Preview Cambridge School Shakespeare As You Like It

Shakespeare

AS YOU LIKE IT

Cambridge School

Edited by Linzy Brady Series editors: Richard Andrews and Vicki Wienand Founding editor: Rex Gibson

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107675124 Commentary and notes © Cambridge University Press 2000, 2015 Text © Cambridge University Press 2000, 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2000 Second edition 2009 Third edition 2015 Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-67512-4 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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Cover image: The Old Vic Theatre 2010, © Geraint Lewis

Contents Introduction Photo gallery

iv v

As You Like It List of characters Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5

1 3 35 71 111 135

Perspectives and themes Contexts and sources Characters The language of As You Like It Critics’ forum As You Like It in performance Writing about Shakespeare Writing about As You Like It Timeline Acknowledgements

160 165 169 180 186 188 198 200 202 203

Cambridge School

Shakespeare

Introduction This As You Like It is part of the Cambridge School Shakespeare series. Like every other play in the series, it has been specially prepared to help all students in schools and colleges.

The Cambridge School Shakespeare As You Like It aims to be different. It invites you to lift the words from the page and to bring the play to life in your classroom, hall or drama studio. Through enjoyable and focused activities, you will increase your understanding of the play. Actors have created their different interpretations of the play over the centuries. Similarly, you are invited to make up your own mind about As You Like It, rather than having someone else’s interpretation handed down to you.

Cambridge School Shakespeare does not offer you a cut-down or simplified version of the play. This is Shakespeare’s language, filled with imaginative possibilities. You will find on every left-hand page: a summary of the action, an explanation of unfamiliar words, and a choice of activities on Shakespeare’s stagecraft, characters, themes and language.

Between each act and in the pages at the end of the play, you will find notes, illustrations and activities.

These will help to encourage reflection after every act and give you insights into the background and context of the play as a whole.

This edition will be of value to you whether you are studying for an examination, reading for pleasure or thinking of putting on the play to entertain others. You can work on the activities on your own or in groups.

Many of the activities suggest a particular group size, but don’t be afraid to make up larger or smaller groups to suit your own purposes. Please don’t think you have to do every activity: choose those that will help you most.

Although you are invited to treat As You Like It as a play, you don’t need special dramatic or theatrical skills to do the activities. By choosing your activities, and by exploring and experimenting, you can make your own interpretations of Shakespeare’s language, characters and stories.

Whatever you do, remember that Shakespeare wrote his plays to be acted, watched and enjoyed.

Rex Gibson Founding editor This new edition contains more photographs, more diversity and more supporting material than previous editions, whilst remaining true to Rex’s original vision. Specifically, it contains more activities and commentary on stagecraft and writing about Shakespeare, to reflect contemporary interest. The glossary has been enlarged too. Finally, this edition aims to reflect the best teaching and learning possible, and to represent not only Shakespeare through the ages, but also the relevance and excitement of Shakespeare today.

Richard Andrews and Vicki Wienand Series editors

iv

This edition of As You Like It uses the updated text of the play established by Michael Hattaway in The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Some minor editorial differences exist between this and the previous edition, although pagination and line numbering remain the same.

▼ Duke Frederick has recently

overthrown his brother and the kingdom’s rightful ruler, Duke Senior, who now lives in exile in the Forest of Arden. Despite this conflict, the daughters of these two men – Rosalind, whose father has been exiled, and Celia, whose father now rules at court – are like sisters to each other.

▼ The play opens with a clash between another pair of brothers, the sons of Sir Roland de Boys.

Orlando is mistreated by his elder brother, Oliver, who plans to kill him.

v

▼

Hoping that Orlando will be killed, Oliver persuades his brother to enter a wrestling match against Duke Frederick’s dangerous star wrestler, Charles. Rosalind tries to dissuade Orlando from fighting, and they fall in love. She gives him a necklace to wear in her honour.

▼ Orlando defies all expectations by defeating Charles, but is dismissed

as an enemy by Duke Frederick. Rosalind is also banished from the kingdom by her uncle, on pain of death, and she and Celia decide to run away together rather than be separated.

vi

▼ The two women escape to the

Forest of Arden along with the court jester, Touchstone. Rosalind disguises herself as a boy called Ganymede and Celia pretends to be his sister, Aliena.

▼ The three travellers come across

country people, such as Corin the shepherd, and Touchstone enjoys conversing with them in order to show off his own superior wit and learning.

vii

â–ź In the Forest of Arden, Duke Senior enjoys a

simple life, free from all the political manoeuvres and social ambitions of life at court. He is amused

by Jaques, a melancholy and satirical courtier who reminds everyone that human folly and weakness exist even in the Forest of Arden.

viii

In the forest, many kinds of love are in the air. Touchstone falls for Audrey, a simple goatherd, and plans to marry her. A shepherd named Silvius loves a disdainful shepherdess called Phoebe, but she rejects him and falls in love with Ganymede (who is really Rosalind in disguise).

ix

 Meanwhile, Orlando has also fled to the Forest of Arden to escape his brother’s murderous intentions. He spends his time daydreaming about Rosalind and writing her second-rate love poems, which he hangs in the trees.

▼ Rosalind reads the poems and meets Orlando while disguised as Ganymede. She tries to cure Orlando’s lovesick fantasies and teach him about real-life relationships, making him treat Ganymede as if he were Rosalind. In this way, Rosalind also tricks Orlando into ‘marrying’ her.

x

▼

Towards the end of the play, Orlando saves the life of his brother Oliver. This formerly evil character is converted to goodness and falls in love with Celia at first sight. ▼ Rosalind tires of all the

complications that her disguise has caused. She promises Orlando, Silvius and Phoebe that they will all marry the right person if they do as she says.

xi

â–ź At the end of the play, all the complications seem resolved. Rosalind abandons

her disguise and reveals her true identity, at which point Orlando keeps his promise to marry her and Phoebe keeps her promise to marry Silvius. As the weddings are about to take place, a messenger arrives with news that Duke Frederick has also converted to goodness and restored the kingdom to Duke Senior.

â–ź The play ends as everyone except Jaques plans to return to the court.

Rosalind takes centre stage to bid the audience goodbye in a witty epilogue.

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AS YOU LIKE IT

List of characters The court The de Boys household

The usurping court DUKE FREDERICK

younger brother to

Duke Senior CELIA his daughter (who disguises herself as Aliena) ROSALIND daughter of Duke Senior (who disguises herself as Ganymede) TOUCHSTONE a clown CHARLES the Duke’s wrestler

OLIVER JACQUES ORLANDO ADAM DENIS

sons of Sir Roland de Boys

servant to Orlando servant to Oliver

LE BEAU

courtiers

FIRST LORD SECOND LORD

The Forest of Arden The banished court DUKE SENIOR

The people of Arden

the rightful duke

JAQUES AMIENS FIRST LORD

courtiers

SECOND LORD FIRST PAGE SECOND PAGE

HYMEN

attendants on the Duke

a shepherd SILVIUS a shepherd PHOEBE a shepherdess AUDREY a goatherd WILLIAM a countryman SIR OLIVER MARTEXT a priest CORIN

FORESTERS

god of marriage

The action of the play takes place in Oliver’s home, Duke Frederick’s palace and the Forest of Arden

1

Orlando recounts how he inherited only £250. His father’s will instructed the oldest son, Oliver, to educate Orlando. But Oliver treats him worse than the horses, and denies him status or education.

