Preview Cambridge Checkpoint Science - English Language Skills Workbook

Mary Jones and Sally Burbeary

E

Cambridge Checkpoint

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Science

SA M

English Language Skills Workbook

Stages 7, 8, 9 Original material Š Cambridge University Press 2018

Contents Introduction

v

Stage 7 2

2 Connecting ideas

E

1 Talking about facts

10

3 Talking about differences and extremes 4 Helping verbs

18 31 41

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5 Words and phrases 6 Planning experiments

48

7 Results tables

54

 8 Graphs

60

9 Making conclusions

67

10 Answering questions

72

Stage 8

79

2 Connecting ideas

87

3 Talking about differences and extremes

96

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1 Talking about facts

4 Helping verbs

106

5 Words and phrases

114

6 Planning experiments

118

7 Results tables

124

8 Describing and interpreting graphs

128

9 Conclusions and explanations

135

10 Answering questions

139

Stage 9

1 Talking about facts

146

2 Connecting ideas

155

3 Talking about differences and extremes

164

4 Helping verbs

174

Original material Š Cambridge University Press 2018

Contents

iii

180

6 Planning experiments

185

7 Results tables

191

8 Drawing, describing and interpreting graphs

196

9 Interpreting results and evaluating methods

204

10 Answering questions Index

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5 Words and phrases

212 218 220

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Acknowledgements

iv

Contents

Original material Š Cambridge University Press 2018

Topic 1 Talking about facts – Stage 7 Introduction

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This topic helps you to talk about facts.

I n science, we often need to talk about facts. A fact is something we know is true.

We always use the present simple tense to talk about facts, for example: Verb to be am is are

Who or what Verbs I, you, we, make, they draw, boil he, she, it

Example sentence I am a geologist.

She is a scientist.

They are biologists.

PL

Who or what I he, she, it you, we, they

Example sentences I draw a graph.

You boil water in a kettle.

makes, He draws a graph. draws, boils Water boils at 100 °C. (It boils.)

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In English, we use singular (one thing) and plural (two or more things).

Writing a fact about one thing

Remember

The ‘s’ at the end of a word has different jobs in English.

Remember, when you have ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘we’ or ‘they’ before a verb (make, draw, boil), you don’t add an ‘s’ to the end of the verb. You do add an ‘s’ to the end of a verb when you have ‘he’, ‘she’ or ‘it’ before the verb.

Singular countable = one thing you can count, for example: Countable – One thing (singular) A plant A plant is a living thing.

A muscle A muscle is an organ.

A cell A cell is very small.

2

1 Talking about facts – Stage 7

Remember You need to use ‘a’ and ‘is’ to talk about one thing.

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

Stage 7 Topic 1

Remember

Countable – Two or more things (plural) Plants Plants are living things.

Muscles Muscles are organs.

Cells Cells are very small.

Don’t use ‘a’ with plurals.

Use ‘are’ to write about two things.

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Don’t forget to write ‘s’ at the end of the thing.

Also, there are uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are things that are not individual objects.

Remember

Uncountable Water is a liquid.

Sodium chloride is also called salt.

Air is a gas.

PL

Don’t use ‘a’ with uncountables.

Use ‘is’ to write about uncountable things.

Talking about facts Stage 7 – biology Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • Joints, on pages 12–13 in the Stage 7 Coursebook.

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1.1 Biology facts 1 What is a joint?

Complete the sentence to answer the question.

A joint

2 Write the missing letters in the words below to make two types of joint. _i_e_

m_ve_b_e

3 Look at the words below. Rearrange these words to make facts.

For example: body.

skeleton

Your

supports

your

Your skeleton supports your body.

Remember

Look out for the capital letters and full stops to help you put the words into the correct order.

You can make these word cards yourself and practise putting them into the correct word order.

1 Talking about facts – Stage 7 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

3

Write the sentences below. has

fixed

The

skull

joints.

b

in

joints

There

are

cranium.

c

the

brain.

d

and

A

and

moveable

E

a

fixed

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the

protects

The

the

moveable

the

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jawbone connects

cranium

4 a Name one place in the body where there is a ball-and-socket joint.

There

b Draw a picture of a ball-and-socket joint and write some facts about it. Write your answers in full sentences.

Picture

4

Facts

1 Talking about facts – Stage 7

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

skull.

joint

Stage 7 Topic 1 5 a Name one place in the body where there is a hinge joint.

There

Facts

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Picture

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b Draw a picture of it and write some facts about it.

Talking about facts Stage 7 – chemistry

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Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • Rocks, minerals and soils, on pages 104–113 in the Stage 7 Coursebook.

