Urban Suburbia by Daniel Szakacs

URBAN SUBURBIA Sustainable Living

Aalborg University Architecture, Design and Media Technology MSc02 Arch, Group 5 Daniel Nilzen, Dรกniel Szakรกcs, Peter Stie Hansen, Thomas Dam Lauritsen

Titel: Urban Suburbian Theme: Sustainable Architecture Project Group: 5 Project period: 27. February to 30. May 2012 Supervision: Isak Worre Foged Technical supervision: Anna Marszal 2nd semester, MSc in Architectural Design Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology Aalborg University

2 Daniel Szakacs

Daniel NilzĂŠn

Thomas Dam Lauritsen

Peter Stie Hansen

SYNOPSIS This report present the main project of the 2nd semester MSc in Architectural Design which focuses on sustainable architecture. The task is to design a sustainable residential area with Net Zero Energy buildings, which emphasize the importance of integrating technical & environmental design strategies with architectural expression. The architecture follow a pragmatic approach that optimize the desing and performance according to the context. During this project the technical issues are dealt with in parallel to the architectural development following the IDP (integrated Design Process), with the ambition to make the technical solutions more integrated in the design.

CONTENT

PRESENTATION Site Plan Building Elevations Plan Sections Parking Apartment ANALYSIS Methodology Tools Sustainability Sustainable Design strategies Site introduction Site texture and materials Landscaping and Zoning User group Room programme Macro climate Conclusion

6 7 8 10 12 14 15 16

TECHNICAL CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

ILLUSTRATIONLIST

21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 31 31 32 34

STRATEGIC CONCEPT

APPENDIX Appendix no. 01 - General sustainable approaches Appendix no. 02 - typology study Appendix no. 03 - Environmental design strategies Appendix no. 04 - Construction elements Appendix no. 05 - System setup for Bsim Appendix no. 06 - equipment in the apartment Appendix no. 07 - Overheatings hours Appendix no. 08 - sensitivity test Appendix no. 09 - Opening sizes for cross ventilarion Appendix no. 10 - Energy consumption AppendIx no. 11 - Totally Net zero Energy building Appendex no. 12 - Windows

60 60 62 64 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79

DESIGN PROCESS Requirements Architectural concept defined Volume & shadow studies Site disposition study Sun and wind Slap development Daylight Lux investigation Direct sunlight Double story apartment Corner apartment Natural ventilation Building envelope

37 38 39 40 41 42 44 46 47 48 49 51 52 53

PRESENTATION

Ill. 01: Site plan, 1:500 Ill. 01: Sketchy overview

SITE PLAN 1:1000

N Ill. 02: Site plan, 1:1000 Building site: 20.000 m2 Building square meter: 18.150,95 m2 FAR: 90,75 % 119 Apartments Parking lot: 50

BU IL

DIN

ND E

BUILDING

Ill. 03 - South facade

Ill. 04 - North facade

ELEVATIONS The facade displays the primary materials that builds the volume, concrete and wood. The facade composition hints the organic interior when the harsher exterior gets carved in.

The tempo in the lattice that is created by the openings and the windows on the facade makes it easy to integrate the PV-panels as long as they are allocated accordingly.

The contrast between the dark concrete and the lighter wood is strengthened by the vertical direction of the concrete, indicating its structural properties, contra the horizontal lines of the wooden panels that provides the tactile qualities for the residents.

Ill. 05 - North Facade, 1:500

Ill. 06 - East Facade , 1:500

Ill. 07 - West Facade, 1:500

Ill. 08 - South Facade , 1:500

PLANS The basement accommodates the technical space which is located under the staircase.

Ill. 09 - Basement , 1:500

The staircases on the ground floor are open to function as passages for the paths and allowing circulation on the site.

12 Ill. 10 - Ground floor , 1:500

All the ground floor apartments are double story, guarantying direct sun-light all year long, including solar gain.

Ill. 11 - 1st floor , 1:500

No apartment have more then one story of transportation distance to the nearest common space for neighbours to interact.

Ill. 12 - 2nd floor , 1:500

Openings in the staircase slabs allow more light into the space and keeping the transparency level high, making it easy for neighbors to overview who is available for interaction.

Ill. 13 - 3th floor, 1:500

The building have four different apartment types, residing a diverse community within the same envelope.

13 Ill. 14 - 4th floor , 1:500

All staircases lead up to their own roofgarden.

5th floor , 1:500

Ill. 15 - 6th floor , 1:500

The roof of the staircases accommodates photovoltaic panels.

Ill. 16 - Roof plan , 1:500

SECTIONS

Ill. 17 - Section B-B, 1:500

Ill. 18 - Section C-C , 1:500

Ill. 19 - Section A-A, 1:500

Ill. 20 - East elevation of the siteplan

PARKING

14 underground parking lots 7 parking lots

A 16 underground parking lots 5 parking lots

15 9 parking lots Ill. 21 - Parking lots

Ill. 22 - Plan 1:500

Ill. 23 - Section A-A, 1:500

TY PE S

APARTMENT

Ill. 24 - Double story apartment

IO NS CT SE AP

Ill. 25 - Double story apartment

APARTMENT TYPES

Ill. 26 - Plan (not in scale)

Ill. 27 - Plan (not in scale)

Ill. 28 - Plan (not in scale)

DOUBLE STORY APARTMENT

Ill. 29 - 3D section (not in scale)

19 Ill. 30 - Plan 1:100

The double story apartment is primarily meant as a family dwelling having the possibility to remove internal walls for functional flexibility. The big window upstairs is meant to work as a solar gain window, shading the summer sun and inviting the winter sun to both stories. The living space downstairs has a more public character with stone flooring making it easy to maintain for both kitchen and living room activities. The more intimate and nurturing space is located on the second floor, emphasized with the warmer wood material. The main balcony has a similar character to give the impression of continuity from inside to outside. It also enhances the effect of a carving in the building volume by creating the contrast between the internal wood and the external concrete facade.

Ill. 31 - Plan 1:100

ANALYSIS

JUNI N 0

Ă&#x2DC;

340

350

330 0

310

15%

20%

30 40 50

-40

300

-50

21 0

-30

25%

-20

-10

320

10%

290

-60 -70

280

21. juni

-80 -90

270 6 pm

100

260

110

250

120

240

4 pm

130

230 140

220 210

150 200

190

180

2 pm

170

160 10 am

12 am

21. marts / 21. september

8 am

6 am

21. december

METHODOLOGY Sustainable Methodology in a Historical Perspective

Buildings designed according to the contextual climate have always been a necessity for humans. The interest of climatic-based architecture can be traced back to Vitruvius’ “Ten Books of Architecture” (Hawkes, McDonald and Steemers 2002). Nevertheless, when the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system was developed in the first half of the 20th century, architecture got reduced to an artistic profession with the engineers applying the necessary mechanical systems for internal comfort, with no concern for the environmental impact.

concern to the resources used in the building. (Olgyay 1964) However, the great concern regarding climate-balanced building design gave inspiration to later formulations. Hanne Ring Tine Hansen has with her master thesis tried to organize and clarify the different sustainable approaches, which will be explained in the paragraph “Sustainable Architecture”. The Integrated Design Process formulated by MaryAnn Knudstrup is one of the approaches, which can be used when designing sustainable architecture. (Knudstrup, 2004)

PHASE

TASKS

Problem formulation

Formulation of problem

Analysis

Site analysis (history, architecture, genius loci, green structures, infrastructure, functions, inhabitants etc.

Sketching

Principles of energy consumption, indoor environen and construction, aim and programme

Synthesis

Architectural ideas are linked to principles of construction, energy consumption, and indoor environment as well as functional demands to the new building. Architectural and functional qualities, the construction and demands for energy consumption and indoor environment flow together, and more qualities may be added.

The Integrated Design Process (IDP) During this time, the sequential design processes was the paradigm of working, resulting in buildings that were costly to live in and had a negative effect on the environment. (AZEC_02 lecture note 2, 2007). With the increasing focus on the climate changes, the oil crisis, and the globally increasing energy consumption, the second part of the 20th century made it clear, that strategies similar to the old environmental strategies once again were necessary. Theoreticians, engineers, and architects showed a new interest in the formulation of new methodologies and approaches in order to develop sustainable architecture. Victor Olgyay formulated an approach in the book “Design with Climate - a Bioclimatic approach to Architectural Regionalism” in 1964. The book was prior to the energy crisis in 1973 and 1979, which resulted in a formulated methodology with little

In the article “Parametric Analysis as a Methodical Approach that Facilitates the Exploration of the Creative Space in Low-Energy and Zero-Energy Design Projects” M-A. Knudstrup and H. Hansen explain the integrated design process in a sustainable context. This method works as a design method where the focus is on both the architectural, technical, and the functional solutions, from the beginning and through the whole design process. Working with these different parts simultaneously, defines the principle of the integrated design process. The method is divided into five phases, listed in ill. 32 The different phases are not to be seen as individual parts that you do step by step. An important thing about the method is the possibility to go back in the phases and modify parameters in them, which effects all other phases. To reach a successful sketching phase, the architectural and engineerical demands have to be fulfilled and merged together.

Presentation

Final project is presented in a report, drawings, a cardboard model and vizualisations.

Ill. 32 - IDP phases

The following paragraph lists the use of tools in the different phases, and describes how the Integrated design process has been approached. The approach takes its point of departure in both the integrated design process described by M-A. Knudstrup and a more technical approach described by Per Heiselbergs, which divides sustainable building design into three phases - basic design, climatic design, and design of mechanical systems. (AZEC_02 lecture note 2, 2007).

TOOLS Phase

Description

Problem formulation

Research accumulation, discussion

Analysis Basic Design

- Site analysis (Functions, materials and texture, sense of the place, green structures, infrastructure) - Climate analysis (Solar calculations of altitude and azimuth, temperatues, wind, shadows) - Legislative demands analysis (Building codes and municipality documents) - Comfort analysis, Typology studies, Case Studies - Analysis of environmental design strategies - User group (User demands and logistics)

- Wind roses - Sun diagrams - Structural analysis

Sketching Climatic design

- Site plans - Floor plans - Solar studies of proposed site plans - Wind studies of proposed site plans - Indoor environmental strategies - Energy, thermal comfort and daylight calculation of proposed site plans and apartments - Phenomenological studies - Construction strategies

- BSim - Be10 - Autodesk Ecotect - Autodesk Vasari - Spreadsheet (24 hour average, Month average) - Google Sketchup - ArchiCad - Physical modelling - Hand sketches - Workshops

- Ventilation strategies (Natural ventilation, Placement and size of windows) - Heating and cooling load - Materials (Poetic experience, U-values, etc.) - Structural details - Mechanical systems

- BSim - Be10 - Autodesk Ecotect - Autodesk Vasari - Spreadsheet (24 hour average, Month average)

Synthesis Mechanical systems

Presentation

- Report - Drawings (Plans, section, elevations, facades) - 3D visualizations and physical models - Diagrams - Final calculations - Details

Tools/Method

- Adobe CS5 - ArchiCad - Google SketchUp Pro - 3D Studio Max (VRay) - BSim, Be10, Spreadsheets - Physical models Ill. 33 - IDP phases

SUSTAINABILITY This paragraph gives a general understanding of sustainability, why this term is important and why the sustainable approach has a main consideration in this project. Brundtland et. al. described in 1987 sustainability in the following way: “Sustainable development seeks to meet the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future” (Brundtland et. al. 1987: 51)

History can help in the understanding of sustainable approaches. One of the first times the sustainable approach was mentioned or considered was in the 1960’s. However, it was first when the oil crises sat in, that people really considered sustainability. The oil crises in 1970’s gave the world an experience and understanding of limited energy sources. In the Brundtland report from 1987 it is declaimed that sustainability is a part of tree different terms, illustrated in ill. 34. Here social, economic, and environmental issues are all part of sustainability. Later there was developed different approaches according to specific environmental sustainable approaches such as green, ecological, and environmental approaches. (Williamson, Radford and Bennetts 2003). These different approaches will be described individually in appendix 01 In the 90’s good sustainable architecture was discussed in relation to the contextual environment. The building envelope was seen as a protector from the environment (Williamson, Radford and Bennetts 2003). This means that good architec-

ture protects the occupants from the environment, such as solar radiation, wind, and pollution. Giddens described this evolution of sustainable approach this way: “We started worrying less about what nature can do to us, and more about what we have done to nature” (Giddens 1999). The attention on sustainable approaches is a consequence of the increased use of technological equipment such as artificial light and heating which is used to reach a better indoor climate. The increasing demands have a direct effect on the use of primary energy, which is mainly non-renewable. (Sylvan and Bennett 1994).