Stagecraft Dramatic grammar (in pairs) The play begins in the middle of a conversation between Orlando and his family’s faithful servant, Adam, about the will left by Orlando’s late father. Orlando is clearly agitated as he talks about the unfair treatment he has suffered at the hands of his own brother. a Read Orlando’s opening monologue aloud to yourself as you walk around the room. Pay particular attention to the grammar by changing direction as you walk: • At each full stop, make a full ‘about-turn’ (180 degrees).

• At each comma, semi-colon and colon, make a half-turn (90 degrees to your right or left).

• Think of gestures to make at question marks, dashes and exclamation marks (such as stamping your foot or clicking your fingers). b With your partner, discuss how the grammatical structure of the monologue reflects Orlando’s feelings and experiences.

How would you enact these lines to convey his motivations at this point? c How does the grammar of Orlando’s speech change at line 24 compared with the monologue above? Why do you think this might be? Take turns to explore different styles of speaking Orlando’s response to his brother in this line. Decide which style of speaking you think best expresses Orlando’s inner thoughts at this point. d Imagine you are planning to direct a production of As You Like It. Make notes on the set, the costumes and the general impression you would wish to create of Orlando, Oliver and Adam. These notes could form the first part of a Director’s Journal in which you can record your ideas about staging the play as you read on.

1 Invent a scene (in small groups) a Stage your own scene in which Sir Roland de Boys, on his deathbed, tells his three sons, Oliver, Jacques and Orlando, what is in his will and what he wants each of them to do. b Alternatively, you could write the will of Sir Roland and perform a scene in which it is read aloud to the sons. All three sons should react to the will using facial expressions and physical gestures.

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upon this fashion in this manner by will (in my father’s will) poor a a mere crowns gold coins charged ordered breed educate keeps at school supports financially through university

profit progress rustically like a peasant stays keeps unkept uncared for, uneducated stalling sheltering manège paces, stylish behaviour riders trainers dearly hired paid well something social status countenance attitude hinds farm labourers bars denies mines my gentility undermines my good birth

avoid get rid of Go apart stand aside shake me up abuse me violently make (Oliver’s question means ‘What are you doing?’ but Orlando deliberately misunderstands ‘make’ to mean ‘fashion’ or ‘create something’)

mar spoil

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 1

The orchard of Oliver’s house Enter ORLANDO and ADAM ORLANDO

As I remember, Adam, it was upon this fashion bequeathed me by will but poor a thousand crowns and, as thou say’st, charged my brother, on his blessing, to breed me well: and there begins my sadness. My brother Jacques he keeps at school, and report speaks goldenly of his profit. For my part, he keeps me rustically at home or, to speak more properly, stays me here at home unkept – for call you that ‘keeping’ for a gentleman of my birth, that differs not from the stalling of an ox? His horses are bred better for, besides that they are fair with their feeding, they are taught their manège, and to that end riders dearly hired. But I, his brother, gain nothing under him but growth – for the which his animals on his dunghills are as much bound to him as I. Besides this nothing that he so plentifully gives me, the something that Nature gave me his countenance seems to take from me: he lets me feed with his hinds, bars me the place of a brother, and, as much as in him lies, mines my gentility with my education. This is it, Adam, that grieves me, and the spirit of my father, which I think is within me, begins to mutiny against this servitude. I will no longer endure it, though yet I know no wise remedy how to avoid it.

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Enter OLIVER ADAM ORLANDO

OLIVER ORLANDO OLIVER

Yonder comes my master, your brother.

Go apart, Adam, and thou shalt hear how he will shake me up.

[Adam withdraws] Now sir, what make you here?

Nothing: I am not taught to make anything.

What mar you then, sir?

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25

3

Oliver is angered by Orlando’s protest at being kept in poverty. He threatens to strike Orlando, but Orlando seizes Oliver and demands his share of the will. Oliver seems to consent.

1 Brother against brother (in threes) a Take parts as Orlando, Oliver and Adam, and rehearse lines 20–67 to experiment with how you would portray these characters on stage.

Explore the points below to refine your ideas about the performance, and make notes in your Director’s Journal on the most successful elements.

• Language Discuss why you think Orlando often echoes his brother’s words. For example, the brothers call each other ‘sir’, but in what tones of voice and with what gestures? Locate each instance of Orlando’s repetitions and decide how he might say them, and what he might mean by them. Try out a few different ways of speaking the lines to see what works best.

• Status Orlando appeals to his brother as a gentleman to treat him also as a gentleman. How would you show the difference in their status at this point? Think about the positions and postures of the actors.

• Violence Orlando is the younger brother, but he proves he is better at fighting than Oliver. Work out how you would stage the fight in a way that reveals the personality of each brother. The stage directions at lines 41, 42 and 59 suggest that Oliver begins the physical violence – but does he? Read the script without considering the stage directions, then discuss this point. Remember that the stage directions were not written by Shakespeare, but were inserted by the editors of later editions of the play. b Write an aside for Adam at each question mark in lines 20–67, to allow him to voice his opinion on the conversation from his hiding place.

Perform the scene again, with Adam speaking these asides aloud.

Marry by the Virgin Mary be naught awhile clear off! husks scraps prodigal wastefully lavish penury poverty

knows acknowledges in … blood because of our noble breeding

so know me know me as a brother

The courtesy of nations social custom

allows you my better says you are superior

blood rank or spirit is nearer to his reverence makes you his legitimate heir

boy (an insult to provoke Orlando) thou (this pronoun was used to speak to people of lower status, so it is a calculated insult here)

villein serf, lowest-status person (pun on ‘villain’) railed on insulted be patient calm down accord peace

qualities accomplishments, manners

exercises acquired skills allottery share, bequest testament will

4

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 1

ORLANDO OLIVER ORLANDO OLIVER ORLANDO OLIVER ORLANDO

OLIVER ORLANDO OLIVER ORLANDO

ADAM OLIVER ORLANDO

OLIVER

Marry, sir, I am helping you to mar that which God made, a poor unworthy brother of yours, with idleness.

Marry, sir, be better employed, and be naught awhile.

Shall I keep your hogs and eat husks with them? What prodigal portion have I spent that I should come to such penury?

Know you where you are, sir?

O, sir, very well: here in your orchard.

Know you before whom, sir?

Aye, better than him I am before knows me: I know you are my eldest brother, and in the gentle condition of blood you should so know me. The courtesy of nations allows you my better in that you are the first-born, but the same tradition takes not away my blood, were there twenty brothers betwixt us. I have as much of my father in me as you, albeit I confess your coming before me is nearer to his reverence.

[Raising his hand] What, boy!

[Seizing his brother] Come, come, elder brother, you are too young in this.

Wilt thou lay hands on me, villain?

I am no villein: I am the youngest son of Sir Roland de Boys; he was my father, and he is thrice a villain that says such a father begot villeins. Wert thou not my brother, I would not take this hand from thy throat till this other had pulled out thy tongue for saying so: thou hast railed on thyself.

[Coming forward] Sweet masters, be patient, for your father’s remembrance, be at accord.

Let me go, I say.

