August 18, 2017
INSIDEOVER PAGE 2. Motivation in the classroom 8. English in the modern world 10. Pronunciation activities 13. Intercultural Communicative Competence in English Classes 16. Learning English through gaming 18. How to help students to develop their knowledge and skills in the classroom 20 Quotes from famous people 21. Special thanks 22. References
Our coverpage shows an idea of what innovation is for us. Innovation may have different meanings, but at the end what matters is to be able to find different methods in order to do different things and obtain the best possible results in everything that is done in life. We hope you enjoy our magazine and take advantage of all the material that is include on it.
COLLABORATORS Francini Bolaños B Article writer Carlos Garro Article writer Viviana Mora A Article writer Mariela Vargas Article writer César Alcócer A Article writer Maria Sanchez Article writer
Motivation in the Classroom by: Francini BolaĂąos B Motivation is a force used within the educational system to encourage student learning and understanding. In the educational setting,
motivation
is
either
an
internal force or external force.
operating
to
under
need
succeed the
are
behaviorist
theories set forth by B.F. Skinner, who system as a motivational tool. The external motivation that is
internal reward through an increase
required to drive the individual's
in
of
positive behavior is offered in the
achievement when they reach their
form of a system that reinforces the
desired goals. They may just feel the
desired
desire to succeed based on factors
undesirable actions. Students might
such as their own interest in an
receive a physical reward in terms of
activity or the feeling of satisfaction
a pat on the back or a sticker on a
that
completed paper.
is
and
achieved
their
reinforcement
who
own
self-esteem
receive
Students
suggests a punishment and reward
Intrinsic Motivation Students
Extrinsic Motivation
sense
when
they
behavior
or
negates
complete the necessary steps to achieve their accomplishment.
2
They negative
might
also
consequences
receive such
as
detention or a call home to parents. Through the administration of negative
consequences
for
external forces. It may even come to light that a student who appeared unmotivated actually has difficulty learning and is need of special attention.
unwanted behaviors and positive reinforcement
for
the
desired
While motivating students can be a difficult task, the rewards are
actions, students who respond to
more
extrinsic motivation are more likely to
students are more excited to learn
succeed in their endeavors.
and
What do teachers have to do when students have lack of motivation in the class?
than
worth
participate.
it.
Motivated
Simply
put:
Teaching a class full of motivated students is enjoyable for teacher and student alike. Some students are selfmotivated, with a natural love of
difficult
learning. But even with the students
aspects of becoming a teacher is
who do not have this natural drive, a
learning
your
great teacher can make learning
students. It is also one of the most
fun and inspire them to reach their
important. Students who are not
full potential.
One
of
how
the to
most
motivate
motivated will not learn effectively.
Here are five effective ways to
They won’t retain information,
get your students excited about
they won’t participate and some of
learning one of the most difficult
them may even become disruptive.
aspects of becoming a teacher is
A student may be unmotivated for a
learning
variety of reasons: They may feel
students. It is also one of the most
that they have no interest in the
important.
how
to
motivate
your
subject, find the teacher’s methods un-engaging or be distracted by 3
Students
who
are
not
Here are five effective ways to
motivated will not learn effectively.
get your students excited about
They won’t retain information, they
learning and is need of special
won’t participate and some of them
attention.
may even become disruptive. A student may be unmotivated for a variety of reasons: They may feel that they have no interest in the subject, find the teacher’s methods un-engaging or be distracted by external forces. It may even come to light that a student who appeared unmotivated actually has difficulty learning and is need of special attention.
While motivating students can be a difficult task, the rewards are more
than
worth
it.
Motivated
students are more excited to learn and
participate.
Simply
put:
Teaching a class full of motivated students is enjoyable for teacher and student alike. Some students are selfmotivated, with a natural love of learning. But even with the students who do not have this natural drive, a
While motivating students can
great teacher can make learning
be a difficult task, the rewards are
fun and inspire them to reach their
more
full potential.
than
worth
it.
Motivated
students are more excited to learn and
participate.