The approach to sustainability

Social

Environmental

Economic

Ill. 34 - Sustainability

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES In order to reach sustainable architecture the general definition of sustainability needs to be translated to practical means. The following design strategies are relevant for this project.

PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN

Passive solar gain will be used to maintain interior thermal comfort throughout the sun’s daily and annual cycles whilst reducing the requirement for active heating and cooling systems. The strategy will be to keep out the summer sun and let the winter sun in.

MATERIALS

Heavy materials like bricks or concrete will be considered for thermal mass. If walls are built with heavy materials then they will retain heat and let it out slowly. Some walls or floors inside will be built out of lighter materials to balance out the effects of the heavier materials. Factors, which will be considered when choosing the final building materials: • • • • • •

Humidity, Rainfall frequency and intensity, Flood Freeze/thaw cycles Snow loads/snow pack Thermal mass, Insulation, Ventilation Color Shading, Radon

Design Parameters • • • • • • • • • •

Orientation of windows Glazing solutions Shading, overhangs etc. Window area/room volume Solar transmissivity of glass Window heat loss coefficient Thermal mass of the room Control strategy for heating system Occupancy profile Floor plan zoning, based on heating needs

PV SYSTEMS A photovoltaic system will use the solar radiation for electricity. The system will be integrated together with the architectural strategy.

NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation will be used to ventilate the building. The building will be designed to use positive pressure on the windward side and low pressure on the leeward side, which creates a pressure difference to allow airflow through the building. Benefits with natural ventilation:

• Cost savings as the need of artificial cooling strate gies is diminished or eliminated • Environmentally friendly as energy requirement is diminished • Healthier indoor climate for the occupants as air quality is good

BUILDING FORM &

Location The locations specific environmental impacts will be considered during the design process Design features, which will be formed in order to suit a set environment: • • • • •

Height of building (internal) Type of materials Number of rooms in dwelling Amount of openings Shape of roof

Important facts to consider include: • • • • •

Surrounding trees/plants Exposure to sun Temperature and humidity Direction of sun Wind direction and prevailing breezes

Orientation The orientation of the building will be focused on the south to gain heat from the sun. Window areas will be bigger in the southern end of the building. Shading Passive solar shading will be used during the summer time to remove the need for cooling. The shading will be both fixed and adjustable

SITE INTRODUCTION Accessability - distribution - open spaces The site is located in the western side of Aalborg, a very opened suburbian environment. However, the building density is not significant and the site has boundaries; both artificial and natural, which will take effect on the design.

From the north it is bounded by Limfjorden, which gives a spectacular view for the people and a connection to the island. From the south side, the only neighbour building is Aalborg Defence- and Garrisons Museum and its facilities, which do not have any impact on the site in terms of utilizing the ambient forces, that are relevant in the design process. An opened pool is located on the eastern borderline and a high-rise vegetation is located on the side of Egholm FĂŚrgevej, which designates the north-south orientation axis of the site and also operates as a border. As the master plan shows, there is a strong emphasis given to the site from the accentuation of the horizontal and vertical axises. There are four main entrance points of the site which are highlighted on the map according to the main directional flow which the further building planning can knit together with.

Ill. 35 - Entrance points

Ill. 36 - Panorama view

Ill. 37 - 39, Site pictures

SITE TEXTURE AND MATERIALS A common theme about the materials on the site is the strong relation to the nature. The area is not very developed, which means the existing materials such as grass, stone and rubble is used do organize the paths, surfaces, edges, etc. on site. In that way, you can see, that the land is organized by man, but with use of materials applied by the nature. In the edges of the site, a little use of non-natural materials begins to appear, such as painted wood, asphalt for the road, and concrete for the harbour front. Vegetation

The site is mainly covered with grass. Ill. 48 depicts the existing high rise vegetation in the area, mainly medium sized deciduous trees and shrubs. As it is observed, some of those are artificially planted to provide shelter from the strong south western wind, for instance around a campsite and around Aalborg Marinemuseum. It is an issue how to benefit from the existing vegetation in the area. Trees with large foliage will filter the air pollution.

Ill. 40 - Rubble for pathways

Ill. 44 - Grass

Ill. 41 - Concrete wood grass

Ill. 45 - Grass

Ill. 42 - Wood

Ill. 46 - Concrete

Ill. 43 - Stone

Ill. 47 - Maritime equipment

Ill. 48 - Vegetation

Ill. 49 - Vegetation

LANDSCAPING AND ZONING

29 Ill. 51 - Soil banks

Ill. 50 - Contextual greenscape

The location of the future building is in a green bufferzone between Limfjorden and Annebergvej, one of the main western connections to Aalborg. Landscaping and physical conditions play an important role in the design strategy. Limfjorden is a very strong natural element providing a constant, undefended wind channel to the site. The site is homogeneous in terms of elevation, but on the west and south edge it is bounded by soil banks which, together with the vegetation, provide a shelter from the strong southwestern wind. In order to create a living environnment where different outdoor activites are present, those factors cannot be ignored.

Ill. 52 - Connections

Functions The area is particularly green with a high level of outdoor activities, and has potential to get people closer to this segment of Aalborg. In the mapping, the most relevant functions are indicated, in order to survey if those facilities can serve the needs of our following occupants in terms of everyday living, education, and culture. The existing dwelling facilities are important because of the integration of the new dwelling system and the relation to the existing one. The site has accessability to nursery school, kindergarten, and elementary school within a 500 m radius.

30 Ill. 53 - Functions

Infrastructure The traffic level is indicated in the mapping, including the ferry contact to Egholm, which is an important node. The traffic density is indicated by the line width and the public traffic stops is indicated with black nodes. The site has a conventional suburban profile with one bus connection on Skydebanevej in approx. 250 m. distance. The harbour front is a very well known and popular recreational area so there is a flow of people, also along the shorelines. Egholm FĂŚrgevej has limited traffic because it only serves the ferry station and the existing housing nearby the marina. Since the road traffic is not significant, it is not necessary to count it as a source of air and sound pollution.

Ill. 54 - Infrastructure

USER GROUP & PROGRAMME The residential complex will be developed to accommodate different types of families and people. This paragraph illustrates the strategy related to different apartment types, which will oblige various user needs. The strategy is used to accommodate the different user needs.

Three bedroom apartment The typical family in Denmark with two adults and two children. Big two bedroom apartment Two adults and a teenager. Small two bedroom apartment Two students or a little family with a small child. Two/One bedroom apartment Two student, a couple or a single person.

Parameter Height Square meter Privacy Views Orentation Light

Lving room

Kitchen

15-20 m

12-16 m

Master Bedroom Bedroom 3

Semi-Public Semi-Public

7-10 m

3 2

7-10 m

Bathroom

Entrance

Staircase/ Elevator 3

4-7 m2

20-25 m2

5-8 m

Private

Semi-Private

Private

Semi-Private

Public

(+)

S.E.W

N.E.W

Daylight

Daylight/

Artificial

Daylight/

Daylight

Artificial

Daylightfactor

~4 %

~1-2 %

~2 %

Activity level

High

Low

Medium

Low

Medium

Very High

< 26 C

< 24 C

< 26 C

22 C

21 C

22 C

Comfort temp. -Summer Comfort temp.

Ill. 55 - Room programme

MACRO CLIMATE Wind SEPTEMBER September 30

10%

15%

20%

0 21

20%

25%

JUNI June

N 30

September

10%

15%

20%

25%

20%

25%

340

350

330

Procent:

The changing sun path has a great impact on the indoor climate, the possibilities of using passive technologies, and the shadows from the contextual buildings and vegetation.

10%

A year

During the year, the orbit of the sun changes significantly. In the summertime, the length of the day is long and the sun is placed high on the sky. In the winter period, the day is shorter and the sun is placed lower on the sky. The sun path of June shown in the diagram, shows a very long sunpath. The sun rises in north/east, and the sunset is in north/west. In winter, the sunpath is very short - it rises in south/east, and sun sets in south/west.

320

20 30 40 50

-40

-50 290

0.2 - 5.0m/s V

-30

300

5.0 - 11.0m/s

-20

310

> 11.0m/s

0 -10

-70

280

-60

21. juni

-80 5%

10%

0 15%

Ill. 56 - Windrose

6 pm

21. marts / 21. september

90 100

260

6 am

21. december

110

250

20%

-90

270

Analyzing the wind four different months a year, shows a great difference in direction and speed. During the summer, the wind is mainly directly from the west. The direction changes in winter periods to south-west. The highest windspeed is measured in the late winter periods.

It is seen that the main wind direction during the whole year is from west/south-west. Wind speed up to 11 m/s occures.

March These months are chosen because they represent the whole year with a three-mont step. Information about the wind is used to manifest paramaters, which can be used for ventilation and shelter in the design process.

December N

In Denmark the weather varies a lot and depends highly on the direction of the wind and the season of the year. To gain knowledge about the speed and the direction of the wind, the wind rose is analyzed. The wind roses present the distribution of the direction and the speed of the wind specifically for Aalborg – both as an average for a whole year and as more specific values for four months; March, June, September, and December.

Sun Path

25%

120

240

4 pm

130

230 140

220 210

8 am

150 200

190

180

2 pm

170

160 10 am

12 am

Ill. 57 - Sun Paths

Sun Angle

Summer solstice 58 Equirioxes 34 Winter solstice 12 3m

The angle of the sun effects the shadows casted from the building. This diagram illustrates the lengt of the shadows three different times a year.

