LIGHTING UP TWIN PEAKS IMPROVED PEDESTRIAN LIGHTING FOR A SAFER CITY EXPERIENCE
DANNY BRITO DES 505 SUMMER 2019 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION PROBLEM/ PURPOSE STATEMENT PRELIMINARY RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE & ASSUMPTIONS PROJECT SCOPE TIMELINE DEFINITION OF TERMS HYPOTHESES CONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTION: REVIEW OF LITERATURE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES SURVEY RESULTS PANEL OF EXPERTS PERSONAS PERT CHART CASE STUDY: TWIN PEAKS BLVD “FIGURE-8” PROMENADE CASE STUDY: ILLUMINATE SF FESTIVAL OF LIGHT CONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTION: METHOD OF PROCEDURE PROPOSED SOLUTION & REASONING COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT MAPPING MATRIX DESIGN INSPIRATION & DESIGN DRIVERS SPECIFICATIONS & CONSTRAINTS ELEMENTS & BENEFICIARIES STORYBOARD
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INTRODUCTION: EVALUATION OBSERVATIONS OF USER EXPERIENCE DESIGN STRENGTHS DESIGN WEAKNESSES INTERVIEWS FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES APPENDICES A, B, C BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT Today, the UN reports over 55% of the worlds population lives in urban areas. Other reports continue to justify a correlation in urbanization and increased risks of anxiety and/or mood disorders. Specifically, it is reported that urban living presents a 21% and 39% increased risk, respectively.1 One factor for this is street lighting-specifically night time lighting. Street lights largely contribute to city light pollution, can be distracting to sleepers, and effect our perceived personal safety. With mood disorders affecting urban residents, more so than their rural counterparts, how can designers reconcile our modern lighting systems with mental wellness and a sense of security? 1. Carol, C. (June 2014).
CHAPTER
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INTRODUCTION
Twin Peaks continues to serve the city of San Francisco as a popular tourist and local residential destination. Since 2017, there have been ongoing efforts to make navigating to the natural area at the Christmas Tree lookout point for motor vehicles and pedestrians in this area safer. With the reconfiguration of traffic flow and newly-implemented pedestrian streets (facing east), the effort to make this destination safer is working during the day time. At night, however, it can be too dark or confusing to navigate this area in the dense fog. Twin Peaks continues to stay open to visitors until midnight; thus, better nighttime lighting solutions are needed to enhance the efforts already put into motion to make this area safer and more accessible.
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PROBLEM Currently, night time pedestrian lighting systems at the Twin Peaks viewpoint fails to provide a sense of security for natives, residents, and tourists.
PURPOSE To generate a light installation or system atop Twin Peaks at the viewpoint which employs sufficient night time lighting for visibility and enhanced security. Additionally, the light installation will contribute to our city’s ongoing efforts to improve upon our distinct cultural fabric. 6
PRELIMINARY RESEARCH In 2017, District 7 Supervisor, Norman Yee, called to close the Twin Peaks viewing area because of the ongoing criminal issues. He proposed “gates at both entrances that lead up to Twin Peaks to keep vehicles out of [there] from dusk until dawn.”1 The most common physical factors for increased anxiety in urban areas at night are: poor lighting and the threat of entrapment.2 Today, the city is working on a conceptual development to install a pedestrian promenade along the neighboring eastern side of the Twin Peaks mountain. “People living in cities have a 21% increased risk of anxiety disorders and a 39% increased risk of mood disorders” -Claudia Carol, Gensler Today there are 35+ lighting installations hosted by Illuminate SF, the city’s public light installations. These demonstrate the potential for city planners to safely welcome pedestrian nighttime traffic. The International Dark Sky Association estimates that at least 30% of all outdoor lighting in the U.S. is wasted, mostly because of lights that are unshielded. Moreover, they suggest that “Fully shielded fixtures can provide the same level of illumination on the ground as unshielded ones, but with less energy and cost.”3 1 McSweeny, Terry. (September 2017). 2 Blöbaum, A., & Hunecke, M. (2005). 3 International Dark Sky. (July 2016).
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Physical factors in urban areas like street lighting, or the absence of street lighting, are both emblematic of the importance of these areas to our lives and the value they carry for our greater city. A proper lighting system will address a larger, social issue of increased mood disorders for urban residents.
ASSUMPTIONS Many people are interested in preserving the cultural and historical fabric of San Francisco. Many people may immediately consider a “lighting installation� as detrimental to the night time view atop Twin Peaks. Improved lighting system can enhance the sensory experience of visiting Twin Peaks after dark and enhance feelings of security. City residents understand that Twin Peaks is unsafe after dark, and that criminal activity persists as a civic issue for the neighborhood. 8
PROJECT SCOPE Identify areas at risk for perceived personal danger after dark. Identify environmental design constraints (e.g. city plans and codes, natural migratory patterns, etc.) Employ better lighting solutions for the immediate viewing area at Twin Peaks.
