WILD Ma nh a t t a nism , Unh ing e d.
The series of experiments investigate the parameters built in the key zoning apparatus that govern the form of the buildings, and unhinges them to expand and thicken the streets. The investigations posit the street and its composition as the catalyst, the public as the agent, and the built form as the bi-product. Through the experiments, I seek to challenge the normative understandings of 1. The street as a linear two dimensional element 2. The horizontal and vertical delineation between the public and the private realm, and 3. The boundaries between various stakeholders - the users, designers, and regulatory agencies. I propose an adaptive set of parameters that utilizes and augments the form making devices (zoning resolution, amendment, addendum, and variances) to produce the urban landscape rather than imposing an obdurate masterplan, to prioritize the largest public realm in the urban landscape: the street. This is the beginning of Wild: Manhattanism, Unhinged. In Lab 02, the twenty five iterative models test the variability of the 1916 Sky Exposure Plane and the impact on the street in terms of light and shadow. In Lab 03, nine blocks are modelled to test the maximum variability of the parameters of the sky exposure plane. Conclusion 03-01 explores the possibility of volumetric division of these forms. SEOK MIN YEO
Table of Contents Introduction: Manhattanism and Zoning Evolution | 3 - 15 The Three Laboratories: Unhinging the Device | 18 - 25 Laboratory 00: Expanding the Parameters of 1916 Sky Exposure Plane | 25 - 77 Laboratory 01: Breaking the Street Wall Boundary | 78 - 135
Introduction: Manhattanism and Zoning Evolution
n
Laboratory 02: X Maximum Variability of Parameters | 136 - 161 Preliminary Conclusions and Further Questions | 162 - 171 Bibliography | 173
2
3
The Manhattan Grid and its ability to absorb manic heterogeneity emancipates each block into an Island of its own identity and ideology, inspiring architectural ecstasy.1
Commissioners’ Grid | 1811
1 4
Koolhaas, Rem. 1978. Delirious New York. London: Academy Ed. 5
The Metropolis of Tomorrow, Hugh Ferriss | 1929
Manhattan 1950, Raymond Hood | 1929
Conceptual alternatives of the island by the likes of Ferriss, Hood, Superstudio, Koolhaas & Vrisendorp, and Tchumi contribute to the island as a cultural ideology and a theorem: Manhattanism1
The Continuous Monument: New York Extrusion Project, Superstudio | 1969
The City of the Captive Globe, Rem Koolhaas and Madelon Vriesendorp | 1972
The Manhattan Transcripts, Bernard Tschumi | 1981 6
1
Koolhaas, Rem. 1978. Delirious New York. London: Academy Ed. 7
The City of the Captive Globe, Rem Koolhaas and Madelon Vriesendorp | 1972
The podium - a straight extrusion of the existing formal logic of the grid - is the datum of reliability that act as a stage for expression above. Here I posit that the space in between the podiums, the street, is neglected from this conversation despite being the largest contiguous public realm of the island.
Xtra, Garry Winogrand | 1970
8
9
B = A(x)
D C
A
Comissioners’’ Plan of 1811
1916 Zoning Resolution
No Limitations on Floor Area Ratio
Introduction of Height District & Sky Exposure Plane for Light and Air
Vertical Extrusion of the Grid
10
1961 Zoning Resolution
1975, 2007, 2009 Regulation on Privately Owned Public Space (POPS)
Introduction of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for Bulk Control
Additional Floor Area Offered with the Provision of Public Space
Parallel to the development of Manhattanism, the physical island evolves through key zoning apparatus that govern the form of the buildings - namely, the Commissioners’ Grid of 1811, introduction of height districts and sky exposure plane through 1916 Zoning Resolution, introduction of block bulk control through Floor Area Ratio of 1961 Zoning Resolution, and continuing updates on regulation of Privately Owned Public Spaces.
11
The Metropolis of Tomorrow, Hugh Ferriss | 1929
This thesis investigation begins from Ferriss’ The Metropolis of Tomorrow, a series of atmospheric charcoal renders produced in 1929, which Koolhaas dubs as the “womb” of Manhattanism. Ferriss’ renders were an imagination of the impact of 1916 Zoning Resolution, which introduced the Sky Exposure Plane and Height Districts to provide “light and air” to the streets as a public health concern in a growing metropolis. What if this moment played out differently, what if there was an alternative womb that conceived the street not as a constrained two dimensional infrastructure to let light into, but as a three dimensional public realm to be designed?