Ill. 58 - Shadows

1,8m 4,5m 15m

21. December Sunrise: 09:06

21. December 12:00

21. December Sunset:15:30

DECEMBER

21. March 08:00

21. March 12:00

21. March 16:00

21. March Sunset: 18:30

21. June Sunrise: 03:34

21. June 08:00

21. June 12:00

21. June 16:00

21. June 20:00

MARCH

21. March Sunrise: 06:27

21. June Sunset: 21:10

Ill. 60 Ecotect direct sun analysis December 1st to January 31th

JUNE

Shadow Studies

21. September 08:00

21. September 12:00

21. September 16:00

21. September Sunset: 18:16

SEPTEMPER

21. September Sunrise: 06:09

The scheme shows the shadows on the site ca-sted from the surrounding buildings. The southern end of the site is close to a museum. The museum building is 9 meters high, which will have an huge effect on the built up area just north of the museum. On winter solstice the shadows casted from the museum will be 45 meters long. (3*15m = 45m) Ill. 59 - Shadow studies

CONCLUSION The analysis have led us to familiar ourselves with the site, primarily in a pragmatic manner in combination with a sustainable approach. The focus is to determine the direction of the project and thereby of what the design will manifest. The main discussion topics are how to solve the dilemmas that are faced with the site and whether they are worth keeping in the further design development. Southern orientation - northern view towards Limfjord? Flexibility or rigidity?

Eco-living - Conventional housing? Raw sustainable representation - boiled sustainable representation? What qualities to emphasize and what to add to the context? To create an intimate community among neighbors based on sustainable values without compromising privacy? Emphasizing the possibility of water based activities around the plot?

STRATEGIC CONCEPT Big scale Southern orientation welcoming the sun - Northern orientation welcoming the Limfjord Contributing to: Energy efficient and qualitative liv ing Medium scale Neighbor interaction, strengthening the community and the sustainable ideals Contributing to: Social sustainability promoting sus tainable life-style Small scale Flexible and diverse apartment types for different user-groups Contributing to: Social sustainability enduring time changing needs

DESIGN PROCESS

REQUIREMENTS Data - -

Location: Denmark, Aalborg, Egholm Færgevej Site area: 20.000 m2

Brief requirements

- Average building height: Three stories - Floor-area ratio (FAR): 80 - 150 % - Up til 10 % of the far may contain of other functions than apartments - Minimum one building with a gross area of 115 m2 including access area (such as staircases, access galleries etc.) for a family with children, including three bedrooms, and directly connect ed with an outdoor area of at least 20m2 - The units must hold zero-energy stan dards - The existing local plan is not to be fol lowed - 1/2 parking lot per housing unit and documented adequate parking for bi cycles Architectural design parameters - Southern orientation welcoming the sun - northern orientation welcoming the limfjord - Externally rigid - internally flexible

Technical requirements: Zero Energy Source Building mainly with passive solutions. Daylightfactors (DF=E_interior/E_exterior ∙100% ) Living room: 4-5% Kitchen: 4-5% Bedroom: 2% Entrance: 2% Office: 2% DSF 3033, class A+ = Classarea / floorarea: 15-25% Thermal comfort Apartments Optimal temperatures 21°C - 22°C <26°C, Max. 100 hours pr. Year, (DS474 termisk indeklima) <27°C, Max. 25 hours pr. Year, (DS474 termisk indeklima) CO2 level Apartments Under 1000 ppm (DS474 termisk indeklima??) Offices Under 900 ppm (DSF 3033, class A+)

Sustainable approach There are various ways to approach sustainable design. Some people might think of self-sufficient eco-villages while other relates to bigger networks, infrastructures and business. The approach, which is used in this project relates to the local environment. The microclimate around the site is thoroughly analysed and used as an integrated part of the design process. The building facade is seen as an surrounding membrane, which protects the building from the environment. But at the same time the building is seen as a coorporator with the environment, which uses the qualities from the nature. Specificly this project use passive solutions as an integrated part of the design, which will be implemented carefully both for architectural expression and e-nergy save. Environmental design strategies, which will be used is listed on the next page. Analysis of the different solutions is to be found in appendix 03. Furthermore, social considerations will be taken into account.

ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT DEFINED Pragmatic Approach Our architectural concept derived from our strategic concept and developed through a pragmatic approach. The pragmatic way of working is higly relevent when designing dwelings, particullary when they are to fulfill sustainable ideals. One of the key sustainable

FAR = 100%

design strategies is the plan ing of the the right building form and orientation. The building form is one if not the most significant factor in saving energy and enhancing basic qualities of the dweling. The steps to achive the final overall shape are displayed

FAR = 100%

Ill. 62 - Sun - view relationshio

The quality of direct sun-light from southern orientation and the northern view of the Limfjord for all the residents is one of the main challanges

FAR > 100%

of this project, and also part of our strategic concept. The inverse shapes in front of each other maximize the direct sun light in the south at

FAR > 100%

the same time allowing the view to the north for most of the building mass.

FAR = 100%

Ill. 63 - Pragmatic building process

Before introducing the slab typology with the inverse shapes in front of each other, the FAR (floor area ratio) is set to a 100% in order to overview the relation to the site.

The volume is divided into slab building masses. This allows the sun to reach in between the building masses.

The slabs are angled to create more air between them and giving the facades direct sun light. This also gives better preconditions for view lines.

By rising and lowering critical parts of the slabs â&#x20AC;&#x153;The inverse shape principleâ&#x20AC;? is introduced, having both a good view to the Limfjorden and good conditions for the southern sun radiation.

The final adjustments according to the FAR are made together with the introduction of the main transport paths sliced through the building masess.

VOLUME & SHADOW STUDIES

Ill. 64 - Studies

When investigating in a pragmatic methodology the recognition of the potential of the context is recognized. Apart from using the sun and climatic factors, the site is used to design and shape the volumes. Therefore points of interests and paths must be recognized.

Three main path enteries are recognized, slicing through the volume, seperating slabs to invite sun-light and allocating volumes in a way that contribute diversity to the area

Ill. 65 - Studies

SITE DISPOSITION STUDY

Ill. 66 - Slab typology study

In this study the slabs are placed in different dispositions to investigate the shadow casting on the space between the buildings and different path typologies.

Dividing each slab into highrise and lowrise and change the direction to the next slab according to the height gives a new possibility to lead light in between the slabs.

Curves inverted to each leads a high level of light in between the slabs.

- Path strictly defined - Semi-clear building axels - Low sun exposure between buildings - Medium diversity

- Path laxly defined - Un-clear building axels - Medium (average) sun exposure between buildings - High Diversity

- Path strictly defined - Clear building axels - Medium sun exposure between buildings - Medium-low diversity

- Path strictly defined - Semi-clear building axels - High sun exposure between buildings (critical corners) - Medium diversity

- Path defined - Clear building axels - Medium sun exposure between buildings - Medium diversity

- Path laxly defined - Un-clear building axels - Medium (average) sun exposure between buildings - Medium diversity

- Path strictly defined - Very clear building axels - Low sun exposure between buildings - Low diversity

- Path laxly defined - Semi-clear building axels - High sun exposure between buildings - Medium diversity Ill. 67 - Slab typology study

SUN AND WIND ANALYSIS Hrs

Hrs

1400+

1200

1120

980

840

700

560

420

280

140

42 Ill. 69, Heating season (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.)

Heating season In the heating season from Oktober to March there is still a high amount of sun reached the southern end of the space between the building mass. The facade analysis is calculated from 1st of December to 31th of January. The horizontal line illustrated a height of three meters. Double heigh apartments will be located on ground level and a solar gain window will be placed on 1st floor in each apartment. In this way the highest amount of solar gain can be reached during the heating season for the ground level apartments.

Ill. 70, Car traffic on shadow site

Ill. 71, Soft traffic flow on sunny site

Ill. 72, Solar heat gain through window

Double high apartments on the ground floor with a solar gain window on 1st floor will make it possible for the apartments placed where there is most shadow to gain heating from direct sunlight on the days were the sun is lowest on the sky.

Ill. 73, Double high apartments on the groundfloor

Hrs

2400+

2160

1920

1680

1440

1200

960

720

480

240

Ill. 76, Vasari wind analysis

43 Ill. 74, Outdoor season (1st Apr. - 30th Sep. )

Ill. 75, Outdoor space

Outdoor season

Wind analysis

Direct sun hours in the outdoor season is mainly on the space between the buildings. Shading devices will be designed for the apartments.

The western wind dominating in Denmark creates windy spaces on the western end of the designed slabs.

In the outdoor season there almost the wh..

It is clear that wind protection is needed on the western part of the area. By keeping some of the exiting vegeation and soil banks protection from the wind can be made. the areas and the eastern site of the banks will be furnished for recreational areas and the windy western site of the banks will be parkinglots for guest visiting the people living in the building.

Ill. 77, Soil banks for wind protection

Ill. 78, Vasari wind analysis

SLAP DEVELOPMENT Accessability The access to the apartments will be through vertical connections.

Common spaces and outdoor areas Some of the building volume will be used for common outdoor spaces. These spaces will furthermore function as transit areas to some of the apartments. .

Apartments The apartments will be both double story and single story. The arrangement of the apartments done according to the access system together with the common space in between the buildings.

Final arrangement On this illustration it is possible to see the rationality of the arrangement of the apartments according to the access system.

Ill. 79 - Slab development

APARTMENT PRINCIPLES

Coldest

Ill. 80, Sun - view relationship

The slab typology corresponds with a sun-view relationship, which is facing different directions.

Ill. 81, Heat distribution principle

Warmest

Ill. 82, Daylight principle

The heat distribution in the apartment will correspond with the pattern of the sun. The southern end of each apartment will be heated more than the northern end.

Bedrooms Toilets/Storage

Livingroom

Kitchen Ill. 83: Room distribution

Bedrooms will mainly be located in the northern end of the apartments. Livingrooms will have have the sun and view relationship so they will face both north and south. Toilets will be placed in the midlle were the daylight factor is lowest.

DAYLIGHT FACTOR Double Apartment

Corner Apartment

Daylight Factor

Single Apartment

Ill. 84, SIngle floor apartment

The daylight simulation document a bright living room, with a daylight factor of minimum 3 %. The axis between north and south in the apartment is also emphasising with the daylight.

Ill. 85, Ground floor

Ill. 86, 1st floor

Focus on the ground floor is there a space with a daylight factor of 3 %. This is here the dinner table is placed, the reason is when you are eating or working it is pleasant to have a good daylight factor. The kitchen area and the living room have a reasonable daylight factor of 2-3 %. The first floor has this felling of been out, when you are in the apartment, one of the things that emphasise this felling is a daylight factor over 8 %. The toilet is place where the darkest space is in the apartment.

Ill. 87, Corner apartment

The daylight simulation document a bright living room, with a daylight factor of minimum 3 %. The axis between north and south in the apartment is also emphasising with the daylight.

LUX VISUALISING Single Apartment

Double Apartment

Lux

This investigation visualise how the interior light is in these deferent apartments and to see the impact from the sun, when the occupants arrive after work. The simulation is made 16 o’ clock. Two periods, March 21 and June 21 is simulated, which represent summer, spring and autumn. The reason for leaving out the winter period in the simulation, is because this period is nearly dark when the occupants arrive from work.

Corner Apartment

Ill. 90, March 21 16 o’clock

Ill. 92,

Ill. 88, March 21 16 o’clock

March 21 16

Ill. 91, June 21 16 o’clock

Ill. 89, June 21 16 o’clock

Most of the year there is a big difference between the living room and the bedrooms in terms of lux. There are some issues with a dark kitchen area here is the light best in the summer period. The living room has a very bright space with a lux on the surface of 500.

Ill. 93, June 21 16 o’clock

The double high room has a big influence of the lux on the surface, there is a mean level of 300 lux in spring and autumn on the ground floor, which is very good when the light is only entered from two orientations. The living room on first floor has a lux level of 500 the most of the year, with emphasise the feeling of being outside.

