Contents
To the student v
Practical work in chemistry 1
1 – Atomic structure
4
4 – The Periodic Table
89
1.1 Early ideas about the composition of matter
5
4.1 Classification of the elements in s, p and d blocks
90
1.2 Relative mass and relative charge of subatomic particles
8
4.2 Properties of the elements in Period 3
94
1.3 Working with very small and very large numbers 9
1.4 Atomic number, mass number and isotopes
11
5.1 Organic and inorganic compounds
103
1.5 Relative atomic mass, Ar 17
5.2 Molecular shapes
105
1.6 Relative molecular mass, M r 17
5.3 Types of formulae
105
1.7 Describing electrons
18
1.8 Ionisation energies
22
5.4 Functional groups and homologous series 108
1.9 Evidence for shells and sub-shells 23
5.5 Naming organic compounds
112
5.6 Reaction mechanisms
117
5.7 Isomers
119
5 – Introduction to organic chemistry 102
2 – Amount of substance
30
2.1 Relative masses
31
6 – The alkanes
128
2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant
32
6.1 Fractional distillation of crude oil
129
2.3 The ideal gas equation
36
6.2 Cracking
132
2.4 Empirical and molecular formulae
41
6.3 Combustion reactions of alkanes
136
2.5 Chemical equations
43
6.4 Problems with alkane combustion
138
2.6 Ionic equations
48
6.5 Reactions of alkanes with chlorine
141
2.7 Reactions in solutions
49
7 – Energetics
147
3 – Bonding
61
7.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions 148
3.1 Ionic bonding
62
7.2 Enthalpy change
3.2 Covalent bonding
64
3.3 Metallic bonds
66
7.3 Standard enthalpy of combustion, ∆c Hq 149
3.4 Bonding and physical properties
67
7.4 Standard enthalpy of formation, ∆f Hq 150
3.5 Shapes of molecules and ions
71
7.5 Measuring enthalpy changes
3.6 Bond polarity
74
7.6 Using Hess’s law to measure enthalpy changes 158
3.7 Forces between molecules
77
7.7 Bond enthalpies
148
151
162
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