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PROJECT TIMELINE
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Set up Project Blog Explore Potential Project Areas Define 3 Distinct Problem and Purpose Statements Review past 505 Research Project Quiz 1
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Develop Project Timeline & Preliminary Survey Questions “A Day In The Life” Personas, pt. 2 Individual Research: Public Parks, Spaces with Poor Lighting Refine Problem & Purpose Statements
3 Project Proposals
Midterm Preview & Presentation
Preliminary Research
Field Research
“A Day In The Life” Personas, pt. 1
Observational Research
Find and Establish Project Expert Panel
PERT Chart
Quiz 2
Biblio-Comparative Research Quiz 3
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7
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Midterm Preview & Presentations
Visual Storytelling Poster
Design Guide
Prepare Final Presentation: Draft Report
Low Fidelity Prototype
Develop Physical Appearance
Design Guide & Preliminary Ideation
Finalize Prototype/Scale Model
Quiz 4 Concept Review Analyze Prototype Feedback
Final Report & Poster Presentation Display and Reception
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DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ANXIETY NOUN intense, excessive, and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Fast heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, and feeling tired may occur DIFFUSION FILTERS NOUN glass lenses used to widen and soften light output FOOT CANDLE NOUN unit of measurement used for evaluating the effectiveness of light source HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM (HPS) LIGHT NOUN a lamp that uses sodium vapor as the light producing element. It produces a yellow-orange light HOUSE SIDE LIGHTING NOUN home exterior facing lighting LED NOUN an electronic device that emits light when an electrical current is passed through it LUMINAIRE NOUN complete light luminaire with all parts and lamps necessary for positioning and obtaining power supply. MOOD DISORDER NOUN a psychological disorder characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person’s mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder. PEDESTRIAN LIGHTING NOUN refers to a secondary
lighting source for public city streets, constrained to 18’ height and very few city design constraints PERCEIVED PHYSICAL DANGER NOUN refers to a general fear of becoming a victim, which is associated with specific social contexts, this fear is irrespective of the perception of specific physical cues STREET SIDE LIGHTING NOUN street-facing lighting URBAN LIVING NOUN residing in a very developed area, meaning there is a density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways.
THREE HYPOTHESES HYPOTHESIS 1: Create an unique light installation to attract people to Twin Peaks for a very special and safe experience at night.
HYPOTHESIS 2: Generate a list or catalog of safest places in the city to visit after dark, for tourists to enjoy.
HYPOTHESIS 3: Install more of the traditional LED streetlights surrounding parks at night; remove timed setting for streetlights in this area.
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CHAPTER CONCLUSION A safer outdoor environment is just one of the many ways that urban planners and designers can alleviate some of the stressors for urban living or visits. Smarter night time lighting systems in desirable public spaces, then, are deemed necessary in order to reduce anxieties, enhance overall safety and security for everybody.
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CHAPTER
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Qualitative and quantitative data are all welcomed in this mixed research study. The following research included in Chapter 2 will be collected and evaluated for a need assessment of increased and/or improved lighting solutions to the Twin Peaks viewing area. Primary research and surveys will address this need, while secondary research will address the larger social impact lighting can have on the mental wellbeing of urbanites and people attracted to larger, urban cities.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES SURVEYS Assessing a need for improved lighting in our local city is made possible with surveying residents, locals, tourists ARTICLES Data collection for local statistics from local news sources and other scholarly periodicals INTERVIEWS Interviews with Panel of Experts to determine which lighting systems are suitable for projects like Light Up Twin Peaks PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS Data collection for national and global statistics from scholarly journals PHOTO DOCUMENTATION Self assessment of the area, via photography PERSONA STUDY Empathetic approach to delivering desirable results from study for others
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SURVEY RESULTS WHEN ASKED IF SURVEY PARTICIPANTS FEEL SAFE WALKING ABOUT THE DESIGNATED PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS AT NIGHT: All participants unanimously feel unsafe being there at night
WHEN ASKED IF SURVEY PARTICIPANTS ARE FAMILIAR WITH THE 35+ OTHER LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS CURRENTLY ON VIEW IN SAN FRANCISCO: Most participants were not aware of all 35+ installations
WHEN ASKED IF THE PRESENT OVERHEAD LIGHTS AT THE TWIN PEAKS LOOKOUT DETRACT FROM THE VIEW: Half of survey participants agree Half of the survey participants feel neutral or do not agree
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All participants agree that these enhance our city’s cultural background
PANEL OF EXPERTS SIMA TAWAKOLI
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY, PRESIDENT Sima is a local lighting professional who understands the fundamentals of LED lighting. Her experience in architecture and urban planning relate to the Light Up Twin Peaks project perfectly.
VICTOR WITTMANN VP MARKETING AND SALES, NERI
Victor represents a lighting company which offers a variety of creative lighting solutions for outdoor use. (Suggests focusing efforts on zero-uplighting LEDs as they can waste our energy, and to understand the human circadian rhythm and animal migratory effects of outdoor lighting).
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PANEL OF EXPERTS ELIZABETH HIRSCH
PARK STUDIO LEAD, SF PUBLICS WORK Lizzy, as she is known to friends and family, has worked in developing public shared spaces for the city of San Francisco. Her works is mainly focused outside of the natural area. Her background with lighting design consultants lends her relevant experience to the Twin Peaks lighting project. (Although she has resided in the City for several decades, she does not visit Twin Peaks).
KOA PICKERING
ASSOCIATE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT, SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC WORKS Koa Pickering is currently involved in a conceptual level effort around developing a linear promenade/park along a newly-developed pedestrian pathway at Twin Peaks. He is informed about current lighting limitations imposed upon by the city of San Francisco for the natural area.
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PERSONAS Ed is a San Francisco native and third generation San Franciscan. He has bore witness to the rapid change of the City. Ed makes it a point to get our of the home once a day, but never after dark as he has a difficult time seeing at this time of day. At times, this can be physically challenging, but he has a beautiful view of one large city park just outside of his living room window for those days he can’t get out. Ed finds comfort and pride in living next to a staple of the city’s culture and hopes that people remain understanding and focused on preserving the integrity of these spaces.
Jo is a young mother of one who lives in the Upper Market neighborhood in San Francisco. Jo works typical 9-5 hours and always rushes home to her son, for their daily walk with their dog. As Jo’s son grows older, he grows more curious of the parks that sit in backyard. Naturally, she avoids the parks and dimly lit winding-roads in her neighborhood. Jo would like to share the wonders of these park views with her kids but can’t in good conscience.