The corner apartment is the brightest of all apartment because of windows from three directions, not only in the summertime, but as the visualisation shows spring and autumn is also very bright, with the lowest level of lux on 250.

DIRECT SUNLIGHT ANALYSIS

Ill. 94, Ground floor (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.)

Ill. 95, 1st floor (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.)

Ill. 96, 2.5 m above groundfloor (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.)

Hrs

1400+

400+

2100+

1200

360

1890

1120

320

1680

980

280

1470

840

240

1260

700

200

1050

560

160

840

420

120

620

280

420

140

210

Ill. 97, 1st floor (1st Dec. - 31th Jan.)

Ill. 98, 1st floor Outdoor season (1st Apr. - 30th Sep.)

Direct sunlight analysis (Double story apartment) 1st of October - 31th of March

These analysis clarifies that the direct sun reaches the floors during the heating season. The sun has better conditions on the 1st floor, where the big solar heatgain window is placed. Some of the direct sun through the big windows will reach the groundfloor through the hole. However the simulation on the groundfloor shows limited direct sun through the hole, which indicates that most of the direct sun through the hole will not reach the flooring of the groundfloor, but the top of the room. The simulation 2.5 meter above groundfloor indicates that, where an area just below the hole is reaches by direct solar radiaton.

The differentiation of the solar gain on the two floors is made because of the differentiation in internal heat gain. Occupants will use the groundfloor more often and therefore produce more heat. Furthermore electric equipment such as Television, oven, washing machine and computers will mainly be located on the groundfloor. The simulation from the outdoor season clarifies that the interior will be protected from direct sun through this season.

Ill. 99, Direct solar radiation through hole (Winter solstice ,12)

DOUBLE STORY APARTMENT THERMAL ZONES

Kitchen and Livingroom

Master Bedroom

This paragraph investigates the indoor climate in the double story apartment. The apartment is divided into four different thermal zones. These thermal zones are simulated and document if there are problems with overheating, cooling issues, poor air quality, air changing, and temperature difference, which will be explained later on. In all the different thermal zones there is connected a system (people load, equipment, ventilation etc. - Appendix no. 05).

This thermal zone is an open flowing space on ground floor, which includes the kitchen area and the living area. The zone has little overIll. 100 - Thermal zone heating issues, but fulfils Living and Kitchen area the restriction (technical requirement page 40). There is only 13 hours above 26 degrees and the highest monthly CO2 level is 426.4 ppm (appendix no. 07).

This zone is facing north, and is investigated due to an expected lower temperature than the north and south orientated kitchen and living area on Ill. 101 - Thermal zone the same level. The masof the master bedroom ter bedroom zone has no overheating hours, but some cooling problems. Later, during the investigation, it will be verified if this is an issue for the indoor climate (appendix no. 07).

49 Living space 1st floor

Bedrooms 1st floor

This thermal zone is the space on the upper floor, where the big solar heat gain window is placed. The space is a living area with furniture and is also Ill. 102- Thermal zone a transit area to the bedLiving Space upper floor rooms. The thermal zone is facing south, and the investigation is done because some overheating problems could appear. During a whole year there are 19 hours above 26 degrees, and two hours above 27 degrees, which fulfils the restriction (technical requirement p. 40).

This zone is facing north. Both upper bedrooms are included, because they have more or less the same conditions. The zone has, as the master bedroom, Ill. 103 - Thermal zone some cooling issues, bedroom upper floor with 74 hours below 20 degrees, but also some overheating hours, which is 11 hours above 26 degrees (Appendix no. 07). As the master bedroom, this issue is dealt with later in this investigation of indoor climate, which verifies if this is an issue for creating a good and healthy indoor climate.

INDOOR CLIMATE In this paragraph the indoor climate will be investigated further, according to accurate temperature issues and air quality. The simulations will be made for the warmest day, the warmest week, and the coldest day.

Warmest Day Temp. and CO2 The two first graphs illustrate the warmest day, the 1st of August, according to temperature and air quality. The highest temperature in the apartment is in the living spaces, which reaches 27 degrees. The average temperature for the bedrooms is lower. The master bedroom is the bedroom with highest temperature because of the small volume, and at the same time two occupants. Furthermore, this has an impact on the CO2 level, which is highest in the master bedroom. Varmest Week Temp. and CO2 The day schedule of the occupants has a huge effect on the temperatures and CO2 level during the day. The difference between the living area and the bedrooms is clearly seen. The bedrooms have a lower temperature than the living spaces, but all rooms fulfil the requirements. Coolest Week Temp. A further investigation of the bedrooms will clarify if there are any cooling problems (Appendix no. 07). The coldest week (week 3) is simulated. The worst days are day 5-8 in week 3. But the temperature is not lower than 19.5, which is acceptable. The occupants will normally use more clothe during the winter period. Furthermore, the low temperature is at night-time, where the occupants will probably sleep under a warm duvet.

Ill. 104

Ill. 105

Ill. 106

Ill. 107

Ill. 108

CORNER APARTMENT INDOOR CLIMATE The corner apartment is different from all other apartments since windows are added towards west or east, which has an impact on the indoor climate. This paragraph investigates the indoor climate of the corner apartment.

door climate, when the occupants follow the schedule, which is used in BSim. The overheating hours are close to the limit from the technical restriction (appendix no. 07). There will maybe be some other issues, if the occupants have a different schedule.

The investigation is the same method and system, which is used in the double story apartment. The apartment is divided in two thermal zones (ill. 109). The first zone is the living space, which obtains the kitchen and living room. The other zone is bedroom, toilet, and entrance area. There are some overheating hours in the living space (Appendix no. 07), but it fulfils the restriction (Technical requirement p. 40). The bedrooms have no issues according to overheating hours and cooling (Appendix no. 07).

The model, which is used in BSim, has the maximum amount of window square meter, so if the calculated apartment has a good and healthy indoor climate, it can be assumed, that the rest of the corner apartment also has a good and healthy indoor climate â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the rest of the corner apartments has the same or less square meters of windows.

The overheating hours have been simulated for the the warmest week, according to the weather scheme in BSim. The highest temperature is 27-28 degrees, but these temperatures are acceptable because they only appear on the warmest day. The air quality on the warmest day maintains the restriction from the technical requirement (p. 40). The maximum level of CO2 is below 600 ppm, which fulfils the requirements. One of the factors, which reduce the polluted air, is natural ventilation, as shown in the diagram; the maximum air changing per hour is 5 times. The changing of air is possible according to natural ventilation of the double apartment, which has almost the same proportions (Appendix no. 09). The corner apartment has a good and healthy in-

Ill. 109 - Thermal zones in the corner Apartment

Ill. 110

Ill. 111

NATURAL VENTILATION PRINCIPLE One of the passive solution there is use to eliminate overheating issue is natural ventilation. There are different approaches of ventilating. The project is working with two principles cross ventilation and single side ventilation.

The wind pressure is the only forces that mix the fresh air with the pollute air. Input on one side and output on the other, as showing in the diagram. This principle is only possible when the proportion of the apartment is correct in terms of the relation between wide and height, (see the calculation below). There is also working with similar principle, which is single side ventilation, the difference are that the input and output are on the same side. In summertime where the natural ventilation is use to change the air to achieve a good and healthy indoor climate. The wind pressure and openings size is deciding according to the air

change per hour. One of the warm days is the air changed 3.3 times each hour in the kitchen and living rooms and then the opening shall be a less 38 mm (Appendix no. 09). The opening is the wide of the window on both faรงade to change the kitchen and living area 3.3 times per hour (Appendix no. 09) These openings sizes appear as a reasonable opening, which is not to expose for the occupants and there is also a regard of safety, when the opening is only 38 mm.

2700 mm

10060 mm

Mix of single side and cross ventilation

Potential of cross ventilation Room proportion: Wide 5 height Wide = 10060 mm

Height = 2700 mm

Relation: 5 2700 = 13500 mm 10060

13500

OK!!

Ill. 112 - Both single sided and cross ventilation

Cross ventilation

BUILDING ENVELOPE The vertical access system and the common areas connected to the vertical access system divide the building into four zones. The access system and common areas are all unheated areas and are therefore not a part of the energy frame. The four zones are illustrated in illustration (Ill. 113). The goal before the design process started was to reach the 2020 energy goal, which does not allow a higher energy use than 20.0 kWh/m2 per year. Building envelope C (20 kWh/m2 per year) and D (19.0 KWh/m2 per year) fulfil the 2020 goal â&#x20AC;&#x201C; building envelope A (24.5 kWh/m2 per year) and B (20.7 kWh/m2 per year) do not. The best case is building envelope D, which has the smallest surface area compared to the volume - the worst case is building envelope A, which has the highest. The energy use of the zones gets higher and higher when the surface area divided by volume gets higher (See appendix no. 10). The average energy consumption of the slab is 21.05 kWh/m2 per year which nearly fulfils the 2020 goal. The fully fullfil the goal some of the things, which could be done was a further development of the dimensions and placement of the windows and the the surface area compared to the volume could have been decreased. But the cohesion in the expression which has the same window area for all the building envelopes and the increasing height of the building which corresponds with the sun-view relationship conflicted in some situations with the amount of energy.

Building Part A 24, kWh/m2 pr. year

Building Part B 20,7 kWh/m2 pr. year

Building Part C Building Part D 20,0 kWh/m2 pr. year 19,0 kWh/m2 pr. year

Ill. 113 - Building envelope

TECHNICAL CONCLUSION The edifice had been investigated in terms of the technical restrictions (p. 40). The overall goal was to fulfill most of our prerequisites. In this sub-conclusion those results will be detailed.

The indoor climate had a large influence on our project which had been simulated on two different types of apartments, which we assumed that they had the biggest possibility to overheat. The type was the double storey apartment, with the big solar heat gain window at the first floor. The second one was the corner apartment, with windows facing three different orientations. In both case we managed to obtain a good and healthy indoor climate, by shading the windows with overhangs and the usage of hybrid ventilation. The corner apartment has just fulfilled the restriction concerning overheating hours as it is investigated, the conclusion was that the cooling problem can be ignored in wintertime because it was not lower than 19,5 degrees (p. 54). The double-storey was submitted to a sensitivity test to verify if the apartment can obtain the changing of the occupants’ lifestyle. The apartment remained on a constant good and healthy indoor climate, the only problematic case was when there were 8 people’s visit was assumed and then the apartment had a maximum of 29 degrees. To reduce the overheating in the apartment we calculated the sizes of openings to change the air 3.3 times per hour. The opening was sized to 38 mm which provides a comfortable indoor environment. (Appendix no.09).

The whole slab’s energy consumptions is divided into four smaller building envelopes (p. 55). The aim was that each of building zones should reach the 2020 energy goal of 20 kWh/m2 per year. The two biggest zones obtained the 2020 goal, when the surface area got to big compared to the squaremeters, then the other buildings part did not achieved the 2020 goal (Appendix no.10). This should have been an earlier argument in the design process, to think more integrated when we shaped the building . That was the reason why we did not fulfil the 2020 goal for the whole building slab. We could have added solar cells to fulfil the requirement, but our technical description shows that we wanted to reach it with only passive solutions (p. 40). In order to have a Zero Energy Building solar cells has been installed onto the rooftop, in a total area of 292 m2. Hence these cells are the most effective on the roof, this area was prioritized for the PV panels . Calculations show how many solar cells are required on the southern façade in order to achieve a Net Totally Zero Energy Building. The solar cells must placed on the load-bearing structure, which had the minimum wide of 800 mm, which idea works together with the architectural ideas. After a lot of consultation we decided on not to create a totally net ZEB, because it would change the expression of the architectural spaces and conception of a living space in our interpretation. This was the reason why we only just calculated the amount of solar cells to reach the totally net ZEB, so that we could saw if it was possible.(appendix no 11). The technical part and the pragmatic design principles were integrated part of the architectural de-

velopment of this project, and also the reason that project is prioritized to have a good and healthy indoor climate and nearly reached 2020 goal with only passive solutions.