1916 Zoning Resolution
12
13
14
15
SIDEWALK FURNITURE/TREE/ SIGNAGE STREETLIGHT BIKE LANE
PARKING LANE DRIVE/TURN LANE
STREET
EVALUATORS
PEDESTRIAN
MEDIAN
PROGRAM?
ADDITION SUBTRACTION TWEEN
VEHICLE
1916 ZONING PRINCIPLE (SKY EXPOSURE PLANE) STREET WIDTH
BLOCK VOLUME BOOLEAN DIFFERENCE
STREET VOLUME
STREET WALL HEIGHT
SCRAMBLE (SETBACK FROM CORNER)
STREET CENTER POINT
BUILT ENVELOPE
F.A.R SHADOW FLOW HIERARCHY DRAINAGE
STREET ELEVATION
SHARED/AMBIGUOUS SPACE
CORNER FILLET
INTERSECTION
BLOCK CHAMFER
Initial Urban Ecology Diagram | Relationship between Zoning Devices and Stakeholders 16
17
The Three Laboratories: Unhinging the Device
18
19
WILD M anhattani s m , Unhi ng e d .
Thesis Diagram
Commissioners’ Plan of 1811
Amendments (City Wide & Location Specific) + Variances 1916 Zoning Resolution Sky Exposure Plane
The Metropolis of Tomorrow Hugh Ferriss | 1929
1961 Zoning Resolution Floor Area Ratio
1975, 2007, 2009 Zoning Amendment Privately Owned Public Spaces
Wild: Manhattanism, Unhinged is composed of three laboratories:
B = A(x)
D C
A
Sky Exposure Plane Component Specific
Lab 00
1916 Zoning Resolution Sky Exposure Plane | Parameters
Street Width
Street Wall Height Multiplier
Sky Exposure Plane Center Point Bias
Sky Exposure Plane Center Point Elevation
Street Components
Horizontal Shuffle
Vertical Separation
Intersections
Horizontal + Vertical Shuffle
Laboratory 00 : The Sky Exposure Plane, the Street Components, and the Intersections
Fillet
Scramble
Chamfer
Laboratory 01 : A1 - E5 Breaking the Street Wall Boundary to Explore the Relationship of the Urban Form and the Street n
Avenue Section
Street Section
Laboratory 02 : X Maximum Variability of Parameters Creating Differences to Expand and Thicken the Street
Lab 01
200’
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800’
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 ’
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 ’
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 7.5
The series of experiments investigate the parameters built in the key zoning apparatus that govern the form of the buildings, and unhinges them to expand and thicken the streets. The investigations posit the street and its composition as the catalyst, the public as the agent, and the built form as the bi-product. Through the experiments, I seek to challenge the normative understandings of 1. The street as a linear two dimensional element 2. The horizontal and vertical delineation between the public and the private realm, and 3. The boundaries between various stakeholders - the users, designers, and regulatory agencies.
3/4� = 200’
100’
50’
Street
Avenue
Single Block Form Shadow Study
Single Block Form
Aggregate Form
Parameters A & Statistics
Aggregate Shadow Study
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 ’
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 ’
= =
1.0 7.5
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
A1
A1 - E5
The City of the Captive Globe Koolhaas, Vriesendorp | 1972
n
Lab 02
X
Buildings
Designers
Sidewalk Cafes | Board of Estimate, Buildings Dept., Bureau of Franchise, City Planning Commission, Dept. of Consumer Affairs Gratings | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Curbs | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways Art | Art Commission
Zoning | Dept. of City Planning Buildings | Buildings Dept.
Sidewalk
Benches | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways
Bicycle Racks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Food Carts | Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways, Police Dept. Information Kiosks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Trees | Parks Dept., Dept. of Highways
Architect
Subway Entrance | Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority
Stands | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
Telephone Booths | New York Telephone Co.
Fire Hydrants | Art Commission, Fire Dept., Water Resources Trash Receptacles | Art Commision, Dept. of Highways, Sanitation Dept.
Planters | Art Commission, Parks Dept.