Kyle is a creative professional working in tech. He only recently moved to the City of San Francisco and enjoys exploring the city’s natural attractions. He spends most of his work day inside, working remotely from any desk he can find to sit at, and likes to get outside after working hours. In his free time, Kyle tends to his favorite hobby, night time photography, and meets with his closest friends after he can get the perfect shot. 21
PERSONAS Dave is a recent college graduate based out of Chicago. Together, with his girlfriend, he has visited San Francisco twice and plans to visit again for their next small weekend getaway—he is fascinated with the City’s culture. Dave is familiar with densely populated city living and knows of the risk for danger at night. Sadly, Dave’s experiences with San Francisco are not all great; his last visit resulted in a break in to his rental car. Nevertheless, Dave is sure to return, but perhaps not to the same parking space.
Jesse works for the San Francisco Parks and Recreation Department. He is a park maintenance specialist and returns to oversee that all things run smoothly in the city’s premiere Golden Gate Park. Jesse lives in proximity to this park and, so, he likes to visit the park with his two children. Jesse’s experience in working late into the night prohibits him from allowing his children in to explore the park after closing hours.
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Amanda is a natural areas manager working with the San Francisco Parks and Recreation department, where she represents the Twin Peaks summit. She recognizes the importance of preserving, restoring, and enhancing every thing that Twin Peaks has to offer: the 360-degree view of San Francisco, the 0.7-mile hike frequented by tourists and locals, and local brush and vegetation for all animals who call Twin Peaks home. During her down time, Amanda lives a very active and runs after dark.
PERT CHART
RESEARCH
MIDTERM
DESIGN
FINAL
Introduction
Chapters 1-3
Design Concept
Final Booklet
Significance
Midterm Presentation
Rapid Visualization
Final Poster
Midterm Booklet
Elevation View Sketch/Render
Final Prototype
Correspond with Panelists
Floorplan Sketch/ CAD Drawing
Project Proposals Problem/Purpose Interviews Correspond with Panelists Survey
Critiques Correspond with Panelists
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CASE STUDY: EASTERN TWIN PEAKS BLVD “FIGURE-8” PROMENADE Currently, there is a “conceptual level effort around reclaiming the east side of the ‘figure-8,’ closing it to traffic and transforming it into a linear promenade/ park.”1 Beginning in 2016, this roadway closure allows the western half of this boulevard to remain open for 2-way traffic. The future promenade site is now a closed roadway, but remains underdeveloped and without pedestrian lighting. The promenade efforts are funded by “a Priority Conservation Area grant, Proposition K Transportation Improvement funds, and the 2008 Clean and Safe Neighborhood Parks Bond.”2 According to panelist expert Koa Pickering, and surveys conducted by SFMTA, there are 58% percent of people surveyed support creating a permanent project. Koa also explained that part of the quandary involves unsuccessful attempts to gain additional funding for lighting up this promenade and the project involves a few city government agencies. This project could present a more necessary use of available funding than the Lighting Up Twin Peaks Project. Future integration of both projects could serve as a suitable use of government funding. 1 Pickering, Koa. (August 6, 2019). 2 SF Parks and Recreation Department. (2017).
CASE STUDY: ILLUMINATE SF FESTIVAL OF LIGHTS Annually, between Thanksgiving and New Years Eve, the city of San Francisco invites people from all over the world to visit several lighting installations throughout the city. Pictured left, artists Brian Goggin and Dorka Keehn’s “Language of the Birds”1 lighting installation is one of the 35+ fixtures that illuminate the city after dark sets in. This installation, one of the many permanent lighting fixtures, is a welcoming invitation to continue to enjoy all that the city has to offer without fear of being alone after dark. Artistic expressions like these are unconvential, in terms of city pedestrian lighting fixtures, but provide sufficient overhead lighting to make faces distinguishable while simultaneously mitigating sky glow. The unconventional nature of this lighting installation contributes to the city’s distinct cultural fabric while improving upon the positive urban character of the North Beach neighborhood. If lighting fixtures/installations can enhance the visual identity of one area or neighborhood like North Beach, how could this same logic become applied to improving/ updating the visual identity and positive urban character of Twin Peaks? 1 Illuminate SF. (2008).
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CHAPTER CONCLUSION The most helpful research for this phase came from the Lighting expo and panelists Koa, Victor, and Sima. Their understanding of the dark sky and their relation to this concept in outdoor lighting shifted the project from an artistic lighting installation to a more conventional and/or practical one. Koa provided some insight to the ongoing city efforts to reconfigure the so-called “figure-8� redesign, which limits the east side of the mountain strictly to pedestrian traffic. It is unclear whether the city can supply power to the area and maintenance concerns are under discussion. 27
CHAPTER
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METHOD OF PROCEDURE
This chapter will focus on developing a desirable and suitable solution given th research and data gathered for Chapter 2. Based on the findings, a layering approach of ambient lighting and dark sky luminaires could produce a more calming environment at Twin Peaks.
Night lighting in this area (Christmas Tree Road parking lot) is limited to the ambient lighting from a nearby cell tower. Here, people park and sit in their cars until closing time (midnight). This can heighten the sense of perceived physical danger without additional lighting which meets comfortable standards for pedestrians. Further research on the dark-sky friendly lighting and practices will need to be conducted via formal interviews with panelists.
PROPOSED SOLUTION Create a unique lighting system/installation to accommodate people at Twin Peaks for a very special and safe experience at night. This preliminary lighting system does not have to have serve as a permanent fixture.
REASONING Based on research and data gathered in Chapter 2, dark sky luminaires with a limited—yet desirable—light level, as well as a maximum height clearance could produce a more calming environment than the existing conditions at Twin Peaks. According to the San Francisco Better Streets Plan, pedestrian lighting should follow general lighting guidelines to allow our city’s pedestrians the opportunity to make faces visible from as far as a 13-foot distance in order to “bring comfort with regard to normal social contact.”1 This lighting system is not intended to remain a permanent fixture in the Christmas Tree Point Road parking lot. Later integration into a neighboring development for a pedestrian promenade connecting Twin Peaks to Mt. Sutro is a very real possibility. Thus, a semi-permanent solution is best served for Lighting Up Twin Peaks in the parking lot area.