CONCLUSION The goal with this project according to the study guide was to develop architectural concepts for zero-energy architecture using the IDP (integrated Design Process). This have been achieved with our proposal. In our analysis we took high consideration to the context as reaching sustainable ideals demanded a pragmatic approach. This meant that understanding the site, the climate and the orientation would help in designing an energy efficient envelope. After creating good circumstances for further energy efficient development, further design strategies could be implemented. The goal that was set up by the group with the strategic and architectural concept was a success. Some of the design parameters were open for interpretation, but generally clear in what vision to fulfill. Unfortunately the NET ZEB standard was not fulfilled nor the 2020 energy requirement goal. In retrospect it is quite easy to pin-point how to solve some of the issues that contributed to the bad performance results, but as the issues was discovered late in the process the ability to integrate the solutions into the design without compromising the integrity of the project was hard. The interesting part was rather the discussion that followed on whether or not the prize of change was worth paying, in our case energy performance contra architectural expression.

In reality issues will occur and not all of them will be dealt with in time, which leads to compromises, but hopefully with experience, more of those issues can be foreseen and tackled earlier in the process. The IDP offers a model to follow where iterations can be done throughout the process where suggested solutions gets assessed and reviewed whether they improve the project or not. When creating a sustainable residential area the level of technical implementation is high and measurable. The IDP is ideal for this kind of tasks as the unmeasurable architectural values can be backed up by the measurable performance based values for legitimacy. The requirement for a successful dialog between architectural and technical implementation without clashes between them is to deal with contradictions as early as possible.

REFERENCES References

(CR1752) CR 1752, 2001, Ventilation for buildings - Design criteria for the indoor environment

(Williamson, Radford and Bennetts 2003) Williamson, Terry. Radford, Antony. and Bennetts, Helen. Understanding sustainable architecture. 2003 Spon Press London

(Green 2005) Green Martin A Power to the People: Sunlight to Electricity Using Solar Cells. London: Earthscan; 2005

(DMI) Danish meteorological Institute, Technical report 99-113, Copenhagen 1999

(Steele 2005) Steels, James. Ecological Architecture, a critical history. 2005.Thames & Hudson. London

(Twidell 1999) Twidell J. Weir A D. Renewable energy resources - Stand-alone photovoltaics and Application. London: James & James; 1999

(DS474) DS 474, Code for Thermal Indoor Climate

(Schittich 2003) Schittich, Christian. In detail - Solar Architecture. 2003. Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation. Munich

(DS418) DS 418, Danish Standard, Code for Thermal Bridge (Hansen, 2007) Hansen, H. PhD Thesis “SENSIVITY ANALYSIS as Methodical Approach to the Development of Design Strategies or ENvironmentally Sustainable Buildings” Aalborg University, Department of Architecture and Desidn and Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science and Medicine. (Knudstrup, 2005) Knudstrup, M-A. 2005, Arkitektur som Integreret Design, Panduras Boks, Aaborg Universitetsforlag. (Olgyay 1963) Olgyay, V. Design with Climate - a bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism, 1963 Princeton University Press, USA (Pedersen, 2009) Pedersen, Poul Bæk. Sustainable compact city. Arkitektskolens forlag. 2009

(Krausse and Lichtenstein 1999) Krausse, Joachim and Lichtenstein, Claude. Your Private Sky - R. Buckminster Fuller The art of design science. Lars Müller. Zürich (Wines 2000) Wines, James. Green Architecture. 2000. Bennedikt Tashen verlag. Köln (Bladwin1996) Bladwin, J. Bucky Works - Buckminster Fuller’s ideas for today. 1996. Jon Wiley & Sons, inc. Canada (Poirazis 2004) Poirazis H. Double Skin Facades for Office Buildings. 2004 Lund University. Litterature Review (Wiley 2008) Wiley J. Pagliaro Flexible Solar Cells. 2008. Chichester

(Philips 2003) Philips C. Sustainable Place: A Place of Sustainable Development. West Sussex: Wiley-Academy; 2003 (AZEC_02 lecture note) Heiselberg, Per. Integrated Building Design, DCE Lecture Notes No. 017. 2007. Aalborg

Internet (BR10) BR10, 6.3.1.2, stk. 1, http://www.ebst.dk/bygningsreglementet.dk/br10_00_id145/0/42 Located 25/05/2012

Loacted 22/4/2012

(Your Home) www.yourhome.gov.au Loacted 14/4/2012 (Whole Building Design Guide) www.wbdg.org Loacted 31/4/12

(Studieweb) Project Brief, http://www.studieweb.aod.aau.dk/ digitalAssets/42/42631_msc02-ark_studievejledning-f2012_rettet-27.03.12_kwr.pdf Located 25/05/2012

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(Rockwool Energy) http://energy.rockwool.dk/re/UI/Energy. html#Rockwool Energy Located 12/4/2012 (GoEnergy) http://www.goenergi.dk/forbruger/vaerktoejer/ produktlister Located 14/5/2012 (Architecture List) www.architecturelist.com

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ILLUSTRATIONLIST

Ill. 01: Sketchy overview: Own ill. Ill. 01: Site plan, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 02: Site plan, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 03 - South facade: Own ill. Ill. 04 - North facade 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 05 - North Facade, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 06 - East Facade , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 07 - West Facade, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 08 - East Facade , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 09 - Basement , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 10 - Ground floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 11 - 1st floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 12 - 2nd floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. xx - 5th floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 13 - 3th floor, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 14 - 4th floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 15 - 6th floor , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 16 - Roof plan , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 17 - Section B-B, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 18 - Section C-C , 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 19 - Section A-A, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 20 - East elevation of the siteplan: Own ill. Ill. 21 - Parking lots: Own ill. Ill. 23 - Section A-A, 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 22 - Plan 1:500: Own ill. Ill. 24 - Double story apartment: Own ill. Ill. 25 - Double story apartment: Own ill. Ill. 26 - Plan (not in scale): Own ill. Ill. 27 - Plan (not in scale): Own ill. Ill. 28 - Plan (not in scale): Own ill. Ill. 29 - 3D section (not in scale): Own ill. Ill. 30 - Plan 1:100: Own ill. Ill. 31 - Plan 1:100: Own ill. Ill. 32 - IDP phases (Knudstrup, 2005) Knudstrup, M-A. 2005, Arkitektur som Integreret Design, Panduras Boks, Aaborg Universitetsforla Ill. 33 - IDP phases Ill. 34 - Sustainability (Williamson, Radford and Bennetts 2003) Williamson, Terry. Radford, Antony. and Bennetts, Hel en. Understanding sustainable architecture. 2003 Spon Press London Ill. 35 - Entrance points: Own ill. Ill. 36 - Panorama view: Own ill. Ill. 37 - 39, Site pictures: Own ill. Ill. 40 - Rubble for pathways: Own ill. Ill. 41 - Concrete wood grass: Own ill. Ill. 42 - Wood: Own ill. Ill. 43 - Stone: Own ill. Ill. 48 - Vegetation: Own ill.

Ill. 47 - Maritime equipment: Own ill. Ill. 44 - Grass: Own ill. Ill. 45 - Grass: Own ill. Ill. 46 - Concrete: Own ill. Ill. 49 - Vegetation: Own ill. Ill. 50 - Contextual greenscape: Own ill. Ill. 51 - Soil banks : Own ill. Ill. 52 - Connections: Own ill. Ill. 53 - Functions: Own ill. Ill. 54 - Infrastructure: Own ill. Ill. 55 - Room programme: Own ill. Ill. 56 - Windrose (DMI) Danish meteorological Institute, Technical report 99-113, Copenhagen 1999 Ill. 57 - Sun Paths (DMI) Danish meteorological Institute, Technical report 99-113, Copenhagen 1999 Ill. 58 - Shadows: Own ill. Ill. 59 - Shadow studies: Own ill. Ill. 60 - Ecotect direct sun analysis December 1st to January 31th: Own ill. Ill. 62 - Sun - view relationship: Own ill. Ill. 63 - Pragmatic building process : Own ill. Ill. 64 - Studies: Own ill. Ill. 65 - Studies: Own ill. Ill. 66 - Slab typology study: Own ill. Ill. 67 - Slab typology study: Own ill. Ill. 69, Heating season (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.): Own ill. Ill. 70, Car traffic on shadow site: Own ill. Ill. 72, Solar heat gain through window: Own ill. Ill. 71, Soft traffic flow on sunny site: Own ill. Ill. 73, Double high apartments on the groundfloor: Own ill. Ill. 74, Outdoor season (1st Apr. - 30th Sep. ): Own ill. Ill. 75, Outdoor space: Own ill. Ill. 76, Vasari wind analysis: Own ill. Ill. 77, Soil banks for wind protection: Own ill. Ill. 78, Vasari wind analysis: Own ill. Ill. 79 - Slab development: Own ill. Ill. 80, Sun - view relationship: Own ill. Ill. 81, Heat distribution principle: Own ill. Ill. 83: Room distribution: Own ill. Ill. 82, Daylight principle: Own ill. Ill. 84, SIngle floor apartment: Own ill. Ill. 85, Ground floor: Own ill. Ill. 86, 1st floor: Own ill. Ill. 87, Corner apartment: Own ill. Ill. 88, March 21 16 o’clock: Own ill. Ill. 89, June 21 16 o’clock Ill. 90, March 21 16 o’clock: Own ill.