I will not till I please. You shall hear me. My father charged you in his will to give me good education: you have trained me like a peasant, obscuring and hiding from me all gentleman-like qualities. The spirit of my father grows strong in me – and I will no longer endure it. Therefore allow me such exercises as may become a gentleman or give me the poor allottery my father left me by testament: with that I will go buy my fortunes.

[He releases Oliver] And what wilt thou do? Beg when that is spent? Well, sir, get you in. I will not long be troubled with you: you shall have some part of your ‘will’; I pray you leave me.

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35

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45

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60

5

Oliver resolves to get rid of Orlando. Charles tells of Duke Senior’s banishment, Rosalind and Celia’s great friendship, and of many courtiers joining Duke Senior in the Forest of Arden.

Characters Oliver’s soliloquies (in pairs) Oliver shows the unpleasant side of his nature, calling the loyal servant Adam ‘old dog’. He then has two short soliloquies, at lines 68–9 and line 75. The stage convention is that in a soliloquy a character speaks the truth, showing their true personality and intentions.

• Experiment with different ways of speaking the soliloquies.

Use tone, gesture and dramatic pauses to convey Oliver’s character and motivations. Decide how to deliver each soliloquy and share your interpretations with the rest of the class.

grow upon me become troublesome to me

physic your rankness cure your fast-growing insolence

Holla come here importunes begs

1 Setting the scene for the play (in small groups) Charles’s news helps to establish the play’s context, relationships and themes. But how does the news relayed by Charles link to the story so far, and to the history of Oliver and Orlando?

• Use the list of characters on page 1 to help you draw a character web.

Devise symbols or a colour code to show the status of characters you have met so far and the relationships between them. You could also include sketches of the characters and additional notes about their apparent temperaments and motivations. As you become familiar with more of the play’s characters, add to your character web so that it serves as a useful ‘who’s who’ of As You Like It.

Write about it Who, what, where, when, why?

Write a newspaper article about the Duke’s banishment, using the details of Charles’s account in lines 79–95. Embellish the article with features such as eye-witness accounts, quotes from the characters involved and language that is suitable for either a tabloid or a broadsheet newspaper.

way (way of killing Orlando)

morrow morning

old Duke (Duke Senior)

good leave cheerful permission

the Duke’s daughter, her cousin (Celia, who is Duke Frederick’s daughter and Rosalind’s cousin)

bred brought up to stay by staying of by merry (this term was often used to denote social equality)

fleet the time carelessly pass the time without a care

golden world first age of the world or ideal, carefree existence described in ancient Greek and Latin texts

6

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 1

ORLANDO OLIVER ADAM

OLIVER

I will no further offend you than becomes me for my good.

[To Adam] Get you with him, you old dog.

Is ‘old dog’ my reward? Most true, I have lost my teeth in your service. God be with my old master: he would not have spoke such a word.

Exeunt Orlando [and] Adam Is it even so, begin you to grow upon me? I will physic your rankness, and yet give no thousand crowns neither. – Holla, Denis.

65

Enter DENIS DENIS OLIVER DENIS OLIVER

Calls your worship?

Was not Charles, the Duke’s wrestler, here to speak with me?

So please you, he is here at the door, and importunes access to you.

Call him in.

[Exit Denis] ’Twill be a good way, and tomorrow the wrestling is.

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75

Enter CHARLES CHARLES OLIVER CHARLES

OLIVER CHARLES

OLIVER CHARLES

Good morrow to your worship.

Good Monsieur Charles, what’s the new news at the new court?

There’s no news at the court, sir, but the old news: that is, the old Duke is banished by his younger brother, the new Duke, and three or four loving lords have put themselves into voluntary exile with him, whose lands and revenues enrich the new Duke; therefore he gives them good leave to wander.

Can you tell if Rosalind, the Duke’s daughter, be banished with her father?

O no; for the Duke’s daughter, her cousin, so loves her, being ever from their cradles bred together, that she would have followed her exile or have died to stay behind her; she is at the court and no less beloved of her uncle than his own daughter, and never two ladies loved as they do.

Where will the old Duke live?

They say he is already in the Forest of Arden, and a many merry men with him; and there they live like the old Robin Hood of England. They say many young gentlemen flock to him every day, and fleet the time carelessly as they did in the golden world.

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7

Charles says he is reluctant to injure Orlando. Oliver falsely describes Orlando’s character and intentions, and urges Charles to kill him. Alone on stage, Oliver expresses envy of Orlando’s character and reputation.

Characters Charles: a pompous wrestler? (in pairs) Charles is Duke Frederick’s wrestler. He is very proud of his reputation, and warns of what may happen if Orlando insists on fighting him. He speaks formally, often using long words and unnatural word order where a simpler style would do. a Discuss what effect Charles’s overblown speaking style might have on a listener. Think about the audience’s impression, as well as how the other characters might react. b Take turns to read aloud lines 97–107, then construct a verbal or written version of the speech that uses clearer wording and sentence structure. What difference does this make to the message? Why do you think Charles employs such complicated language?

1 A false brother (in pairs) Oliver’s descriptions of Orlando are often descriptions of himself.

Psychoanalysts call this ‘projection’ – that is, attributing your own feelings or characteristics to others. Keep this in mind as you complete the following activities. a One person speaks lines 108–23 in character as Oliver, pausing after every short section. In the pause, the other person judges whether or not Oliver is lying by proclaiming aloud ‘True’ or ‘False’. Switch roles and see if there are any points in the speech when you disagree about whether or not he is being truthful. b Take turns to read through Olivier’s soliloquy at lines 127–34. Together, compile notes on Oliver’s character and his behaviour towards Orlando.

Write a psychoanalyst’s report on Oliver, giving possible reasons why he might hate Orlando so much and why he might project so many of his own feelings and motivations onto his brother.

disposition intention disguised (it was not becoming for a gentleman to fight with a common wrestler)

fall bout, round of fighting credit reputation loath to foil reluctant to defeat brook endure thing of his own search plan of his own devising

requite reward underhand means secret methods

envious emulator jealous imitator parts qualities villainous contriver wicked plotter

as lief rather disgrace disfigurement or injury grace himself on thee gain credit at your expense

practise plot device trick anatomise him analyse his faults

go alone walks without aid stir this gamester shake this upstart

noble device nobility altogether misprized scorned by everyone

kindle the boy (incite Orlando to wrestle)

8

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 1

OLIVER CHARLES

OLIVER

CHARLES

OLIVER

What, you wrestle tomorrow before the new Duke?

Marry, do I, sir; and I came to acquaint you with a matter. I am given, sir, secretly to understand that your younger brother Orlando hath a disposition to come in, disguised, against me to try a fall. Tomorrow, sir, I wrestle for my credit, and he that escapes me without some broken limb shall acquit him well. Your brother is but young and tender and, for your love, I would be loath to foil him, as I must for my own honour, if he come in; therefore, out of my love to you, I came hither to acquaint you withal, that either you might stay him from his intendment, or brook such disgrace well as he shall run into, in that it is a thing of his own search and altogether against my will.

