CHAPTER3:WORKINGANDOPERATINGPROCEDURE

3.1BLOCKDIAGRAM

The block diagram shows the main components of the DIY drawing robot and how they are connected. The input device can be a computer, mobile device, or other device that sends commands or instructions to the Arduino microcontroller. The microcontroller processes the input and sends output signals to the motor drivers, which control themovementsofthestepper andservomotors.

The stepper motors are used to move the drawing surface in a precise and controlled manner, while the servo motor is used to adjust the position of the penholdertocreatethedesiredshape or line. The pen holder holds the pen or other drawing tool and moves it across the drawing surfacetocreatethedrawing.

Overall, the block diagram shows how the various components of the DIY drawing robot are interconnectedandworktogethertocreateafunctionaldrawingmachine.

3.2WORKING

The working of a DIY drawing robot using Arduino involves controlling the movements of the stepper and servo motors to move the pen in a precise and coordinated manner to create a drawing. The Arduino microcontroller acts as the brain of the circuit, receiving input from sensorsorotherdevicesandsendingoutputsignalstothemotorstocontroltheirmovements. The circuit consists of several components, including the Arduino microcontroller, stepper motors, servo motor, motor drivers, power supply, and sensors such as limit switches or encoders. The stepper motors are used to move the drawing platform in a linear fashion, while theservomotorisusedtocontrolthepositionofthepen.

The Arduino microcontroller is programmed to receive input from a computer or other device, such as a mobile phone, via a wireless or wired connection. Theinputmayconsistofaseriesof instructions or commands that specify the desired drawing, such as the shape, size,andposition ofthelinesorcurves.

Based on the input, the microcontroller sends output signals to the motor drivers, which in turn control the stepper and servo motors. The stepper motors are driven in a precise and controlled manner to move the drawing platform in the desired direction and distance, while the servo motorisusedtoadjustthepositionofthepentocreatethedesiredshapeorline.

The sensors are used to provide feedback to the microcontroller, allowing it to adjust the movements of the motors as needed to maintain accuracy and precision. For example, limit switches can be used to detect theendofalinearmotion,whileencoderscanbeusedtomeasure thepositionandvelocityofthemotors.

Overall, the principle of the circuit of a DIY drawing robot using Arduino involves using the microcontroller and motor drivers to control themovementsofthestepperandservomotorsina coordinatedandprecisemannertocreateadesireddrawing.

3.3OPERATION:

1. Hardware Setup: The first step is to assemble the drawing robot by connecting the Arduino Uno board to the Arduino Shield, and connecting the MicroSD Card Adapter and 28BYJ Stepper Motor to the Arduino Shield. The wiring diagram for this setup shouldbefollowedcarefullytoensurethatallcomponentsareconnectedcorrectly

2. Programming: The next step is to program the Arduino Uno board using the Arduino software. The program should read the drawinginstructionsfromatextfilestoredonthe MicroSDCardAdapterandcontrolthe28BYJStepperMotorbasedontheseinstructions. Theprogramshouldusethesteppermotorlibrarytocontrolthemotor.

3. Drawing Instructions: Create a text file containing the drawing instructions for therobot to follow. Each line in the text file should represent a single instruction for the robot to execute,suchas"move10stepsforward"or"turn90degreestotheleft".

4. Operating the Robot: To operate the drawing robot, insert the MicroSD Card Adapter with the text file containing the drawinginstructionsintotheMicroSDCardAdapterslot on the robot. Power on the robot and the Arduino Uno board will read the drawing instructions from the text file on the MicroSD Card Adapter. The instructions will be interpreted by the program and the 28BYJ Stepper Motor will be controlled based on theseinstructionstocreatethedesireddrawing.

5. Calibration: Before starting the drawing, it is important to calibrate the robot to ensure that it is accurately translating the drawing instructions to movements of the 28BYJ Stepper Motor This can be done by running a test drawing and comparing it to the intended design. Adjustments can be made to the drawing instructions or motor movementsasnecessarytoachievethedesiredresult.

6. Drawing: Once the robot is calibrated and the desired drawing instructions are loaded onto the MicroSD Card Adapter, the robot is ready to begin creating the drawing. The 28BYJ Stepper Motor will move a pen or other drawing implement across a sheet of paper,followingtheinstructionsfromthetextfiletocreatethedesireddesign.

7. Power Supply: The drawing robot will require a power source to run. This can be achieved usingaUSBcableconnectedtoacomputerorabatterypack.Thepowersupply should be able to provide enough power to drive the 28BYJ Stepper Motor and other components.

8. Drawing Surface: The drawing robot will require a flat and stable surface to draw on.A piece of paper or a whiteboard can be used as the drawing surface. It is important to ensure that the drawing surface is securely fastened to the tableorworkbenchtoprevent movementduringthedrawingprocess.

9. Pen or Drawing Implement: The drawing robot will require a pen or other drawing implement to create the drawing. The pen can be attached to the 28BYJ Stepper Motor using a suitable mechanism. It isimportanttochooseapenorimplementthatislightand easytomove,tominimizetheloadonthemotor.

