. For this reason, the chosen base unit of contact potential is any ‘contact event’ between humans and animals during which transmission could conceivably occur. The key element of understanding contact potential is thus to evaluate, quantify, and characterize human ecology via household surveys. The team’s aim was to quantify and map patterns of humananimal contact across the land-use gradient to elucidate the relationships between specific land-use activities and contact. The quantification of human-animal contact rates, using an integrated approach, provides more accurate estimations of these variables in the model. This work was originally funded by International Development Research Centre (IDRC) but was an integral part of Deep Forest. The IDRC anthropology team conducted focus groups, cognitive interviews, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews along the landscape disturbance gradient (in the same locations as the Deep Forest wildlife sampling). The IDRC team completed surveys in 618 households along the gradient (412 surveys at the urban site, 104 surveys at the pristine site, and 102 surveys at the intermediate site). Thus far, they have determined several uses of the forest areas by people, including, but not limited to laundering clothing in streams, recreating (e.g. children playing soccer), extracting fruit, and hunting. This IDRC data will be used in combination with the biodiversity and virodiversity data collected through PREDICT to better understand the effect of landscape disturbance and human ecology on the risk of zoonotic diseases.
REFERENCES Brazilian Federal Government Website. 2014. City overview – Manaus. Available at: http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/sedes/ manaus/cidade?language=en. Accessed May 2014. Convention on Biological Diversity. 2014. Available at: https:// www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=br#status. Accessed May 2014.
Uhart, M., A.A. Perez, M. Rostal, E. Alandia-Robles, A.P. Mendoza, A. Nava, P.C. de Dejuste, F. Miranda, I. Iniguez, C. Zambrana, E. Durigon, P. Franco, D. Joly, T. Goldstein, W. Karesh, and J. Mazet. 2013. A ‘One Health’ approach to predict emerging zoonoses in the Amazon. In Wildlife and Human Health: Experiences and Perspectives. M. Chame, N. Labarthe (editors). FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 65-73.
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