Ill. 91, June 21 16 o’clock: Own ill. Ill. 92, March 21 16 o’clock: Own ill. Ill. 93, June 21 16 o’clock: Own ill. Ill. 94, Ground floor(1st Oct. - 31th Mar.): Own ill. Ill. 95, 1st floor (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.): Own ill. Ill. 96, 2.5 m above groundfloor (1st Oct. - 31th Mar.): Own ill. Ill. 97, 1st floor(1st Dec. - 31th Jan.): Own ill. Ill. 99, Direct solar radiation through hole (Winter solstice ,12): Own ill. Ill. 98, 1st floor - Outdoor season (1st Apr. - 30th Sep.): Own ill. Ill.100 - Thermal zone Living and Kitchen area: Own ill. Ill. 102- Thermal zone Living Space upper floor: Own ill. Ill. 101 - Thermal zone of the master bedroom: Own ill. Ill. 103 - Thermal zone bedroom upper floor: Own ill. Ill. 105: Own ill. Ill. 107: Own ill. Ill. 104: Own ill. Ill. 106: Own ill. Ill. 108: Own ill. Ill. 109 - Thermal zones in the corner Apartment: Own ill. Ill. 110: Own ill. Ill. 111: Own ill. Ill. 112 - Both single sided and cross ventilation: Own ill. Ill. 113 - Building envelope: Own ill. Ill. 114 - Wichita House http://marta-herford.info/index.php/die-presse/ vorschau/presse-vorschau-universum-buckminster-fuller 12/03/12 Ill. 115 - Friland House http://www.friland.org/?page_id=151 - 12/03/12 Ill. 116 http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-prod uct-design/how-green-buildings-should-look-ken- yeang.html - 12-03-12 Ill. 117 http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/ view/4354/editt-tower-singapore-by-tr-hamzah- yeang.html - 25/05/2012 Ill. 118 - Ove Arups council http://www.worldarchitecturenews. com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln. showprojectbigimages&img=1&pro_id=10548 Ill. 119 http://www.sciencephoto. com/media/439862/enlarge - 25/05/2012 Ill. 120-127: Typologies Pedersen, Poul Bæk. Sustainable compact city. Arkitekt skolens forlag. 2009

Ill. 128: Shading http://www.yourhome.gov.au, 10/12/2012 Ill. 129: How it works http://www.yourhome.gov.au, 10/12/2012 Ill. 130: Thermal mass http://www.yourhome.gov.au, 10/12/2012 Ill. 131: Heat distr. http://www.daviddarling.info/images/passive_solar_de sign_elements.gif Ill. 133 Ill. 134 Ill. 135 Ill. 166:

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/pas

sive_solar_design_elements.gif

APPENDIX NO. 01 - GENERAL SUSTAINABLE APPROACH Sustainability is a very broad term, and when you only look at sustainability in architecture it is still a broad term, that is one of the reasons that a Ph.D. paper has divide sustainability in architecture into different approach. To get a better understanding and knowledge of sustainability in architecture we study the different approach of sustainability in Hanne Tine Ring Hansen’s Ph.D. sensitivity analysis. The different approach is divide into these topics self-sufficient-, Ecological-, Green building-, Bioclimatic- Environmental- and solar architecture. Ecological architecture

Self-sufficient architecture

Green architecture

ill. 114 - Wichita House

ill. 115 - Friland House

This approach devises from the early industrialization period. The building was independence, self-sufficient and receives no support for any external grid, but this self-sufficient is not only the energy consumption, because this is only a part of it. A self-sufficient building is also selfsufficient in several aspect such as colleting water, building materials cool- and heat gain. The buildings had repose to the environment. One for the pioneers for self-sufficient architecture was Richard Buckminster Fuller, he development the Wichita House after the world war 2 (Krausse and Lichtenstein 1999), he called it the Wichita dwelling Machine. Wichita house as you see on the illustration is a round steel building, but one for the unique part for this building it how it works, when looking at natural ventilation. Selfsufficient main known project is the biosphere by Richard Buckminster Fuller, he designed the Canadian pavilion to expo in Untied State in 1967 (Baldwin 1996)

In the early 60’s there came a comprehension of ecological architecture. The point of departure in this approach is the Circle of Life by this ideology; they tried to emphasize the natural materials and use renewable source direct from the earth, so they could return it back without causing any harm. They are design a solution from the characteristics of the site, its surrounding context, and the local topography and mirco-climate. Another point in ecological architecture is the impact on environment. (Steele 2005). There are some examples of this approach in Denmark, a TV document has develop an area that’s call Friland, they use this idea of sustainably approach.

ill. 116 - Ken Yeang’s Human Research Institute

This approach has a connection to the European political `green’ parties in 1970s and Greenpeace. The image of nature is green and that image is related to the approach “green architecture” and this green has also a relationship to energy and ecology (Wines 2000). This approach has a conservation and protection thinking of the environment.

Bioclimatic architecture

ill. 117 - Editt Tower

The bioclimatic approach has change some times since it was mentioned the first time by Victor Olgyay in 1963 and later by Ken Yeang in the post-climate crises era. This approach is not working against nature, but with it. There have some focus points, which are climate and the protection of the climate. They have a focus of zooning by different climatic zonings according to temperature, cold, hot and humid, and hot and arid. In this approach it is the first approach that’s working with the nature forces around the building rather against them. (Hansen 2007). In a bioclimatic approach you consider the energy consumption and the material life-cycle, in that way there integrate some of passive and low-tech solution.

Environmental architecture

ill. 118 - Office Building in Solihul

This approach was originates from the late 1907’s by the pioneered was the electricity council in Britain and, Ove Arup and Partners (Schittich 2003). This approach has a main focus point, which is the relationship between building and climate. But also has a balance between exterior and interior climate, that’s mean that this approach respect the occupants well-being, which is the first time that the indoor climate requirement is describe (Hansen 2007). Here is passive solution incorporated in the design by cooling, heating and ventilation for the indoor climate. The energy consumption is reducing to a low point and the climate on the site has a crucial parameter, when building environmental architecture.

Solar architecture

ill. 119 - Heliotrope solar house

The solar architecture idea was originates from 1960’s, but the term become popular in the 80’s and 90’s. This approach is also known as passive house, energy-efficient or low-energy buildings. The primary focus is the energy-efficiency with integration of energy producing elements. Solar heating can be obtain as room heating thereby reduce the energy consumption, it can utilized in a passively and actively in the buildings.

APPENDIX NO. 02 - TYPOLOGY STUDY This paragraph is a short description of different typologies with point of the departure in study made by Poul Bæk Pedersen, which is a study of different sustainable typologies. (Pedersen, 2009) These descriptions has focus on the dilemma on the site. The typologies are urban villa, urban block, slab,

barcode, Super block, Group high-rise, Conglomerate and the Kasbah.

The criterias, which are discussed: • • • • • •

The view and sun relationship in the same apartment. Daylight Minimize the surface area as most as possible Access to open space. Flow between the building mass Diversity in different spatial experiences, such as private and public space.

Urban Villa

Few apartments in each unit experience view and sun, it depends on the organization of the apartments. To obtain good daylight, the apartments shall have openings with a less two directions. There are potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant. Open space only on the ground level Placement is important to create an interesting spatial experience between the buildings mass. No diversity and it are difficult to notice the variation of public and private spaces.

Urban block

Not all apartment obtain the view and the sun relation, because some has the orientation east-west. The daylight quality varying a lot in the urban block since the orientation is different. Open protect courtyard at ground level and it is possible to create open space higher in the building. Open space on upper level possess a more private character, the inner courtyard has a shared semi-public character. Little diversity such as the small space higher in the building, but on the ground level there are no diversity in the spatial experience.

Slab The thin structure gives the apartment the view and sun relation, if the orientation is south and north. Daylight enters the apartment at less from two directions, there are potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant. Minimize the surface area as most a possible. Open spaces on ground level, and in one direction closed and in the other direction open and inviting. It has only a small diversity in high of the building mass, because each unit has the same mode of expression. The opposite orientation of the direction in the slabs creates an interested flowing space between the buildings mass.

Barcode

The thin structure gives the apartment the view and sun relation, if the orientation is south and north. Daylight enters the apartment at less from two directions, there are potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant. It produces a straight passage in one direction and a more complex and flowing character in the other one. Create different types of space and varying of the mix of semi-public and public area in the ground level. The open spaces higher in the building occur a more private character and only are use by the inhabitants.

Ill. 120-127: Typologies

The slab and barcode typologies is as point of departure the best in relation to the site and the sun/ view relationship and the potential for daylight to reach each apartment from at least two orientations. Another reason for this mixture of these two typologies is the direction on ground level, where you have a straight line in one direction and the more complex and diverse spatial and flowing space in the other direction. :

Super Block

The thin structure gives the apartment the view and sun relation, if the orientation is south and north. Daylight is entering in all apartments from two directions. Minimize the surface area as most a possible, because there are only one building, with few openings and complexity. Big open public space at ground level, with no spatial qualities because it is undefined. Small openings on the upper floors create diversity vertical in the building, with a more private character. Ground level has no diversity and relation to human scale.

Highrise The thin structure gives the apartment the view and sun relation, if the orientation is south and north. Daylight enters the apartment at less from two directions there are potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant. Minimize the surface area, when building the apartment in top of each other. It is a larger scale and has no human relation, even though they creating some kind of spatial qualities on ground level between the buildings mass, with a more public character. Higher in the building are small open space, with a private or semi-private character.

Conglomerate Not all apartments can achieve both sunlight and view, because some apartment is facing in other direction than south and north. Daylight is very different in each apartment, because of the different orientation. Potential of shadows from the surrounding buildings and then the daylight quality gets unpleasant. It is a complex typology and the surface area is not minimized. Open space vertical in the building mass, with a private or semi-private character. Ground level has different spatial experience between the buildings mass. That is creating diversity in the flow between the buildings. ll apartments obtain the view and sun relation, because some has a orientation to east and west.

Kasbah

Daylight quality varying a lot since the orientation is different. Open space in the inner courtyard is a protected area and has a shared semi-public character. Open space on upper level possess a more private character, and the big opening obtain more daylight into the courtyard and the apartments. It is a labyrinthine, hollowed-out mass, with hyper complex patterns of circulation flows; up, down, toward and over.

APPENDIX NO. 03 - ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN STRATEGIES BUILDING FORM & PLANING

MATERIALS

SOLAR GAIN

PV SYSTEMS

Orientation The orientation of a building can have an impact on heating, lighting and cooling costs. If the southern exposure is maximized one can take optimal advantage of the sun for daylight and passive solar heating. Cooling costs can be lowered by minimizing western exposures, where it is most difficult to provide shade from the sun. The orientation of walls and windows effect the amount of heat that enters and leaves a home. The general rule is to orient the house so the main wall and window areas face south, minimize windows to the west and to the east (lesser extent). By placing living areas and windows to the south it allows rooms to be heated during the day thereby reducing the need for artificial heating at night.

NATURAL VENTILATION

Building Form & Planing Location The location that a building is constructed on has a freat deal to do with how a building is formed and planned. Certain design features that can be formed in order to suit a set environment may include: • Height of building (internal) • Type of materials • Number of rooms in dwelling • Amount of openings • Shape of roof Important facts to consider include: • Surrounding trees/plants • Exposure to sun • Temperature and humidity • Direction of sun • Wind direction and prevailing breezes

Shading Shading of the building and outdoor spaces reduces summer temperatures, improves comfort and saves energy. Direct sun can generate the same heat as a single bar radiator over each square meter of a surface. Shading can block up to 90% of this heat. Fixed Shading Fixed shading devices (eaves, pergolas and louvers) can regulate solar access on southern elevations throughout the year, without requiring any user effort. Adjustable Shading Adjustable shading allows the user to choose the desired level of shade. This is particularly useful in spring and autumn when heating and cooling needs are variable. Note: active systems require active users.

Ill. 128: Shading

SOLAR GAIN Passive solar buildings aim to maintain interior thermal comfort throughout the sun’s daily and annual cycles whilst reducing the requirement for active heating and cooling systems. Put simply, design for passive solar heating is about keeping out the summer sun and letting the winter sun in. Principles of passive solar design: • Southern orientation of daytime living areas • Appropriate areas of glass on southern facades • Passive shading of glass • Thermal mass for storing heat • Insulation and draught sealing • Floor plan zoning, based on heating needs • Advanced glazing solutions Benefits of passive solar design: • Free when designed into a new home or addition • Appropriate for all climates where winter heating is required • Potentially lowering the heat demand during winter time How it works Solar radiation is trapped by the greenhouse action of correctly orientated (south facing) windows exposed to full sun. Window frames and glazing type have a significant effect on the efficiency of this process.