Charles, I thank thee for thy love to me, which thou shalt find I will most kindly requite. I had myself notice of my brother’s purpose herein, and have by underhand means laboured to dissuade him from it – but he is resolute. I’ll tell thee, Charles, it is the stubbornest young fellow of France, full of ambition, an envious emulator of every man’s good parts, a secret and villainous contriver against me, his natural brother. Therefore use thy discretion: I had as lief thou didst break his neck as his finger. And thou wert best look to’t – for if thou dost him any slight disgrace or if he do not mightily grace himself on thee, he will practise against thee by poison, entrap thee by some treacherous device, and never leave thee till he hath ta’en thy life by some indirect means or other. For I assure thee – and almost with tears I speak it – there is not one so young and so villainous this day living. I speak but brotherly of him, but should I anatomise him to thee as he is, I must blush and weep, and thou must look pale and wonder.

I am heartily glad I came hither to you. If he come tomorrow, I’ll give him his payment; if ever he go alone again, I’ll never wrestle for prize more – and so God keep your worship.

Exit Farewell, good Charles. – Now will I stir this gamester. I hope I shall see an end of him, for my soul – yet I know not why – hates nothing more than he. Yet he’s gentle, never schooled and yet learned, full of noble device, of all sorts enchantingly beloved, and indeed so much in the heart of the world, and especially of my own people who best know him, that I am altogether misprized. But it shall not be so long this wrestler shall clear all: nothing remains but that I kindle the boy thither, which now I’ll go about.

Exit

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9

Celia tries to cheer Rosalind, who thinks with sadness of her banished father. Responding to Celia’s affection, Rosalind joins in witty wordplay about love, fortune and nature.

Themes Fortune and her wheel (in small groups) Fortune was commonly depicted as a blindfolded goddess who used her wheel to raise people into prosperity and happiness before plunging them down again into misery.

• Look at the wheel of Fortune illustrated below and have a go at drawing and colouring your own. Annotate where Rosalind and Celia are on this wheel of Fortune, and show the direction in which they might each – or both – be heading. Where on the wheel are the other characters?

thee/you (Celia uses the familiar pronoun ‘thou’, whereas Rosalind employs the more formal and respectful ‘you’ to address the daughter of the ruling Duke) coz cousin

still always so wouldst thou you would do likewise

righteously tempered properly strengthened

the condition of my estate my situation

perforce by force render thee again give back to you

make sport withal joke about it with safety … off again you can end without shame

1 Fortune, Nature and witty repartee In lines 30–6, Celia says that Fortune bestows either virtue or beauty upon women, and that beautiful women (‘fair’) are rarely chaste (‘honest’).

Rosalind challenges her, as she believes that Fortune only affects ‘gifts of the world’ such as money and power. According to Rosalind, a person’s looks, intelligence and moral qualities are ‘the lineaments of Nature’ – features given by Nature rather than Fortune. The theme of nature’s relationship to fortune is central to the play, so keep it in mind as you read on.

• Rewrite lines 25–45 in your own words, to make the wit and wordplay intelligible and amusing to a modern audience. Some of the wordplay involves exploiting certain words’ multiple definitions, so check the glossaries on this page and on page 12 to make sure that you have understood all the possible meanings.

10

sit and mock (Celia proposes a discussion on a set theme)

equally justly mistake go astray

honest virtuous, chaste office function gifts of the world material possessions, power

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 2

Act 1 Scene 2

Duke Frederick’s palace Enter ROSALIND and CELIA CELIA ROSALIND

CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA ROSALIND

CELIA ROSALIND

I pray thee, Rosalind, sweet my coz, be merry.

Dear Celia, I show more mirth than I am mistress of, and would you yet were merrier: unless you could teach me to forget a banished father, you must not learn me how to remember any extraordinary pleasure.

Herein, I see, thou lov’st me not with the full weight that I love thee; if my uncle, thy banished father, had banished thy uncle, the Duke my father, so thou hadst been still with me, I could have taught my love to take thy father for mine; so wouldst thou, if the truth of thy love to me were so righteously tempered as mine is to thee.

Well, I will forget the condition of my estate to rejoice in yours.

You know my father hath no child but I, nor none is like to have; and, truly, when he dies thou shalt be his heir: for what he hath taken away from thy father perforce I will render thee again in affection. By mine honour, I will, and when I break that oath, let me turn monster. Therefore, my sweet Rose, my dear Rose, be merry.

From henceforth I will, coz, and devise sports. Let me see, what think you of falling in love?

Marry, I prithee do, to make sport withal: but love no man in good earnest – nor no further in sport neither – than with safety of a pure blush thou mayst in honour come off again.

What shall be our sport then?

Let us sit and mock the good housewife Fortune from her wheel, that her gifts may henceforth be bestowed equally.

I would we could do so: for her benefits are mightily misplaced, and the bountiful blind woman doth most mistake in her gifts to women.

Tis true, for those that she makes fair she scarce makes honest, and those that she makes honest she makes very ill-favouredly.

Nay, now thou goest from Fortune’s office to Nature’s: Fortune reigns in gifts of the world, not in the lineaments of Nature.

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30

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Celia comments that fools are sent by nature to sharpen witty people’s intelligence. Touchstone jokes about honour. He hints at corruption in Duke Frederick’s court.

fall into the fire lose her virtue wit (line 36) intelligence flout at complain about, mock argument theme, discussion too hard more than a match Nature’s natural idiot, born fool Peradventure perhaps wits (line 42) mental faculties reason of talk about whetstone sharpening stone away along

Language in the play Language games (in small groups) Like all Shakespeare’s clowns, Touchstone loves playing with language in order to entertain his listeners and to criticise the follies of highstatus people.

pancakes fritters, burgers naught worthless stand to it insist, swear forsworn perjured, lying on oath unmuzzle unleash, set free

a Touchstone jokes to make a serious point, and seems to imply that Duke Frederick’s court lacks honour. Read through his riddle-like story of the knight and the ‘pancakes’ in lines 50–65.

Try to understand the meaning of the joke and how it relates to Duke Frederick. b In lines 56–7, Touchstone tricks Celia and Rosalind into stroking their chins and swearing by their non-existent beards, in order to help illustrate his point. How might this affect the relationship and balance of power between the entertainer and his onstage audience? c Find examples of Touchstone’s puns, slapstick comedy, mimicry and other comic features in the script opposite. Do you think that humour can be an effective vehicle for communicating criticism or discussion on serious topics? Why? Think of some characters in television shows or of some comedians who do this, and compare them with Touchstone.

12

Prithee I pray you (pardon)

taxation slander, criticism

By my troth honestly, upon my faith

wit (line 70) wisdom

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 2

Enter TOUCHSTONE No? When Nature hath made a fair creature, may she not by Fortune fall into the fire? Though Nature hath given us wit to flout at Fortune, hath not Fortune sent in this fool to cut off the argument?

ROSALIND Indeed there is Fortune too hard for Nature, when Fortune makes Nature’s natural the cutter-off of Nature’s wit.

CELIA Peradventure this is not Fortune’s work neither but Nature’s who, perceiving our natural wits too dull to reason of such goddesses, hath sent this natural for our whetstone: for always the dullness of the fool is the whetstone of the wits. – How now, Wit, whither wander you?

TOUCHSTONE Mistress, you must come away to your father.

CELIA Were you made the messenger?

TOUCHSTONE No, by mine honour, but I was bid to come for you.

ROSALIND Where learned you that oath, fool?

TOUCHSTONE Of a certain knight that swore, by his honour, they were good pancakes, and swore, by his honour, the mustard was naught.