=
29.0 °
Mail Boxes | Post Office
Street Lighting | Art Commision, Bureau of Gas and Electricity
Police Call Boxes | Electrical License Board, Police Dept.
Parking Meters | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways
Structural Enginner
Sidewalk Surface | Borough President’s Office, Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Bus Shelters | Art Commission, Transit Authority
Road Traffic Signals | Art Commission, Dept. of Traffic, Electrical License Board Lighting | Dept. of Commerce and Industry
New York Extrusion Project Superstudio | 1969
Catch Basins | Water Resources Manholes | Dept. of Highways
Fire Alarm Boxes | Electrical License Board, Fire Dept. Telephone Polls | New York Telephone Co.
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x 0.5-2.5 = 0.5-0.9 = 0-(-60) ’
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x 0.5-2.5 = 0.1-0.5 = 0-(60) ’
Road Markings | Dept. of Highways
Landscape Architect
Underground
Sewers | Dept. of Highways, Water Resources Vaults | Buildings Dept. Utilities | The Bureau of Public Work
Subway | Transit Authority
Civil Engineer
Regulatory Agencies
Street
Level
B
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio x
Underground
A
= 0.5-1.0 = 23.42
A
B
Users Pedestrians, Motorists, Residents, Office Workers, Residents, Tourists
n
Owners, Developers
Single Block Form
Single Block Form Shadow Study
Aggregate Form
Aggregate Shadow Study
Owners
Regulatory Agencies
Users
Designers
Parameters X & Statistics
Section Diagram Expansion of Public Realm
I propose an adaptive set of parameters that utilizes and augments the form making devices (zoning resolution, amendment, addendum, and variances) to produce the urban landscape rather than imposing an obdurate masterplan, to prioritize the largest public realm in the urban landscape: the street. This is the beginning of Wild: Manhattanism, Unhinged.
Ecological Model of the Urban Environment Stanford Andersion | 1975
Manhattan Transcripts Bernard Tschumi | 1981
Parcelization 60% Lot Coverage
Street Level Perspective
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<HDU%XLOW
B ui l di ng
Upper East Side Parcel Ownership by Year
20
Street
Rai l road
Subway
Parks
Open Spac e
Anatomy of the Island
21
Typical Avenue Section
Each experiment employs the Sky Exposure Plane of 1916 Zoning Resolution as the primary device, in order to discover a set of urban landscape parameters that prioritize the street.
1916 Zoning Resolution
22
23
= =
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
A1 - E5
x = =
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
1.0 7.5
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
29.0 °
A1
= x = =
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
A
B
Street
Level
nd Undergrou
A
Buildings | Buildings Dept.
Zoning | Dept. of City Planning
Subway | Transit Authority
Utilities | The Bureau of Public Work
Vaults | Buildings Dept.
Sewers | Dept. of Highways, Water Resources
Underground
Road Markings | Dept. of Highways
Telephone Polls | New York Telephone Co.
Fire Alarm Boxes | Electrical License Board, Fire Dept.
Manholes | Dept. of Highways
Catch Basins | Water Resources
Lighting | Dept. of Commerce and Industry
Traffic Signals | Art Commission, Dept. of Traffic, Electrical License Board
Road
Bus Shelters | Art Commission, Transit Authority
Sidewalk Surface | Borough Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office, Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority
Parking Meters | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways
Police Call Boxes | Electrical License Board, Police Dept.
Street Lighting | Art Commision, Bureau of Gas and Electricity
Planters | Art Commission, Parks Dept.
Mail Boxes | Post Office
Trash Receptacles | Art Commision, Dept. of Highways, Sanitation Dept.
Fire Hydrants | Art Commission, Fire Dept., Water Resources
Telephone Booths | New York Telephone Co.
Stands | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways
Subway Entrance | Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority
Trees | Parks Dept., Dept. of Highways
Information Kiosks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways
Food Carts | Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways, Police Dept.
Bicycle Racks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways
Benches | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways
Art | Art Commission
Curbs | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways
Gratings | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority
Sidewalk Cafes | Board of Estimate, Buildings Dept., Bureau of Franchise, City Planning Commission, Dept. of Consumer Affairs
Sidewalk
B
Upper East Side Parcel Ownership by Year
<HDU%XLOW
DOO RWKHU YDOXHV!