1 San Francisco Better Streets. (2015).
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS A closer look at the current lighting solutions and installations already offered in the city of San Francisco. 1. SOMA, PIER 14 2. 18,500+ LED COBRAHEAD STREETLIGHTS 3. LANGUAGE OF THE BIRDS, NORTH BEACH 4. BAYVIEW RISE, BAYVIEW 5. LIGHTSWARM, YBCA
ASSESSMENT CONVENTIONAL OVERHEAD STREET LIGHTING Traditional streetlights are being replaced with brighter, LED lampposts. The LED lights are becoming more popular in cities for their easy serviceability and cost effectiveness. However, LED lights at this height are extremely disruptive to our night lives. These are too bright for viewing areas like Twin Peaks. They may also affect migratory patterns of local wildlife at the viewing . ARTISTIC INSTALLATIONS Artistic installations are great for attracting night life. They can alleviate the effects of nighttime-affiliated stressors through encouraging nighttime communities. These installations are sometimes intended for temporary display. They can also become very meticulous and require specialized service. 31
MAPPING MATRIX SERVICEABLE
SOLUTION
UNCONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
TEMPORARY USE
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DESIGN DRIVERS AND DESIGN INSPIRATION SERVICEABLE DESIGN DOWNWARD FACING LIGHT MULTIPURPOSE INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED POWER SUPPLY TO TWIN PEAKS
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SPECIFICATIONS EASILY SERVICEABLE DESIGN LOW POWER LIGHTING MAXIMUM 18’ TALL LUMINAIRE DESIGN NO MORE THAN 0.5 fc OF LIGHT PER LUMINAIRE REDUCED LIGHT POLLUTION LED LIGHTING DOWNWARD-FACING LEDs
CONSTRAINTS CITY FUNDING POWER SUPPLY TO THE AREA IS LIMITED TO THE NEARBY TOWER (PRIVATELY-OWNED)
USER/ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS The immediate and neighboring area of Twin Peaks (Mt. Sutro, mile-long hikes, Upper Market neighborhood) are all dimly lit and subject to dense fog during the early evening hours until the following morning. Though it is difficult to navigate fog, city residents are accustomed to, and comfortable, doing so. With that said, Twin Peaks is heavy in criminal activity. In 2017, District 7 Supervisor Norman Yee called to closed the roadways to and from the mountain top from dusk until dawn.1 All visitors of Twin Peaks, those who frequent the area and those who do not, require nighttime lighting since the area is available to the public until midnight, 365 days per year.
BENEFICIARIES Beneficiaries include local San Francisco/Bay Area residents, as well as visitors of the San Francisco area. Additionally, city workers, public park maintenance workers and city park planners involved in developing a safer promenade will also benefit from the lighting upgrade. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) will ultimately benefit from this project, as it follows many of the SF Better Streets Plan specifications. 1 NBC Bay Area News, 2017.
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STORYBOARD
A BRIEF LOOK AT NIGHTTIME ACTIVITY AT TWIN PEAKS
1. Dave and his girlfriend are finally going to enjoy the Twin Peaks view after a long day of settling in to their hotel on Market Street. They agree to drive. 36
2. Couple has trouble navigating current parking situation at night; finds spot far away from the viewing point.
3. Couple notices a car has been broken in to near the lookout point. They are familiar with these issues back home in Chicago and this alarms the couple; uneasy and unsafe feelings quickly set in.
4. They agree to make the best of their visit, but assure one another that they will not stay for too long tonight.
5. Couple enjoys the view, grabs a picture, then leaves rather quickly.
6. Couple rushes back to their rental car to settle their nerves; difficult time driving down the poorly lit hill. 37
STORYBOARD
A GLIMPSE INTO NIGHTTIME ACTIVITY AT TWIN PEAKS, AFTER PEDESTRIAN LIGHTING INSTALLATION
1. Dave and his girlfriend have returned to the City for a weekend trip. They have planned a trip back to Twin Peaks-this time, they are planning to visit before it gets too dark. 38
2. Dave recalls how his last trip left him a bit unsettled. He doesn’t enjoy seeing cars broken into and being in dimly lit areas with his girlfriend.
3. Since his last trip, pedestrian luminaires were mounted along the walls at the lookout point. It appears brighter, safer, and there are more people around. He feels safer/happier to be here after dark.
CHAPTER
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EVALUATION
After digesting all information from surveys, interviews with expert panelists, peer feedback and research conducted, generating ample lighting in this area will be difficult for a few reasons. Ultimately, panelists agree that the safety of this nearby area could benefit from additional lighting.
Further interview with all 4 distinct property owner parties of this area will be necessary to developing a permanent lighting solution. Lighting Up Twin Peaks will be a proposal for a piloted, conceptual lighting system for the meantime while other, more immediate Twin Peaks reconfigurations are made. 39
STREET SIDE LIGHTING
OBSERVATIONS OF USER EXPERIENCE Pictured above, the closure of this roadway (facing east of the City) is intended to attract pedestrians, hikers, joggers/runners, cyclists, etc. in the near future. For now, this street remains empty as soon as regular fog or night sky rolls in. To date, this pedestrian pathway (bottom left) is open until midnight (though hours of operation are under discussion). However, for the time being, this pathway is also underlit and leads pedestrian traffic directly to the Christmas Tree Road parking lot (top left). Insufficient lighting for the street side lighting around this development is currently resulting in the underutilization of the area. Until the conceptual pedestrian promenade is fully developed, the parking lot will require a temporary lighting solution that meets San Francisco’s Better Streets Plan, which outlines the design of pedestrian lighting that best comforts residents and visitors. Though a temporary solution is required, the viewing area and promenade could be designed with cohesive lighting 40 design in mind.