Now, I’ll stand to it, the pancakes were naught and the mustard was good – and yet was not the knight forsworn.

CELIA How prove you that in the great heap of your knowledge?

ROSALIND Aye, marry, now unmuzzle your wisdom.

TOUCHSTONE Stand you both forth now. Stroke your chins and swear, by your beards, that I am a knave.

CELIA By our beards – if we had them – thou art.

TOUCHSTONE By my knavery – if I had it – then I were. But if you swear by that that is not you are not forsworn: no more was this knight swearing by his honour, for he never had any; or if he had, he had sworn it away before ever he saw those pancakes or that mustard.

CELIA Prithee, who is’t that thou mean’st?

TOUCHSTONE One that old Frederick, your father, loves.

CELIA My father’s love is enough to honour him. Enough! Speak no more of him; you’ll be whipped for taxation one of these days.

TOUCHSTONE The more pity that fools may not speak wisely what wise men do foolishly.

CELIA By my troth, thou say’st true: for, since the little wit that fools have was silenced, the little foolery that wise men have makes a great show. – Here comes ‘Monsieur the Beau’.

CELIA

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

13

Celia, Rosalind and Touchstone all mock Le Beau for his affected speech. He brings news of how Charles has seriously injured an old man’s three sons. The news dismays the women.

Stagecraft Mocking Le Beau (in small groups) Le Beau (French for ‘the beautiful’) is often played as an overdressed courtier who puts on airs and graces and uses elaborate gestures.

He speaks with an affected accent (pronouncing ‘sport’ as ‘spot’) and is unable to keep up with witty wordplay of the other characters.

Le Beau usually fails to see that Celia, Rosalind and Touchstone are mocking him.

• As a director, how you would advise actors to perform the script opposite for greatest comic effect? Discuss this in your group and write detailed notes in your Director’s Journal, describing what you would want to see and hear on stage from each of the characters. Consider the following points in your actors’ notes, then use your findings to perform lines 73–116 for another group. Try to make them laugh as much as possible!

Mimicry Celia speaks in French (line 76) and repeats Le Beau’s words (line 79), while Rosalind and Touchstone use pompously exaggerated language (lines 81–2).

Imagery Celia uses an image from bricklaying (line 83), suggesting that Touchstone is thickly laying on the irony like a bricklayer slapping on a trowelful of mortar. Does Le Beau overhear her, and what is his response? Does he understand the joke?

Interruptions Le Beau’s sad story of Charles defeating three sons of an old man at wrestling is interrupted in line 94 and lines 96–7. How does Le Beau react to the interruptions?

put on us force-feed us with marketable valuable, saleable (because heavier) lost missed sport amorous fun and games colour kind, nature fortune good luck destinies decree goddesses of fate enforce

rank social status (Rosalind replies with a pun on ‘rank’, meaning stinking) loosest release amaze confuse, bewilder lost the sight of missed

match rival proper honest, good-looking growth stature bills papers, writing presents (Rosalind puns on Le Beau’s use of the word ‘presence’ – bills were legal documents that often began ‘Be it known unto all men by these presents’)

dole sad weeping

14

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 2

Enter LE BEAU With his mouth full of news.

CELIA Which he will put on us as pigeons feed their young.

ROSALIND Then shall we be news-crammed.

CELIA All the better: we shall be the more marketable. – Bonjour, Monsieur Le Beau, what’s the news?

LE BEAU Fair princess, you have lost much good sport.

CELIA ‘Sport’: of what colour?

LE BEAU ‘What colour’, madam? How shall I answer you?

ROSALIND As wit and fortune will.

TOUCHSTONE [Imitating Le Beau] Or as the destinies decree.

CELIA Well said: that was laid on with a trowel.

TOUCHSTONE Nay, if I keep not my rank – ROSALIND Thou loosest thy old smell.

LE BEAU You amaze me, ladies! I would have told you of good wrestling which you have lost the sight of.

ROSALIND Yet tell us the manner of the wrestling.

LE BEAU I will tell you the beginning and, if it please your ladyships, you may see the end, for the best is yet to do; and here where you are they are coming to perform it.

CELIA Well, the beginning that is dead and buried.

LE BEAU There comes an old man and his three sons – CELIA I could match this beginning with an old tale.

LE BEAU Three proper young men, of excellent growth and presence – ROSALIND With bills on their necks: ‘Be it known unto all men by these presents’.

LE BEAU The eldest of the three wrestled with Charles, the Duke’s wrestler, which Charles in a moment threw him and broke three of his ribs that there is little hope of life in him. So he served the second and so the third: yonder they lie, the poor old man, their father, making such pitiful dole over them that all the beholders take his part with weeping.

ROSALIND Alas!

TOUCHSTONE But what is the sport, monsieur, that the ladies have lost?

LE BEAU Why, this that I speak of.

TOUCHSTONE Thus men may grow wiser every day. It is the first time that ever I heard breaking of ribs was sport for ladies.

CELIA Or I, I promise thee.

ROSALIND

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80

85

90

95

100

105

110

15

The court and the wrestlers enter. Duke Frederick says that Orlando insists on fighting, but Charles is certain to win the wrestling match. Celia and Rosalind try to persuade Orlando not to fight.

1 Why, Orlando? (in pairs) Do you think Orlando volunteered to fight Charles, or did Oliver or others in the court force him? Conduct an interview with Orlando just before the fight, and try to determine what motivations or pressures were involved in his decision.

2 Friendly or menacing or something else? (in threes) Duke Frederick greets Celia (‘daughter’), then Rosalind (‘cousin’). Rosalind is actually his niece, but in Shakespeare’s time ‘cousin’ was used much more loosely than it is today. a In what tone of voice does Frederick say ‘– and cousin’? Remember that he has banished Rosalind’s father and seized his dukedom. Also consider why and how Frederick says ‘crept’ in line 122. b Discuss the possible postures and gestures of Duke Frederick, Rosalind and Celia during this meeting. How might they physically interact with one another as they speak their lines? Write stage directions at lines 122–3 and 127–8, and take parts to perform lines 122–30. ▼ What do you think Orlando is really thinking as he responds politely to Celia

and Rosalind? Is he distracted by their concern, impressed by their kindness or offended that they think he will not win?

any else longs anyone else who wishes

this broken music in his sides the sound of ribs being broken (like a smashed violin)

dotes upon foolishly loves Flourish fanfare of trumpets to signify the presence of royalty or people in authority

forwardness rash bravery

successfully as if he might win cousin (this term could refer to various relatives, such as nieces)

liege lord odds in the man a strong advantage for Charles fain gladly

is the general challenger offers to fight anybody

come but in merely enter the competition

try test cruel proof (Charles’s defeat of the old man’s three sons)

misprized despised

suit plea, request

16

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 2

ROSALIND

LE BEAU CELIA

But is there any else longs to see this broken music in his sides? Is there yet another dotes upon rib-breaking? Shall we see this wrestling, cousin?

You must if you stay here, for here is the place appointed for the wrestling and they are ready to perform it.

Yonder, sure, they are coming. Let us now stay and see it.

115

Flourish. Enter DUKE FREDERICK, LORDS, ORLANDO, CHARLES, and ATTENDANTS Come on; since the youth will not be entreated, his own peril on his forwardness.

ROSALIND Is yonder the man?