010DS3/872
<HDU %XLOW
Parcelization 60% Lot Coverage
Owners
Single Block Form
Owners, Developers
Pedestrians, Motorists, Residents, Office Workers, Residents, Tourists
Users
Civil Engineer
Landscape Architect
Structural Enginner
Architect
Buildings
Single Block Form
Regulatory Agencies
Single Block Form Shadow Study
Single Block Form Shadow Study
Avenue
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Manhattan Transcripts Bernard Tschumi | 1981
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
Avenue Section
Vertical Separation
Lab 00 Lab 01
Sky Exposure Plane Center Point Elevation
Sky Exposure Plane Center Point Bias
Ecological Model of the Urban Environment Stanford Andersion | 1975
New York Extrusion Project Superstudio | 1969
The City of the Captive Globe Koolhaas, Vriesendorp | 1972
Street Section
Street Wall Height Multiplier
Street Width
Sky Exposure Plane Component Specific
C
D
A
1916 Zoning Resolution Sky Exposure Plane | Parameters
B = A(x)
The Metropolis of Tomorrow Hugh Ferriss | 1929
Designers
Aggregate Shadow Study
Aggregate Shadow Study
Horizontal + Vertical Shuffle
Amendments (City Wide & Location Specific) + Variances
Street Level Perspective
Users
Aggregate Form
n
X
Aggregate Form
Horizontal Shuffle
Street Components
1975, 2007, 2009 Zoning Amendment Privately Owned Public Spaces
1961 Zoning Resolution Floor Area Ratio
1916 Zoning Resolution Sky Exposure Plane
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Commissionersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Plan of 1811
Thesis Diagram
M a n ha t t a n i sm , Un hi n ged .
WILD
Lab 02
Designers
Regulatory Agencies
24
25
= =
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
29.0 °
S t re e t
Rai l ro a d
Subway
n
= 0.5-1.0 = 23.42
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio x
Parameters X & Statistics
x 0.5-2.5 = 0.1-0.5 = 0-(60) â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
x 0.5-2.5 = 0.5-0.9 = 0-(-60) â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
=
1.0 7.5
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
& Statistics
Fillet
29.0 °
Parameters A
x = =
x = =
=
Anatomy of the Island
B u i l di n g
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
Scramble
Chamfer
Pa r k s
Open Space
Section Diagram Expansion of Public Realm
Intersections
Study 00
Study 01
Sky Exposure Plane
Street Components Laboratory 00: The Sky Exposure Plane, the Street Composition, and the Intersections
26
Study 00+01
Study 02
Component Specific Sky Exposure Plane
Intersections
27
Plane Sk y E xposu re
Bu i l d i n g Enve lo pe
A: Street Width B: Street Wall Height (A * Multiplier Based on Height District) Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;: Street Wall Height (A * Multiplier Based on Parcel Requirement)
Laboratory 00, Study 00: Expanding the Parameters of 1916 Sky Exposure Plane
C: Street Center Point
B = A(x)
D: Street Center Point Height
D
C
A
28
29
Variation: Street Width 30
31
Variation: Street Wall Height Multiplier 32
33
Variation: Sky Exposure Plane Center Point in X-axis 34
35
Variation: Sky Exposure Plane Center Point in Z-axis 36
37
Variation: All Elements 38
39
Laboratory 00, Study 01: Breaking Down the Street into Discrete Components
40
41
Variation: Component Shuffle in X-axis 42
43
Variation: Component Shuffle in Z-axis 44
45
Variation: Component Shuffle in X and Z-axis 46
47
Sidewalk
Tree
Laboratory 00, Study 00 + 01: Sky Exposure Plane Focused on Specific Components
Bike Lane
Parking Lane
Driving Lane 48
49
Pedestrian Focused Sky Exposure Plane
50
51
Variation: Street Wall Height Multiplier 52
53
Variation: Sky Exposure Plane Center Point in X-axis 54
55
Variation: Sky Exposure Plane Center Point in Z-axis 56
57
Variation: Sidewalk Configuration 58
59
Variation: All Elements 60
61
Laboratory 00, Study 02: Putting the Sections Together Scramble, Chamfer, Fillet
62
63
Scramble based on Setback Distance from Corner 64
65
Asymmetrical Scramble 66
67
Chamfer Based on Setback Distance from Corner 68
69
Asymmetrical Chamfer 70
71
Fillet Based on Setback Distance from Corner 72
73
Asymmetrical Fillet 74
75
INTERSECTION
SKY EXPOSURE PLANE
SKY EXPOSURE PLANE (COMPONENT SPECIFIC)
STREET COMPONENTS
B = A(x)
B = A(x)
INTERSECTION
SCRAMBLE
STREET WIDTH
SYMMETRY X=Y
CHAMFER
FILLET
SCRAMBLE CHAMFER FILLET
B = A(x)
D C A
STREET WIDTH STREET WIDTH
ST R E E T WA L L H E I G H T M U LT I P L I E R
CENTER POINT SHIFT IN X-AXIS
CENTER POINT SHIFT IN Z AXIS
ST R E E T WA L L H E I G H T M U LT I P L I E R CENTER POINT SHIFT IN X, Z AXIS
SHUFFLE X-AXIS
S E PA R AT I O N Z-AXIS
SHUFFLE X-AXIS
A
Pedestrian Shuffle
PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN
ST R E E T WA L L H E I G H T M U LT I P L I E R
CENTER POINT SHIFT IN X-AXIS
CENTER POINT SHIFT IN Z AXIS