Thermal mass Thermal mass is used to store heat from the sun during the day and re-release it when it is required, to offset heat loss to colder night time temperatures. It effectively evens out day and night (diurnal) temperature variations. Adequate levels of exposed (ie. Not covered with insulative materials such as carpet) internal thermal mass in combination with other passive design elements will ensure that temperatures remain comfortable all night (and successive sunless days). This is due to a property known as thermal lag. Thermal lag is a term describing the amount of time taken for a material to absorb and then re-release heat, or for heat to be conducted through the material. Thermal lag times are influenced by: • Temperature differentials between each face • Exposure to air movement and air speed • Texture and coatings of surfaces • Thickness of material • Conductivity of material

Heat distribution Heat is re-radiated and distributed to where it is needed. Direct re-radiation is the most effective means. Design floor plans to ensure that the most important rooms (usually day-use living areas) face south for the best solar access. Heat is also conducted through building materials and distributed by air movement. Rates of heat flow through materials are proportional to the temperature differential between each face. External walls have significantly greater temperature differential than internal walls. The more extreme the climate the greater temperature difference. In warmer temperate climates, external wall materials with a minimum time lag of ten to 12 hours can effectively even out internal/external diurnal (day/night) temperature variations. In these climates, external walls with sufficient thermal mass moderate internal/external temperature variations to create comfort and eliminate the need for supplementary heating and cooling. In cool temperate and hot climates (or when the time lag is less than ten to twelve hours), external thermal mass walls require external insulation to slow the rate of heat transfer and moderate temperature differentials. In these climates, thermal mass moderates internal temperature variations to create comfort and reduce the need for heating and cooling energy.

Ill. 129: How it works

Ill. 130: Thermal mass

Ill. 131: Heat distr.

Natural ventilation

Passive Shading Passive shading allows maximum winter solar gaing and prevents summer overheating. This is most simply achieved with southerly orientation of appropriate areas of glass and well designed eaves overhangs.

Insulation Heat loss is minimized with appropriate window treatments and well insulated walls, ceilings and exposed floors. Thermal mass must be insulated to be effective.

Strategies Design implementations Overhangs Appropriate glazing type, orientation and areal Thermal mass

Natural wind driven ventilation works through the difference in air pressure to create an airflow circuit through a building. Positive pressure on the windward side of a building then opposed by a low pressure on the leeward side creates a pressure difference to allow airflow from one point to another. Apertures or strategically placed openings in the building then allow these air circuits to operate, moving air around a space. [image] Benefits with natural ventilation: • Cost savings as the need of artificial cooling strategies is diminished or elimi nated • Environmentally friendly as energy requirement is diminished • Healthier indoor climate for the occupants as air quality is good

Design Parameters • • • • • • •

Orientation of windows Window area/room volume Solar transmissivity of glass Window heat loss coefficient Thermal mass of the room Control strategy for heating system Occupancy profile

STRATEGY

Principles

HOW IT WORKS

Ill. 135

• Single-sided ventilation “Single-sided natural ventilation occurs in buildings or building zones with only one opening. This opening can be vertical or horizontal and ventilation can be driven by either thermal buoyancy or wind or a combination.” • Cross ventilation Cross ventilation occurs with openings in two or more walls or walls and roof • Stack ventilation Stack ventilation leads out the input air through a chimney, pipe or an atrium via thermal buoyancy • Combined cross and stack ventilation A combination of thermal buoyancy and wind pressured air movement PASSIVE SHADING

Ill. 133

INSULATION

Ill. 134

Practical implementation strategies

Double skin facades

Design Checklist • Building Orientation & Location • Building Layout • Building Constructions • Heat- & Contaminant Loads • Energy Use • Air Distribution Principles, air flows and opening types • Fire Safety • Accoustics & Noise (internal & external) • Daylight • Security & Safety • Indoor Climate (thermal comfort & indoor air quality) • Control & Opening

Concept Two glass skins are placed with a cavity for air flows. Natural, fan-supported or mechanical ventilation possibility. Solar shading devices placed inside cavity for protection (eg louvres). A thermal buffer zone is formed which reduces heat losses and enable passive solar gains. Varieties of Double Skin Facades • Multi-storey = no horizontal or vertical partitioning exist between skins, air cavity ventilation via florr/roof openings • Corridor Façade = horizontal partitioning for acoustical, fire security or venti lation reasons. • Box Window type = horizontal and vertical partitioning divide façade in smaller and independent boxes. • Shaft box type = box window elements connected via vertical shafts in fa çade (creates an increased stac effect). Typical Pane Types • Internal skin = insulating double pane • External skin = tempered single pane/laminated glass

HOW DSF WORKS

VARIETIES OF DSF

Ill. 137

Ill. 136

Advantages • Lower construction cost • Acoustic insulation • Thermal insulation • Night time ventilation • Energy savings • Reduced environmental impact • Better protection of shading/lighting devices • Reduction of the wind pressure effects • Low thermal transmission • Low solar heat gain coefficient

Wind-Catchers

WIND-CATHER

Ill. 138

Wind - catchers are catching the wind. They are surfaces designed and positioned to capture and draw in the wind flowing past a building thus venting and cooling the building. Although in some climates with high temperatures this would only draw in hot dry air. To cool this air, it is first drawn into the building, then run over a cool surface such as a body of water.

Materials

PV Systems

When building an energy efficient house it is good to have a mizture of materials. When materials like bricks, concrete and earth are warmed up they stay warm for a long time. When lighter materials like wood are warmed up they cool down faster then the above mentioned. This means that a house made completely out of wood with a well insulated construction, with large south facing windows, easily could become too hot when exposed to sun and too cold when the sun goes down. If walls are built with heavy materials then they will retain heat and let it out slowly. Some walls or floors inside could be built out of lighter materials to balance out the effects of the heavier materials.

A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation into electricity. This is not to be confused with a solar panel, which uses the sin’s energy to heat water or air. It consists of multiple components, including cells, mechanical and electrical connections and mountings and means of regulating and/or modifying the electrical output.

Factors should be considered choosing building material: • Humidity • Freeze/thaw cycles • Rainfall frequency and intensity • Snow loads/snow pack • Thermal mass • Ventilation • Color • Shading • Insulation • Termites • Radon • Flood

Due to the low voltage of an individual solar cell, several cells are combined into photovoltaic modules, which are in turn connected together into an array. The electricity generated can be either stored, used directly or fed into a large electricity grid powered by central generation plants or combined with one or more domestic electricity generators to feed into a small grid. When sunlight, solar modules can power electrical loads in nearly the same way as a car battery. In the past, their main use has been for generating small amounts of electricity in areas where there is no other electricity available. With decreasing solar cell costs and the urgent need to find better ways of supplying the world’s energy, modules are being used in rapidly increasing numbers in urban areas, particularly on the family home. In the future, as industry grows and prices drop further, solar cells will be used side by side with conventional large scale power plants, and past 2050 almost all of the world’s energy could be generated by these cells.

Advantages: • Easy to integrate and virtually maintenance free • Requires no additional land space • Can produce income for tenant or lower electricity bills • Cost of PV wall or roof can be offset against the costs of the building element it replaces • Little planning permission required and minimal tenant disruption Disadvantages • Most expensive micro-generation technology • 5 year carbon debt • Expensive to connect to the grid and requires and accredited installer • Correct roof aspect essential • Very intermittent (depends on favorable weather conditions)

How it works Photovoltaic cells are most commonly made of silicon acting as a semiconductor as it absorbs sunlight and so it absorbs energy. This energy sets loose electrons and this flow or current is then drawn from the cell. 3 types of standalone systems • PV Direct Powers the load directly, without using any battery Has the most simple configuration Normally used either for applications that are not critical and match the avail ability of sunlight, such as calculators and ventilation fans, or when storage is already part of the system, such as in water pumping. Some kind of power conditioning may be needed to operate the load prop erly and maximize the photovoltaic output. • PV with Battery Includes storage that allows the load to be powered when the photovoltaic array cannot supply power directly, such as at night and during periods of low sunlight Most common type of photovoltaic system because it suits a wide range of applications worldwide. • PV Hybrid Includes systems that rely on an auxiliary source to compliment the local solar resource, generally a fossil fuel or wind generator

IMPLEMENTATION HOW IT WORKS

Ill. 140

Ill. 139

Implementation Solar cells can be simply installed onto the roof of a family house, with the collected energy providing the necessary power to support the house. It can also be fed back into the grid for the benefit of other residents. Another way of implementation is by a more thoughtful approach of integrating it into the design of a building. This can provide a quality aesthetic with a beneficial function. However, in many cases, it is difficult to gain full use of the solar cells as particular attention needs to be paid to the positioning of each cell.

3 TYPES OF STANDALONE SYSTEMS

Ill. 141

APPENDIX NO. 04 - CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS Ground Deck

External Wall

Horizontal Division

Partition wall

Roof Construction

External Wall Balcony

www.energy.rockwool.dk

Ill. 142-147

APPENDIX NO. 05 - SYSTEM SETUP FOR BSIM System

Thermal Zones

Despriction

Day Profile

Schedule

Time Profile

Living/Kitchen Living room (4. pers)

Medium Activity Medium Activity

HalfLoad 50% HalfLoad 50%

MorningAfternoon-Mon-Fre Weekends Sat-Sun

Master Bedroom Bedroom (4. pers)

Normal activity Normal activity Sleep Activity

QuaterLoad 25% QuaterLoad 25% NightLoad 100%

MorningAfternoon-Mon-Fre Weekends Sat-Sun NightAlways

Living/Kitchen

All energy consumption: 0,137kW (See appendix no. 06)

Dayload 100% NightLoad 25%

Always

Living room

Laptop General 0,00228 kW

QuaterLoad 25% QuaterLoad 25%

MorningAfternoon-Mon-Fre Weekends Sat-Sun

Bedroom

TV 24” LC-24DV510E 0,00376 kW

Master Bedroom

No Equipment

QuaterLoad 25% QuaterLoad 25%

MorningAfternoon-Mon-Fre Weekends Sat-Sun

Infiltration

All Zones

Basic Air Change 0.1 m/s TmpFactor. 0, TmpPower 0,5, Windfactor. 0

FullLoad 100%

Always

Heating

Living/Kitchen Living room

MaxPower 100Kw/m2 Fixed part 0 Part to air 0,5

Factor 1 , Set point 22 C Design -12 C Min. Power 1,0 kW Te min 17,0 C

Always

Master Bedroom Bedroom

MaxPower 100Kw/m2 Fixed part 0 Part to air 0,5

Factor 1, Set point 21 C Design -12 C Min. Power 1,0 kW Te min 17,0 C

Always

All thermal zones

Basic Air Change 2,1 -h TmpFactor 0,1 TmpPower 0,5

People Load

Equipment

Venting

Ventilation

Living/Kitchen Living room Master Bedroom Bedroom

Input Supply 0,0477 m3/s Pressure Rise 900 Pa Total eff. 0,7 Part of air 0,5 Output Return 0,0477 m3/s Pressure Rise 600 Pa Total eff. 0,75 Part of air 0,5

WindFactor 0,2 Max Air Change 5 -h Recovery Unit Max Heat Rec. 0.85 Min. Heat Rec. 0 Max Cool Rec. 0 Min Moist Rec. 0,6 Heating Coil Max Power 2

Set point 24 C Set point 0 ppm Factor 1 Part of Nom. Flow 1 Point 1 Tel -12 C Tinl 1 on line 22 C Point 2 Tel 8 C Tinl 2 on line 22 C Slope before 0 Slope after 0

May-Sept

Always

Time period: Always: 1-24 Mon-Sun MorningAfternoon-Mon-Fre: o’clock 7-8, 16-23 Weekends Sat-Sun: o’clock 8-24 NatAlways: o’clock 23-7 May-Sept: 1-24 Monday-Sunday from May to September

APPENDIX NO. 06 - EQUIPMENT IN THE APARTMENT Type

Number

KWh

Time/Hour pr. day

KWh pr. year

Overall kWh

Laptop gerenal

Refrigerator/frezzer - Bosch KGE 36AI40

150

Dishwasher - Bosch SMV 69U30 EU

0,6

1,5

328,5

Washing machine - Panasonic NA-168VG3

0,68

248,2

Stove - Asko Vølund CC 9632w

0,78

284,7

TV 40” - Living LC-40LE631E

TV 24 “ - Bedroom LC-24DV510E

(www.Go’energy.dk 2012)

Energy consumptions

1207,4 kWh

Average KiloWatt per day

0,1378 kW

APPENDIX NO. 07 - OVERHEATINGS HOURS Double Storey Apartment

Living/Kitchen

Master Bedroom

Living 1. floor

Bedroom 1. floor

Corner apartment

Living/Kitchen

Bedroom, WC and entrance

Ill. 148-153

APPENDIX NO. 08 - SENSITIVITY TEST This sensivity test investigates the scenarios, where the people load differs from a normal week. The test investigates three different scenarios to stress the apartment. The first scenario is on a school holiday, with the rest of the family on vacation at the same time â&#x20AC;&#x201C; all people will be in the apartment for a longer period of time.