Simply
put:
Teaching a class full of motivated students is enjoyable for teacher and
Here are five effective ways to get your students excited about learning
student alike. Some students are selfmotivated, with a natural love of learning. But even with the students who do not have this natural drive, a great teacher can make learning fun and inspire them to reach their
Motivating Students One
of
the
most
difficult
aspects of becoming a teacher is learning
how
to
motivate
your
students. It is also one of the most
full potential. 4
important. Students who are not
fun and inspire them to reach their
motivated will not learn effectively.
full potential.
They won’t retain information,
Here are five effective ways to
they won’t participate and some of
get your students excited about
them may even become disruptive.
learning:
A student may be unmotivated for a variety of reasons: They may feel
1. Encourage Students
that they have no interest in the subject, find the teacher’s methods
Students will look for teachers, their
approval
and
positive
un-engaging or be distracted by external forces. It may even come to light that a student who appeared unmotivated actually has difficulty learning and is need of special attention. While motivating students can be a difficult task, the rewards are more
than
worth
it.
Motivated
students are more excited to learn and
participate.
Simply
put:
Teaching a class full of motivated students is enjoyable for teacher and student alike. Some students are selfmotivated, with a natural love of learning. But even with the students who do not have this natural drive, a
reinforcement, and are more likely to be enthusiastic about learning if they feel their work is recognized and valued. You should encourage open communication and free thinking with your students to make them feel important.
Be enthusiastic. Praise
your students often. Recognize them for their contributions.
great teacher can make learning
5
If your classroom is a friendly
encourages students to participate,
place where students feel heard
but sometimes students need an
and respected, they will be more
extra push in the right direction.
eager to learn. A “good job” or “nice work” can go a long way.
way
students
and
to
motivates
encourage
teach
them
responsibility is to get them involved in the classroom. Make participating fun by giving each student a job to do. Give students the responsibility of tidying
up
or
decorating
students
small
incentives makes learning fun and
2. Get Them Involved One
Offering
the
classroom.
students
to
push
themselves. Incentives can range from small to large giving a special privilege to an exemplary student, to a class pizza party if the average test score rises. Rewards give students a sense
of
accomplishment
and
encourage them to work with a goal in mind
Assign a student to erase the blackboard or pass out materials. If you are going over a reading in class, ask students to take turns reading sections out loud. Make students work in groups and assign each a task or role. Giving students a sense of ownership allows them to feel accomplished and encourages
4. Get Creative
active participation in class.
Avoid
3. Offer Incentives
monotony by Setting making
expectations
reasonable
and
changing
demands 6
around the structure of your class.
engineering and share your findings
Teach
and
with your students. Really amaze
lectures,
them by telling them that they may
through
discussions
instead
games of
encourage students to debate and enrich the subject matter with visual aids, like colorful charts, diagrams and videos.
use it in their career. Showing them that a subject is used every day by “real” people gives it new importance. They may
You can even show a movie
never be excited about algebra but
that effectively illustrates a topic or
if they see how it applies to them,
theme.
they may be motivated to learn
Your
physical
classroom
should never be boring: use posters, models,
student
projects
attentively.
and
seasonal themes to decorate your classroom, and create a warm, stimulating environment. 5. Draw Connections to Real Life “When will I ever need this?” This question, too often heard in the classroom, indicates that a student is not engaged. If a student does not believe that what they’re learning is important, they won’t want to learn, so it’s important to demonstrate how the subject relates to them. If you’re teaching algebra, take some time to research how it is utilized practically for example, in 7
English in the Modern World by: Carlos Garro According
article
The using of English language
website
is not a luxury anymore, it is a need in
Skymarle.wordpress.com, nowadays
all professional fields, and who do
is fundamental to learn English; it
not do it,
could be like English as Second
voiceless or half illiterate (redaccion,
Language or like most of Costa
2011).