STREET COMPONENT SHUFFLE
SINGLE STREET COMPONENT S E PA R AT I O N Z-AXIS
A
STREET WIDTH
PEDESTRIAN ST R E E T WA L L H E I G H T M U LT I P L I E R CENTER POINT SHIFT IN X, Z AXIS STREET COMPONENT SHUFFLE
SYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X=Y
ASYMMETRY X≠Y
ASYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X≠Y
SYMMETRY X=Y
SYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X=Y
ASYMMETRY X≠Y
ASYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X≠Y
SYMMETRY X=Y
SYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X=Y
ASYMMETRY X≠Y
ASYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X≠Y
SYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X=Y
S I D E WA L K
VEGETATION
BIKE LANE
PA R K I N G
DRIVING LANES
Laboratory 00 Conclusions: 1. Unlocking and adding parameters to the Sky Exposure Plan yields varied and biased street volume. 2. Multiple Sky Exposure Plane can be an added complexity, after the main investigation is over. 3. Setback distance based intersection study is secondary to the primary investigation of how the two perpendicular Sky Exposure Planes - one for the street and one for the avenue - meet. Need to find an evaluative criteria not based on arbitrary setback distance.
76
77
C
D
E
0.0
0.5
Model | 4 Blocks
2000’
B
0.5
1
Center Point Elevation
Center Point Bias
Street Wall Height Multiplier A
Shadow Study | Single Block
800’
Street Wall Height Multiplier
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5 3/4” = 200’
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-30.0
0.7
1.5
3
-15.0
Center Point Bias
0.6
1.0
2
Section | Avenue
Section | Street
50’
100’
Street
Center Point Elevation
0.0
-30.0
-45.0
Aggregate Shadow Study
Single + Aggregate Form -60.0
0.9
2.5
5
Avenue
-60.0
-45.0
0.8
2.0
4
-15.0
Laboratory 01: A1-E5 Breaking the Street Wall Boundary to Explore the Relationship between the Street and the Urban Form
Street Wall Height = Street Width x 0.5-2.5 Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) = 0.5-0.9 Center Point Elevation = 0-(-60)
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
x = =
2.5 0.9 -60.0 ’
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.3 -30.0 ’
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.6 31.3
Parameters + Statistics
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width x 0.5-2.5 Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) = 0.1-0.5 Center Point Elevation = 0-(60)
A1C5 - E5
78
79
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 7.5
A1 80
81
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 13.2
A2 82
83
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 17.4
A3 84
85
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 20.1
A4 86
87
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 21.6
A5 88
89
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 7.6
B1 90
91
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.6 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.4 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.9 14.1
B2 92
93
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.7 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.4 -15.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.8 16.6
B3 94
95
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.8 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.4 -15.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.7 20.4
B4 96
97
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.9 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.4 -15.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.6 23.3
B5 98
99
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 7.6
C1 100
101
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.6 -15.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.3 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.8 16.2
C2 102
103
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.7 -30.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.3 -30.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.8 20.3
C3 104
105
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.8 -45.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.3 -30.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.7 26.3
C4 106
107
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.9 -60.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.3 -30.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.6 31.3
C5 108
109
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 7.6
D1 110
111
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.6 -15.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.2 -15.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.7 15.2
D2 112
113
