5.11 Newton’s third law 5.12 Momentum 5.13 Keeping safe on the road 5.14 Moments 5.15 Levers and gears 5.16 Pressure in a fluid 5.17 Atmospheric pressure 5.18 Forces and energy in springs 5.19 Required practical: Investigate the relationship between force and the extension of a spring 5.20 Key concept: Forces and acceleration 5.21 Maths skills: Making estimates of calculations
160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174
176 178 180
Chapter 6 Waves 188 6.1 Describing waves 190 192 6.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves 6.3 Key concept: Transferring energy or information by waves 194 196 6.4 Measuring wave speeds 6.5 Required practical: Measuring the wavelength, frequency and speed of waves in a ripple tank and waves in a solid 198 200 6.6 Reflection and refraction of waves 6.7 Required practical: Investigate the reflection of light by different types of surface and the refraction of light by different substances 202 6.8 Sound waves 204 6.9 Exploring ultrasound 206 6.10 Seismic waves 208 6.11 The electromagnetic spectrum 210 6.12 Reflection, refraction and wave fronts 212 6.13 Gamma rays and X-rays 214 6.14 Ultraviolet and infrared radiation 216 6.15 Required practical: Investigate how the amount of infrared radiation absorbed or radiated by a surface depends on the nature of that surface 218 6.16 Microwaves 220
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6.17 Radio and microwave communication 6.18 Colour 6.19 Lenses 6.20 Images and magnification 6.21 Emission and absorption of infrared radiation 6.22 Temperature of the Earth 6.23 Maths skills: Using and rearranging equations
222 224 226 228 230 232 234
Chapter 7 Electromagnetism 7.1 Magnetism and magnetic forces 7.2 Compasses and magnetic fields 7.3 The magnetic effect of a solenoid 7.4 Electromagnets in action 7.5 Calculating the force on a conductor 7.6 Electric motors 7.7 Loudspeakers 7.8 The generator effect 7.9 Key concept: The link between electricity and magnetism 7.10 Using the generator effect 7.11 Transformers 7.12 Maths skills: Rearranging equations
240 242 244 246 248 250 252 254 256
Chapter 8 Space 8.1 The Solar System 8.2 Orbits of planets, moons and artificial satellites 8.3 The Sun and other stars 8.4 Main sequence of a star 8.5 Life cycles of stars 8.6 How the elements are formed 8.7 Red-shift 8.8 Key concept: Gravity: the force that binds the Universe 8.9 Maths skills: Using scale and standard form
272 274
258 260 262 264
276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290
Appendix - Circuits 296 Appendix - Equations 297 Glossary 299 Index 309
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