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Inte rnational Journal of Sociology Study Vol. 1 Iss. 4, De ce mber 2013
maintain crop diversity on their farms, contributing to socio-ecological resilience (Davies et al., 2008). The Government with a joint donor group designed two important food security programmes ‒ the Productive Safety Net Program and the Household Asset Building Programme2 in drought prone Ethiopia to provide a climate smart safety net support through systematically integrating implications of climate change. The programme includes employment in public works which have the ability to cover the construction of soil and water conservation structures (Bockel et al., 2009). The USAID-funded Enhanced Livelihoods in the Mandera Triangle Programme worked to increase the self-reliance and resiliency of the vulnerable population through improved livelihoods in drought prone pastoral areas like Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia (USAID, 2010). CAR E International has worked with Drought Mitigation through Irrigation and Conservation Agriculture Extension Project in the south-western lakeshore escarpment of the Malawi (CAR E, 2009). To prevent crop failures through promotion of small-scale, sustainable and replicable irrigation systems, the project assists most marginalized households who are vulnerable to the impact of drought and flooding. Madagascar and Haiti are the most vulnerable countries to weather-related shocks like seasonal cyclones, floods and droughts. Existing post disaster and emergency responses and SSNs with relief aid were scaled up to proactive responses with workfare program which facilitate for maintaining/ rehabilitating the public capital and infrastructures like roads, irrigation schemes, management of watersheds and catchment areas degraded by climate shocks (Bockel et al., 2009). Concrete Examples of Integration in Asian Countries In India, Climate Resilient Development and Adaptation Programme addressed agriculture, water and coastal sectors to develop a framework for implementing adaptation measures that will increase the resilience of key development sectors to the longterm impacts of climate change. It focused the areas that are most prone to the impacts of climate change, 2
http://www.ltsi.co.uk/proje cts/psnp/; accessed August 13, 2013.
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especially floods and droughts 3. The DR M in Pakistan is mainly earthquake basis where CCA has gained a little importance. However an 18-month programme like Rural Development and Drought Mitigation Project was launched on 2004 in Balochistan ‒ the largest province of Pakistan which is drought-prone, with a larger population is poor depending on rain-fed agriculture. Drought problem was mitigated through improved community watershed and rangeland management and, water conservation methods such as water harvesting and community irrigation (ADB, 2004). Strengthening Capacities for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness and Climate Risk Management in the Agricultural Sector funded by FAO is a project for combining DRR approaches with climate-risk management at the institutional and community level in Nepal, although there is no component of SP yet 4. Salt water in Sri Lanka's coastal rice fields is a problem that is certain to get worse as sea levels rise. Practical Action has worked through farmer-led trials with traditional and modern rice varieties which are salinetolerant, temperature-resistant and pest-resistant 5. A pilot programme called the Philippines Climate Change Adaptation Project financed by World Bank implemented to develop adaptive strategies for promoting the climate-resiliency of Philippine agriculture and natural resource management seeks to increase farmers' capacity to cope with climate change through such measures as making the irrigation and other agricultural infrastructure more climate resilient, enhancing delivery and effectiveness of extension services for farm-level climate risk management, pilottesting of a weather index-based crop insurance, and improving management of watersheds and protected areas 6. A two-tiered integration policy with a Sustainable Livelihoods Programme and an Index-based Weather Insurance Scheme has been designed for saving the livelihood of Mon golian herders where livestock are subjected to extreme weather events like droughts, and severe winter-spring colds known as dzuds. The 3http://sdnhq.undp.org/ge f-adaptation/projects/project.
php?id=34. www.fao.org/climate change/55744/en/. 5http://practicalaction.org/climatechange_adaptation; accessed De cember 29, 2012. 6 http://www.climate .gov.ph/; accessed Fe bruary 18, 2013. 4