HOUSE SIDE LIGHTING
SOLUTION MATRIX Most Effective
SAFETY
Least Effective
VISUAL COMFORT
REDUCED ANXIETY
TOURISTS
SF RESIDENTS
CITY WORKERS/ SFPUC/ SF PUBLIC WORKS
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DESIGN STRENGTHS The new lighting solution will meet SF Better Streets plan to provide a desirable level of comfort for pedestrian lighting, the secondary lighting source for city street lights. According to the plan, these new pedestrian lights will adhere to these guidelines:
focus light toward the pedestrian pathway only and provide a rhythm of lighting consistent with the nearby neighborhood/area
will be located withing the furnishing zone of sidewalks
maintain all same fixtures for several lighting elements
sky glow is mitigated by selecting dark sky friendly lighting fixtures which direct light only toward street side lighting
≤0.5 fc of sidewalk lighting
light will provide clear distinction of faces from a distance of 13 feet
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DESIGN WEAKNESSES Though this new lighting solution will meet SF Better Streets plans guidelines, it is intended for temporary use to inspire better, permanent lighting for the natural area. According to the aforementioned plan, “current pedestrian lighting is already prioritized for high pedestrian volume streets, key civic streets (downtown area), and streets with concern for pedestrian safety.”1 Because the reconfiguration of Twin Peaks nearby “Figure-8” promenade is purely conceptual and within its pilot phase, some argument could be made that pedestrian lights at the Christmas Tree Road parking lot is not a “high pedestrian volume street.” Similarly, the city does not currently have standards for pedestrian lighting fixtures. So, until further specifications are developed, every pedestrian lighting solution (like the Lighting Up Twin Peaks project) will only be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
1 SF Better Streets Plan, 2015. Photo: Conceptual floor plan of luminaire distribution along pedestrian 43 pathway at Christmas Tree Point Road parking lot
UNDERSTANDING THE LIGHT/ LUMEN DISTRIBUTION Throughout this booklet, lighting solutions are understood with the potential for luminance. This is determined by the product of total square footage of necessary lighting and the minimum luminance of 0.5 foot candles (fc), a figure determined by the SF Better Streets Plan. (Foot candles refer to the level of light which are approximately the distance (in feet) that is illuminated away from the source of light). The Luminaire Classification System polar graph visually demonstrates the primary focus of lighting design solutions to mitigate close to 0% uplight (shaded red). This is achievable through shielded light, much like the Ligman Bollard & Quarter Wall Lights are designed for. Because spill light is a likely issue for outdoor lighting, it is therefore necessary to exceed the minimum required luminance in order to ensure visual comfort. For the 15,000 ft² parking lot a Christmas Tree Point Rd., the minimum lumen (lm) total of all fixtures is 7,500 lm.1 A more desirable and, still, achievable goal is twice this amount: 15,000 lm. Between the ~3,000 lumens provided by the Linear PT Bollard and the ~1,000 lumens provided by the Quarter Wall Light, this 15,000 lm count is achievable with a configuration of at least 7 total fixtures placed along the 0.2 mile pedetrian pathway. (Pictured in aerial floor plans) 1 (Square footage) * (Min. fc total) = Required lumen total (15,000 ft²) * (0.5 fc) = 7,500 lm
Illuminating Engineering Society Luminaire Classification System (LCS) Graph: An elevation view of sectional lighting
An illustration of useful light vs. light pollution New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
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Light Linear PT 1 Single Head Bollard
T E C H N O L O G Y
Construction
TURTLE FRIENDLY
Pre paint 8 step degrease and phosphate process that includes deoxidizing and etching as well as a zinc and nickel phosphate process before product painting.
29w LED 3169 Lumens IP65 • Suitable For Wet Locations IK07 • Impact Resistant (Vandal Resistant) Weight 24.6 lbs 7.87”
Memory Retentive -Silicon Gasket Provided with special injection molded “fit for purpose” long life high temperature memory retentive silicon gaskets. Maintains the gaskets exact profile and seal over years of use and compression.
12.6”
9.5” 2.5”
3.14” x 7.87” 3.15” 1.18”
40”
Aluminum Less than 0.1% copper content – Marine Grade 6060 extruded & LM6 Aluminum High Pressure die casting provides excellent mechanical strength , clean detailed product lines and excellent heat dissipation.
7.88” 5.52”
ø0.6
7”
1.58”
Mounting Detail
Thermal management LM6 Aluminum is used for its excellent mechanical strength and thermal dissipation properties in low and high ambient temperatures. The superior thermal heat sink design by Ligman used in conjunction with the driver, controls thermals below critical temperature range to ensure maximum luminous flux output, as well as providing long LED service life and ensuring less than 10% lumen depreciation at 50,000 hours.
Area distribution bollard-integrated projectors. Stylish but technically precise area lighting solutions as part of a large flexible family. Light Linear PT Bollard is an elegant minimalistic bollard that is suitable for both modern and classic architecture. Ideal for creating visual guidance with exceptional visual comfort. The dual sealed optical chamber with integrated heat sinks houses a range of field interchangeable optically controlled LED’s, providing Type II, III, IV & V distribution, as well as variations of this for precise light distribution requirements. An example of this, is using a combination of Type II and Type IV distribution optics inside the same fixture. This product range is available in 29w and 55w options, as single & double head styles. Customer specific wattages can be provided, contact the factory for more information. This luminaire complies to Dark Sky requirements. Bollards can be provided with GFCI boxes positioned to specific heights specified by the customer. Internal house side shields are available as an option. Optional: Security Bollard: The Light Linear Bollard is available as a traffic rated security bollard. This security bollard provides restraint of vehicular traffic in unauthorized areas. Impact calculations shows this bollard will stop a 5,500lb/2.75 tons vehicle, travelling at 30mph. For additional strength, the galvanized pole can be filled with concrete up to the waterproof driver housing to provide a solid concrete barrier.