Four Visitors on the Warmest day This test is made with the family plus four visitors on the warmest day, according to the weather scheme in BSim. The visitors will arrive at 12 oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;clock and go home around midnight. The temperature rises to maximum 27.5 degrees, which is acceptable, because it is only for a short period of time. Furthermore, the outdoor temperature is higheer, which means that the occupants have a minimum of clothes on. The level of CO2 is maximum 900 ppm, which fulfils the requirement (Technical requirement p. 40).

The next scenario is when there are four visitors in the apartment on the warmest day, according to the weather scheme. The last scenario is when a mother is on maternity leave with a child, and they are home through a whole mount (month?).

School Holiday These two graphs demonstrate the temperature and CO2 level trough the warmest summer week, which is week 31. The indoor temperature is very stable during the school holiday, but when the outdoor temperature is high, it has an effect on the indoor climate. The maximum of air change is 5 times per hour to reduce the overheating issue (Appendix no. 07). The CO2 level has a maximum level of 750 ppm. The simulation is made for the living spaces in the apartment, because they are mostly used in the school holiday. The level of CO2 is acceptable and fulfils the requirement (Technical requirement p. 40).

All three scenarios document good indoor climate in the sensivity sensitivity? test. The simulation approves that the double story apartment has a good indoor climate, even when the families have different schedules than normal. Ill. 154

Ill. 155

Ill. 156

Ill. 157

Maternity Leave with a Child The air quality is investigated, because as pervious study the temperature is not an issue with 8 people in the apartment at the same time. The graphs demonstrate the air quality in January, with a maximum level of CO2 of 610 ppm. The restriction is fullfilled (Technical requirement p. 40)

APPENDIX NO. 09 - OPENINGS SIZES FOR CROSS VENTILATION Wind reference

Wind Speed in 10 meter high in Aalborg Airport wind = VAAL= 10 m s kg Air density: ρu =1.25 3 m Discharge coefficient: Cd1 = 0.7

Terrain type

Suburban areas: K = 0.35 α = 0.25

Building high = Hb

16000 mm

α Wind speed profile = Vref = V AALH K b = 7 m s

V ref = 7 m s

Windows openings sizes

High of the windows opening Windward window south: Leeward window north: Wide of the window Windward window south: Leeward window north:

Ηs = 38 mm

Ηn = 38 mm

Ws = 1500 mm Wn = 1500 mm

Sqarue meter of the windows openings Square meter of window S: A 1 = Ws Ηs = 0.057m

A 1= 0.057 m

Sguare meter of window N: A 2= Wn Η = 0.057m2 n

A 2 = 0.057 m

2 2

Volume of the apartment 2

Square meter of the apartment: Aap = 48.86 m Height of the apartment = Ha =

2700 mm 2

Appartment volume: Vap = 48.86 m

2700 mm = 131.910 m

Vap

131.9 m3

-0.2

Wind pressure Coefficient data

Input:

Cp.i = 0.18

Output: Cp.u = - 0.2

1 ρ V2 2 u ref

A1 Cp.i + A2 Cp.u 2

A1 + A2

= - 0.306 Pa

0.18

Wind pressure

Wind

Window south:

Pw1 = C p.i

Window north:

Pw2 = Cp.u

1 ρ V 2 = 5.512 Pa 2 u ref 1 ρ V 2 = 6.125 Pa 2 u ref

N Pw1 = 5.512 Pa

Pw2 = 6.125 Pa

Pressure difference across opening

Input:

∆P1 = Pw1 - Pi = 5.819 Pa

∆P1 = 5.819 Pa

Outpt:

∆P 2 = Pw2 - Pi = - 5.819 Pa

∆P 2 = - 5.819 Pa

Air Flow Rate 2

AFR1 = Cd1 A1

Cp.i ρu Vref - 2Pi ρu

m = 0.122 s

AFR2 = Cd1 A1

Cp.u ρu Vref - 2Pi ρu

m = 0.122i s

m AFR1 = 0.122 s

m AFR2 = 0.122i s

Air flow rate per hour Amount of air per hour: 3 m Air ch = AFR1 3600 = 438.279 3 s

m Air ch = 438.279 3 s

Air Change per hour Airhour =

3 Airch = 3.323 m3 Vap s

-1

=> 3.323 h

The air is changing 3.323 times pr. hour

-1

Airhour = 3.323 h

APPENDIX NO. 10 - ENERGY CONSUMPTION Building slab without solar cell Building Part A

Building Part B

Building Part C

Building Part D

Building slab with solar cell Building Part A

55 m2 of PV

Building Part B

74 m2 of PV

Building Part C

91 m2 of PV

Building Part D

72 m2 of PV Ill. 158-165

APPENDIX NO. 11 - TOTALLY NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING Totally Net Zero Energy Building

Building square meter:

B s = 2526.73 m

Solar Cells Panels

Building applanice energy per year A e = 560 + Bs 16 = 40987.68 kWh per year

How must energy shall the solar cell produce Primary energy factor

P ef = 1.8

Ae Solar cell produce Final energy Fe = P = 22770.933 kWh per year ef

The amout of solar cell place on the southern facade

Sun radiation

Sr = 892

System factor

Sf = 0.65

Sqaure meter of solar cell = Xs Y =

X s 15 100

Fe = Y 0.65 892 Y =

Y = Effect

Fe = 39.274 0.65 892 (www.danskesolceller.dk 2012)

Xs 0.15 100

X s = Y 100 15 Xs

Y 100 2 = 15 = 261.825 m

261.825 m of solar cell on the southern facade to create a Totally Net Zero Energy Building

Ill. 166

261,825 m2 of solar cells on the southern facade to create a Totaly Net Zero Energy Builing

APPENDEX NO. 12 - WINDOWS VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rude VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rude Karmopstalt: K1 Dato: 5/17/2012

Karmopstalt: K1 Dato: 5/18/2012

Bredde: Højde:

1100 mm 2200 mm

Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.48 gg=0.36 LTg=0.68

Værdier U-vindue, Uw Energitilskud, Ew Glasandel, Ff Glasareal, A-rude Elementareal, Aw

Navngiv_dit_dokument

VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rude

VELFAC 200i Terrassedør, 36mm rude

Navngiv_dit_dokument Velfac windows optimized for north orientation

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Værdier U-vindue, Uw Energitilskud, Ew Glasandel, Ff Glasareal, A-rude Elementareal, Aw

Karmopstalt: Enkelt Dato: 5/17/2012

600 mm 2700 mm

Bredde: Højde:

Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.48 gg=0.36 LTg=0.68

0.77W/m²K -9 kWh/m² pr. år 86% 2.07 m² 2.42 m²

Karmopstalt: K1 Dato: 5/17/2012 Bredde: Højde:

1500 mm 2200 mm

Velfac terrace door

0.72W/m²K -3 kWh/m² pr. år 88% 2.91 m² 3.3 m²

Værdier U-vindue, Uw Energitilskud, Ew Glasandel, Ff Glasareal, A-rude Elementareal, Aw

Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.49 gg=0.5 LTg=0.72

0.89W/m²K -25 kWh/m² pr. år 78% 1.27 m² 1.62 m²

Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeri Vinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7 Navngiv_dit_dokument Navngiv_dit_dokument OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt, Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeri Vinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7 åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv. Vinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7 OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt, OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt, VELFAC 200i Vindue, 36mm rude VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rude VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rude åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv. åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv. Karmopstalt: K1 Karmopstalt: K1 Karmopstalt: K1 Dato: 5/17/2012 Dato: 5/18/2012 Dato: 5/18/2012

Navngiv_dit_dokument Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeri

Bredde: Højde:

900 mm 2100 mm

Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.49 gg=0.5 LTg=0.72

Værdier U-vindue, Uw Energitilskud, Ew Glasandel, Ff Glasareal, A-rude Elementareal, Aw

Velfac windows optimized for south orientation

Bredde: Højde:

2100 mm 2700 mm

0.95W/m²K -4 kWh/m² pr. år 83% 1.57 m² 1.89 m²

Værdier U-vindue, Uw Energitilskud, Ew Glasandel, Ff Glasareal, A-rude Elementareal, Aw

0.71W/m²K 34 kWh/m² pr. år 91% 5.15 m² 5.67 m²

Værdier U-vindue, Uw Energitilskud, Ew Glasandel, Ff Glasareal, A-rude Elementareal, Aw

79 1.08W/m²K -15 kWh/m² pr. år 84% 1.87 m² 2.23 m²

Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeri Vinduessystemets Eref værdi er -24 Navngiv_dit_dokument OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt, åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.

VELFAC 200 Helo® Vindue, 48mm rude Karmopstalt: K1 Dato: 5/18/2012 Bredde: Højde:

5600 mm 2700 mm

1200 mm 2200 mm

Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.48 gg=0.36 LTg=0.68

Vægtet gennemsnit glasværdier: Ug=0.53 gg=0.55 LTg=0.73

900 mm 2475 mm

0.65W/m²K 43 kWh/m² pr. år 94% 14.22 m² 15.12 m²

Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeri Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeri Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeri Vinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7 Vinduessystemets Eref værdi er -24 Vinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7 OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt, OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt, OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt, åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv. åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv. åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.

Værdier U-vindue, Uw Energitilskud, Ew Glasandel, Ff Glasareal, A-rude Elementareal, Aw

0.75W/m²K -7 kWh/m² pr. år 86% 2.28 m² 2.64 m²

Ill. 167: Velfac window calculator

Krav i henhold til Bygningsreglement 2010 for nybyggeri Vinduessystemets Eref værdi er 7 OBS: Energiberegneren validerer ikke i forhold til begrænsninger ifm. glasvægt, åbnefunktioners min/max-mål, poste-/sprosse-opdeling osv.