1.2 Chemistry facts

1 a What are scientists who study rocks called?

Scientists who

b What is the layer of rock covering the Earth called?

The layer

c What are rocks made from?

Rocks

2 The letters in these words are not in the correct order. Put the letters in the correct order to make the names of three types of rock.

1 Talking about facts – Stage 7 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

5

3 Look at the italic words in the sentences below. Cross out the incorrect words. The first one is an example.

Igneous rock are / is made from magma that has cooled. You can usually see / sees crystals in igneous rock.

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Rocks that cool quickly has / have small crystals. Rocks that cooler / cool slowly have large crystals. No crystals form / forms when the magma cools very quickly. Granite is / am an igneous rock.

am

PL

4 a Complete the sentences in the box with the words below. You can use each word once, more than once or not at all. makes

are

collect

is

presses

become

see

grow

Small pieces of rock and mud

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at the bottom of the sea. More layers settle on top and the weight down the layers. This solid rock. This type of rock called sedimentary rock. You can small grains in the rock.

Sometimes dead plants and animals fall into the sediment. They part of the rock and form fossils.

Sedimentary rocks porous. Limestone an example of this type of rock.

b What type of rock is the information in 4a about?

This information

5 a Look at the italic words in the box below. Some of them are correct, but there are five mistakes. Can you find them and correct them?

Some rocks are buried deep underground. Here it is very hot and the pressures is high.

These conditions changes the rock into metamorphic rock.

The grains in the rock squash together and this make the rock harder.

It squash the gaps out of the rock so it are not porous anymore.

An example of a metamorphic rock is marble.

b What type of rock is the information in 5a about?

This 6

1 Talking about facts – Stage 7

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

Stage 7 Topic 1

Talking about facts Stage 7 – physics

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Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • Using energy, on pages 144–157 in the Stage 7 Coursebook.

1.3 Physics facts

We need energy every day from the moment we get up in the morning to the time we go to bed.

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PL

1 Write a list of five things you do on a typical day that need energy.

You need energy stored in your body to lead an active life.

2 Where do we get our energy from?

3 Think about when you climb the stairs. How are you using the energy stored in your body when you do this activity?

1 Talking about facts – Stage 7 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

7

4 Complete the table with more examples of energy sources and include details about each energy type. Write your answers in full sentences.

Chemical

Food,

Electrical

Plug socket,

Thermal (heat)

The sun,

Light

Lamp,

Fact

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Examples of sources

PL

Type of energy

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5 a Rearrange the letters below to make three other types of energy. latices

halterm incitek

b Write a fact about each of these other types of energy in the notepad below.

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1 Talking about facts – Stage 7

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

Stage 7 Topic 1

Words to add to your dictionary

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Notes

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Pronunciation borl-and-soket joynt ke-mi-kal kawnt kray-nee-yum kris-tals en-er-ji fakt fos-sel greyn hinj joynt ig-nee-yus rok jor-bown joynt mag-ma met-am-or-fik rok plur-el por-us rok se-di-men-tary rok sing-yu-la skul sorse

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Word ball-and-socket joint chemical count cranium crystals energy fact fossil grain hinge joint igneous rock jawbone joint magma metamorphic rock plural porous rock sedimentary rock singular skull source

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Topic 1 Talking about facts – Stage 8 Introduction This topic helps you to talk about facts.

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Look back at Stage 7 for more information about the present simple tense.

You can also use the present simple tense to talk about negative things.

Other verbs

I, you we, they do not stir the water solution.

PL

Verb to be I am not a chemist. you, we, they are not scientists he, she, it is not a physicist

He, she, does not hit the nail hard.

It does not make a gas.

You can make short forms of negative verbs.

Short form I’m not You, we, they aren’t He, she, it isn’t I, you we, they don’t He, she, it doesn’t

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Full form I am not You, we, they are not He, she, it is not I, you, we, they do not He, she, it does not

Notice that you use ‘don’t’ to make a negative with ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘we’ and ‘they’.

You use ‘doesn’t’ with ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’.

Also notice that after ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ doesn’t … , there is no ‘s’ at the end of the verb.

You add an ‘s’ to the end of most verbs with he, she or it before the verb. Have is different because it is an irregular verb. Irregular means it doesn’t follow the usual rule.

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Who or what I, you, we, they he, she, it

Irregular verb have has

Example sentence We have some good results.

He has a graph.

Words ending with -ch, -ss, -zz and -o are spelled with -es at the end

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Verbs ending with: ‘-ch’, ‘-ss’, ‘-sh’, ‘-zz’ and ‘-o’.