Ricans,
Foreign
English language as a tool is very
Language. It is because is the most
important because at this moment
used
human
around 75 countries have English as
knowledge
their official language, and in most
published
to
in
the
English
as
language
development
an
in and
a all
(redaccion, 2011).
is
in
drawback, like
of the rest of the countries around world people are using it too. Job opportunities when you learn English Costa Rica economy base is in sales of goods and services, and
big
In the globalization era, the
here is where the knowledge of a
international
second
language
is
language
is
elemental,
speaking in all Anglo countries and
knowledge of a second language
in
opens
many
other
Spanish
speaker
a
gate
of
multiple
job
countries, where the business are
opportunities. For example, jobs in
done by English Language.
call centers, share centers, medical products, services
dental in
manufactories,
accounting,
medical 8
translation, bank business, tourism
methodologies
industry, and many other services
Some promises to the students are
had
best
been
offer
those
jobs
for
market
and
techniques.
prices,
technology,
government job positions have into
teachers but, they forget these; any
their requirements, high knowledge
language learning process needs
of English language in order to have
time, practice, and more time and
colleagues able to trade any benefit
more practice.
working.
native
of
bilingual staff. In addition, a lot of
for the institution where they are
and
use
speaker
UAM offers different courses about learning English, with different curricula, and for different purposes, since service center agent, until English Teacher, for people who want to teach the language.
Where to learn English? Many
institutions
offer
teaching English in short periods of time,
with
different
approaches,
9
Pronunciation Activities
* Phonetic transcription chart:
by: Viviana Mora A. Who does not want to help their learners
become
more
effective
listeners, speakers and have an excellent pronunciation? Pronunciation is the way a word or a language is spoken and refers to the way in which we made the
sound
of
words.
Good
pronunciation comes from a lot of activities and practice that gives improvement to develop the skills and knowledge of phonology. It is for that reason that I want to share some activities to develop teaching
2. Minimal pairs: There are words that are exactly the same except for one different sound. Examples: Sheep – ship Bean – bin Heel – hill Cheap – chip
pronunciation with your students. There are some activities to develop 1-Phonetic transcription symbols: In order
to
improve
our
using minimal pairs:
student’s
Minimal pair word list
pronunciation we need to teach the IPA symbols, each symbol represents
Students listen to three words,
one sound consistently. The English
two of the words are the same, and
alphabet has 26 letters and the IPA
they must identify which word is
44 sounds.
different and circle it. Examples: mouse, mouse, house, king, kick, kick. 10
Minimal pair bingo This activity can give students the
opportunity
difference
to
between
hear the
the
minimal
pairs, recognize the different words written on the card and clearly pronounce the difference when they win and have a chance to be the Pronunciation drill
caller.
Teacher
Minimal Pair Dictation The
teacher
reads
models
language
and the group of learners repeat it. out
There are some different activities:
minimal pairs and the students write Repetition
them down.
Model a phrase/sentence and Minimal pair listening discrimination Students in pair receive a sentence one student, the speaker pronounces either sentence a orb and the listener responds it with the appropriate sentence. (Example: a)
get your students to repeat it back to you. The most common form of drilling is to get the whole class repeating after you in shorts bursts, although it’s difficult to really know who is just lip-syncing with this one.
He wants to buy my boat. Will you sell it? b) He wants to buy my vote. That’s against the law.
Question and Answer Ask a question and have a student answer ‘What did you do last night?’ ‘I went (to the cinema)’
11
Tongue twisters A sentence or phrase that is
communicative
abilities
and
difficult to articulate clearly and
pronunciation at the same time, so it
quickly.
improve students’
Teacher
provides
a
sentence to students in order to
communicative
skills.
pronounce or students create their own tongue twisters. An example is: Susan sang a song at the seaside on the 6th of September because she saw some sunshine.
Reading aloud Before they read the texts, Teacher read them first. Then, they read after teacher. The texts were marked by bold words to indicate stressed words.
Role play It is an activity that can help students to develop their
12
Intercultural Communicative Competence in English Classes by: Mariela Vargas English
teachers
did that ¨ teachers have
learning
been
very vague idea of what
substance”
aware of the fact that
the culture should be
proper understanding of
culture has to be taught
and
the target culture has
at the same time as the
taught in terms of English
become
unanimously
language is. Around the
culture’’ (p. 768). This is a
agreed
upon
world,
common
language
have
always
United
Canada
and
States,
should
situation
be
in
lose
without
by
educators
English classes. Teachers
and cultural linguists¨ (p.