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.7 -30.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.2 -45.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.7 19.7
D3 114
115
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.8 -45.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.2 -45.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.6 26.4
D4 116
117
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.9 -60.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.2 -45.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.6 32.4
D5 118
119
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
0.5 0.5 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.0 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
1.0 7.6
E1 120
121
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.0 0.6 -15.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.1 0.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.6 13.8
E2 122
123
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
1.5 0.7 -30.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.1 -60.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.6 18.6
E3 124
125
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.0 0.8 -45.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.1 -60.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.6 25.7
E4 126
127
200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21
800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
3/4â&#x20AC;? = 200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Street
Avenue
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.9 -60.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x = =
2.5 0.1 -60.0 â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio
= =
0.5 32.3
E5 128
129
130
131
132
133
Laboratory 01 Conclusions: 1. When the centerpoint of the Sky Exposure Plane goes beyond the established street wall - parcel ownership - boundary, two things happen. 1-1. By carving away the â&#x20AC;&#x153;podiumâ&#x20AC;? at the ground level, sidewalk is expanded: Gained space for the Public Realm. 1-2. Once the Sky Exposure Plane is severely biased - starting with series 3 (i.e., B3 or E3) new floating volumes are created without interfering with solar performance of the street. 2. In other words, once the Sky Exposure Plane centerpoint breaks the street wall boundary, block coverage ratio becomes lower (more open space), and possible Floor Area Ratio rises (more buildable volume). 3. In this experiment, intersections are judged based on the quality of light. When the Sky Exposure Plane is biased, wider range of light condition happens on the street througout the day, compared to the normative model (i.e., A1-A5). 134
135
n
Laboratory 02 : X Maximum Variability of Parameters Creating Differences to Expand and Thicken the Street
Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800
Sky Exposure Plane Rotation
=
29.0 °
Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x 0.5-2.5 = 0.5-0.9 = 0-(-60) â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation
x 0.5-2.5 = 0.1-0.5 = 0-(60) â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio x
= 0.5-1.0 = 23.42
n
X 136
137
138
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
A3
B3
C3
D3
E3
A4
B4
C4
D4
E4
A5
B5
C5
D5
E5
A1-E5 Aggregate Axonometric | June 21 0600 to 1800
n
X Aggregate Axonometric | June 21 0600 to 1800
139
140
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
A3
B3
C3
D3
E3
A4
B4
C4
D4
E4
A5
B5
C5
D5
E5
A1-E5 Aggregate Street Shadow | June 21 0600 to 1800
n
X Aggregate Street Shadow | June 21 0600 to 1800
141
View from North West Corner towards Avenue on April 21st 10:00 AM
142
143
View from South East Corner to North West Corner on April 21st 10:00 AM
144
145
View from North East Corner Building to Street Level on April 21st 10:00 AM
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
Typical Avenue Section
Typical Avenue Section - Expanded Ground
Typical Avenue Section - Expanded Underground
162
Typical Avenue Section - Expanded Public Space
Typical Avenue Section - Expanded Underground Public Space
Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 1. By breaking the podium typology, new opportunities for design emerge. 1-1. Public realm expands on the ground level 1-2. By letting sunlight penetrate deeper into the ground, the street can be thickened to expand the public realm into the underground 1-3. New understanding of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;street wallâ&#x20AC;? is needed 163
A
B
C
D
E
Parcel COV = 0.6
Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 2. Detailing the beyond the block requires a study of parcelization, referring back to other zoning devices of Manhattan, 1961 Zoning Resolution regarding Floor Area Ratio 164
165
Buildings Zoning | Dept. of City Planning Buildings | Buildings Dept.