Remember

Verb ending Example verb -ch watch

Example positive sentence She watches the experiment.

Example negative sentence She doesn’t watch the experiment.

-ss

pass

Time (it) passes very quickly.

Time (it) doesn’t pass very quickly.

-sh

wash

He washes the test tubes.

He doesn’t wash the test tubes.

-zz

fizz

The substance (it) fizzes.

go do

PL

-oo

The substance (it) doesn’t fizz.

It goes cloudy.

It doesn’t go cloudy.

She does the experiment well.

She doesn’t do the experiment well.

Talking about facts Stage 8 – biology

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Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • The circulatory system, on pages 32–39 in the Stage 8 Coursebook.

1.1 Human circulatory system

1 Use these words to complete the sentence below.

arteries pulse heartbeat

A

is caused by a

pumping through your

. A pulse is blood

.

2 Write some facts about blood vessels and the circulatory system.

Remember to write in full sentences.

Blood vessels

The circulatory system

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1 Talking about facts – Stage 8

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

Stage 8 Topic 1 3 Write some facts about what arteries and veins do and what they don’t do.

Blood vessel

What they do

What they don’t do

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Arteries

PL

Veins

4 Answer these questions about blood. Remember to write in full sentences. a What colour is blood? b What is plasma?

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c Why are red blood cells red?

d What job do white blood cells do in the body?

Talking about facts Stage 8 – chemistry Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • Elements and compounds, on pages 80–87 in the Stage 8 Coursebook • Mixtures, on pages 92–95 in the Stage 8 Coursebook.

1.2 Atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures 1 Look at Elsa’s notes to help you complete the facts below.

…… a substance that is made of only one kind of atom. It cannot be broken down. …… made of two or more different elements or compounds that are mixed together, without a chemical bond. They can be separated. …… made of two or more different elements. It can be broken down by a chemical reaction. …… the smallest particle of an element that can exist.

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a What is an atom?

An atom is b What is an element?

E

An element is c What is a compound?

A compound is

A mixture is

PL

d What is a mixture?

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e Label these pictures. Use the words in bold from a, b, c, d.

2 a Put these words into the correct columns in the table below. air bronze carbon dioxide chlorine copper

fizzy drink fruit salad limestone oxygen salt

sea water sodium sugar tin water

Elements

Mixtures

b What useful mixture can you make from two elements in the table?

c Explain why this mixture is useful. ……………………… is useful

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Compounds

Stage 8 Topic 1 d Name a useful compound you can make from two elements in the table.

e Explain why this compound is useful.

E

Ideas for extra activities.

PL

Make cards like the ones below. Put each column on a different colour card. Cut them out and work in small groups to practise matching the cards together. For example, match an element to its definition and examples.

Definitions

Element

oxygen

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Mixture

An element is ….

Examples

Compound

1 Talking about facts – Stage 8 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

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Talking about facts Stage 8 – physics Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • Light, on pages 148–151 in the Stage 8 Coursebook.

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1.3 Light

1 Light comes from many different objects. An object that produces light is called a light source. Light sources are considered to be luminous.

PL

a Draw four pictures of different light sources that you know.

b Write a fact about what a light source is.

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A light source

2 a Tick (✓) one box that shows how light travels through air.

b Write a fact about how light travels and how we know this fact.

Light travels

We know this is true because

3 Look at the pictures. List which objects are luminous and which are non-luminous in the table. Can you think of any more examples?

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Stage 8 Topic 1 Non-luminous

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Luminous

4 Now write a fact about luminous and non-luminous objects.

PL

a A luminous object

b A non-luminous object

SA M

5 a Look at the picture below.

The skyscraper is casting (making) a shadow at different times of the day.

Draw where the Sun is and the rays of light from the Sun are for each picture.

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b Write about how shadows form.

Words to add to your dictionary ‘ii’ sounds like ‘eye’ Notes

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compound element light source luminous mixture non-luminous pulse shadow vein vessel

Pronunciation art-er-eez a-tum ser-kyul-ay-tery sistem kom-pawnd el-em-ent l-ii-yt sorse loo-min-us miks-cher non loo-min-us pulse sha-dow veyn ves-el

PL

Word arteries atom circulatory system

E

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Topic 1 Talking about facts – Stage 9 Introduction

E

This topic helps you to talk about facts.

Look back at Stage 7 and 8 for more information about the present simple tense.

You can make questions in the present simple tense.

Verb ‘to be’ – question form Am I an ecologist?

Are they atoms?

Is it a catalyst?

Notice that with the verb ‘to be’, the first two words (for example, I am) change order (Am I) in the question form.

