ROMAN ARCHITECTURE.
V.
—
Roofs. Extreme care was bestowed upon the elaborately constructed, and highly-finished,
D.
25),
Roofs. — The noble vaults and domes described on page 117 important development, and in many cases were richly coffered, as at the constituted the
These roofs of the temples. were of timber framing (Nos. 23 and
167
Pantheon (Nos.
and were covered with
54, 55).
Timber
large slabs of marble with coverpieces which at the eaves were finished with richly carved antefixae (Nos. 16, ig c and 20 h, j). The acroteria or blocks of stone resting on the vertex and lower extremities of the pediment, and supporting statuary or ornaments were characteristic features (Nos. 16 A, 20). The ceilings of the peristyles were
framing also appears to have been employed, and according to Horace, splendid wooden
in stone with square or rectangular panels (No. 21), having carved enrichments, the richest examples being at the Parthenon (No. 23) and the Temple of Apollo Epicurius (No. 27). Coffered ceilings in
employed, which it is believed were constructed of T-iron and
coffered ceilings were employed Roof in the houses of the rich. coverings were either of terracotta, as amongst the Etruscans, or of bronze in the more important buildings, as for example the Pantheon. According to Vitruvius flat terrace roofs were
coff'ered
framed timber probably roofed over the large span of the cella. E.
Columns. — The structural
orders were
necessities
wherever
used. The column and beam are the keynotes of Greek architecture, the fluting being carried out when the columns were in position.
Orders never superimposed except to interiors of Temples (Nos. 20, The only 23, 28 B and 31 d).
Greek use of pedestals appears of the Temple Ephesus (No. 31).
to be
that
Diana
at
of
concrete, as in some of the larger halls of the Therms. The ceilings internally were of various geometric patterns, such as octagons and squares in combination, as at Baalbec.
E.
—
Columns The orders were usedin connection with the arch, and gradually
lost their structural importance, being used in a decorative manner, as in the Colosseum at Rome, or in the
Triumphal Arches. Orders often superimposed, as at the Colosseum (No. 62 a). The Romans introduced pedestals on which they placed the column to secure greater height.
A canon of rules
proportions, reduced to
by Vitruvius, was gradually
evolved for
all
the orders.
The Tuscan
The Tuscan Order has a
The
The
Order, which is merely a simplified form of the Doric, was not employed by the Greeks.
Doric Order (No. 38 a) was by the Greeks, their most important buildings being
largely used
plain unfluted column and simple S. entablature (No. 262 b). Paul, Covent Garden, is a good modern example by Inigo Jones
Doric Order (No. 38 b), was used by the Romans, not being suited to their ideas of
little