Sidewalk
Designers
Sidewalk Cafes | Board of Estimate, Buildings Dept., Bureau of Franchise, City Planning Commission, Dept. of Consumer Affairs Gratings | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Curbs | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways Art | Art Commission Benches | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Bicycle Racks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Food Carts | Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways, Police Dept. Information Kiosks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Trees | Parks Dept., Dept. of Highways
Architect
Subway Entrance | Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Stands | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways Telephone Booths | New York Telephone Co. Fire Hydrants | Art Commission, Fire Dept., Water Resources Trash Receptacles | Art Commision, Dept. of Highways, Sanitation Dept. Mail Boxes | Post Office Planters | Art Commission, Parks Dept. Street Lighting | Art Commision, Bureau of Gas and Electricity Police Call Boxes | Electrical License Board, Police Dept. Parking Meters | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways
Structural Enginner
Sidewalk Surface | Borough Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office, Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Bus Shelters | Art Commission, Transit Authority
Road Traffic Signals | Art Commission, Dept. of Traffic, Electrical License Board Lighting | Dept. of Commerce and Industry Catch Basins | Water Resources Manholes | Dept. of Highways Fire Alarm Boxes | Electrical License Board, Fire Dept. Telephone Polls | New York Telephone Co. Road Markings | Dept. of Highways
Landscape Architect
Underground Sewers | Dept. of Highways, Water Resources Vaults | Buildings Dept. Utilities | The Bureau of Public Work Subway | Transit Authority
B
eet Str
Regulatory Agencies
Civil Engineer
vel
Le
nd
u ro
erg
d Un
A
Users Pedestrians, Motorists, Residents, Office Workers, Residents, Tourists Owners, Developers
A
166
B
Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 3. New block and formal typology questions the relationship and boundaries between various stakeholders: Regulatory agencies, designers, and users. Previous vertical striations between the private and public realm, between architects and landscapes, and the planar understanding of ownership is called into question. This requires further investigation in reference to Privately Owned Public Spaces regulation. 167
Reference Volume
= = =
Volume 06 = 3,160,000 ft3
Volume 03 = 9,600,000 ft3
Volume 05 = 9,600,000 ft3
Volume 02 = 9,600,000 ft3
Volume 04 = 9,600,000 ft3
Volume 01 = 9,600,000 ft3
100% Block COV, 5 Floors 200’ x 800’ x (12’ x 5) 9,600,000 ft3
Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 3-1. Modelling the block as equal volumes - in this case five floors of 100% of the block footprint - begins to question the normative division of ownership. Ownership can be divided in three dimensional volumes rather than in planar parcel divisions. 168
169
Building
Subway
170
Street
Parks
Railroad
Open Space
Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 4. A city is ultimately designed by the needs and negotiations between the various stakeholders, rather than through a singular design will. I have proposed a method to discover an adaptive set of parameters that utilizes and augumets the form making devices (zoning resolutions, amendments, addendums, and variances) to produce the urban landscape rather than imposing an obdurate masterplan, to prioritize the largest public realm in the urban landscape: the street. How can this now respond to the anatomy of the city? 171
Bibliography
Allen, Stan. 1999. Points + Lines. 1. ed. ed. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press. Anderson, Stanford. 1978. Studies Toward an Ecological Model of the Urban Environment. Corner, James and Alex S. MacLean. 2000. Taking Measures Across the American Landscape. New paperback ed. ed. New Haven, Conn. [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press. Correa, Felipe. 2006. Cities X Lines. Ferriss, Hugh. 1986. Metropolis of Tomorrow. Reprint, Washburn, New York, 1929 ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press [u.a.]. Forman, Richard T. and Michel Godron. 1986. Landscape Ecology. New York u.a: Wiley. Gandelsonas, Mario and Joan Copjec. 1991. Urban Text. Cambridge, Mass. u.a: MIT Press. Joan Busquets, Nikos Katsikis. 2017. Manhattan: Rectangular Grid for Ordering an Island. 1st ed. Applied Research and Design Publishing. Koolhaas, Rem. 1978. Delirious New York. London: Academy Ed. Najle, Ciro. The Generic Sublime: Organizational Models for Global Architecture 2017. Vol. 2017. Beaverton: Ringgold Inc. Pope, Albert. 1996. Ladders. Architecture at Rice. Vol. 34. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Tschumi, Bernard and Robert Young. 1994. Bernard Tschumi, the Manhattan Transcripts. 2. ed. ed. London: Academy Ed. Waldheim, Charles. 2006. Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
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173