LE BEAU Even he, madam.

CELIA Alas, he is too young; yet he looks successfully.

DUKE FREDERICK How now, daughter – and cousin: are you crept hither to see the wrestling?

ROSALIND Aye, my liege, so please you give us leave.

DUKE FREDERICK You will take little delight in it, I can tell you: there is such odds in the man. In pity of the challenger’s youth, I would fain dissuade him, but he will not be entreated. Speak to him, ladies: see if you can move him.

CELIA Call him hither, good Monsieur Le Beau.

DUKE FREDERICK Do so; I’ll not be by.

[The Duke stands aside] LE BEAU Monsieur the challenger, the princess calls for you.

ORLANDO I attend them with all respect and duty.

ROSALIND Young man, have you challenged Charles the wrestler?

ORLANDO No, fair princess, he is the general challenger. I come but in as others do to try with him the strength of my youth.

CELIA Young gentleman, your spirits are too bold for your years: you have seen cruel proof of this man’s strength. If you saw yourself with your eyes or knew yourself with your judgement, the fear of your adventure would counsel you to a more equal enterprise. We pray you, for your own sake, to embrace your own safety and give over this attempt.

ROSALIND Do, young sir: your reputation shall not therefore be misprized. We will make it our suit to the Duke that the wrestling might not go forward.

DUKE FREDERICK

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125

130

135

140

17

Orlando says that he will lose nothing if he is defeated, because he is naturally unlucky and of no importance.

Charles mocks him, but Rosalind and Celia support him. He defeats Charles.

Write about it

hard thoughts strict judgement fair beautiful or favourable

The Arden Mirror In role as a sportswriter reporting on Charles and Orlando’s wrestling match for The Arden Mirror, complete the following activities as you research and write your report:

trial test of strength foiled defeated gracious in favour with Fortune,

• Describe in detail the highlights of the match. Include eye-witness accounts and comments from supporters on both sides.

• Add quotations from the script opposite for each character, styling these as quotes from Arden’s celebrity set.

• Sketch an image of the wrestling match and write an appropriate caption to accompany it.

injury wrong only merely supplied occupied, made good eke out add to be deceived in you

or in favour politically

underestimate your strength

lie with his mother earth die more modest working less ambitious aim

come your ways let’s get under way

Hercules (in Greek mythology, the world’s strongest man)

thunderbolt in mine eye (Celia craves the power to cast a thunderbolt at Orlando’s opponent)

down fell, take down not yet well breathed barely warmed up

18

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 2

I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts, wherein I confess me much guilty to deny so fair and excellent ladies anything. But let your fair eyes and gentle wishes go with me to my trial, wherein if I be foiled, there is but one shamed that was never gracious; if killed, but one dead that is willing to be so. I shall do my friends no wrong, for I have none to lament me; the world no injury, for in it I have nothing; only in the world I fill up a place, which may be better supplied when I have made it empty.

ROSALIND The little strength that I have, I would it were with you.

CELIA And mine to eke out hers.

ROSALIND Fare you well: pray heaven I be deceived in you.

CELIA Your heart’s desires be with you.

CHARLES Come, where is this young gallant that is so desirous to lie with his mother earth?

ORLANDO Ready, sir, but his will hath in it a more modest working.

DUKE FREDERICK You shall try but one fall.

CHARLES No, I warrant your grace you shall not entreat him to a second, that have so mightily persuaded him from a first.

ORLANDO You mean to mock me after: you should not have mocked me before. But come your ways.

ROSALIND Now Hercules be thy speed, young man.

CELIA I would I were invisible, to catch the strong fellow by the leg.

[They] wrestle ROSALIND O excellent young man.

CELIA If I had a thunderbolt in mine eye, I can tell who should down.

[Charles is thrown to the ground.] Shout DUKE FREDERICK No more, no more!

ORLANDO Yes, I beseech your grace, I am not yet well breathed.

DUKE FREDERICK How dost thou, Charles?

LE BEAU He cannot speak, my lord.

DUKE FREDERICK Bear him away.

ORLANDO

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150

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170

[Charles is carried out] ORLANDO

What is thy name, young man?

Orlando, my liege, the youngest son of Sir Roland de Boys.

175

19

Duke Frederick is displeased to find that Orlando is the son of his old enemy. Rosalind and Celia offer comfort to Orlando, but he seems unable to reply.

Language in the play From prose to verse (in small groups) At line 176, for the first time in the play, the characters speak in verse rather than prose (see ‘Verse and prose’ on p. 183 for more information on these forms).

house family

a Read lines 176–82 aloud together, concentrating on the beat of the iambic pentameter – the rhythm is ‘da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM’. b Now read aloud Orlando’s prose at lines 145–52. Can you hear the difference between the rhythms in the prose and the verse?

Describe in your own words the difference between them. c Discuss why you think the characters switch from prose to verse in this way. What effect does it have on how the characters’ words come across?

change exchange calling name, birthright

given him tears unto entreaties wept as well as begged

Stagecraft Exploring the script (in threes) Lines 194–212 provide a wonderful chance to try out some of Shakespeare’s lines as actors. Orlando has won the fight and, it seems, the heart of Rosalind (if not of Celia, too).

• Prepare a dramatic reading of the script opposite, paying particular attention to the following lines. In your Director’s Journal, compose detailed stage directions based on your interpretations.

Line 198 ‘Wear this for me’. How does Rosalind hand over her chain, and how does Orlando receive it?

Line 200 In what ways could Celia’s goodbye to Orlando show how much or how little she cares about him?

Line 204 ‘He calls us back.’ This line often evokes audience laughter because Orlando has not called them back. Rosalind longs to speak to him again and, overhearing his aside, thinks he is talking to her. How might she show her desire to return to him?

Lines 206–7 ‘overthrown / More than your enemies.’ How long do they ‘gaze upon each other’ before Celia calls Rosalind away?

Line 208 ‘Have with you’ means ‘I’m coming’ or ‘Hold on a minute’. How does Rosalind break her eye contact with Orlando?

20

Ere before ventured put himself at risk Gentle noble envious malicious Sticks me at heart deeply pains me

have well deserved are worthy of good reward

But justly exactly mistress future wife (Celia probably means Rosalind)

out of suits with Fortune no longer enjoying success and happiness

hand power better parts spirits or most human qualities

quintain wooden post used as a target for knights practising with lances on horseback

mere complete

Have with you I’m coming

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 2

I would thou hadst been son to some man else; The world esteemed thy father honourable But I did find him still mine enemy.

Thou shouldst have better pleased me with this deed Hadst thou descended from another house.

But fare thee well. Thou art a gallant youth: I would thou hadst told me of another father.

[Exeunt Duke Frederick, Le Beau, Touchstone, Lords, and Attendants] Were I my father, coz, would I do this?

I am more proud to be Sir Roland’s son – His youngest son – and would not change that calling To be adopted heir to Frederick.

My father loved Sir Roland as his soul And all the world was of my father’s mind; Had I before known this young man his son, I should have given him tears unto entreaties Ere he should thus have ventured.

Gentle cousin, Let us go thank him and encourage him; My father’s rough and envious disposition Sticks me at heart. – Sir, you have well deserved: If you do keep your promises in love But justly, as you have exceeded all promise, Your mistress shall be happy.