European countries are
usually
768). This opinion has
seen
language and not on
become
representation itself of
the
of
more important as years
the English culture. But,
language and culture. If
have gone by, and now
how well is that culture
these are not integrated
they have realized the
taught? That is the main
then
learning
importance
question.
process is never going to
Intercultural
be complete. Yinghao
Communicative
(2016) also contended
Competence (ICC).
as
some
what
“would
the
To start, it has to be
mentioned
as
Yinghao (2016) already
focus
on
integration
the
the
more
of
and
the
that ¨[t]he fact that the target
language
13
For teachers to be able to include
According to Wang (2006) ¨the
ICC in classes the concept culture, in
scope
teaching contexts,
communicative competence is much
has
to be well
of
the
understood. An issue is that this concept
narrower
can be rather broad; culture is the
competence as he claimed to include
customs, values and routines that have
linguistic competence, social-pragmatic
an implication with someone’s life. Also,
competence,
culture is a combination of languages,
competence,
rituals,
competence,
social
practices
and
it
is
than
intercultural
the
intercultural
intercultural and with
social-cultural the
latter
ones
transmitted through language (Yinghao,
progressively include the former ones in
2016, p. 769). The issue here is that
eccentric circles (as cited in Yinghao,
teachers
2016, p. 769).
sometimes,
without
any
intention, tempt to make judgments and
Also, Intercultural Competence is
reinforce stereotypes. That is the reason
the
why ICC is fundamental in language
someone’s own language with people
classes.
from another country, on the other
A situation important to clarify is
ability
hand;
to
have
Intercultural
interaction
in
Communicative
that there is a difference between
Competence is communicating using a
Intercultural
and
foreign language to communicate with
Communicative
other people (López-Rocha, 2006, p.
Competence
Intercultural Competence (ICC).
(IC)
107).
14
About
ICC,
López-Rocha
(2006) contended that it has to be added
to
the
curriculum
if
¨educators hope to help students develop an appreciation for the language and culture studied an awareness of their own culture, and the development of skills that will allow them to be competent,
that each student has achieved,
adaptable, communicators (p. 105).
since
Basically, it is fundamental to include
perceptions and go through the
culture
classes to appreciate
process at different rates¨ (p. 107).
one’s own culture and the culture of
For that reason it is necessary to
the language being learned. In
consider the classroom experience
order to help our students become
as a process where learning about
more competent in terms of culture
the experiences becomes the goal
knowledge
for the students.
teachers
in
and should
interactions,
start
with
different
ready-
Exposing students to cultural
made activities or design new ones
differences makes them aware of
that support objectives consistent
them and helps to break boundaries
with the development of ICC skills.
between cultures and language.
In ICC
as
explore
they
in
other
Therefore, to gain knowledge on
processes there are challenges, the
culture difference and to promote
biggest
the students’ cultural awareness is
challenge
many faced
is
assessment.
one of the aims of the present language teaching.
According
to
López-Rocha
(2006), ¨It is not easy to assess the level of intercultural competence 15
Learning English through gaming
practice and learn any topic at any moment while having fun.
by CĂŠsar AlcĂłcer A Have you ever thought about an easy way for your students to learn English? Learning
a
language
like
English is something that sometimes is not only hard, but also boring for The teacher need to have a
most of the students for different reasons. For example, some of them may think that learning it is a waste of time and that they are not going to need to learn that for their future, however because of globalization
computer with internet connection, a video beam and an account and the student just internet connection in any device and the game code provided by the teacher.
and all its characteristics English language is mandatory right now. So, if you as a teacher has some issues about this, here in this article you may find two amazing apps that might help you to solve this problem.
This app can be practice individually or in groups by the students and they can do exercises about the topic that they have been studying. For more information about this
app
you
can
go
to
https://kahoot.com/ and over there you can also watch a tutorial of how
The first app that is really
it works.
common nowadays is called Kahoot and this is an application that is completely free for both teachers and students in where they can
16
The second app is called
For more information about
plickers. It is an app that might give
this
professors the possibility of scanning
https://plickers.com/ or you can also
answers from their students in real
find different tutorials about this
time.
application on you tube. Here is the Teachers need an account, a
app
you
can
go
to
link for just one of them.
computer with internet connection,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
a video beam and another device
=bejiz2HzUz8 .
to scan the answers. The students just need to have the card assigned by the teacher. When everything is ready, the professor may create a room with a list of the students, the questions needed in order to project them, so the students can think about the correct answer. Once the students have the answer they will show their assigned card to the professor, so that he or she can scan the answers and verify the student´s results in real time.