PL

Verb ‘to be’ I am an ecologist.

They are atoms.

It is a catalyst.

Remember

Positive Question form Vegetables contain fibre. Do vegetables contain fibre?

Ice melts in the sun.

Does ice melt in the sun?

Remember

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With general verbs, use do and does at the beginning of the question.

Use do with plural nouns.

Use does with singular and uncountable nouns.

Talking about facts Stage 9 – biology Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • Variation and inheritance, on pages 42–49 in the Stage 9 Coursebook.

Remember

Remember to use the English above and write your answers in full sentences.

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1 Talking about facts – Stage 9

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Stage 9 Topic 1 1.1 How do individuals belonging to the same species differ from each other?

E

1 Here are some notes that Sam has made.

PL

a group of organisms not identical genes passed on from parents share the same features different genes environment can affect can breed together

Use Sam’s notes to help you complete the sentences.

1 a A species is b Variation c Inheritance

SA M

2 The graph shows the number of people with different heights. Use the graph to complete the tasks below.

170–174

165–169

more than 174

height in cm

160–164

155–159

150–154

145–149

140–144

135–139

130–134

less than 130

number of people

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a Write two positive facts.

E

b Write two negative facts.

Question Answer Question Answer

PL

c Write two more questions about the graph and answer them.

3 Complete the information below by writing words in the gaps.

All chickens are members of the same

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but they do not all look the same. Differences between individuals belonging to the same species are called . The differences are caused by or factors.

4 a What variations can you see between the chickens in these pictures?

b Inherited variation is caused by genes passed on from parents to offspring. Name some factors that the young chicken in this picture inherited from its parent.

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Stage 9 Topic 1

caged chickens

PL

free-range chickens

E

c Environmental variation is caused by differences in living conditions and surroundings, such as climate and food supply.

Name some positive and negative environmental factors for the free-range chickens.

Ideas for extra activities

SA M

Write some multiple-choice quiz questions about variation and inheritance.

Swap (exchange) quizzes with other students in your class.

Here is an example.

What is a species?

A – a group of organisms with the same features B – living things that are identical C – genes

1 Talking about facts – Stage 9 Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

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faces boy girl CUP CP CB7 Physics Fig 6.3C 22/3/11 Eleanor Jones

Talking about facts Stage 9 – chemistry Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • Energy changes, on pages 70–77 in the Stage 9 Coursebook.

E

1.2 Chemical reactions

1 Look at Sam’s list of processes. Write each process in the correct column in the table below.

Endothermic process

SA M

Exothermic process

PL

melting ice cubes rusting iron burning sugar cooking an egg making ice cubes evaporation of water

2 a Choose one exothermic process from the table and explain what happens. Draw a picture to help explain.

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Stage 9 Topic 1 b How do you know this is an exothermic process?

SA M

PL

E

3 a Choose one endothermic process from the table and explain what happens. Draw a picture to help explain.

b How do you know this is an endothermic process?

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Talking about facts Stage 9 – physics Before you begin the exercises, you may want to look at: • Electricity, on pages 140–147 in the Stage 9 Coursebook.

E

1.3 Electricity

PL

1 a Draw lines to match each positive and negative box to the pictures.

Notice that there are three positive and negative boxes but only two pictures. +

−

+

+

−

−

SA M

b Look at Jon’s list of words.

attracted repel positive negative electric charge

Write some facts about what is happening in the two pictures in 1a.

Try to use all of the words from Jon’s list. Remember to write in full sentences.

2 a Label the picture below using words from the list.

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conductor insulator copper plastic

1 Talking about facts – Stage 9

Original material © Cambridge University Press 2018

PL

E

Stage 9 Topic 1

Jon started to write some notes. Finish his notes. b A conductor

SA M

c An insulator

3 Look at the circuits below. Explain what is happening in each circuit.

Circuit A

silver ring

Circuit B

cotton wool

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Ideas for extra activities Look at the words in the table below. Get into small groups and ask each other questions about the words, for example: Can you tell me what a conductor is?

E

What does static mean?

PL

Words to add to your dictionary ‘air’ sounds like the air that we breathe

Pronunciation at-rak-ted charj ser-kit kon-duk-ter end-ow-ther-mik ev-ap-or-ay-shun eks-ow-ther-mik jeen ha-bi-tat in-her-it-anse in-syer-lay-ter off-spring or-gan-iz-um pro-ses re-pel spee-shees sta-tik vair-ee-ay-shun

Notes

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Words attracted charge circuit conductor endothermic evaporation exothermic gene habitat inheritance insulator offspring organism process repel species static variation

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