Example of Installed Linear PT Bollard along a Pedestrian Pathway
Surge Suppression Standard 10kv surge suppressor provided with all fixtures.
Additional Options (Consult Factory For Pricing)
LIGMAN LIGHT LINEAR PT E C H N O L O G Y BOLLARD T(4)
BUG Rating B1 - U0 - G1 Finishing All Ligman products go through an extensive finishing process that includes fettling to improve paint adherence.
Ligman’s micro Variable Optical System provides the ability
Type I
Type II
SB Security Bollard
46
N
Paint
to interchange, mix & rotate optics to provide specific light UV Stabilized 4.9Mil thick powder coat paint • DURABLE WATER-RESISTANCE FOR FOGGY /RAINY distributions for optimized spacing and uniformity. and baked at 200 Deg C. This process ensures that Ligman products CITIES AREAS can withstand harsh environments. Rated for use in natatoriums. • LED CAPABLE FOR SERVICEABILITY Hardware Provided Hardware is Marine grade 316 • DARK SKY FRIENDLY Stainless steel. • DISTRIBUTES OPTICS EFFECTIVELY IN PEDESTRIAN Anti Seize Screw Holes Tapped holes are infused with a special anti • PRECINCTS seize compound designed to prevent seizure of threaded connections, due to electrolysis • INDIVIDUAL GFCI Type BOXES FOR EVERY BOLLARD from heat, corrosive atmospheres and IV Type V moisture. • STANDS 40” The TALL Crystal Clear Low Iron Glass Lens variable optic system allows for the designer to create Provided with tempered, impact resistant hybrid distributions for precise lighting requirements. • SHIELDED UPLIGHTING crystal clear low iron glass ensuring no green • NARROW LIGHTING CONFIGURATION glass tinge. Optics & LED • EMITS 3,169 LUMENS Precise optic design provides exceptional Type III
SB Security Bollard
light control and precise distribution of light. LED CRI > 80
Lumen - Maintenance Life L80 /B10 at 50,000 hours (This means that at least 90% of the LED still achieve 80% of their original flux)
RGBW or Static Color Laser Cut Lettering, Logos & Designs (LLVT Bollard shown for visual reference) Ligman can provide custom logos and signage in the Light Linear Bollard
Quarter 1 side throw wall wa
IK09 : Impact Resistant (Vandal Resistant)
A small and large size quarter-cylindrical wall m energy saving compact fluorescent and metal h Light output is finely controlled to minimize lig distribution. Namely, asymmetrical forward thro distribution and side throw light distribution. Fl minimum spill light. Designed for the illuminati building facades.
Low copper content corrosion resistant die-cast steel screws and anodized high purity 95% refle silicone rubber gasket and impact resistant tou treated with a chemical chromatized protection corrosion resistance. Integral electronic control downward positions
Physical Data Length: 8.11” Height: 8.66” Weight: 13.6 lbs
Lamp T6 CMH 39w
(For More Lamp options including LED, please Consult the Website or Contact The Ligman Lighting Factory)
Voltage (Please Specify)
8.66”
120V 277V Other ___________
Options (Please Specify)
Side view
8.11”
Color (Please Specify) 01-Black - RAL 9011 03-White - RAL 9003 05-Matt Silver - RAL 9006 06-Bronze - RAL 6014
3.94” 8.66”
Ø0.24” 5.43”
Example of Installed Quarter Wall Light along Parking Lot Walls
8.66”
Top view
Mounting detail
LIGMAN QUARTER WALL LIGHT (3) N
01
02
03
02- Dark Grey 04 - Metallic Sil 07- Custom - R
04
06
05
Frosted Lens Clear Lens
SCE - Surface Conduit Entry Box UQU-31341
1/2” Con
H=9.84 ft Max=10.3 fc
32.8 26.2
• WATER-RESISTANCE FOR FOGGY/RAINY CITIES • 8 SQ. INCH COMPACT DESIGN • INTENDED FOR HANGING ALONG CEMENT WALLS Ordering Example : UQU - 31341 - T6-39w -120v - Options • DISTRIBUTES OPTICS EFFECTIVELY IN PEDESTRIAN PROJECT: PRECINCTS NOTE: TYPE: QUANTITY: • VANDAL-PROOF TEMPERED GLASS • REQUIRES GROUND WIRING (POTENTIAL CONSTRAINT) • NARROW LIGHTING CONFIGURATION EMITS 1,020 LUMENS 19.7 13.1
0.03
6.6
5.2 1.3
0
0.32
6.6
13.1 19.7 26.2 32.8
Rev: 11/13
0
13.1
26.2
39.4
52.5
65.6
DATE:
Ligman Lighting USA reserves the right to change specifications without prior notice, please contact factory for latest information. Due to the continual improvements in LED technology data and components may change without notice.
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INTERVIEWS
A CONVERSATION WITH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT, KOA PICKERING A phone conversation with landscape architect, Koa Pickering, was conducted 08/06/2019. Discussion topics included: The importance of smarter design for city residents Current design constraints on lighting improvements at Twin Peaks The pilot program to reconfigure Twin Peaks Figure-8 Promenade Q: HOW EFFECTIVE CAN PROPER LIGHTING SYSTEMS PROVE TO BE IN PROVIDING A SENSE OF SECURITY FOR URBAN RESIDENTS AND VISITORS IN PUBLIC SPACES, LIKE THE NATURAL AREAS WHICH YOU WORK WITH? A: There is “validity for the ability of appropriate lighting to help create an increase of safety” in physical spaces like Twin Peaks. Q: WHO/WHAT ARE THE MAJOR DESIGN DRIVERS FOR REVITALIZING THE TWIN PEAKS FIGURE-8? A: The Twin Peaks Figure-8 is a “pilot closure on the Eastern side of the boulevard. Surveys report a two-thirds positive support in creating permanent revisions” to the area. “Part of the quandary involves funding.” Q: WHAT PROCEDURAL CONSTRAINTS ARE INVOLVED IN THE REVISION FOR THE TWIN PEAKS FIGURE-8?