10.Debugging: If the robot does not function correctly, it may be necessary to debug the program or the hardware setup. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor that can be used to output debug informationfromtheprogram.Thiscanbehelpfulinidentifying issueswiththeprogramlogicorthecommunicationbetweenthecomponents.

11. Maintenance: Regular maintenance may be required to keep the drawing robot running smoothly. This may involve cleaningandlubricatingthe28BYJStepperMotor,checking thewiringforlooseconnections,andreplacinganyworncomponentsasnecessary.

12.Controlling Speed and Direction: The speed and direction of the 28BYJ Stepper Motor can be controlled by adjusting the delay between each step in the program. Bychanging the delay, it is possible to make the motor move faster or slower, and to change the directionofmovement.

13.Modifying Drawing Instructions: The drawing instructions in the text file can be modified to create different designs or patterns. For example,bychangingthenumberof steps taken by the motor, it is possible to change the size and shape of the drawing. By adding or modifying instructions, it is possible to create more complex designs and patterns.

14.Using Multiple Motors: It is possible to use multiple 28BYJ Stepper Motors to create more complex drawings or to allow for simultaneous drawing on multiplesurfaces.This can be achieved by connecting multiple motors to the Arduino Shield and controlling themusingtheprogram.

15.Using Sensors: Sensors such as light sensors or proximity sensors can be added to the robot to allow it torespondtoitsenvironment.Forexample,alightsensorcanbeusedto detecttheedgesofthedrawingsurfaceandadjustthedrawinginstructionsaccordingly.

16.Adding User Input: It ispossibletoadduserinputtothedrawingrobot,allowingusersto interact with the robot and create custom designs. This can be achieved by adding input components such as buttons or touch screens to the robot and modifying the program to respondtouserinput.

17.Scaling and Rotating Drawings: By modifying theprogramandthedrawinginstructions, it is possible to scale and rotate the drawings produced by the robot. This can be useful for creating larger or smaller versions of the same design, or for producing mirrored or rotated versions Using a CNC Machine:ACNC(ComputerNumericalControl)machine is a type of roboticmachinethatcanbeusedforprecisioncutting,engraving,andmilling tasks. By using a CNC machine instead of a drawing robot, it is possible to create more complexanddetaileddesigns,aswellas3Dobjects.

18.Adding a Servo Motor: In addition to the 28BYJ Stepper Motor, a servo motor can be added tothedrawingrobottocontroladditionalfunctionssuchasliftingandloweringthe pen. By using a servo motor, it is possible to create more precise and controlled movementsofthepen,whichcanbeusefulforcreatingmoredetaileddrawings.

19.Using a Different Drawing Tool: While the drawing robot is typically designed to use a pen as its drawing tool, it is possible to use other drawing tools such as markers or paintbrushes. By modifying the robottoaccommodatedifferenttypesofdrawingtools,it ispossibletocreateawiderrangeofdesignsandpatterns.

20.Using Different Drawing Surfaces: The drawing robot is typically designedtodrawona flat surface such as paper or a whiteboard. However, it is possibletomodifytherobotto draw on other surfaces such as walls or 3D objects. This can be achieved by adding additionalmotorstocontrolthemovementoftherobotinmultipledimensions.

21.Creating Custom Programs: Whiletheexampleprogramprovidedinthepreviousstepsis a good starting point for operating a drawing robot,itmaynotbesuitableforalltypesof drawings or designs. By creating custom programs using the Arduino software, it is possibletotailortherobot'smovementsandinstructionstospecificdesignrequirements.

22.Using Machine Learning: By using machine learning algorithms and techniques, it is possible totrainthedrawingrobottocreatespecifictypesofdesignsortolearnfrompast drawings. Thiscanbeusefulforcreatingmorecomplexandnuanceddrawings,aswellas forautomatingthedesignprocess.

23.PowerSupply:Itisimportanttouseasuitablepowersupplytooperatethedrawingrobot. The Arduino board and motor require a certain amount of voltage andcurrenttooperate effectively. Depending on the number of motors and other components used, a power supplywithsufficientwattagemayberequired.

24.Calibration: The drawing robot may require calibration to ensure that it is drawing accuratelyandconsistently.Thisinvolvesadjustingthemotorstepsandspeeds,aswellas the pen position and lifting mechanism. Calibration may need to be done periodically to ensureoptimalperformance.

25.Safety Considerations: When operating a drawing robot, it is important to take safety precautions to prevent injury ordamagetotheequipment.Thisincludesensuringthatthe robot is securely mounted and that the drawing surface is stable, using appropriate electricalsafetymeasures,andavoidinganymovingpartswhiletherobotisinoperation.

26.Maintenance: Likeanymachine,thedrawingrobotmayrequiremaintenanceovertimeto ensure optimal performance. This may include cleaning and lubricating the motors and other components, replacing worn or damaged parts, and checking for any loose connectionsorotherissues.

27.Design Considerations: When creating designs for the drawing robot, it is important to consider factors such as the size and shape of the drawing surface, the type of drawing tool used, and the complexity of the design. By taking these factors into account, it is possibletocreatedesignsthatareoptimizedfortherobot'scapabilitiesandlimitations.