Colombia 80, 86, 321, 324, 330, 334–335, 334, 338–339, 340, 405 Common Agricultural Policy 84, 310 complex systems 23, 323, 401, 460 compliance 155, 170–171, 189, 224, 241, 252, 265, 279–281, 291, 295, 301, 302, 308, 341, 378, 381, 387, 391, 395, 411, 413 Congo 72, 239 Congo (Dem Rep of) 24, 86, 247–248 connectivity 100, 242, 310, 329, 464, 473, 472 consumption and production 10, 14, 23, 60, 218, 326, 395, 401, 498, 411, 420, 441, 460 coral reef 25, 34, 82, 99, 119, 120, 127, 134, 136, 143, 145, 149, 155, 159, 177, 206, 222, 224, 242, 262, 265, 268, 329, 392, 403, 429, 440 corridor 133, 242, 268, 270, 310, 329, 330, 331, 336, 408 Costa Rica 80, 322, 323, 330, 332, 334, 335–336, 338, 339– 340 Côte d’Ivoire 248 Croatia 292, 295 Cuba 331, 334, 335, 338, 339, 339 cultural services 146, 208, 223 Cyprus 292 Czech Republic 292
D
dairy 7, 14, 26, 44, 80, 82, 88, 148 DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) 46, 47, 54, 116, 117, 437 DDT/dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 112–113, 178–180, 178–179, 180, 187 dead zone 111, 111, 127 deforestation 8–9,12, 16, 27, 66, 67, 71, 72–73, 75–76, 79, 82, 83, 87–88, 89, 148–149, 154, 157, 221, 228, 238, 243–244, 270, 279, 282, 322, 333, 335–337, 338, 342, 405, 408, 414, 426, 429–430, 465, 478 Democratic Republic of the Congo 24, 86, 247–248 Denmark 9, 114, 292, 304, 304, 367, 412 desertification 67, 67, 75, 88–88, 137, 148, 203, 219, 245, 319, 333, 375–376, 382–384, 382, 385, 406, 425–426, 458, 461, 462, 463, 466, 467, 467, 471 Dominican Republic 333, 405 driver 3, 4, 5, 9, 10,12, 19, 21, 23–25, 24, 26, 32, 34, 40, 58, 66, 72–73, 75, 82, 85, 89, 91, 99–100, 106, 115, 127, 127, 139, 150–151, 156, 158, 159–160, 174, 194–195, 198, 208, 210, 217, 217, 222, 232, 237, 241, 251, 260, 261, 262, 270, 281, 337, 343, 375, 382, 395, 400–403, 408–409, 411, 422–423, 425, 427–428, 436, 446, 448–450, 460–461, 482 dryland 68, 73–75, 74, 79, 87–88, 88, 89, 144, 203–204, 221,244, 249, 249, 336, 382
E
e-waste 24, 169, 175, 177, 184, 187, 188, 277, 283 early warning 128, 338, 339, 402, 471, 476 Earth System 5, 12 130, 193–195, 196, 199–202, 206–210, 208, 253, 401, 420, 422, 446, 451, 471, 482 Ecological footprint 11, 77, 144, 159, 206, 207 economic downturn 338, 358 522
Index
ecosystem restoration 238, 246, 250, 251 ecosystem services 36, 66, 67, 72, 76, 79, 79–80, 79, 85–86, 88, 89, 91, 98, 100, 102, 120, 128–129, 135, 136–137, 139, 145–150, 146, 156–158, 158, 216, 238, 242–244, 243, 253–254, 265, 268, 270, 271, 281, 282, 291, 294, 309, 319, 322, 324–325, 325, 329, 330, 331–333, 332, 332, 334, 335–337, 340, 342, 342, 350, 352–353, 358–359, 361, 369, 393, 403–408, 414, 440–441, 445, 449, 451, 458, 460, 462, 474 ecosystem-based adaptation 149, 150, 260, 267 ecotourism 149, 321, 335–336, 392 Ecuador 86, 321, 324,325, 330, 334, 338-339, 444 Egypt 245, 292 El Niño 327 El Salvador 330, 334 emerging issues 47, 56, 67, 168, 183, 220, 222, 290, 293 enabling conditions 253, 284, 313, 323, 325, 336, 379–381, 384, 402, 409, 412, 460–461, 482 endangered species 138, 151, 164, 203, 270, 462, 467 environmental assessment 183, 219, 227–228, 237, 278, 293, 387, 406–407, 410, 465, 465, 472, 473, 474 environmental cooperation 352–353, 357, 411 environmental education 227, 293, 321–323, 321, 338, 343, 406 environmental governance 87, 169, 264, 265, 277, 281, 284, 290, 292–293, 302, 312–313, 318–322, 320–321, 323, 325, 343, 351–353, 351, 369, 374, 376, 379, 384, 395, 400, 401, 402–404, 406–407, 409–411, 414, 464–466, 472–474, 472, 473, 479, 481, 481 environmental targets 224, 292 equity 80, 90, 115, 135, 154–155, 236, 242, 253–254, 262, 270, 280, 282, 318, 321, 323, 325, 329, 331, 332, 334–335, 337, 343, 358–359, 409, 411, 420, 451, 471, 475, 479 Eritrea 246 erosion 16, 24, 69, 77, 79, 111, 137, 140, 148, 208, 249, 252, 332, 334, 336, 356, 360, 382, 383, 384, 396 Estonia 154, 292 Ethiopia 245, 246, 248, 249, 249, 250, 298, 402 Europe European Commission 123, 177, 186, 219, 223, 225, 298, 471 European Environment Agency 181, 218, 225 European Union 16, 42, 75, 83, 84, 120, 180, 218, 251, 290, 292, 292, 404, 471, 481 eutrophication 34, 43, 63, 82, 110–111, 111, 139, 197, 294, 303, 352 externality 369
F
feedback 4, 23, 88, 194, 196, 460, 480, 481 fertilizer 109, 143, 178, 182, 185, 356, 359, 401 Fiji 269 Finland 292, 311 food security 126, 281, 325, 332, 340, 378, 383 forest degradation 79, 87, 89, 238, 243, 270, 322, 408 forest management 73, 271, 291, 330, 333, 340, 342, 439, 442 Former Yugoslav Republic of/FYR Macedonia 292, 295 fossil fuel 38, 41, 73, 82, 195, 197, 205, 352, 365, 367, 403 France 16, 292, 367, 412, 448, 473 freshwater 14, 36, 41, 43, 71, 75, 82, 243, 245, 404, 405, 407