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A: “Land ownership. There are four different entities that own space in the Twin Peaks area”
INTERVIEWS
A CONVERSATION WITH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT, LIZZY HIRSCH A phone conversation with landscape architect, Lizzy Hirsch, was conducted 07/28/2019. Discussion topics included: The typical and atypical project scope, timeline of developing new public areas Personal experience, history with design compromise during development City Parks Bonds since 2000 Designing for the internal and external stakeholders in public design Potential for outreach to professional colleague, Koa Pickering, PLA Q: CAN YOU TELL ME A LITTLE ABOUT THE SUPPORT THAT YOU HAVE FROM THE CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO TO CONTINUE DESIGNING PARKS AND PLAYGROUND STRUCTURES? A: “Since 2000, San Francisco has been granted a Neighborhood Parks Bond. Before 2000, parks hadn’t really been touched for roughly 15 years. Moreover, the playground initiative provides additional support.” Q: THE SCOPE OF THE TWIN PEAKS LIGHTING PROPOSAL PROJECT, WHICH I AM CURRENTLY WORKING ON, CENTERS AROUND AN 8-WEEK TIMELINE (NOTE: THE PROJECT SCOPE AND TIMELINE WAS SHARED WITH LIZZY IN DETAIL). HOW SIMILAR IS THIS TO YOUR ‘TYPICAL’ PROJECT? A: Some similarities. “A ‘typical’ project lasts about three meetings, sometimes four. Like your project, in our first meeting we gather necessary information, assumptions and articulations. Then, we exchange ideas and develop concepts in our second meeting.” 49
FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Should the “Figure-8” pedestrian promenade (highlighted in green) receive additional funding for proper implementation and the support of all parties involved in nearby property ownership, the opportunity exists to develop cohesive lighting systems for the promenade and northern parking lot at Christmas Tree Point Road. This figure-8 street loop, which connects Mt. Sutro to Twin Peaks, is awaiting further funding and approval. By establishing a lighting system along this stretch of road, the city will finally develop a distinct visual characteristic and positie urban character which supports nighttime activity for the area with these dark sky friendly luminaires. The synergy of both projects would finally reduce the perceived physical danger of urban residents and visitors to the area, and serve as the city’s responsible design response to the current statistical data which correlates increased risks in anxiety with urban dwelling. 50
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APPENDIX APPENDIXAA/B /B
SIMA TAWAKOLI Illuminating Engineering Society, President Sima is a local lighting professional who understands the fundamentals of LED lighting. Her experience in architecture and urban planning relate to the Light Up Twin Peaks project perfectly.
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VICTOR WITTMANN VP Marketing & Sales, NERI Victor represents a lighting company which offers a variety of creative lighting solutions for outdoor use. (Suggests focusing efforts on zero-uplighting LEDs as they can waste our energy, and to understand the human circadian rhythm and animal migratory effects of outdoor lighting).
KOA PICKERING Landscape Architect Koa Pickering is currently involved in a conceptual level effort around developing a linear promenade/park along a newly-developed pedestrian pathway at Twin Peaks. He is informed about current lighting limitations imposed upon by the city of San Francisco for the natural area.
ELIZABETH HIRSCH Landscape Architect/ Park Studio Lead Lizzy has worked in developing public shared spaces for the city of San Francisco. Her works is mainly focused outside of the natural area. Her background with lighting design consultants lends her relevant experience to the Twin Peaks lighting project. (Although she has resided in the City for several decades, she does not visit Twin Peaks).
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APPENDIX C 7/18/2019
Online Survey Software | Qualtrics Survey Solutions
7/18/2019
Online Survey Software | Qualtrics Survey Solutions
Disagree
Hello! I am currently developing a new lighting solution for the Twin Peaks viewing area. Whether you have strong interests in preserving the way the Twin Peaks summit currently is, or you are open to enhancing the area with better lighting, please complete this survey to better serve your needs. Thank you!
I feel safe walking about the running/hiking trails at Twin Peaks after dark. Agree Neutral
Best,
Disagree
Danny Brito
I am aware that San Francisco currently has over 35 artistic lighting installations in other popular public spaces (e.g. along the Embarcadero, North Beach, outside of the Exploratorium).
Have you visited the Twin Peaks viewing area in the last three years? Yes
Yes, I am familiar with all of these installations.
No
No, I had no idea there are so many lighting installations. I have seen some, but not all, of these lighting installations.
How do you most commonly commute up to Twin Peaks? Drive up using a personal vehicle
Regarding these lighting installations, I feel...
Drive up via rideshare
That they enhance our city's cultural background
Walk
That they distract from our city's cultural background.
Public transportation and walk
Indifferent about these lighting installations.
On average, how often do you visit Twin Peaks in a year?
Regarding these lighting installations, I have posted any one of the city's artistic lighting installations on social media in the past.
Never Once a year
True
Twice a year
False
3 visits per year 4 or more times per year
Lastly, which reasons might you need to visit Twin Peaks. Enjoying a leisurely walk/run/hike. Going on a date with a significant other.
Currently, there are too many street and overhead lights atop Twin Peaks for me to enjoy the city view. Agree
Sharing the view with visiting friends and/or family.
Neutral
Enjoying the view with myself.