17
How to help students to develop their knowledge and skills in the classroom. By: MarĂa Sanchez It is very important nowadays for
professors
to
opportunities
look
to
for
new
improve
the
classroom environment; to assist with solutions that relate to instruction of children
or
students
with
some
difficulties of learning, and at the same time students without any kind of problems to learn. If a professor does not take the
The students are an important
control of both parts it could be turn
population in our country for this
into a complete failure and the
reason
students may lose the interest in the
modified in many areas with the
study, however teachers have the
objective of creating better results in
tools
the academic achievement.
in their hands
to change
methodologies,
techniques
deeping
that
issues
are
and more
important for them. It is interesting to use topics like the nature, history, projects and
teaching
Students
need
should
to
be
do
investigations with important topics that make them feel that their effort and research are also important for teachers.
many others creating a different environment between them.
18
Most students are not aware of the value of good study skills to their success. Unless they're among the fortunate few who have taken a study skills course, note taking and studying are at best a haphazard collection of habits that have been Technology
developed over time.
plays
an
important role in our education, thus teachers can use this tool like an entertainment way in which students feel interest to study. Professors should try to focus technology to be a supplement to interact with them using video clips, First
thing
students
must
recognize is the benefit of good study habits.
You can help by
taking a few minutes of class time to
and other audio visual elements to have active students in lessons. This will
motivate
students
to
learn
further.
encourage students to improve their study skills and by giving them compelling reasons why it's worth their time and effort’’.(
19
“All our dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them." - Walt Disney
"You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough." – Mae West
¨ It does not matter how slowly you go, so long as you do not stop." - Confucius
"People ask, 'What's the best role you've ever played?' The next one." - Kevin Kline "Language
"Opportunities don't happen. You create them." -
Chris
"The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any language" - Ezra Pound
shapes the way you think, and determines what we think about" -Benjamin Lee Whorf
Grosser
"Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else´s life". -Steve Jobs
"The best revenge is massive success." - Frank Sinatra
20
Special Thanks
Our magazine wants to give special thanks to:
Our professor Licda. Noelia Nuñez Z who asked for this project and with it, taught us not only to do it in the best way, but also to work as a team applying values as tolerance, respect and team work. Each
collaborator
for
the
effort
and
compromise
in
the
corresponding article. All our classmates, you are who inspire us to do the best.
Heredia, Costa Rica 2017
21
References
AMY, N. (2013). [online] Plickers. Available at: http://www.plickers.com [Accessed 14 Aug. 2017]. AVERY, P.- EHRLICH, S. (Eds.) (1987) The Teaching of Pronunciation: An Introduction for Teachers of English as a Second Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. AVERY, P.- EHRLICH, S. (Eds.) (1992) Teaching Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
American
English
BRAND, J., BROOKER, J., VERSVIK, M., WANG, A. AND FURUSETH, A. (2013). [online] Kahoot. Available at: https://kahoot.com/company/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2017]. CATFORD, J.C. (1987) "Phonetics and the teaching of pronunciation", in MORLEY, J. (Ed.) Current Perspectives on Pronunciation: Practices Anchored in Theory. Washington DC.: TESOL. pp. 83-100 LÓPEZ-ROCHA, S. (2016). Intercultural Communicative Competence: Creating Awareness and Promoting Skills in the Language Classroom. REDACCION. (10 de 07 de 2011). skymarle.wordpress. Obtenido de skymarle.wordpress: https://skymarle.wordpress.com/ TENNEN, G. AND HAGAR, G. (2017). 4Faculty. [online] 4faculty.org. Available at: http://www.4faculty.org/includes/digdeeper/helpstudents/studying.jsp [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. YINGHAO, L. (2016). Intercultural Awareness in Foreign Language Teaching: A Chinese Perspective. Journal Of Language Teaching & Research, 7(4), 768-772. doi:10.17507/jltr.0704.18ford University Press
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