Index
efficiency savings and, 22, 23t, 24, 224–31, 225t, 227f, 239 funds, increasing of, 239–40 MDGs, other ways of reaching, 240–48 delaying attainment, 240–43, 241–42f, 243t technologies, lower-cost, 243–48, 245f, 246t, 247f, 248t by O&M and capital expenditure, 226, 231f raising additional finance, 231–39, 376–77t costs of capital, 238–39, 238f domestic finance, 231–34, 232t household self-finance, 231, 234 local sources, 231, 237–38, 237t ODA, 234–36, 235f private sector and non-OECD financiers, 236–37 reducing, 215, 247–48, 384–85t size and composition of, 226, 230–31t, 382–83t water and sanitation spending, 215–20, 216t, 218f, 219t, 220f, 226, 228–29f, 374–75t
G Gabon concessions for utilities, 87 coverage rates, 42 as middle-income country, 34 piped water, 34 private sector water supply, 87 septic tanks, 68 spending needs, 244 subsidies, 180 traditional latrines, 68 urbanization, 34 water coverage, 193 The Gambia ODA, 234 spending needs, 244 water coverage, 193 GDP. See gross domestic product Ghana hand pumps, 52 latrines, 68 private sector water supply, 87 rural water supply, 113, 115 sanitation, 193
391
standposts, 102 toilet facilities, 65 utilities, 124 water collection, 50b water coverage, 36, 193 water sector regulation, 93–94 global financial crisis, 231, 233, 236, 239 Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP), 209 Global Water Intelligence, 159n3 governance index for SOEs, 85, 86t, 94, 100, 101f, 306–17t gross domestic product (GDP) domestic finance and, 232–33 efficiency savings and, 224, 226 hidden costs and, 148 high-end scenario and, 247 lower-cost technologies and, 244 MDG coverage gap and, 202, 206, 209 MDG financing and, 18–19, 22 ODA and, 234 subsidies and, 179–80 WSS spending and, 215, 216–17, 220 groundwater, 258–60 GRUMP (Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project), 209 Guinea lease contracts, 25 sanitation, 193 toilet facilities, 65 traditional latrines, 68 utilities, 154 water coverage, 193 Gulf States, interest rates in, 239
H hand pumps, 51–52 Henderson, J. Vernon, 209, 211 hidden cost estimates, 25, 123, 146–48, 147b, 150t, 152, 153, 153f high-density settlements, sewerage in, 264–65. See also urban areas high-end scenario assumptions, 244, 247 hookup rates. See connection rates for utilities household budgeting, 161–62, 163t, 231, 234 household size, 38, 38b hygiene education, 117, 261–62