MMSE Assignment
Renal System Diseases and Disorders Objectives
Describe the location and gross structure of the kidney. Explain the structure and function of the glomerulus and tubular components of the nephrons. Describe how the kidney produces concentrated or dilute urine. Explain the physiology of renal blood flow. Characterize the function of the juxtaglomerular complex. Describe the elimination functions of the kidney. Explain the endocrine functions of the kidney. Describe the characteristics of normal urine. Explain the concept of GFR and how creatinine reflects its efficiency. Describe two types of immune mechanism involved in glomerular disorders. Differentiate the pathology and manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome from those of the nephritic syndrome. Relate the proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, oliguria, edema, hypertension, and azotemia that occur with glomerulonephritis to changes in glomerular structure. Explain how diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension result in glomerular injury. Cite a definition of tubulointerstitial kidney disease. Explain the vulnerability of the kidneys to injury caused by drugs and toxins Describe the genetic basis for renal cystic disease, the pathology of the disorder and its signs and symptoms. List common causes of urinary tract obstruction. Describe the effects of urinary tract obstruction on renal structure and function. Explain the mechanisms of pain and infection that occur with kidney stones. Describe methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney stones. Distinguish between acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease in terms of causes, treatment, and outcome. Differentiate the prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal forms of acute kidney injury in terms of the mechanisms of development and manifestations. Cite the two most common causes of acute tubular necrosis and describe the course of the disease in terms of the initiation, maintenance, and recovery phases. State the definition, classifications and diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease. List the common problems associated with chronic kidney disease, including alterations in fluid and electrolyte balance and disorders of skeletal, hematologic, cardiovascular, immune, neurologic, skin, and sexual function, and explain their physiologic significance.
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