[Giving him a chain from her neck] Gentleman, Wear this for me: one out of suits with Fortune, That could give more, but that her hand lacks means. – Shall we go, coz?

Aye. – Fare you well, fair gentleman.

[They turn to go] [Aside] Can I not say, ‘I thank you’? My better parts Are all thrown down, and that which here stands up Is but a quintain, a mere lifeless block.

[To Celia] He calls us back. My pride fell with my fortunes, I’ll ask him what he would. – Did you call, sir?

Sir, you have wrestled well and overthrown More than your enemies.

[They gaze upon each other] Will you go, coz?

Have with you. – Fare you well.

Exeunt [Rosalind and Celia]

DUKE FREDERICK

CELIA ORLANDO

ROSALIND

CELIA

ROSALIND

CELIA ORLANDO

ROSALIND

CELIA ROSALIND

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190

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21

Orlando suspects he has fallen in love with Rosalind. Le Beau urges him to leave the court and so avoid Duke Frederick’s malice, which is also directed at Rosalind.

1 ‘The Duke is humorous’ Today, to say that someone is ‘humorous’ means that they are amusing, with a lively sense of humour. But in Shakespeare’s day it meant moody, unbalanced, unpredictable. That is because Elizabethans believed that a person’s nature was governed by four ‘humours’ (see p. 132). These humours corresponded to different moods – anger, melancholy, bravery and calmness. If the humours were not properly balanced, it resulted in mood swings and extreme behaviour.

• How would you describe the temperament and balance of emotions in each character in the play so far? Make notes on every character as if you are a medical practitioner in Shakespeare’s day, describing their emotions and behaviour and then relating it to the four humours.

2 How to play Le Beau? (in pairs) Compare Le Beau’s message and delivery here to his appearance earlier in the scene. Does he represent, after all, the kinder and more benign side of the court, or is he lying in order to get Orlando out of the court? a Read the dialogue in two ways: with Le Beau acting as a trusted friend to Orlando; then as if he is trying to deceive Orlando. b Discuss which interpretation seems more believable in the context of the script and the characters as you understand them so far.

Write about it

passion strong feeling urged conference wished us to talk

Or either something weaker (a woman – that is, Rosalind)

Albeit although deserved acquired misconsters misconstrues (misinterprets)

More suits you to conceive is better for you to imagine

indeed in reality taller more spirited or handsome whose (this refers to both Celia and Rosalind) gentle well-born Grounded based

Disliking Rosalind, disliking Orlando (in small groups) a Compare Le Beau’s lines 229–33 with how Oliver explains his hatred for Orlando in Scene 1, lines 128–32. What similarities can you find?

22

b What advice would you give to Orlando and Rosalind, both of whom find themselves discriminated against because of circumstances and attributes over which they have no control?

knowledge friendship much bounden greatly indebted

c Compose three or four proverbs to help these characters make sense of their situation and find the courage to face the difficulties that come their way.

from the smoke … smother out of the frying pan, into the fire

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 2

ORLANDO

What passion hangs these weights upon my tongue?

I cannot speak to her, yet she urged conference.

210

Enter LE BEAU

LE BEAU

ORLANDO

LE BEAU

ORLANDO

O poor Orlando! thou art overthrown: Or Charles or something weaker masters thee.

Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you To leave this place. Albeit you have deserved High commendation, true applause, and love, Yet such is now the Duke’s condition That he misconsters all that you have done.

The Duke is humorous: what he is indeed More suits you to conceive than I to speak of.

I thank you, sir; and pray you tell me this: Which of the two was daughter of the Duke, That here was at the wrestling?

Neither his daughter, if we judge by manners, But yet indeed the taller is his daughter; The other is daughter to the banished Duke And here detained by her usurping uncle To keep his daughter company, whose loves Are dearer than the natural bond of sisters.

But I can tell you that of late this Duke Hath ta’en displeasure ’gainst his gentle niece, Grounded upon no other argument But that the people praise her for her virtues And pity her for her good father’s sake; And, on my life, his malice ’gainst the lady Will suddenly break forth. Sir, fare you well, Hereafter, in a better world than this, I shall desire more love and knowledge of you.

I rest much bounden to you: fare you well.

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235

[Exit Le Beau] Thus must I from the smoke into the smother, From tyrant duke unto a tyrant brother.

But heavenly Rosalind!

240

Exit

23

Celia tries to cheer Rosalind, who seems downcast and love-sick for Orlando. She asks if Rosalind really has fallen in love so quickly, and jokes at her evasive reply. Duke Frederick enters, angry.

1 A melancholy lover (in pairs) The opening of Scene 3, where Rosalind appears so unhappy, contrasts sharply with Orlando’s elation at the end of Scene 2. Both moods spring from the same cause: falling in love. a Discuss how serious Rosalind’s dejection is. Consider the following questions when coming to your judgement: • Are her replies to Celia spoken in genuine sadness, and is she melancholy (depressed, dejected) because of love-sickness?

• Are her responses playful and light hearted, amusing both Celia and the audience as a parody of the stereotypical melancholy lover?

• Does she want to shock Celia by referring to Orlando as the future father of her children (see line 8)? b Role-play a conversation between a director and a costume and props designer, suggesting how you might interpret and visually present the opening of the scene. Describe what the characters might wear or carry in order to indicate their moods and emotions, and how they could use costume and props to emphasise certain lines or illustrate particular images in the script. It may be useful for you to have a look at an early seventeenth-century study of love-sickness – Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy.

reasons observations, remarks laid up made ill

briars thorny branches, difficulties and trials

working-day world world of toil and trouble

burs prickly seed heads holy-day foolery holiday play, fun walk not in the trodden paths walk down a different road that others have not chosen

coat petticoat Hem cough them up to get rid of

Language in the play

the choking feeling or sew them up like the hem on a dress

Wrestling as a metaphor

cry ‘hem’ and have him cough to

a After the wrestling match, Celia urges Rosalind to ‘wrestle with thy affections’ (line 16). Identify other moments in the play so far where wrestling seems to be an underlying metaphor (see p. 182). b How might you suggest the metaphor of wrestling in this scene?

Are there any particular words that could be emphasised and accompanied by gestures in order to bring this to the fore?

Are the characters simply wrestling with depressed feelings, or is there perhaps some tension between them, too?

attract Orlando’s attention

turning … service leaving this joking

ensue follow as a logical conclusion kind of chase course of argument faith in truth

that his virtues

24

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 3

Act 1 Scene 3

A room in Duke Frederick’s palace Enter CELIA and ROSALIND CELIA ROSALIND CELIA ROSALIND CELIA ROSALIND CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA ROSALIND CELIA ROSALIND CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA

Why, cousin; why, Rosalind – Cupid have mercy, not a word?

Not one to throw at a dog.

No, thy words are too precious to be cast away upon curs: throw some of them at me. Come, lame me with reasons.

Then there were two cousins laid up, when the one should be lamed with reasons, and the other mad without any.

But is all this for your father?

No, some of it is for my child’s father – O how full of briars is this working-day world!

They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in holy-day foolery: if we walk not in the trodden paths, our very petticoats will catch them.

I could shake them off my coat: these burs are in my heart.

Hem them away.

I would try, if I could cry ‘hem’ and have him.

Come, come, wrestle with thy affections.