Disagree
→
I feel safe walking about the pedestrian walkway at Twin Peaks after dark. Agree Neutral https://sfsu.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0Mm1PS9UecoMItv
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1/2
https://sfsu.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0Mm1PS9UecoMItv
2/2
Wednesday, August 7, 2019 at 2:23:15 PM Pacific Daylight Time
Subject: RE: Twin Peaks SF State Design Project Date: Friday, August 2, 2019 at 11:54:57 AM Pacific Daylight Time From: Pickering, Koa (DPW) To: Danyel Alonzo Brito AGachments: image001.jpg, image003.jpg Hello Danyel, I’d be happy to discuss with you. I’m working on a couple different projects that are focused at Twin Peaks. The project that would most relate to your interest in lighWng, is a conceptual level effort around reclaiming the east side of the “figure-8”, closing it to traffic and transforming it into a linear promedade/park. One major challenge with bringing addiWonal lighWng is the power supply and the ulWmate operaWng and maintenance cost of lighWng. I will be in the office next week and would be happy to chat by phone if you let me know some good Wmes to reach you. Best, KP Koa Pickering, PLA Associate Landscape Architect
San Francisco Public Works 30 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 3000 San Francisco, CA 94102 (415) 558-4496 | Koa.Pickering@sfdpw.org sfpublicworks.org · twiQer.com/sfpublicworks
GreeWngs Koa, My name is Danny Brito and I am a student of the School of Design at San Francisco State University. Currently, I am compleWng my senior design project and I’m very interested in learning more about your experience in designing for public, natural areas. Specifically, I am intrigued by how these informed decisions are jusWfied by enhancing the wellbeing of city residents and visitors. This project is focused on exploring improvements to current lighWng condiWons at night in order to remedy any perceived physical danger and to reduce any anxiety one might experience ajer dark in urban areas; specifically, the Twin Peaks north parking lot. Ajer speaking with Lizzy Hirsch about the scope of my project, a proposal for improved urban lighWng system at Twin Peaks, I was delighted to learn about your current focus on restoring/revitalizing the natural area. I think it would be rather inspiring and insighmul to learn about your involvement in Twin Peaks today. Similarly, I would enjoy learning about any specific design constraints a public park planner would face in a natural area like Twin Peaks. I welcome any opportunity to speak with you further about the maner, over the phone, in person, or via email at your earliest convenience. I will include my contact below for your consideraWon. This project can only benefit from criWcal feedback from professional opinions, such as your own, and is important to me to as it opens the opportunity to marry my background in Industrial Design with civic thinking. Thank you for your Wme. I hope to speak with you soon. Best, Danyel “Danny” Brito B.S. Industrial Design San Francisco State University, c/o 2019 805-904-5902 dbrito@mail.sfsu.edu hnps://www.linkedin.com/in/danyelbrito/
hnps://danyelbrito.blogspot.com/
Check out our porTolio! www.sfpublicworks.org/bdcportfolio From: Danyel Alonzo Brito [mailto:dbrito@mail.sfsu.edu] Sent: Tuesday, July 30, 2019 10:22 AM To: Pickering, Koa (DPW) <Koa.Pickering@sfdpw.org> Subject: Twin Peaks SF State Design Project This message is from outside the City email system. Do not open links or attachments from untrusted sources.
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75–76. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.64028 10. How Urban Planning Can Support Mental Health. Mimi Kirk-Mimi Kirk- CityLab https://www.citylab.com/design/2016/12/how-to-support-mental-health-through-urbanplanning/510833/ 11. Understanding Light Pollution. Potenzaglobalsolutions.com - http://conxcorp.com/understanding-light-pollution/ 12. Dark Sky Luminaires. https://www.ligmanlightingusa.com/category?fixtures=dark-sky-luminaires 13. Twin Peaks Figure 8 Redesign Project. Fpadmin - https://www.sfmta.com/projects/ twin-peaks-figure-8-redesign-project 14. Rea, M., Bullough, J., & Brons, J. (2017). Parking lot lighting based upon predictions of scene brightness and personal safety. Lighting Research & Technology, 49(3), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153515603758 15. Carol, C. (2014, June 30). How Good Design Can Improve Public Health - Urban Planning and Design - architecture and design. Retrieved July 21, 2019, from http://www.gensleron.com/cities/2014/6/30/how-good-design-can-improve-public-health.html 16. Lederbogen, F., Kirsch, P., Haddad, L., Streit, F., Tost, H., Schuch, P., … Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2011). City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. Nature, 474(7352), 498–501. https://doi-org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1038/nature10190 17. MacKerron, G., & Mourato, S. (2013). Happiness is greater in natural environments. Global Environmental Change Part A: Human & Policy Dimensions, 23(5), 992–1000. https://doi-org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.010 18. Rugel, E. J., Carpiano, R. M., Henderson, S. B., & Brauer, M. (2019). Exposure to natural space, sense of community belonging, and adverse mental health outcomes across
an urban region. Environmental Research, 171, 365â&#x20AC;&#x201C;377. https://doi-org.jpllnet.sfsu. edu/10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.034 19. https://www.sfbetterstreets.org/find-project-types/streetscape-elements/street-lighting/#process 20. Pickering, Koa. (Personal communication, 08/06/2019). 21. Hirsch, Lizzy. (Personal communication, 07/28/2019). 22. Tawakoli, Sima. (Personal communication, 07/11/2019). 23. McSweeny, Terry. (2017, Sept. 28). SF Leaders Consider Proposal to Close Twin Peaks at Nighttim, Retrieved from https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/SF-Leaders-Consider-Proposal-to-Close-Twin-Peaks-at-Nighttime-445586883.html 24. International Dark Sky Association. Light Pollution Wastes Energy and Money. (2016, July 19). Retrieved from https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/energy-waste/
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