O they take the part of a better wrestler than myself.

O, a good wish upon you: you will try in time in despite of a fall.

But turning these jests out of service, let us talk in good earnest. Is it possible, on such a sudden, you should fall into so strong a liking with old Sir Roland’s youngest son?

The Duke my father loved his father dearly.

Doth it therefore ensue that you should love his son dearly? By this kind of chase I should hate him for my father hated his father dearly; yet I hate not Orlando.

No, faith, hate him not, for my sake.

Why should I not? Doth he not deserve well?

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10

15

20

25

Enter DUKE FREDERICK with LORDS ROSALIND CELIA

Let me love him for that, and do you love him because I do.

Look, here comes the Duke.

With his eyes full of anger.

30

25

Duke Frederick banishes Rosalind on pain of death. She protests that neither she nor her father is a traitor.

Celia supports her, saying that she and Rosalind have been inseparable friends.

1 Banishment or death (in large groups) Duke Frederick’s reasons for banishing Rosalind from court are that he does not trust her (line 45) and that she is her father’s daughter (line 48). a Create a mind-map of all the possible emotions that Rosalind might be feeling at this tense moment, showing how her feelings might change throughout her exchange with Duke Frederick. b Take turns to speak Rosalind’s responses in the script opposite in a way that expresses one of the emotions featured in your mindmap. Which response tells you most about her state of mind and her reaction to her banishment? Which emotion seems most fitting for each response? c From what you know of the play so far, improvise an imagined monologue for Rosalind about her suffering and her dilemma. Every member of the group should say a sentence or two in turn, and you should keep going until you feel you have explored all the relevant aspects of Rosalind’s difficult situation.

dispatch you … haste go away as quickly as you value your safety

you/thou (the change to the singular pronoun indicates increasing disdain)

public general, common

fault offence If with … hold intelligence if I understand myself

dear noble in a thought unborn subconsciously

purgation purification grace itself virtue, goodness

whereon on what likelihoods indications

stayed her let her stay

ranged along also been banished

pleasure will, choice

remorse compassion

Juno’s swans (in Roman mythology, the swans draw the chariot of the queen of the gods)

26

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 3

Mistress, dispatch you with your safest haste And get you from our court.

ROSALIND Me, uncle?

FREDERICK You, cousin.

Within these ten days if that thou be’st found So near our public court as twenty miles, Thou diest for it.

ROSALIND I do beseech your grace Let me the knowledge of my fault bear with me: If with myself I hold intelligence, Or have acquaintance with mine own desires, If that I do not dream or be not frantic (As I do trust I am not) then, dear uncle, Never so much as in a thought unborn, Did I offend your highness.

DUKE FREDERICK Thus do all traitors: If their purgation did consist in words, They are as innocent as grace itself.

Let it suffice thee that I trust thee not.

ROSALIND Yet your mistrust cannot make me a traitor; Tell me whereon the likelihoods depends?

DUKE FREDERICK Thou art thy father’s daughter, there’s enough.

ROSALIND So was I when your highness took his dukedom, So was I when your highness banished him; Treason is not inherited, my lord, Or if we did derive it from our friends, What’s that to me? My father was no traitor.

Then, good my liege, mistake me not so much To think my poverty is treacherous.

CELIA Dear sovereign, hear me speak.

DUKE FREDERICK Aye, Celia, we stayed her for your sake, Else had she with her father ranged along.

CELIA I did not then entreat to have her stay, It was your pleasure – and your own remorse.

I was too young that time to value her, But now I know her: if she be a traitor, Why so am I. We still have slept together, Rose at an instant, learned, played, eat together, And wheresoe’er we went, like Juno’s swans, Still we went coupled and inseparable.

DUKE FREDERICK

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Duke Frederick rebukes Celia, saying that Rosalind steals her good reputation. He again banishes Rosalind with threats of death. Celia proposes that she and Rosalind go to the Forest of Arden.

1 Standing up to tyranny (in groups of five or more) a Read through lines 28–79 and discuss the following questions: • Do you think this scene, where Duke Frederick banishes his niece and rebukes Celia, should be played intimately or in front of the court? What difference does it make?

• How might you best portray Duke Frederick’s sentencing of Rosalind? Think about the actors’ positioning and any props you might use.

• Suggest how the lords attending on Duke Frederick behave as they watch and hear his angry words to his daughter and his niece.

• How does Celia ‘entreat’ her father to let Rosalind stay with her?

Is she on her knees? Does she hold Rosalind’s hand or perhaps her father’s hand? b Prepare a tableau to represent one or two significant moments in the script opposite. Set your scenes in the court, and make sure that they capture the dramatic tension and the main character’s emotions and relationships. Don’t forget to include the lords of the court, as the positioning and expressions of these spectators are instrumental in creating the mood of the scene.

subtle crafty, cunning smoothness plausibility name reputation show appear

doom sentence, judgment

provide yourself prepare to leave greatness power

c When in position for the tableau, take it in turns to ‘unfreeze’ for a minute in order to describe your characters’ thoughts and feelings at this moment.

Characters Celia’s role (in pairs) In deciding to hatch a plan for her and Rosalind, Celia begins to take on a more important role in the play. a Look back at her speeches and interventions so far and discuss in pairs what characteristics she shows. Which of the following adjectives best describe her: loyal, impulsive, humorous, brave, rebellious, resentful, bossy, supportive? b Make a list of character traits for Celia and put them in order of priority. Try to match these traits with moments in the play where she has demonstrated them. c Take turns to sit in the hot-seat as Celia and answer questions about her relationship with her father, with the court, with other characters and with Rosalind. The interviewer should make notes on Celia’s character while listening to her answers.

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sundered separated devise … fly plan together our escape

change change of fortunes at our sorrows pale dimmed in sympathy with our grief

As You Like It Act 1 Scene 3

She is too subtle for thee, and her smoothness, Her very silence, and her patience Speak to the people and they pity her.

Thou art a fool: she robs thee of thy name And thou wilt show more bright and seem more virtuous When she is gone.

[Celia starts to speak] Then open not thy lips!

Firm and irrevocable is my doom Which I have passed upon her: she is banished.

CELIA Pronounce that sentence then on me, my liege, I cannot live out of her company.

DUKE FREDERICK You are a fool. – You, niece, provide yourself: If you outstay the time, upon mine honour And in the greatness of my word, you die.

DUKE FREDERICK

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Exeunt Duke and Lords CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA

ROSALIND CELIA ROSALIND

O my poor Rosalind, whither wilt thou go?

Wilt thou change fathers? I will give thee mine!

I charge thee be not thou more grieved than I am.

I have more cause.

Thou hast not, cousin: Prithee be cheerful. Know’st thou not the Duke Hath banished me, his daughter?

That he hath not.

No? ‘Hath not’? Rosalind lacks then the love Which teacheth thee that thou and I am one; Shall we be sundered, shall we part, sweet girl?

No, let my father seek another heir!

Therefore devise with me how we may fly, Whither to go, and what to bear with us; And do not seek to take your change upon you, To bear your griefs yourself and leave me out: For, by this heaven, now at our sorrows pale, Say what thou canst, I’ll go along with thee.

Why, whither shall we go?

To seek my uncle in the Forest of Arden.

Alas, what danger will it be to us (Maids as we are) to travel forth so far?

Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.

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